Article

Sex Differences in Stereotypes of Spectacles1

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Abstract

Sex differences in the stereotype of eyeglasses were investigated via a three-part questionnaire administered to 217 adults. In the first part, subjects viewed one of five males or five females wearing glasses or not and rated this individual on a number of descriptors as well as guessing his or her three favorite pastimes. In the second part male and female subjects with and without glasses were compared on self-evaluations of the same descriptors and activities. They also responded to open-ended questions concerning their reasons for using spectacles and contact lenses and the effects of these visual correctives on their self-perceptions and the perceptions of others. In the third part subjects evaluated a typical woman and a typical man with glasses on the same descriptors. These three methods of identifying sex differences in stereotypes of eyeglasses produced somewhat conflicting results. Photographs with glasses were judged as less attractive and sexy, but males considered the typical woman with glasses as sexier and more attractive than the typical woman without glasses. Generally, people with glasses were considered to be more intelligent and intense, and the stereotypes of the typical woman and man with glasses were highly positive. Women with glasses were viewed as more feminine and men with glasses as more masculine. Although wearing glasses affected the self-concept of females more than males, there was little evidence that they experienced a more negative “spectacle image” than males.

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... Multiple studies have examined how spectacle wear affects the self-esteem of adults (Gording, 1968;Hadjistavropoulos, 1988;Harris, 1991;Terry, 1981;Terry, 1990;Terry, 1983;Terry, 1976) and children (Dias, 2005;Lyon, 2002;Terry, 1997). Reviews of the literature have concluded that spectacle wearers have more negative body images and are more anxious about their appearance (Knoll, 1978), and social interactions can be negatively affected by these insecurities. ...
... As a whole, spectacle wearers have lower self-esteem where social interactions and physical appearance are concerned (Terry, 1982), yet adults' self concepts follow gender stereotypes (Harris, 1991). Male spectacle wearers see themselves as being more intelligent but are more insecure about their eyes than females (Terry, 1990). ...
... Female college students further see spectacle wear as a detriment to their own beauty (Dion, 1973) and show a more negative glasses effect than their male peers when considering their appearances. Therefore, while spectacle wear does have a greater effect on the self-concept of young adult females than young adult males, wear does not show a significantly more negative self-image (Harris, 1991). ...
... In short, this stereotype states that individuals with glasses are judged as being more intelligent, but less attractive. Some studies have addressed such evaluations and have consistently found that people who wear glasses were judged as being more intelligent (Edwards, 1987;Harris, 1991;Hellström & Tekle, 1994;Thornton, 1943) and less attractive (Hasart & Hutchinson, 1993;Lundberg & Sheehan, 1994;Terry & Kroger, 1976) than those not wearing glasses. While Harris (1991) found that this devaluation of attractiveness from wearing glasses was found for faces of both genders, Terry and Hall (1989) found that the effect of reduced attractiveness was stronger for female than for male faces. ...
... Some studies have addressed such evaluations and have consistently found that people who wear glasses were judged as being more intelligent (Edwards, 1987;Harris, 1991;Hellström & Tekle, 1994;Thornton, 1943) and less attractive (Hasart & Hutchinson, 1993;Lundberg & Sheehan, 1994;Terry & Kroger, 1976) than those not wearing glasses. While Harris (1991) found that this devaluation of attractiveness from wearing glasses was found for faces of both genders, Terry and Hall (1989) found that the effect of reduced attractiveness was stronger for female than for male faces. Nonetheless, these studies had some shortcomings: The few studies in which eyeglasses were addressed as affecting face appearance relied on small samples and rather unsystematic variations in conditions. ...
... The purpose of the fourth experiment was to examine the effect of both full-rim glasses and rimless glasses on the evaluation of people's personality traits and attractiveness. We first expected to confirm the findings of previous studies on stereotypes about people who wear glasses (Edwards, 1987;Harris, 1991;Hasart & Hutchinson, 1993;Hellström & Tekle, 1994;Lundberg & Sheehan, 1994;Terry & Kroger, 1976;Thornton, 1943). As Experiments 1-3 showed that the version of a face (without glasses, with full-rim glasses, with rimless glasses) has an impact on perception and recognition, different glasses might also affect the glasses stereotype differently. ...
Article
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In face perception, besides physiognomic changes, accessories like eyeglasses can influence facial appearance. According to a stereotype, people who wear glasses are more intelligent, but less attractive. In a series of four experiments, we showed how full-rim and rimless glasses, differing with respect to the amount of face they cover, affect face perception, recognition, distinctiveness, and the attribution of stereotypes. Eyeglasses generally directed observers’ gaze to the eye regions; rimless glasses made faces appear less distinctive and resulted in reduced distinctiveness in matching and in recognition tasks. Moreover, the stereotype was confirmed but depended on the kind of glasses – rimless glasses yielded an increase in perceived trustworthiness, but not a decrease in attractiveness. Thus, glasses affect how we perceive the faces of the people wearing them and, in accordance with an old stereotype, they can lower how attractive, but increase how intelligent and trustworthy people wearing them appear. These effects depend on the kind of glasses worn.
... Mazursky and Schul (1992) According to research, one in four Americans under the age of 35 wear eyeglasses, 38% percent of those age 35-54 wear eyeglasses and 42% of those over 55 wear eyeglasses (Crispell 1995). Psychological studies have indicated that the presence of eyeglasses influences the facial memory of subjects (McKelvie 1988, Harris 1991. Argyle and McHenry (1971) found that persons who were wearing eyeglasses and had only been seen briefly by the subject were viewed by the subjects as being more intelligent than persons without eyeglasses. ...
... Boshier's (1975) videotape study concluded that both men and women wearing eyeglasses were perceived as more intelligent. In a later study, Harris (1991) found that generally subjects wearing glasses were generally perceived as more intelligent and intense and interestingly enough, both women and men with glasses were viewed as either being more feminine or more masculine, respectively. Some studies have shown that, overall, people wearing glasses have been perceived as being less attractive than those who do not wear glasses (Berk 1963, Knoll 1978, Terry 1989. ...
... Later studies also confirm that both male and female subjects are perceived as being more intelligent when wearing eyeglasses whether on video (Boshier 1975) or through computergenerated pictures (Terry and Krantz 1993). Harris (1991) found that, generally, subjects wearing glasses were perceived as more intelligence and intense than subjects not wearing glasses while both men and women with glasses were viewed as being more masculine or more feminine respectively. Pavelchak (1991) found that consumers expect computer spokespersons to be typically male, intelligent, knowledgeable, and to wear glasses. ...
