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Information technology in Nigerian banks

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Abstract

In the last ten years, banks in developed countries have been investing more and more in information technology (IT) as a means to reduce costs and improve operational efficiency. An investigation of the application of IT in Nigerian banks was carried out in order to determine the expectations and success of IT implementations in the sector. The data were generated from a survey of randomly selected branches of 56 banks in Lagos, the commercial capital of Nigeria. Almost all the banks had an IT policy, the main thrusts of which where to achieve full application of IT, to be able to meet organisational goals, to secure competitive advantage, and to be up to date. Only 54.6% of them actually achieved some measure of successful implementations. The expected benefits of investment in IT were realised in only a relatively few number of banks. The consequence was that less than 40% of the banks were poised to maximise the benefits of IT through major investments, especially in the areas of online access and transactions, electronic commerce, and electronic publishing. It is estimated that at least 60% of the branches of these banks are spending less than $150,000 annually on IT. An upsurge of investment is, however, expected, first by the banks that style themselves as progressive and have already made some success in IT implementations, and later by the other banks.

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... According to Demaerschalk et al. (2012) employee behaviour means the reaction of an employee to a certain situation at his/her workplace. Adding to the employees' behaviour Ehikhamenor (2003) noted that employee and organisation cultures shape and nurture employees' behaviours and he further portrayed as a norm of every organisation that each employee must behave well in order to be promoted to the next cadre. Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of deploying new technology to an organisation for an activity. ...
... Adding to this, in organisational work, technology has kept business completely organised by software such as Facility Management Software, Project Management Software, SaaS Tools that are used to replace manual tasks by automating the tasks. The automation and use of the digital technology have greatly enhanced the quality and efficiency of works and their outputs in an organisation (Ehikhamenor, 2003). ...
... This is achieved through an end-to-end encryption of data on software and hardware, and retrieving them is possible through the usage of passwords, face recognition and fingerprints. Lockers/safes containing hardcopy data are also secured by using locking code (Ehikhamenor, 2003). ...
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The impact of modern technology around the globe on both humans and other physical environments cannot be overstated. Technology has widely affected general ways of life and events. The level of technology has continued spreading to many developing nations, which is not only affecting human lives but has a great impact on employment and business activities as well. This situation is analysed from two perspectives in this paper; concerning the negative and positive effects. The study gives a short overview on how work was done before and after the advent of digital technology, and with the help of collecting problems resulting from modern technology, it suggests possible ways of minimisation the negative effects of the technology, especially in developing nations struggling to adapt to new changes.
... It has transformed businesses, markets and organizations, revolutionized learning and knowledge sharing, empowered citizens and communities and created significant economic growth in many countries. Information and Communication Technology has amplified brain power in the same way that the 19 th century industrial revolution amplified muscle power [2]. ...
... The decisive step in the incorporation of IT into banking operation in Nigeria actually started in 1999 being a consequence of stronger government commitment to the development of a national IT infrastructure. Banks not only became financiers of this initiative but also beneficiaries [2]. The formulation of a National Policy on Information Technology in 2001 created further awareness on the possibilities offered by IT and impacted positively on economic sectors with the banking sector as a pioneer. ...
... In the same vein, [2] conducted a study to determine the expectation and success of Information and Communication Technology implementation on the banking sector in Nigeria. The study was a survey of 56 banks in Lagos. ...
... They indicated that IT can enable banks to widen the range of services offered to their customer, transform their operating systems, increase the volume of their services, operate at a higher level of efficiency and realize economics of scale. In similar vein, Ehikhamenor (2003) noted the range of benefits that banks can derive from investing more in IT as time reduction, improved operations, Indexed African Journals Online: www.ajol.info increased profitability, better management -customer relationship, streaming of operations, expansion of activities, improved service, minimization of exposure to risk in turbulent markets, among others. ...
... The decisive step in the incorporation of IT into banking operation in Nigeria actually started in 1999 being a consequence of stronger government commitment to the development of a national IT infrastructure. Banks not only became financiers of this initiative but also beneficiaries (Ehikhamenor, 2003). The formulation of a National Policy on Information Technology in 2001 created further awareness on the possibilities offered by IT and impacted positively on economic sectors with the banking sector as a pioneer. ...
... The most important ICT products identified as being adopted by the banks are Automated Teller Machines (ATMs), Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT), smart cards, telephone banking, computerized credit rating, point of sales system, electronic home and office banking and electronic data exchange (Agboola, 2006;Ehikhamenor, 2003). Ehikhamenor, (2003) found that the Agboola and Salawu (2009) using 24 banks and 1200 bank customers studied various Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in use in Nigerian banks and how they could be utilized for optimal performance on business transactions in the banking industry. ...
Article
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has become a major tool for gaining competitive advantage in the corporate world and as such it has become integrated into the operations of most high performing organizations. Hence, there has been increased interest to better understand the processes of how ICT diffusion is informing business practices and influencing performance in organizations. This paper examined these issues with specific focus on the Nigerian banking industry. The paper sought to answer the questions of how far are ICTs diffused in the Nigerian Banking sector, what kind of ICTs are adopted and what factors determine this, and in what ways has the adoption of ICTs influenced the operational modes and performance of the firms in the sector. The paper�s methodology is an analytical assessment of about twenty empirical papers published on various aspects of diffusion and adoption of ICT in the Nigerian banking sector. The analysis showed that the Nigerian banking sector has almost entirely embraced the ICT ideology, banks have extensively applied ICT into their operations over the years and this recourse to ICT adoption has in some ways influenced the ways banks carry out their operations. The analysis also revealed that the main factors driving the increased reliance on ICT conformto those in the global literature, and that increased adoption of ICT by banks has positive impacts on their operations and performance.
... Fortunately, the overall trend of ICT usage in Africa including Nigeria indicates a better tomorrow for African countries [16,18,21]. In particular, the use of ICTs is widespread among government, banks, and multinationals organisations in Nigeria [3,8,16,32]. In the same vein, research on the use and adoption of ICTs in Nigeria suggest a favourable environment exist in the country in which new notions such as e-government could thrive effectively [3,8,16,21]. ...
... In particular, the use of ICTs is widespread among government, banks, and multinationals organisations in Nigeria [3,8,16,32]. In the same vein, research on the use and adoption of ICTs in Nigeria suggest a favourable environment exist in the country in which new notions such as e-government could thrive effectively [3,8,16,21]. The import of the ICT infrastructure that is the pillars upon which the growth and implementation of e-government rest needs to be emphasised. ...