Article
Mode of access: Internet, via World Wide Web. System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Title from title page display. Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Dec., 2001. Includes bibliographical references.
... Studying these effects may provide an insight into how to increase compliance with these corrective devices [3]. During the early 1990s, Terry provided in-depth reviews on social traits affected by eyeglasses, which was followed by several projects that pointed to the importance of the impact of eyeglasses on attractiveness, the degree of confidence, and the degree of intelligence a person is viewed with and without eyeglasses [4][5][6]. The social and personality effects of wearing eyeglasses are dependent on age, gender, educational level, and other demographic factors that should be considered in assessing eyeglasses' social and personality impact [6]. ...
... The effect of wearing eyeglasses on intelligence perception varied among different areas and ethnicities. While our study showed a negative impact of wearing eyeglasses on intelligence rating, studies on western populations found a positive impact on intelligence perception for images and people wearing eyeglasses [4,10,15], where this variability is probably due to different cultural associations with wearing eyeglasses [15]. In a study conducted in France, people with eyeglasses were considered of higher socioprofessional status than without glasses [16]. ...
Article
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Introduction Several studies investigated the effect of wearing eyeglasses on self-esteem measures; however, most of these studies were conducted on western populations. We aim to assess the perception of attractiveness, confidence, and intelligence of young people of college-going age with and without glasses among university students. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five main Jordanian universities. We designed a survey with photos of four people with and without glasses (a total of eight photos). Participants rated the photos on a scale of 10 regarding attractiveness, confidence, and intelligence. Results A total of 517 participants were included in this study. We found significantly higher ratings for all domains of pictures without glasses compared to the same pictures with glasses. Moreover, participants not wearing glasses provided significantly higher attractiveness scores for most pictures not wearing glasses. Conclusion In our study on Jordanian college students of Arabian ethnicity, we found that eyeglasses may have a negative impact on a person’s image in regard to attractiveness, confidence, and intelligence.
... While there was no significant difference between male participants in judging a target with or without glasses, female participants identified more differences between the control and the target with glasses, generally rating the male target more positively when wearing glasses. These findings support other studies that demonstrate a relationship between gender of the stimulus/target person, gender of the observer/participant and impression formation (e.g., Gonçalves et al. 2015;Hack 2014;Harris 1991), specifically that females are more efficient in attribute perception and more likely to report positive impressions of others. ...
... Male and female participants were generally in agreement with respect to their ratings of the stimuli person wearing the hearing aid. These findings further strengthen our argument and previous studies that argue that people, especially younger individuals, are becoming more socially accepting of disabilities, and appearance differences in others (Christman and Slaten 1991;Erler and Garstecki 2002;Harris 1991;Palmer and Rauterkus 2014;Taylor and Keeter 2010), and perhaps that gender of the observer and stimulus person is not a significant factor in participants' assessments of others. Perhaps the age of the observer and the stimulus is a more significant variable for impression formation of people with visible disabilities, especially hearing loss, which has an age-related stigma. ...
Article
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The purpose of this study was to examine impressions of persons wearing hearing aids (HA) and glasses. A survey consisting of impression formation measures was administered to 569 participants. Factor analysis and a series of T-tests were used to examine the effect of wearing glasses and hearing aids on first impressions. T-tests indicated significant differences between the control and glasses style for both the male and female model. Male and female control models (without glasses) were rated more positively. Another series of t-tests between hearing aid styles and the control indicated significant differences for the heavier, more visible hearing aid with the control model being rated higher on every factor except “reliable”. There were almost no significant differences between the control and the light, less visible hearing aid for either the male or the female. Correlations among traits differ as a function of both stimulus person and relevance of trait. Data indicates that different types of hearing aids stimulate varying impressions. The findings have implications for advising potential HA users who are disinclined to wear a device for cosmetic reasons. Findings support other literature on impression formation and the hearing aid effect. However, the findings are encouraging, as hearing aid use has historically been associated with an impression of lower cognitive function, yet participants did not indicate a significant perceptual difference between the hearing aid user and the control, possibly indicating stronger social acceptance.
... Yet, in the current paper we aim to show that wearing glasses actually improves electoral success. Although people have some negative associations, they also have many positive associations with glasses -in particular with learning, studying, and wisdom (Harris, 1991;Hellström & Tekle, 1994;Merry, 2012). This positive stereotype dates back to the Middle Ages, when monks used glasses to study despite declining vision. ...
... Glasses have since been commonly worn by people who perform intellectual or other highly skilled work (Ilardi, 2007). As a result, people associate glasses with a variety of competence-related characteristics, such as success, dependability, and industriousness, and most strongly, intelligence (Harris, 1991;Hellström & Tekle, 1994;Jäckle & Metz, 2015;Leder et al., 2011;Manz & Lueck, 1968;Terry & Krantz, 1993;Thornton, 1943Thornton, , 1944. ...
Article
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Does wearing glasses hurt or help politicians in elections? Although some research shows that glasses signal unattractiveness, glasses also increase perceptions of competence. In eight studies, participants voted for politicians wearing (photoshopped) glasses or not. Wearing glasses increased politicians’ electoral success in the U.S. (Study 1), independent of their political orientation (Studies 2a and 2b). This positive effect was especially strong when intelligence was important (Study 3), and even occurred if glasses were used strategically (Study 4). However, it did not extend to India (Study 5) due to different cultural associations with glasses (Study 6). Furthermore, while intelligence mediated the effect, warmth did not (Study 7). In summary, wearing glasses can robustly boost electoral success, at least in Western cultures.
... Glasses wearing is unlikely to be conflated with sex; 2002 census research in the United States found no sex differences in prevalence rates for visual impairment (Vitale, Cotch, & Sperduto, 2006). Second, the stereotype of glasses wearers is largely positive (Borkenau, 1991; Harris, 1991; Harris, Harris, & Bochner, 1982 ), is not strongly endorsed, and varies depending on the person being observed (e.g., some people appear more intelligent when wearing glasses whereas others do not; see Harris, 1991 ). Thus, if affiliation occurs between nonglasses wearers, prejudice is unlikely to be the driving mechanism . ...
... Glasses wearing is unlikely to be conflated with sex; 2002 census research in the United States found no sex differences in prevalence rates for visual impairment (Vitale, Cotch, & Sperduto, 2006). Second, the stereotype of glasses wearers is largely positive (Borkenau, 1991; Harris, 1991; Harris, Harris, & Bochner, 1982 ), is not strongly endorsed, and varies depending on the person being observed (e.g., some people appear more intelligent when wearing glasses whereas others do not; see Harris, 1991 ). Thus, if affiliation occurs between nonglasses wearers, prejudice is unlikely to be the driving mechanism . ...
Article
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Across four studies, people sat (or reported they would sit) closer to physically similar others. Study 1 revealed significant aggregation in seating patterns on two easily observed characteristics: glasses wearing and sex. Study 2 replicated this finding with a wider variety of physical traits: race, sex, glasses wearing, hair length, and hair color. The overall tendency for people to sit beside physically similar others remained significant when controlling for sex and race, suggesting people aggregate on physical dimensions other than broad social categories. Study 3 conceptually replicated these results in a laboratory setting. The more physically similar participants were to a confederate, the closer they sat before an anticipated interaction when controlling for sex, race, and attractiveness similarity. In Study 4, overall physical similarity and glasses wearing similarity predicted self-reported seating distance. These effects were mediated by perceived attitudinal similarity. Liking and inferred acceptance also received support as mediators for glasses wearing similarity.
... En concreto, la TSA (Glick & Fiske, 1997) argumenta que la ambivalencia entre sexos proviene de condiciones culturales y biológicas comunes a muchas sociedades humanas: el patriarcado, la diferenciación de sexos y la reproducción sexual. Por ejemplo, existe amplia evidencia de que la dominación masculina ha estado y está muy extendida en las sociedades agrícolas e industriales (Harris, 1991;Pratto,1996); además, en todas las culturas, hombres y mujeres ocupan roles sociales (más o menos) diferenciados en varios ámbitos (Eagly & Wood, 1999); y, por último, la reproducción sexual, que se constituye como un imperativo biológico de nuestra especie, promueve relaciones íntimas entre hombres y mujeres. Así, según la TSA, estos factores, especialmente la diferencia de poder (a favor de los hombres) y la interdependencia íntima (entre hombres y mujeres,) crean ideologías hostiles y benévolas sobre ambos sexos (Glick et al., 2000;Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001, 2011. ...
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Evidencias de invarianza del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente en Costa Rica Resumen El sexismo ambivalente (SA) es un constructo multidimensional compuesto por creencias y actitudes hostiles y benevolentes que legitiman la desigualdad entre sexos. Para medirlo, se usa de manera muy difundida el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA), siendo una escala originalmente creada en inglés, y que ha sido traducida y utilizada en el contexto latinoamericano. No obstante, en Costa Rica, no se cuenta con evidencia suficiente que permita justificar la invarianza de la medida y permitir un uso psicométrico adecuado. En este estudio se evalúan las propiedades psicométricas en dos grupos poblacionales y dos momentos temporales, y en hombres y mujeres. Concretamente se analiza la validez de constructo y la invarianza factorial del instrumento en estos grupos mediante la técnica de Análisis de Factores Confirmatorio (AFC) Multigrupo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 968 participantes, con edades entre 16 y los 92 años (M = 23 años, DE = 11.62 años) de los cuales el 58.7% fueron mujeres. De forma global, los datos indican que la estructura factorial del instrumento se sostiene en poblaciones distintas, a lo largo del tiempo y tanto en hombres como mujeres. Específicamente, en el caso de las dos poblaciones estudiadas y los dos momentos temporales, los resultados indican que sólo se puede asumir las invarianzas configural y métrica. En el caso del sexo los resultados indicaron que sí es posible asumir niveles de invarianza estrictos de manera parcial. Se concluye que el ISA presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su uso en Costa Rica. Palabras clave: ISA; estereotipos de Género; propiedades psicométricas; invarianza de medida; validez. Abstract Ambivalent Sexism (AS) is a multidimensional construct made up of hostile and benevolent beliefs and attitudes that legitimize inequality between the sexes. To measure AS the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) is widely used. The scale was initially created in English and has been translated and used in several contexts, including the Latin American one. However, in Costa Rica, there is not enough evidence to justify the invariance of the measure and allow adequate psychometric uses. In this study, the psychometric properties are evaluated in two population groups, at two different points in time, and among men and women. Specifically, the instrument's construct validity and factorial invariance in these groups are analyzed using the Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) technique. The sample consisted of 968 participants, aged between 16 and 92 years (M = 23 years, SD = 11.62 years), of which 58.7% were women. Overall, data indicate that the two-dimensional structure of the instrument is partially supported in different populations, over time, and among both men and women. Specifically, in the case of the two populations and the two temporal moments, the results indicate that only configural and metric invariances can be assumed. In the case of sex, results revealed that it is possible to partially assume strict levels of invariance. It is concluded that the ISA presents adequate psychometric properties for its use in Costa Rica.
... Furthermore, the presence of eyeglasses can also shape people's perceptions. Wearing eyeglasses is often linked to intelligence, competitiveness, and rationality (Harris, 1991;Terry & Krantz, 1993), but does not typically convey a warmer image (Fleischmann et al., 2019). ...
Article
Artificial intelligence (AI)‐based job interviews are increasingly adopted in organizations' recruitment activities. Despite their standardization and flexibility, concerns about fairness for applicants remain a critical challenge. Taking a perspective on interface design, this research examines the role of avatar characteristics in shaping perceptions of interactional justice in AI‐based job interviews. Through a scenario‐based study involving 465 participants, the impact of avatar characteristics—specifically, appearance, linguistic style, and feedback informativeness—on applicants' perceptions of interpersonal justice and informational justice was investigated. The findings indicate that avatars characterized by a warm and cheerful appearance, coupled with an affective expression style and informative feedback, significantly enhance perceptions of interpersonal justice and informational justice. These insights offer valuable practical guidance for avatar design in AI‐based job interview systems.
... 从古至今人们一直在探索美丽。在古代,人们多用"沉鱼落雁"、"闭月羞花"等词语来形容面容 姣好的女性,而用"剑眉星目"、"面如冠玉"等来形容面容姣好的男性。在当今互联网大数据时代, "盛世美颜"、"神仙姐姐"等新兴网络热词在互联网上大量涌现,被人们用来形容拥有美貌的人。人 们偏爱欣赏美丽的面孔,这似乎是一种与生俱来的能力。 "美"其实就是学术上的"吸引力"。面孔吸引力在人类的日常生活和社交活动中都起到了重要的 作用。尽管人们常说"人不可貌相",但是面部特征无时无刻不在影响着人类的行为。仅仅依靠面孔特 征的有限信息,人们就可以迅速地、自动地形成对拥有该面孔个体的"第一印象" (Sutherland et al., 2017 (Cash & Kilcullen, 1985);民众在投票时会更倾向于选择有较高面孔吸引力的政治家 (Efrain & Patterson, 1974);甚至,面孔吸引力的高低还可能会对犯罪者罪行判决的轻重产生影响 (Sigall & Ostrove, 1975)。 根据进化心理学的理论, 面孔吸引力高的人普遍被视为遗传基因更好、 更健康、 生育力更强 (Jokela, 2009)。 那么如何才能提升自身的面孔吸引力呢?研究学者发现,人们喜欢通过对面孔使用配饰(如佩戴眼镜 (Edwards, 1987;Harris, 1991)、耳环或者化妆 (Etcoff et al., 2011;Aguinaldo & Peissig, 2021) ...