... Inadequate infrastructure is a problem as well. Power generation at best is unpredictable, and the availability of ICTs required for the growth of e-government very limited [7,8,16,18,38]. Additionally, the under-utilisation and ill-utilisation of technology [38] is rife in most DCs including Nigeria. Even where computers are found, their uses sometimes don't go beyond clerical operations. ...
... This phenomenon however has led to a surge in effectiveness in businesses in which computers are utilized; therefore, information technology is unarguably one of the most compelling forces of globalization (Somuyiwa & Adebanjo, 2006). Ehikhamenor, (2003) reports that the interest in information technology was not altogether lacking in the Nigerian banking sector, but the genesis of this technological innovation could be traced back to the early 1990s. Prior to this time, there was a protracted period of inactivity which was caused by the lack of the full chemistry of market forces in the Nigerian economy, which is fully deregulated, coupled with the absence as of an enabling infrastructural environment. ...
... Nigerian banks had to make heavy investments in electricity production plants, Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs). Ehikhamenor, (2003) further stated that the banks that pioneered the information technology innovation in Nigeria did not make a positive impression on their customers as the queues of customers or the length of time to execute a transaction did not reduce. The staff in these banks always had a host of excuses to tender to customers these excuses ranged from power failures, system failures to issues of peak periods of banking transactions. ...
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Technology as the backbone of the cashless initiative supports all the e-Channels used in conducting Banking transactions and the combination of hardware and software are the necessary tools for this to be achieved. In recent times, technologically advanced Banks tend to have larger customer bases because of their easy access and user-friendly operations from the comfort of their homes.
... Technology usage is all about uptake and continuance [22] while employee behaviour is the manner in which employees react to certain situations at the workplace [23]. It is also interesting to note that the behaviour of employees is shaped and nurtured by both the culture of the organisation they work and their own culture [24]. Every organizational culture emphasised that employees must be well behaved so that they can remain in the organization and earn promotion [24]. ...
... It is also interesting to note that the behaviour of employees is shaped and nurtured by both the culture of the organisation they work and their own culture [24]. Every organizational culture emphasised that employees must be well behaved so that they can remain in the organization and earn promotion [24]. ...
Article
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Organizations are among the key units of the society. An organization comprises of several people including employees. The behaviour of employees determines the performance and efficiency of the organization. Technology is an important factor that distinguishes one organization from the other. Employee’s acceptance, rejection, and adaptability to technology being used determine to a great extent how organizations will thrive in a business environment. The drive of technology usage is to ensure that work processes are made easier, faster and to improve the organization’s economic efficiency. In addition, technology usage greatly influences employee behaviour. The aim of this paper is to find out how technology usage affects employee behaviour and vice versa. It is important to understand that in order to improve employee’s usage of technology incorporated into the organization, individual behaviour of employees must be examined cum their attitude. The results of the study indicate that employee behaviour mainly affects technology usage, promotes individual learning, increases efficiency and effectiveness, and improves organizational performance. The paper therefore recommends periodic review of organizational policies and in addition, procure hardware and software to guide against hackers and scammers to avoid losing those important information.
... Background of the Problem Although Nigerian banks have increased annual IT spending dramatically from $150,000 in 2003 (Ehikhamenor, 2003) to $107 million in 2009 (Ekata, 2011), literature searches yield no evidence of research about the relationship between IT spending and financial performance relationships in Nigerian commercial banks. On the contrary, research studies abound for organizations and banks in the United States, Europe, and some developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and Middle East examining the relationship. ...
... Since 2003 when IT gained general acceptance in the Nigerian bank industry, Nigerian banks have continued to deploy ATMs across the country to gain deposit market share (Ehikhamenor, 2003;Olatokun & Igbinedion, 2009). In addition to their strategic value, ATMs help banks to reduce transaction costs by automating deposit, withdrawal, and inquiry services that were previously performed by manual means. ...
Article
This paper reports the study of an investigation conducted to determine whether or not a relationship exists between IT expenditure and the financial performance of the Nigerian banking industry. A non-experimental quantitative, correlation method was used in the investigation. The IT expenditure data were collected for the period 2005 through 2009 from the Nigerian banking industry using a survey instrument, while the financial performance data were collected from the banks' annuals reports for the same period. The total IT expenditure was analyzed against certain financial performance indicators (ROA, ROI, and net profit) using the SPSS software. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses formulated for the study. The results suggest the presence of IT productivity paradox in the Nigerian banking industry.
... Res. 15 (2008) (Abdulkadri andAjibefun, 1998), (Adams, 1993), (Ademosun, 1980), (Ademosun, 1982a), (Ademosun, 1982b), (Ademosun, 1996), (Aderinola et al., 1997), (Agbonlahor et al., 2003, (Akatugba-Ogisi, 1994), (Allison-Oguru, 2004), (Allison-Oguru et al., 2006), (Amadi, 1978), (Amoo, 1992), (Amoo and Smith, 1996), (Berg, 2001), (Carter, 1997), (Daramola and Aiyesan, 1990), (Fogg, 1965), (Gobin et al., 2001), (Goldman and Smith, 1995), (Jabbar et al., 1992), ( Jabbar et al., 2002), (Kormawa and Oppen, 2001), (Kushwaha and Ochi, 1999), (Lakshmanan, 1982), (Langyintuo et al., 2005), (Lawal and Ibrahim, 2007), (Omoregie and Thomson, 2001), (Onyenwaku et al., 1983), (Osayimwese, 1974), (Salami and Ilori, 1998), (Sanni et al., 2003), , (Smith, 1974), (Smock, 1969), (Tre and Lowenberg-Deboer, 2005), (Verinumbe et al., 1985). (Adenikinju et al., 2002), (Akinyosoye, 1995), (Anandarajan et al., 2000), (Beugre´and Offodile, 2001), (Carter, 1997), (Ehie and Smith, 1994a), (Ehie and Smith, 1994b), (Ehikhamenor, 2003), (Foster, 1986), (Habeeb, 1991), (Idowu et al., 2002), (Jabbar et al., 2002), (Msheliza, 1991), (Nyong, 1989), (Ogbu, 1996), (Ogbu and Smith, 1990), (Smith and Ogbu, 1994), (Soyibo et al., 1990), (Soyibo et al., 1991), (Thomas and Adams, 1999). (Adekola and Ishaya, 1989). ...