... Another item that can alter facial traits is eyewear. A certain amount of research has long been reported on changes in social traits due to spectacles [22][23][24]. Unlike glasses, sunglasses, which occlude the upper half of the face, including the eye area, block both sunlight and gaze. Surprisingly, few studies have examined the effects of sunglasses on perceived social traits from faces. ...
Article
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Many studies conducted after the COVID-19 pandemic have examined the relationship between changes in social traits, such as attractiveness and wearing face masks. However, most studies examine the effect of wearing face masks at a single time point, and the time effect is not known. Additionally, few studies address wearing sunglasses, another facial occluding item. This study examined the effects of facial occluding (unoccluded face, face masks, sunglasses, or both) on perceived attractiveness, trustworthiness, and familiarity at two time points, September 2020, six months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and April 2022, almost two years later, using Japanese higher and lower attractive faces. Results showed that only lower attractive faces wearing face masks had a time effect on attractiveness and familiarity and no time effect on social traits in higher attractive faces. Perceived all social traits were the highest for unoccluded faces, and faces wearing face masks had the same level of attractiveness and familiarity as unoccluded faces. Perceived trustworthiness was higher for unoccluded faces, faces wearing face masks, sunglasses, and both sunglasses and face masks, respectively. Additionally, faces wearing both sunglasses and face masks had the lowest perceived all social traits. These findings suggest that the positive and time effects of wearing face masks are limited in Japan, suggesting a greater positive impact of unoccluded faces. They also suggest that the negative impact of wearing sunglasses is significant.
... For example, glasses can give a perception of intelligence (Fleischmann et al., 2019). An early study by Harris (1991) found that people wearing glasses were perceived as less attractive, more intelligent, and more intense than those without glasses. Eggleston et al. (2020) found that ratings of intelligence were higher for people seen wearing glasses, even when the participants were instructed to ignore the glasses and when viewing time was very short. ...
Article
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Demographic trends indicate an increasing elderly population accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). These trends are likely to result in increasing numbers of elderly individuals who wander away from home or care facilities. There is limited research on the efficacy of systems for alerting the public about missing elderly individuals, such as Silver Alerts (SA). Previous research on SAs was limited to alerts featuring White senior citizens. The present study is the first to extend SA research to Black senior citizens. A sample of college students (N = 210) viewed a mock SA along with a short video of a "missing" couple and later attempted to recognize the two individuals from a series of photos. The male and female targets were shown in the SA either together or separately and with or without glasses, and participants were shown photos with and without glasses. The results indicated no effect of whether the couple was shown together or separately, but participants were more likely to recognize the missing male without glasses when he had been shown without glasses in the SA. The female target was recognized more often when wearing glasses than when not wearing glasses, irrespective of how she had been shown in the SA. The results suggest that the appearance of the target at encoding and at recognition may affect ability to identify the target, but that such effects may depend on individual characteristics. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-02531-8.
... Females are more often seen with fashion accessories. Glasses affect the self-concept of females more than that of males, but there seems to be no negative "spectacle bias" for women (Harris 1991). Stereotypical results include that males opt more often for cars and aircraft, while females prefer interior objects, e.g. ...
Conference Paper
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The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the implementation and adoption of new features in web-conferencing systems (WCSs), such as custom backgrounds (CBs) that mask the real physical background with a custom, i.e., user chosen, background. In this work, we explore what types of backgrounds are selected and why they are used by analyzing text and images from Twitter. We find that different types of CBs allow users to satisfy psychological needs in virtual collaboration and identify emerging practices regarding the selection of backgrounds, in general, and with respect to gender differences. Our analysis reveals that CBs showing real objects get commonly replaced or augmented by artificial, non-photorealistic content such as cartoon style memes, scenes of computer games or company logos. By leveraging novel image analysis techniques, we also contribute methodologically to social media analytics. your abstract here followed by the keywords as indicated.
... Poor self-perception during adolescence may have important consequences during adulthood such as depression and isolation [8][9][10][11][12]. Although some studies have shown that children consider spectacle wearers to be more intelligent and honest, other studies have reported that spectacles may alter self-perception negatively [5,[13][14][15]. The negative social reactions evoked by glasses in the early years of life may be internalized [5]. ...
Article
Objective To determine the short-term effect of contact lens (CL) wear on the self-concept of adolescents. Methods In this open-label trial, first-time CL wearing adolescents were prescribed Delefilcon A (DAILIES TOTAL1,® Alcon, USA) daily disposable CL. To determine the self-concept level of the subjects at dispensing and after one month, the Turkish adapted version of the Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) was used. The subject-reported outcomes included lens wettability, vision quality, comfort, and overall satisfaction. Self-concept was evaluated under six categories. Results The mean age of the 21 subjects was 16.5 ± 1.5 years. All subjects had normal biomicroscopic assessments and best corrected visual acuity was 20/20. The mean spherical equivalent was -2.90 ± 1.18 (range, -4.75 to -1.75). Spectacle use was causing dissatisfaction with their appearance in 90% of subjects (n = 19), the others defined it as uncomfortable. Most subjects had acquired information about CLs from their peers and friends (57%, n = 12). Most of the subscales in the PHCSCS showed increased but statistically insignificant scores after one month. The mean overall satisfaction was 95%. Conclusion Prescription of CLs may be a good option in adolescents even if the self-concept did not show significant improvement in the short term.
... Generally, a greater number of participants who were told needed spectacles got and wore it probably because it was prescribed by a professional and also had good counsel regarding the use of spectacles. Doctorpatient relationship has been shown in researches by DiMatteo et al. [23], Vermeire et al. [24], and Zolnierek et al. [25], to affect patient compliance with medical consumables of which spectacle prescriptions are a part. Patients tend to accept what the doctor thinks is best for them even though, in some sense, patients have autonomy. ...
... This is because humans automatically make assumptions about other people based on their physical appearance. In turn, these judgments drive how people interact with and relate to others (Harris, 1991;Mackinnon et al., 2011). In summary, social benefits should also be linked to the intended use in public: ...
Article
Integrating virtual objects into the physical world is about to become real. Augmented reality smart glasses (ARSG), such as Microsoft HoloLens and other head‐mounted displays, allow users to augment and enhance their subjective perceptions of reality. However, extant research lacks findings to explain why people intend to use ARSGs in particular situations. To address this highly relevant research gap, this study proposes and tests a theoretical model that examines people's expected gratifications from ARSG usage. In doing so, this research enhances the understanding of ARSGs and adds novel constructs (e.g., desired enhancement of reality) to the stream of technology and media adoptance.
... This is because humans automatically make assumptions about other people based on their physical appearance. In turn, these judgments drive how people interact with and relate to others (Harris, 1991;Mackinnon et al., 2011). In summary, social benefits should also be linked to the intended use in public: ...
Chapter
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While the variety of technologies that allow consumers to explore the physical world through the lens of augmented reality is ever expanding, limited research has explored consumers’ reactions to these innovative media technologies. Specifically, the influences that determine the consumers’ intention to use these technologies remain unclear. To provide further insights into this research question, the current study utilizes use and gratification theory as a theoretical foundation to examine expected gratifications related to using augmented reality smart glasses. Results of a structural equation model support several gratifications that users associate with augmented reality smart glasses. Interestingly, these gratifications are highly context specific depending on whether the user is intending to use the device at home or in public. As a result, future studies should incorporate multiple contexts to more accurately assess consumers’ reactions, attitudes, and adoption intentions associated with these new wearable technologies.
... Related to eye shape is eyewear, as eyeglasses correspond to ascriptions of intelligence (Harris, 1991;Leder, Forster, & Gerger, 2011), which may further insinuate racialized experiences for Asian Americans who already encounter stereotypes of being academically advanced and "the model minority" (e.g., Wong & Halgin, 2006). Given the extant data on Asian Americans' racialized experiences typically include convenience samples of college students (e.g., Baker, Soto, Perez, & Lee, 2012;Concepcion, Kohatsu, & Yeh, 2013;Yoo & Lee, 2005), such schemas about eyeglasses might be activated quite frequently in an academic environment. ...
Article
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Research on Asian Americans' experiences of racism has examined the impact of generation status and ethnicity. This study investigates how phenotypic and physical appearance characteristics are implicated in self-reports of racialization and social anxiety in Asian American college students (n = 170) who completed measures of psychological distress, well-being, and racialization (e.g., Subtle and Blatant Racism Scale; Yoo, Steger, and Lee, 2010). Participants' digital photographs were analyzed to test whether specific physical characteristics correlated with self-reported distress. Results suggest eyeglasses and darker skin tone are strongly associated with greater reports of racialization and psychological distress in Asian American college students.
... Yet another distinctive and cross-nationally shared pictorial feature was that children envisioned the intelligent pupil, whether boy or girl, as wearing eyeglasses. In western culture, eyeglasses are regarded as an archetypal sign of a 'bookworm', a person absorbed in cognitive-mental activity (Harris 1991). ...
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This study sets out to examine Finnish and Russian children’s representations of intellectual competence as contextualised in the hierarchies of abilities, age and gender. Finnish and Russian pupils, aged 11–12 years, were asked to draw pictures of an intelligent person and an ordinary person. It was found that gender appearance of intelligent men and women was less heterosexual than that of ordinary men and women. In Russian pictures, the intelligent characters, especially women, were widely separated from the ordinary ones in terms of cognitive-mental features. In Finnish depictions, the differentiation between the intelligent and ordinary characters, especially women, was not so categorical and was primarily based on status. It appears that Russian children are apt to relate their representations of intellectual ability to the institutionalised systems of cognitive competence, education and science, whereas Finnish children associate intelligence to social success as well. Further, cultural and gender-related hierarchies of age seemed to reflect in the children’s images.
... The intelligent girl is holding a test report with a top mark "5" and a textbook in Russian. The ordinary girl is carrying a foreign magazine In Western culture, eyeglasses are regarded as an archetypal sign of a "bookworm", a person absorbed in mental activity (Harris 1991). As another Russian girl wrote, "Intelligent people read a lot, that's why they have eyeglasses." ...
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The study set out to examine Finnish and Russian children’s images of intelligence as contextualized in the systems of the school and gender. Finnish and Russian pupils, aged 11–12 years, were asked to draw pictures of an intelligent and an ordinary pupil and a good and an ordinary pupil. A distinctive feature shared by the children in both countries was that intelligent pupils were depicted as positively orientated to knowledge and studies and as similar to good pupils. The Russian children’s pictures emphasized academic performance, suggesting that the contribution of the school to children’s representations was greater in Russia than in Finland. In regard to gender appearance, the intelligent pupil was usually pictured in gender-neutral or childish features, suggesting that being defined as intellectually competent entailed deviating from the heterosexual ideal. In the discussion, the ambivalence associated with social definitions of intelligence is addressed. KeywordsSocial representations of intelligence–Children–Cross-national comparison–Gender–School
... Many studies have been conducted to examine the effects of glasses on people's perceptions. These studies either evaluated how others felt about people with glasses (Terry and Hall, 1989;Harris, 1991;Terry and Krantz, 1993) or how people wearing glasses felt ...
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Previous studies have examined how people feel about others who wear glasses, but no studies of children have been published on the subject. We conducted the Children's Attitudes about Kids in Eyeglasses (CAKE) study to determine how children feel about other children who wear glasses. Subjects compared a series of 24 picture pairs and answered six questions regarding which child ...he or she would rather play with, looks better at playing sports, appears smarter (more intelligent), appears nicer, looks more shy and looks more honest. The children in each pair of pictures differed by gender, ethnicity and spectacle wear. Logistic regression was performed to determine the probability and confidence interval that a subject would pick a particular child. Eighty subjects between the ages of 6 and 10 years participated. The average (+/-SD) age of the subjects was 8.3 +/- 1.3 years, 42 (53%) were females, 51 (64%) were whites, 21 (26%) were blacks, and 30 (38%) wore glasses. The spectacle wearer appeared smarter (0.66, CI = 0.60-0.71) and more honest (0.57, CI = 0.50-0.64), and children who wore glasses looked smarter regardless of whether the child picking wore glasses. Both boys (0.66, CI = 0.68-0.79) and girls (0.77, CI = 0.71-0.82) thought that boys looked better at playing sports. The old adage 'Boys never make passes at lasses who wear glasses' may be outmoded, but glasses may tend to make children look smarter and slightly more honest to their peers.