... Trans. in Op. Res. 15 (2008) , 1989), (Edem and Lawal, 1997), (Ehikhamenor, 2003), (Idowu et al., 2006), (Idowu et al., 2002), (Mursu et al., 2003). 5.15.9. ...
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There is considerable interest in the potential for using operational research (O.R.) in developing countries. One sign of this is the formation of new societies for O.R. scientists in countries and regions where no such society had existed. Since 2003, such societies have been formed in several parts of Africa. This paper focuses on West Africa, and presents a bibliography of papers relating to applications of O.R. in the nations of this part of the continent. The paper describes the way in which the bibliography was collated and discusses the overall picture that the list of papers presents of the state of O.R. in the 18 countries that are considered.
... It enables individuals, organizations, companies, libraries and government to share information across the world. Ehikhamenor (2003) described the internet as an information superhighway of information infrastructure to emphasize the expectation that it would transform the way information is created, manipulated, stored, retrieved, transferred and utilized. The internet is the fastest growing computer network with millions of users worldwide and has been found to assist users to easily obtain and share information available worldwide. ...
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This study proposes a smart payroll integrated with a task manager based on scrum process model. Requirement engineering was thoroughly conducted to ascertain functional, non-function, expected, exciting and normal requirements. Uniform Modelling Language was used for the modelling of the software architecture, deployment diagram, Swimlanes, sequence diagram and use case for the smart payroll integrated with task manager. Scrum is the adopted methodology for the software development. The smart payroll integrated with task manager extended a previous work where reports for employee time and attendance was developed based on scrum without payroll and task manager. The study has the potential to promote local content software development based on the state of the art software development process model with capability to compete with foreign software in the Nigeria software market and beyond.
... This study discovered that there are many factors militating against realisation of higher and qualitative education by the Nigerian universities through the use of ICT tools. The findings of this study totally concords with the earlier studies of lend credence like; Idowu et al (2002), Ehikhamenor (2003), Daud and Waziz (2007), Glenna and Melmed (1996), Ajibola (2000), Abonifo and Adewale (2009), Obi (2008) and Asor and Onyejegbu (2009). The most pressing factors are:  Inadequate and epileptic power supply: power supply in Nigeria today is appalling. ...
... This study discovered that there are many factors militating against realisation of higher and qualitative education by the Nigerian universities through the use of ICT tools. The findings of this study totally concords with the earlier studies of lend credence like; Idowu et al (2002), Ehikhamenor (2003), Daud and Waziz (2007), Glenna and Melmed (1996), Ajibola (2000), Abonifo and Adewale (2009), Obi (2008) and Asor and Onyejegbu (2009). The most pressing factors are:  Inadequate and epileptic power supply: power supply in Nigeria today is appalling. ...
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This study examined the impediments to effective use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in Nigerian universities. Series of research conducted on the factors militating against computerisation indicated that, there were impediments to effective utilisation of ICT tools in most developing countries. In the light of this, the study aimed at contributing to this area with emphasis on how these factors could be eliminated so that it will contribute towards attaining higher education for sustainable development in Nigeria. The method of data collection utilised for the study is the survey method involving both primary and secondary sources of data collection. To elicit information on the subject matter from diverse opinions of members of staff, 100 questionnaires were designed and distributed to four (4) universities randomly sampled from a population of seven (7) universities presently existing in the North-East geo-political zone in Nigeria. The data were analysed using cross tabulation and descriptive statistics. It was discovered that the most pressing factors militating against the use of ICT tools in Nigeria Universities are; lack of appropriate and timely training, poor maintenance culture, inadequate ICT infrastructure, misrouting of MIS objectives and above all, epileptic power supply. The study recommended among others the need for regular training and retraining of staff on ICT tools, a well fashioned MIS objectives and provision of basic ICT infrastructure as strategies for accomplishing higher education for sustainable development in the light of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Nigeria. Keywords: Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Modernisation, Higher Education, Development.
... However, the first digital computer appeared in Nigeria in 1962 [58]. The diffusion and use of IT in the country appears to take an elitist look -ICT, including the Internet usage, is the hands of the government and its agencies, large multinationals and local banks [4,5,16,54]. With respect to individual and business usages, adoption, accessibility and availability of IT infrastructures in Nigeria, the statistics is abysmally poor [13,54,3,4,5,45,15]. ...
Article
In the attempt to improve the quality of service to hotel and restaurant taxpayers and to avoid the evasion of local income tax, Pekalongan City Government through DPPKAD or Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah (Local Income, Financial and Asset Management Service) introduced a Hotel and Restaurant Tax using online system. This research aims to identify problems and constraints in applying the online-based tax system and recommends steps to address the problems. This study surveyed the users of the system using purposive samplingof DPPKAD officers, hotel, inn, and restaurant owners, and bank as the service provider. The results identified the advantages of online-based Hotel and Restaurant Tax namely: reducing potential fraud; improved tax assessments; reducing administrative works in the recordingof Surat Pemberitahuan Tahunan (Annual Notification Letter). However, DPPKAD of Pekalongan City encountered some constraints: many taxpayers were not willing to calculate their own tax and had the DPPKAD to specify the tax amount; many restaurant owners were not willing to use cash register because they were afraid that it would increase their products’ selling price; exposure of taxpayers’ private financial records; 2) the preparation of infrastructure is inhibited because the taxpayers have not been willing to connect the cashier machine directly to the partner’s bank system,3) DPPKAD had not had human resource with the competency of examining the local tax.
... The increased competition in market place has empowered consumers to become more astute in their buying, less loyal to a particular financial institution, and more demanding of products and services that fit their specific needs and time schedules (Ehikhamenor, 2003). At the same time, studies have shown that attracting and retaining customers have become some of the toughest and most challenging activities of financial institutions, including insurance companies, in Nigeria (Appah & Banabo, 2012;Banabo, Ndiomu, & Koroye, 2011). ...
Article
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The potential of information technology (IT) as an enabler of customer service process continues to generate interest, which is reflected in the large number of IT-related studies. In spite of the significant progress made in this area, research findings have been mixed and inconsistent. Also, the underlying mechanisms by which IT can affect customer service process remain underexamined. The aim of this study was to find out whether IT investments and IT managerial capabilities can account for variations in customer service performance among insurance companies in Nigeria. Using survey research design, the three formulated hypotheses were tested with data gathered from 402 staff at the managerial level drawn from the selected insurance companies in Nigeria, which have been among the largest investors in IT, and where customer service is widely perceived as strategically important. Responses were analyzed using linear regression. A major finding of this study is that IT is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for sustainable competitive advantage in customer service. Results show that the interaction of IT investments and tacit, path-dependent, and firm-specific IT managerial capabilities significantly explains variations in customer service performance. Consequently, this study recommends that to realize IT-business value, investments in IT should be accompanied by building and developing IT managerial capabilities.
... In Nigeria, IT is playing great role in bank operations and decision making policies, and has the potential performance, to change the business process, towards greater financial performance. It was noted that Nigerian banks have increased annual IT spending dramatically from $150,000 in 2003 (Ehikhamenor, 2003) to $107 million in 2009 (Ekata, 2011). Sophisticated information systems specifically the widespread use by management of personal computers that can tap into large centralized data bases that are linked together as part of a larger computer network is changing the way business is done in the Nigerian banking industry. ...
Article
This research investigates the impact of investment in Information Technology (IT) on the financial performance of banks in Nigeria. The study covers post-Banking (2006-2010) consolidation period of 5 years. The population of the study comprises of all the 24 banks, and a random sampling of 10 banks was made. The study employs secondary data generated from annual reports and accounts of the banks, records maintained by the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) and Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) reports. The data obtained were analyzed using the panel data regression model where investment in IT (hardware, software and Automated Teller Machine [ATM]), total earnings (TR) and total cost (TC) of the 10 sampled banks were used as the independent variables while financial performance is the dependent variable, proxied by return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), net profit margin (NPM) and earnings per share (EPS). Four hypotheses were developed and tested in line with the proxies to the dependent variables. The result from the panel regression revealed that there is a significant relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables, but the ttest revealed that the impact of IT investment on the financial performance of Nigeria banks is significant for ROA, ROE and EPS at 5% significance level but not significant for NPM at 5% and 10% significance level. The effect of TR is positive and that of TC is negative on all the four financial performance measures, but the effect of IT investment on all the four financial performance variables is negative, which is not an expected sign. This means that an increase on IT spending leads to a decrease in the financial performance of Nigerian banks, that is to say heavy IT investment does not increase anks profitability, hence there is existence of IT productivity paradox in the Nig ria banking industry.
... It is important to note that e-government does not create good governance, but that good governments use it to better their governance. E-government has the potential of transforming public services, as well as reengineering the fundamental relationship between government & Igbaria, 1999; Anakwe, Simmers & Anandarajan, 2002;Ehikhamenor, 2003;Tiamiyu, 2000). Nationwide, the use, adoption, accessibility, and availability of ICT products and infrastructure in Nigeria is very poor (Anakwe et al., 1999;Anakwe et al., 2002;Anandarajan et al., 2002;Darley, 2003;Dutta, Lanvin & Paua, 2003;Odedra et al., 1993;Tiamiyu, 2000), despite the early starting date. ...
Chapter
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The use of information communication technologies (ICT) in governance is growing rapidly in many parts of the world. Developing countries in Africa are also making efforts to harness the new technology. In this chapter, we review the problems, progress, and prospects of e-government in Nigeria, a sub-Saharan African (SSA) country. Governments in the developing countries of SSA can benefit from e-government initiatives, as do their counterparts in advanced nations, when the concept of e-governments in SSA is understood, and concerted efforts are committed towards institutionalizing it in the region. This chapter provided useful insights in this regard. We discussed the contribution of the chapter to information systems (IS) research, and we highlighted the lessons from Nigeria for comparable nations in the SSA region as they prepare for e-government.
... However, the first digital computer appeared in Nigeria in 1962 [58]. The diffusion and use of IT in the country appears to take an elitist look -ICT, including the Internet usage, is the hands of the government and its agencies, large multinationals and local banks [4,5,16,54]. With respect to individual and business usages, adoption, accessibility and availability of IT infrastructures in Nigeria, the statistics is abysmally poor [13,54,3,4,5,45,15]. ...
Conference Paper
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The emergence and use of information communication technologies (ICT) in governance, which invariably paves the path for e-government, is a phenomenon spreading like wild-fire. Developing countries (DCs) also stand to benefit from such endeavours alongside advanced nations. This paper presents the movement of a DC country towards e-government. The article explores the precursors to e-government initiatives in Nigeria through historical facts. Also, the challenges and constraints were discussed. Further, e-government initiatives in the country-Nigeria-are presented, and the prospects and benefits of adopting e-government highlighted. This paper concludes with suggestions for the Nigerian policy makers.
... In the struggle for survival the Nigerian banking industry seemed to have adopted the inevitability of investing in information technology. This became evident from the developments around the world on the tremendous role of information technology in the management of information and business prosperity, (Ehikhamenor, 2003). Since 1999 Nigeria have shown more obvious efforts, through government supported workshops and conferences, to fashion an agenda for national information technology Infrastructural development. ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of compatibility and connectivity of Information Technology Infrastructure (ITI) on reliability and access of customer service delivery in the Nigeria commercial banks. The study selected 8 commercial banks out of the 20 commercial banks in Nigeria as to generalize her findings. The study conveniently selected 40 customers' from the eight banks, thereafter a total of 40 copies of the questionnaire that is 5copies per banks was randomly distributed to the 40 customers of the banks and the 40 questionnaire were fully attended to and retrieved. Simple percentages, tables were used to analyze the respondent demographics, while the Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was used to analyze the four hypotheses; this was made easy with the use of statistical package for social sciences SPSS. The findings therefore revealed that compatibility and connectivity of ITI has strong and positive impact on reliability and access of customer service delivery. Therefore, the study has bridged knowledge by revealing that the two component of ITI used in this study impact on the two components of customer service delivery as used in this work. We, recommended that commercial banks should improve on their ITI compatibility and connectivity by training and retraining their IT personnel to be responsive to customer's complaints, also should overhaul their ITI facilities regularity in other words by improving their facilities, so as to deliver quality service and access to service. INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, contemporary firms are making significant investment in information technology infrastructure to build business strategies, improve profitability and provide extended services. The banking sector in Nigeria has in the last decade gone through a traumatic period of expectations and frustrations, expansion and contraction for survival. From the mid-1990s the sector recorded phenomenal growth in the number of banking institutions that were registered to begin Operation, also the number of licensed banks rose to 89 in 1998 (Ezeuduji, 2000). With the emergence of democracy in 1999, Nigeria emerged from economic sanctions and global isolation. For the banking sector, it brought about a new phase of sanitation, including organizational and ethical reforms and the recapitalization. In the struggle for survival the Nigerian banking industry seemed to have adopted the inevitability of investing in information technology. This became evident from the developments around the world on the tremendous role of information technology in the management of information and business prosperity, (Ehikhamenor, 2003).