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We investigated the effect of wearing glasses and sunglasses on the perception of social traits from faces and on face matching. Participants rated images of people wearing no glasses, glasses and sunglasses on three social traits (trustworthiness, competence and attractiveness). Wearing sunglasses reduced ratings of trustworthiness. Participants also performed a matching task (telling whether two images show the same person or not) with pairs of images both wearing no glasses, glasses or sunglasses, and all combinations of eyewear. Incongruent eyewear conditions (e.g., one image wearing glasses and the other wearing sunglasses, etc.) reduced performance. Further analysis comparing performance on congruent and incongruent eyewear trials showed that our effects were driven by match trial performance, where differences in eyewear decreased accuracy. For same-eyewear-condition pairs, performance was poorer for pairs of images both wearing sunglasses than no glasses. Our results extend and update previous research on the effect of eyewear on face perception.
Book
Reflective thinking can mean three different things. A first form of reflective thinking consists in elaborating personal conceptions about the mental activities and abilities and in becoming aware of what occurs in our and other people’s minds when we are engaged in intellectual tasks. This form of reflective thinking encompasses the research field usually labeled as “metacognition.” A second meaning of “reflective thought” regards Theory of Mind, which concerns more closely the realm of social interactions and relationships. Theory of Mind in fact is conceived as the recognition of one’s and others’ affective and epistemic mental states as the psychological causes and motives underlying behaviors. Metacognition and Theory of Mind are in part explicit and can be recognized by asking people to express verbally their beliefs about the mind; they are, however, also partially implicit, and they can be detected by observing how people behave – both in natural and in experimental settings – and speak. The third kind of reflective thinking takes the form of narration. In this case individuals reflect on their own and others’ mental lives by trying to make sense of what happens within and around them. People’s storytelling, on one hand, reveals their naïve psychological ideas and, on the other hand, hints at exploring and understanding their own and other persons’ mental states and intentions better. The forms of reflective thinking mentioned are seen as important competences that are needed to equip an individual to face the demands of reality. Their functional meaning appears in informal settings – such as spontaneous conversations and dialogues – as well as in formal contexts, such as instructional environments. Furthermore, they are shaped by interpersonal relationships and by literacy because an individual is an active partner in social exchanges, belongs to a given culture, and uses specific artifacts in which values, norms, and rules are embedded.
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How do children make sense of the social world? How they represent the various transactions and exchanges that characterize the social life where they are embedded? How does their knowledge differ from that of the adults in their communities and, perhaps the most fundamental question, what are the processes through which this knowledge is acquired? What does it mean to speak of children’s acquiring social knowledge? Up until the mid-1960s the analysis of social development across childhood was the province of two kinds of psychological theory, psychoanalysis and behaviorism. The former asked questions about the structure of motives and sought answers in the quality and style of parent-child relations (e.g., Sears, Maccoby, & Levin 1957; Hoffman 1970). The latter asked questions about the origins of social and antisocial habits of behavior and sought answers first in terms of general principles of learning (Aronfreed 1968; Eysenck 1964), supposedly as applicable to children as to other conditionable animals, and then in terms of the behavioral examples or models present in the child’s environment (Bandura & Walters 1959). Social development was, in fact, the process whereby children come to resemble the adult members of their society: in character, motives, values, beliefs, or action tendencies; in other terms, social development is seen as a conformist replication of the adult way of life.
Conference Paper
This study builds on our previous work on beardedness [1] and ex-plores whether wearing spectacles in a LinkedIn profile picture affects a female candidate’s prospects of being invited for a job interview and whether this is contingent on the type of job vacancy. Results of a 2 (spectacle use: spectacles versus no spectacles) x 3 (job type: expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness) experiment conducted among 139 participants show that bespectacled candi-dates are perceived as having more expertise and –to our surprise- also being more attractive than candidates not wearing spectacles. Moreover, a candidate’s perceived credibility is a significant predictor of the intention to invite the can-didate for a job interview. Theoretical and practical implications of these find-ings are discussed.
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In this study, we tested whether Buss and Schmitt’s (1993) theory that mating strategies vary by sex and relationship duration could be applied to gay men and lesbians. We extended the findings of Gallant et al. (2011) with an analysis of 300 profile pictures from gay and lesbian personal advertisements. We found sex differences, effects for type of relationship sought, and masculinity/femininity effects. Lesbians smiled more, displayed more skin, and downplayed their height by using a downward camera angle in comparison to gay men. Lesbians displayed a higher number of total photos in their profiles than gay men, but both sexes displayed more photos when seeking a long-term relationship; gay men seeking a short-term displayed the fewest photos. Short-term relationship seekers of both sexes smiled less and wore less clothing than counterparts. Gay men and lesbians mentioned financial status more when seeking a long-term relationship. Lesbians rated as highly feminine smiled the most and wore the least clothing. Gay men rated as high in masculinity were more likely to exaggerate their height with an upward camera angle and flex their muscles in photos. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
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Self-aligned 0.25 μm T-gate pHEMT technology was described in this paper. Basic requirements of the self-aligned technology for gate profile were presented. Metallization system and annealing parameters providing low resistance ohmic contacts were chosen. Current-voltage characteristics, capacity-voltage characteristics and current gain of routine and self-aligned pHEMT were compared. The self-aligned technology provides an increase in transconductance S and drive current Ids of 10...15% comparing with routine process. Cutoff frequency increased by 15 GHz and reached Ft ~70 GHz.
Book
Feelings argues for the counter-intuitive idea that feelings do not cause behavior, but rather follow from behavior, and are, in fact, the way that we know about our own bodily states and behaviors. This point of view, often associated with William James, is called self-perception theory. Self-perception theory can be empirically tested by manipulating bodily states and behaviors in order to see if the corresponding feelings are produced. This volume presents hundreds of studies, all demonstrating that feelings do indeed follow from behavior. Behaviors that have been manipulated include facial expressions of emotion, autonomic arousal, actions, gaze, and postures. The feelings that have been induced include happiness, anger, fear, romantic love, liking, disliking, hunger, and feelings of familiarity. These feelings do not feel like knowledge because they are knowledge-by-acquaintance, such as the knowledge we have of how an apple tastes, rather than verbal, knowledge-by-description, such as the knowledge that apples are red, round, and edible. Many professional theories of human behavior, as well as common sense, explain actions by an appeal to feelings as causes. This book argues to the contrary that if feelings are information about behaviors that are already ongoing, feelings cannot be causes, and that the whole mechanistic model of human behavior as "caused" in this sense seems mistaken. It proposes an alternative, cybernetic model, involving hierarchically stacked control systems. In this model, feelings provide feedback to the control systems, and in a further elaboration, this model suggests that the stack of control systems matches a similar stack of levels of organization of the world.