... In the pursuit for survival the Nigerian banking industry seemed to have realized the inevitability of investing in information technology. This became evidence from the development around the world on the tremendous role of information technology infrastructure in the management of information resource and business prosperity (Ehikhamenor, 2003). However, according to Akpan (2003) information technology infrastructure in the banking sector can be divided into three areas, these are; electronic commerce and electronic banking and E-learning. ...
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Information technology infrastructure ITI as key element in economic development has changed the face of banking in terms of operations, quality delivery of service and productivity of service. The banking sector has benefited substantially from ITI in strengthening their competitiveness. This paper empirically attempt to examine if information technology infrastructure ITI influences marketing effectiveness in the Nigeria commercial banks. But the study specifically evaluated the influence of ITI on customer satisfaction and competitive advantage of ME. The researchers' adopted simple random sampling and judgment sampling in selecting 10 banks which represents the 21 banks in Nigeria. The researchers' systematically selected 100 staff from the 10 banks as the sample size of the study. The five point Likert scale was used in framing the questionnaire instrument for ITI and ME, thereafter a total of 100 instruments were distributed and 80 copies of the instrument were retrieved. The researchers' used Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient to analyze the data related to ITI and ME with the ease of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study revealed that the two constructs of ITI: which are connectivity and flexibility impact on the two construct of ME: which are customer satisfaction as well as competitive advantage. This study recommended that the banks should overhaul their ITI facilities regularly in order to mitigate the challenges that customers face in accessing banking services in Nigeria, for example, ATM, funds transfer, POS as well as other related problems.
... Information technology is expected to provide cost savings, and improved internal efficiency (Fung, 2008;Ehikhamenor, 2003), but it is also expected to create new opportunities for expanding business, and interacting with customers (Liao andWong, 2007, Vatanasombut et al 2008;Lee, 2008). ...
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As internal cloud, and cloud technologies widespread among companies, the responsibility of providing reliable IT infrastructure and adequate capacities became the top priority for companies. While internal clouds and related technologies creates the flexibility for customer, limited IT resources arise problems for providing capacities, that has impact on IT service quality. The presented research addressing this problem, and seeks creating models describing the relationship between IT service quality and background infrastructure capacity usage with two distinct methodologies, in a complex cloud-like environment of a financial institution. The research was analysed a pilot area of a widely used electronic banking service. As multivariate statistical modelling and hypothesis testing had limited results in phase 1, but in phase 2 further modelling opportunities were explored, a model based neural networks were developed. The research analyses the limitations of pure statistical analysis in cloud-like environments, but concludes to the usability of alternative methods.
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Open Source approach has been recognized as one of the best methods for software development in developing countries. Previous research however underemphasized different aspects of Open Source Software OSS success in context of developing countries compared to western context. In this research the authors use exploratory mixed methodology to study measures of and factors affecting OSS success with emphasize on the social and cultural context of Iran. In the qualitative section of the research 13 interviews with experts of the field have been conducted and the result is reflected in the research model. In the quantitative section, five research hypotheses have been evaluated by using data of 109 Iranian projects from sourceforge.net repository. The results indicate that the license type and use of project management tools may affect the success of OSS. The authors finally conclude that OSS research especially in the field of OSS success may lead to different findings in different contexts.
... Development in ICT is an essential and fundamental aspect of development which has been increasingly emphasized in research and international guidelines for public and private sectors (UN, 2011). While the rate of ICT failure in developing countries is estimated to be about 50% (Ehikhamenor, 2003) and there is a need for huge amount of investment in software (as well as hardware and network) infrastructures usually hinder the progress of projects, researchers and practitioners are motivated in finding new ways of ICT development to remove these barriers. ...
Article
Open Source approach has been recognized as one of the best methods for software development in developing countries. Previous research however underemphasized different aspects of Open Source Software (OSS) success in context of developing countries compared to western context. In this research the authors use exploratory mixed methodology to study measures of and factors affecting OSS success with emphasize on the social and cultural context of Iran. In the qualitative section of the research 13 interviews with experts of the field have been conducted and the result is reflected in the research model. In the quantitative section, five research hypotheses have been evaluated by using data of 109 Iranian projects from sourceforge.net repository. The results indicate that the license type and use of project management tools may affect the success of OSS. The authors finally conclude that OSS research especially in the field of OSS success may lead to different findings in different contexts.
... Bringing IS to a new local context involves some implicit elements of cultural transfers and mutual learning. Proposals by authors in this area (Bada, 2000, Ehikhamenor 2003, Makome 2003, and D'Melllo 2003) converge to the point that understanding the local context is crucial in IS implementation. In the second category, the issue of 'standardisation versus localization' was analysed. ...
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... The focus on a stock exchange in Africa is driven by a key feature of numerous African stock exchanges; that although in operation for a relatively shorter time than more established exchanges in North America and Europe, many African exchanges utilise advanced (and well known) enterprise technology in their operations (Adjasi and Biekpe, 2009). Even though this might be the case, in Nigeria, studies (see, Ehikhamenor, 2003), appear to suggest that only about 54.6 per cent of financial institutions in the country realise any measureable benefits from their investment in enterprise IS/IT. To therefore achieve the stated research objectives, the paper is structured as follows. ...
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Purpose Drawing on extant technology acceptance literature, the purpose of this paper is to critically examine the impact of mandatory enterprise technology adoption in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered from a survey of stockbrokers operating on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange on two occasions over a four year period. Expert forecasting ( TSModel ) algorithms were employed to assess attitudinal changes of users on mandatory system adoption. Findings The results suggest that over time, users (stockbrokers) developed an increasingly negative perception of the technology, thus emphasising the need for managers to focus on subjective imperatives that might impact the adoption of mandated technology. Practical implications Africa remains neglected in relation to information systems/information technology (IS/IT) research. This has driven the authors’ interest in seeking to understand how contextual peculiarities specific to Africa could play a significant role in an understanding of well‐established IS/IT models. Originality/value To facilitate deeper explorations of the antecedents of user adoption of mandatory enterprise technology, the authors choose to lay the theoretical foundations of this study in social theories (specifically, voluntariness and subjective norm).
... In alignment with the research design advice of Yin (1994) Merriam (1988), sixteen banks were selected on the basis of the track record in IT based service delivery and the e-banking awards. The banking industry in Nigeria was chosen due to its leadership role in the utilization of information and communications technology (ICT) compared to other sectors (Woherem 2000). According to a report by the Central Bank of Nigeria (2003), banks and financial institutions play an important role in Nigerian economy through gathering of deposits, repackaging of those deposits into a variety of financial products and services for customers and the public. ...
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This study investigates the process through which new innovation is adopted in the service sector in developing countries. Studies have investigated factors which contribute both to delays in the adoption of a new information technology (IT) innovation and to delays in the realization of its potentials. However, issues involved when organizations add layers of new IT innovations have not been adequately examined. Such issues include factors that influence an organization to incrementally add a new IT, the process through which the increment is accomplished and the corresponding adaptation of associated service innovation. Organizations in developing countries (DCs) have over the past decade or so invested in and implemented series of IT and service innovations with varying degrees of success. In this study we propose a framework to help take stock of the various innovations that have been implemented and to understand the myriad of issues involved in the process of implementing these technologies and service innovations – especially when transiting from one innovation to another. As this study aims to examine the patterns of adopting new IT and service innovations in DCs, we would argue that such a study would enable us to understand how services can be better delivered with newer technologies, by learning from comparison of past experiences and present situations.
... Nevertheless, there are some cases in developing countries in which ICTs are not being effective in improving the lives of people (Mansell & Montalvo, 1998). In developing countries, even in areas of the economy in which technology could play a fundamental role, the rate of failure of ICTs can reach almost 50% (Ehikhamenor, 2003). There are many suggestions of feasible strategies for implementing ICTs in developing countries. ...
Article
Many authors propose that open source software (OSS) is a good strategy to bring information and communication technologies to developing countries. Nevertheless, the use of OSS needs to be more than just adopting Linux as the standard for operating systems. Adoption of OSS is not only a choice of software, but also a means of acquiring knowledge. Developing countries have to use OSS as a way to gain knowledge about the technology itself and as a way of creating technology products that fit their specific needs. In this paper we introduce a model of OSS based on its essential characteristics to understand how developing countries may use OSS to achieve their development goals. We argue there are two defining properties of any open source software. The first property is the potential for shared conceptualization and the second is the potential for modularity. By assessing how each OSS project satisfies these two conditions, we build a taxonomy for open source projects. This taxonomy will help the development of more sensible policies to promote the use of open source in developing countries.
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Organizational change in the form of structural, technical, functional, and behavioral change most of the time has negative challenges on the employees in terms of adjustment, downsizing, transfer, and rescheduling of duties. It is in the light of this, that this study investigated the nature and processes of organizational change, with a view to clarifying the links between organizational change and performance of employees in the seventeen sampled banks in Akure, Ondo State. Akure town in Ondo State was purposively selected for this study because the town houses the State head offices of all the banks operating in Ondo State. In other to have a representation of each unit in the banks covered in this study, purposive sampling technique was used in selecting respondents in four units/departments namely business development, operations, compliance/audit and security. Questionnaire was administered to elicit information from the selected respondents for this study. Out of the 17 banks selected in Akure, 254 employees were randomly selected as respondents for this study. Secondary data were sourced from banks, journals, internet resources and government documents. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results established that the major organizational changes that were witnessed in the selected banks include structural change (78.08%); functional change (79.16%); technological change (85%); and behavioral change (82.6%). The results revealed that lack of a company-wide definition of change (54.4%); lack of a strategic plan for change (72%); view of quality as a quick fix (71.2%); were key major factors that ignited organizational change in the selected banks in the study area. In addition, the study discovered evidence of significant positive relationship between employees’ performance and structural change (r=1,017; ρ=˃0.05), behavioral change (r=10.026; p˂0.05), functional change (r=3.395; p˂0.05), while technical change (r=–5.342; p˂0.05) had negative relationship with innovative performance of employees in the selected banks in Akure, Ondo State. The study concludes that it is important for banks in developing countries particularly Nigeria, to formulate effective organizational change strategies and create more awareness among employees about organizational change to allay the fear of the aftermath effects as these will enhance the outputs of their workforce. The study recommended that the Nigerian banking structure and procedures should be improved upon and made to pay attention to risks and continuously scan the environment in order to consolidate the benefit of change.
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This paper recognized ICT as a tool for surviving competition in contemporary banking industry, using First bank of Nigeria PLC, Guarantee Trust Bank and United Bank for Africa, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, as case study. The paper identified the ICT facilities that are utilized in these banks and examined the extent to which these facilities are utilized. The paper searched for answers to research questions by employing survey design, random sampling to select the banks, and the respondents were selected randomly. Data were gathered from 294 respondents with the aid of a 13-item questionnaire. The respondents comprised the selected banks' customers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic-Relative Importance Index, and Chi Square was used to test hypotheses at 5% significant level. The research instrument was validated through Pilot test and reliability was tested using Cronbach Alpha. The study disclosed that, there was a high extent of use of ICT facilities in the banking industry. The paper recommended more investment and use of ICT modern technologies, in order to withstand the intense competition in the banking industry.
Article
The capability to produce a secure, reliable form of identification on request is taken for granted by many citizens, especially those living in countries with advanced economies. This capability provides numerous development benefits for individuals, from accessing government and business services to establishing their right of residence and employment in a region. Furthermore, nationwide use of reliable means of identification can help to combat crime and illegal immigration. Efforts to introduce identity verification services in Nigeria have been presented by policymakers as an intervention that would lead to a wide range of such development outcomes. However, these benefits are proving difficult to realize. The use of identity smart cards aims to improve the current situation in which most Nigerian citizens do not possess reliable means of identifying themselves by, say, an international passport or driving license. Although IS research is well aware that the provision of a service does not of itself deliver development outcomes, the nature and role of ICT-based services in development is not well understood. Therefore, this research contributes in two ways. First, it directly addresses the relationship between ICTs and development policies and outcomes, with which much IS research engages minimally or not at all. Second, it explains citizens' suspicion of the intervention in Nigeria and then uses secondary data from more successful cases to address the question of why some countries achieve desired development outcomes from the provision of identity verification services while others do not.