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A literature overview is presented on the influence of eyeglasses on children’s perceptions. Children’s stereotypes of eyeglass wearers were mostly negative, but included smartness. Glasses were of relatively low importance in person categorization. Eyeglasses seemed non-destructive for global self-esteem, but negatively affected self-perceptions of physical appearance. Additionally, particularly older, urban children showed non-compliance, which probably indicates a dislike of glasses. It was concluded that children have negative and positive stereotypes of peers with eyeglasses. Wearing eyeglasses can negatively affect physical self-esteem.
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This investigation examined trait inferences that people make of individuals who engage in body rocking. In Study 1, participants interacted with either a rocking or a nonrocking individual. In Study 2, participants observed video-clips of rocking and nonrocking individuals in various settings. In Study 3, participants observed video-clips of a person engaging in body-rocking, head-rolling, or no-stereotyped behavior. Results of the 3 studies suggest that people hold specific negative attitudes toward people who engage in body-rocking, and that amplitude of body-rocking is a factor in determining these negative attitudes. People tend to attribute body-rocking to high-neuroticism and anxiety, and to low-agreeableness.
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To determine whether contact lens wear affects children's self-perceptions. The Adolescent and Child Health Initiative to Encourage Vision Empowerment Study was a randomized, single-masked trial conducted at five clinical centers in the United States. Subjects were 8- to 11-year-old myopic children randomly assigned to wear spectacles (n = 237) or soft contact lenses (n = 247) for 3 years. The primary endpoint was the Self-Perception Profile for Children Global Self-Worth scale. Secondary outcomes included the Physical Appearance, Athletic Competence, Scholastic Competence, Behavioral Conduct, and Social Acceptance Self-Perception Profile for Children scales. Global self-worth was not affected by contact lens wear [analysis of variance (ANOVA), difference = 0.06; 95% CI, -0.004 to 0.117]. Physical appearance (ANOVA, difference = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.22), athletic competence (ANOVA, difference = 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.15), and social acceptance (ANOVA, difference = 0.10; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.17) were all greater for contact lens wearers. Although contact lens wear does not affect global self-perceptions of 8- to 11-year-old myopic children their physical appearance, athletic competence, and social acceptance self-perceptions are likely to improve with contact lens wear. Eye care practitioners should consider the social and visual benefits of contact lens wear when choosing the most appropriate vision correction modality for children as young as 8 years of age.
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31 subjects classified 16 schematic faces on six dimensions. Attractiveness was generally associated with widely separated eyes, a short nose, and high feature placement. When features were considered in combination, faces with low placement were judged attractive, although the effect was mitigated by a narrow mouth. Previous findings concerning perceived age and gender were partially replicated, but folk wisdom linking intelligence to low placement (high forehead) was refuted. It is suggested that the relationship between individual features and attributions is nonlinear and interactive, and that researchers should investigate these hypotheses by exercising finer control over feature variations.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the baseline characteristics of subjects and methods for a multicenter, randomized clinical trial to compare the effects of contact lens wear and spectacle wear on children's self-perception. Eligible subjects are randomly assigned to wear glasses or contact lenses throughout the 3-year study. Self-perceptions are measured 1 month after randomization and every 6 months using the Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC). Children's satisfaction with spectacles and refractive error-related visual quality of life are also measured using surveys developed for the study. Visual acuity, cycloplegic autorefraction, corneal curvature, and axial dimensions are measured annually. Five clinical sites enrolled 484 subjects with a mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) age of 10.4 +/- 1.1 years. Approximately three-fifths of the subjects are girls, 47.1% of the subjects are white, 21.5% are black, and 21.5% are Hispanic. The mean (+/- SD) cycloplegic spherical equivalent autorefraction of the right eye is -2.38 +/- 1.04 D, and the average (+/- SD) axial length of the right eye is 24.32 +/- 0.77 mm. The average (+/- SD) Global Self-Worth score on the SPPC is 3.20 +/- 0.62 on a scale from one (low perceived competence) to 4 (high perceived competence). The average (+/- SD) spectacle satisfaction is 59.1 +/- 26.6 on a scale from zero (no satisfaction) to 100 (perfect satisfaction). The average refractive error-related quality of life score is 63.5 +/- 12.8 on a scale from zero (poor quality of life) to 100 (excellent quality of life). Subjects enrolling in the ACHIEVE Study are an ethnically diverse group of young myopic children. Ocular characteristics of the sample are consistent with data presented in other randomized clinical trials evaluating treatments for myopic children. The data reported here represent the baseline data for a 3-year randomized clinical trial to investigate the effects of contact lens vs. spectacle wear on children's self-perceptions.
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This study explores some possible causes of the recent increase in dieting and eating disorders among American women. Measures on body image, attitudes to eating and weight, and eating behaviors were collected from male (sons) and female (daughters) college students and their biological parents. All groups but the sons considered their current body shape to be heavier than their ideal. Mothers and daughters believed that men (of their own generation) prefer much thinner women than these men actually prefer. Mothers and daughters both showed great concern about weight and eating. Although fathers resembled mothers and daughters in their perception of being overweight, they were more similar to their sons in being relatively unconcerned about weight and eating. Hence, the major factor in concern about weight is sex rather than generation or discrepancy between perception of current and ideal body shape.
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Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, and Vogel (1970) is one of the most widely cited and influential studies on sex bias in the judgment of mental health. However, we demonstrate in this study that the findings were the result of an imbalanced ratio of male-valued to female-valued items in the dependent measure that forced the subjects to display a sex bias. A sex bias against women, against men, and no bias are obtained by altering the ratio of male-valued to female-valued items. The implications of the results for the measurement of sex biases and sex roles are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Three studies demonstrated substantial individual differences in prototypicality judgments about trait categories. In Study 1, subjects twice rated instances of four personality trait categories, four concrete object categories, and one definitional category. For all nine categories, agreement between individuals was substantially lower (median r = .43) than the retest reliability of individual ratings (median r = .86). In Studies 2 and 3, subjects twice rated the prototypicality of characters from the film Twelve Angry Men as instances of seven trait dimensions. Agreement between individuals was again found to be substantially lower (median r = .56) than the retest reliability of individual ratings (median r = .81). These results may help to explain the unreliability of trait ratings based on examples of behavior (e.g., evaluation of employees or patients) and suggest that individual differences in the perception of prototypicality should be taken into account when comparing cross-situational with temporal consistency of behavior. Most generally, the results suggest a reconsideration of the nature of implicit personality theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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Using a set of nine figure drawings arranged from very thin to very heavy figures, 248 male and 227 female undergraduates indicated their current figure, their ideal figure, the figure that they felt would be most attractive to the opposite sex, and the opposite sex figure to which they would be most attracted. For men, the current, ideal, and most attractive figures were almost identical. For women, the current figure was heavier than the most attractive figure, which was heavier than the ideal figure. Both men and women err in estimating what the opposite sex would find attractive. Men think women like a heavier stature than females report they like, and women think men like women thinner than men report they like. Overall, men's perceptions serve to keep them satisfied with their figures, whereas women's perceptions place pressure on them to lose weight. The sex differences we report are probably related to the greater incidence of dieting, anorexia, and bulimia among American women than among American men.