Article
This article explores the McDonaldization of banking operation in Nigeria. In doing so, it brings to light a critical analysis of the increasing rationalization process in light of a developing economy. McDonaldization thesis has generated serious academic debate since it was introduced by George Ritzer the American sociologist in 1993. However, it has received seldom attention among Nigerian scholars and none to my knowledge has applied it to examine the banking industry which is invariably the most McDonaldized sector in Nigeria. This article therefore, draws on the thesis to explore the increasing rationalization process the sector is undergoing since consolidation and recapitalization exercises began in 2005. The article argues that the sector is McDonaldized and this has engendered efficiency, predictability, calculability and control. The article further argues that this McDonaldization process inevitably has led to increasing negative impacts of McDonaldization and concludes by pointing out some remedies.
Article
Central to this paper is the argument that existing classifications of the information and communication technology and development literature fail to explicitly acknowledge a fundamental duality between two distinct problem domains found within the research body. Through an extensive review of 184 journal articles and conference proceedings, a framework is proposed that suggests a partitioning of the existing literature into two distinct streams of research: (1) those studies that focus on understanding technology “for development” and (2) those studies that focus on understanding technology “in developing” countries. More than an exercise in semantics, the authors argue that the two streams represent separate sets of research objectives that are currently being conflated and addressed interchangeably within the same research environment. At present, there appears to be little recognition or explicit acknowledgement of this branching of research domains, as well as little reflexive discussion on the epistemological, methodological and theoretical implications of this delineation. A discussion related to the efficacy and relevance of the two separate research agendas is provided, along with recommendations for future research directions.
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This paper contributes to the ongoing debate about how local events interact with global pressures in contemporary times. The paper adopts an interpretive approach to study e-banking services in Nigerian banks. We integrate ideas and concepts from both institutional theory and strategic management to study the reformation of the Nigerian banking system. Strategic management suggests that organisational actions are largely influenced by economic and efficiency reasons while institutional theory argues that organisational actions are motivated by legitimacy considerations where organisations compulsively conform to some widely-held beliefs and expectations of the appropriate ways of doing things within the organisation and its environment.
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Technological and market discontinues are combining to generate rapid change and high uncertainty in banking. In such an environment, to apply the strategies of the past as a routine may be the riskiest option of all. The winners may not necessarily be traditional banks and the key to success would be the banks’ readiness to change or adapt to fast changing customers’ needs. Recognizing the core competencies and configuring value propositions would determine how well the bank faces this challenge? It is an opportunity for those who can harness the power of this technology to reduce costs and offset the squeeze of spreads by greater volume and new services. Those who would choose to ignore, and stay embedded within their old business models, would have bleak days ahead. One must be well aware of the apparent benefits of online business in the banking industry – a trend that is fast catching on. Online business is most cost effective and convenient, both to the bank as well as its customers. The need of the hour is to make the customer aware about the numerous benefits of online banking as also providing them the assurance of this being a very secure, trustworthy and satisfactory means of transacting their money. The first thing the organization should do is to build trust and confidence among the customers. A Trust that whatever information is shared by them with your organization during an online transaction would remain secure and confidential will generate confidence in adopting to this new, yet most practical and convenient way of banking. This trust and confidence in turn will lead to customer satisfaction which thereby would result into loyalty and this customer retention, needless to say would add to an increase in the business of the organization.
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The development of technological capabilities was the cornerstone of the Brazilian policies for the information industries in Brazil during the 1980s. Liberalisation promoted since the early 1990s aimed at the fulfillment of the local demand with up‐dated products and services. This article examines the repercussions of these changes on local firms’ strategies towards technology and what have been the consequences on the industrial structure of the sector. The analysis suggests that ‘core competencies’ of local firms have been severely harmed and that foreign firms’ reactions to the policy changes have been less significant than what had been anticipated.
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There has been much debate on whether or not the investment in Information Technology (IT) provides improvements in productivity and business efficiency. Several studies both at the industry-level and at the firm-level have contributed differing understandings of this phenomenon. Of late, however, firm-level studies, primarily in the manufacturing sector, have shown that there are significant positive contributions from IT investments toward productivity. This study examines the effect of IT investment on both productivity and profitability in the retail banking sector. Using data collected through a major study of retail banking institutions in the United States, this paper concludes that additional investment in IT capital may have no real benefits and may be more of a strategic necessity to stay even with the competition. However, the results indicate that there are substantially high returns to increase in investment in IT labor, and that retail banks need to shift their emphasis in IT investment from capital to labor. Prasad and Harker IT Impact in Retail Banking 1
Article
Revolutionary advances in information technology reinforce economic and social changes that are transforming business and society. A new kind of economy ‐ the information economy ‐ is emerging where trade and investment are global and firms compete with knowledge, networking and agility on a global basis. A corresponding new society is also emerging with pervasive information capabilities that make it substantially different from an industrial society: more competitive, more democratic, less centralized, less stable, better able to address individual needs, and friendlier to the environment.These changes dictate, for all countries, a major adjustment to harness information for economic and social development. This adjustment requires urgent new policies, regulatory and institutional reforms, and investments. Through this adjustment, countries must achieve macroeconomic balance, political stability, and growth amidst global information flows, competition, trade, and investment. Advanced countries are rapidly adjusting. Developing countries must also adjust or risk exclusion from the global economy and severe competitive disadvantage for their goods and services.Fortunately, the information revolution creates both the challenge and the means for countries to adjust to new ways of doing business and to put in place the needed infrastructure of telecommunications and information systems. The information revolution also creates extraordinary new opportunities to attack vexing problems of poverty, inequality, and environmental degradation.To harness information and information technology for its mission of poverty alleviation and sustainable economic development, the World Bank Group will pursue four objectives in its assistance strategy: Widespread and equitable access to communication and information services through accelerated deployment of national information infrastructure and effective integration into international communication and information networks. Systemic improvements in the functioning and competitiveness of key economic sectors through strategic information policies and systems. New ways to use information technology to help solve the most pressing problems of human and economic development ‐ education, health, poverty alleviation, rural development, and care for the environment. Increased impact of the entire range of World Bank Group operations through inclusion of effective information components. The World Bank Group will be a long‐term partner and facilitator for countries adjusting to the information economy. It will cooperate with them on information policy, strategy, and project design at the national and sectoral levels. To this end, it will develop strategic alliances to mobilize worldwide knowledge and financing, including its own. In addition, the World Bank Group will increase the level and effectiveness of the information content of its projects in all sectors and will explore new frontiers of development through information‐intensive projects.
Article
Organizational context plays an important role in how organizations develop and implement IT strategies and plans. Since, in developing nations like India where, in the presence of highly skilled based of technical manpower, embedded organizational and cultural issues exert a strong impact on strategies adopted by organizations, it becomes important to identify organizational attributes that determine IT effectiveness. In this paper we investigate the critical nexus between IT planning and IT effectiveness in the Indian corporate milieu with the aim of identifying strategies and practices that could result in effective IT usage in spite of organizational and cultural constraints. Empirical support was provided for this study by in‐depth interviews conducted with systems managers and, in some instances, CEOs. Results indicate that the majority of the organizations do not use IT effectively. Moreover, some of these deficiencies can be linked to planning and strategic aspects of IT management. Results are discussed in the light of existing conditions and the main outcome that emerges is that if organizations in India do not develop and implement strategies to use IT for both incremental as well as radical organizational improvements, they are not likely to experience significant IT‐related benefits.
Article
Based upon a survey of the literature and a small- scale case study, this paper considers the role of IS and IT within investment banks. Do investment banks receive value for money from their investment in IT, and how can IT be evaluated for their contribution to profitability? The paper concludes that failure to implement techniques for system atically identifying and quantifying IT costs and benefits has made it difficult for them to determine the level of added value resulting from such investment and the contribution of IT towards the bottom line. The paper also considers what role technology plays in the strategic management process, and if a distinct IT/IS strategy is necessary. The paper concludes that it is essential to incorporate both information and IT strategy into the strategic management process, to ensure that IT is concentrated in those areas in which it can add most value. Finally, the paper considers the potential for deriving competitive advantage from IT. The paper concludes that IT generally performs only a support function and does not generate long-term competitive advantage. The paper further concludes that senior management's lack of aware ness of, and belief in, the relevance of IT to corporate strategy, coupled with the failure to integrate IT strategy within the strategic management process, acts as a constraint upon realising the full potential of IT.
Article
This paper analyses important changes taking place in the Indian information technology (IT) industry as it faces up to the challenge posed by state policy liberalisation and the ensuing process of globalisation. The impact of globalisation may be both positive and negative; it provides a pathway to continuous technological upgrading, but at the same time threatens the very survival of indigenous IT firms and their technological capabilities, painstakingly built on the basis of import substitution. Although Indian IT firms are seen to be responding to the changed economic and policy environment of the 1990s, the industry's future can only be secured by a renewed policy thrust on applications development for the domestic market accompanied by a push for IT diffusion as against mere production. While the paper cautions against generalised policy prescriptions, it illustrates the significance of pragmatic policies that can help obtain the maximum benefits from IT while coping with the rapid technological changes that characterise the industry.
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This article presents a multilevel framework for assessing the competitive impact of information technology on a firm, and provides a guide for integrating information systems with a firm's strategy.
Article
Discusses the correlation between corporate performance and the use of information technology. Tests a model that was based on management information systems literature. Examines system effectiveness, user information satisfaction, organizational conversion, top management commitment, and organizational climate. Discusses testing in Austrian and German banks. (Author/LRW)
Article
Centers of excellence—horizontal units based on related skills or disciplines— offer organizations the flexibility they need to respond to rapid change. By focusing on the development of the skills sets needed to foster competitive competencies, the COE model provides increased coaching and training to legacy systems people and helps them achieve a better understanding of their place in the organization's vision for the future.
Article
The rapid expansion of markets for information technology (IT) raises many questions: What human resource and technical foundations are necessary to effectively utilize and develop IT products? What are the trade‐offs between capital expenditures on the one hand, and education, training and social costs on the other in the short and long terms? Above all, what policy or institutional measures can be initiated by governments to increase the rate of adoption of information technologies?These are among the many questions developing country (DCs) policy makers are asking in their search for appropriate policies to govern IT use and transfer. In this paper I elaborate on the significance of IT in development and the need for developing countries to evolve a policy for its management. This is with the view that the harnessing of IT, despite many schools of thought, is not to enable DCs to ‘catch up’ with the industrial countries but to ‘catch on’ to the recent trends. Evidence in most DCs, as presented in the case for Uganda, shows that the gap is far from closing. It can, however, be reduced if DCs manage to upgrade their infrastructure and evolve realistic policies to enable them to harness IT for development in their own context.The paper will outline and discuss IT policy considerations and the role of government policies. I shall also discuss the current IT management in both the private and public sector in Uganda and show how the lack of an IT policy has affected IT‐enabled development in the country. I shall further discuss the efforts by the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology to formulate an IT policy. Lastly a critique on this draft policy proposal will be followed by recommendations.
Conference Paper
This study replicates the research by Bacon (1992), drawing its sample from major companies operating in South Africa (SA). Questionnaires were distributed to those managers responsible for making the basic go‐ahead decision for investment in Information Technology (IT). The results from the questionnaires were analysed to reveal that SA managers place emphasis on managerial type decision criteria such as the support of business objectives and the support of managerial decision making over financial or development type decision criteria. Overall, the results obtained for the SA survey compare with the results obtained from the original overseas survey group. The emphasis, however, placed by the SA managers differs from that placed by their counterparts in the USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand.
Article
To harness information and information technology for its mission of poverty alleviation and sustainable economic development, this proposal suggests four objectives for the assistance strategy of the World Bank Group: widespread and equitable access to communication and information services through accelerated deployment of national information infrastructure and effective integration into international communication and information networks; systematic improvements in the functioning and competitiveness of key economic sectors through strategic information policies and systems; new ways to use information technology to help solve the most pressing problems of human and economic development. Increased impact of the entire range of World Bank Group operations through inclusion of effective information components.
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