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This study compared the attractiveness ratings of photographs of blacks by male and female Americans (n = 13) and Cruzans (n = 19), indigenous residents of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Females rated photographs higher than did males; photographs of females were rated higher than those of males. An interaction between culture and race of subject and sex of stimulus photograph was also evident. Male Cruzans rated male photographs significantly lower than the other three subject groups rated male and female photographs.
Article
The theory of information integration was used to predict that in first impression situations, clothing/physical appearance cues, like adjective trait descriptions, have differential importance depending upon the type of judgment elicited. One hundred four college aged females viewed and responded to slides of colored line drawings of female stimulus persons. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. In accord with the theory, it was predicted and found that a linear compilation of people's impressions of the stimulus person with one of the clothing/physical appearance cues together with people's impressions of the stimulus person with another of the clothing/physical appearance cues in every case significantly predicted (p < .001) people's impressions of the stimulus person with the two cues combined. Significance of th e research and avenues for future research are explored.
Article
Subjects were rated in person and from photographic slides for several personality traits. In viewing the slides, judges tended to evaluate subjects wearing glasses as "more intelligent, more industrious, more honest, and more dependable." The same general results were obtained when subjects appeared in person, except that they were not judged more honest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
20 male and 20 female undergraduates rated photographs of people wearing glasses as more intelligent and less attractive than those not wearing glasses. Men were more critical in their judgments and were rated as more attractive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Explores the relationship between diabetes, alcoholism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, myopia, hypertension, and highly desirable personality traits such as creative intelligence. It is pointed out that the combination of genes which produces brilliance often has detrimental effects in addition to the evident brain stimulation. Suggestions for further research and action to ensure a viable and varied gene pool are included. It is noted that "genetic purity" is undesirable in view of the apparent concurrence of genes producing a favorable effect with those allied with disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
In a study with 50 undergraduates, the oral region was rated as the most important determinant of facial attractiveness, followed in order by the eyes, structure, hair, and nose. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Investigated the attitudes of 100 5th–6th graders toward peers wearing hearing aids by asking them to rate slides of male children of the same age wearing various hearing aids, glasses, or no aid. A semantic differential rating scale, which consisted of a 1–6 rating system for 15 bipolar adjective pairs selected to evaluate certain psychosocial attributes, was used to measure attitudes. Findings show that Ss gave significant negative ratings to peers wearing hearing aids, but glasses did not elicit negative responses. Results suggest that children view peers as less attractive due to the presence of an aid and that hearing aids are not as socially acceptable as glasses. Implications for mainstreaming and teacher in-service training are discussed. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
50 undergraduates rated the attractiveness of 14 photographed stimulus persons' mouths, eyes, hair, noses, and other incidental facial components and overall attractiveness. Consistent with previous research with different procedures, the mouth was the most influential component of overall attractiveness, followed in order by the eyes, hair, and nose. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
In a between-subjects design, 46 male and 101 female Australian university students rated a target person described as male or female, overweight or average weight, and wearing glasses or not, on twelve 7-point rating scales. As predicted, a negative stereotype of the overweight person and a complex one of the person with glasses were found. However, there was no significant effect of sex of target except on the ratings of masculine and feminine and no interaction of sex of target with either the glasses or obesity variables. Nor did sex of subject influence the ratings. The results suggest that, although stereotypes of obesity and glasses do exist, they may be as severe for men as for women.
Article
The effect of appearance on interpersonal judgments has been demonstrated frequently. Self-perception theory suggests that any variable, such as appearance, that affects our impressions of others may also affect our impressions of self. In a test of this proposition, subjects completed the Hidden Figures Test and the vocabulary subscales from the WAIS and Binet Intelligence Tests with eyeglasses on and eyeglasses off. Wearing glasses did not affect actual performance, but subjects believed that they had performed better when wearing glasses. They also described themselves as more stable, scholarly, competent, and so on, when wearing glasses. Consistent with other work on individual differences in self-perception, these effects occurred only among subjects designated as more responsive to self-produced cues. Subjects more responsive to situational cues were unaffected by the eyeglass manipulations.
Article
In a comparative analysis of children's reactions to potentially stigmatized physical attributes, 119 white children in nursery school through third grade completed openended, forced-choice, and free-choice tasks involving seven target children portrayed as: normal, black, of the opposite sex, glasses-wearing, wheelchair-bound, facially disfigured, and obese. Preference for the same-sex, same-race, nondisabled child over other target children was apparent at all ages, suggesting that the earliest form of stigmatization is a generalized bias against anyone who is physically deviant. While attraction to the wheelchair-bound child increased with age, liking for the obese child tended to decrease; moreover, the obese and facially disfigured children came to be more negatively perceived than other targets among elementary school children, suggesting greater differentiation with age among various stigmatizing attributes. Girls were consistently more acceptant of the wheelchair-bound child than boys were, while tending to be more negative toward cosmetic defects. Limits on the generalizability of stigmatization phenomena are discussed.
Article
Video-tapes were made of men and women students with and without spectacles. Judges rated 7 of the 8 Ss as being more intelligent when wearing spectacles.
Article
15 females with glasses tended to defend against relatively low self-perceptions of attractiveness by de-emphasizing the influence of their eyes on facial beauty.
Article
Subjects indicated their affective reactions to a male and female photographed with eyeglasses, dark sunglasses, or a facial scar. The models' scars evoked considerable negative affect, and their sunglasses evoked a neutral reaction. The female's eyeglasses evoked almost as much negative affect as her scar, suggesting that they were associated with an unattractive disfigurement or defect. The male's eyeglasses evoked more positive affect than their sunglasses. Supplemental reanalyses of earlier data confirmed that eyeglasses detract from ratings of females' attractiveness, but they improve ratings of males' attractiveness.
Article
This study explores some possible causes of the recent increase in dieting and eating disorders among American women. Measures on body image, attitudes to eating and weight, and eating behaviors were collected from male (sons) and female (daughters) college students and their biological parents. All groups but the sons considered their current body shape to be heavier than their ideal. Mothers and daughters believed that men (of their own generation) prefer much thinner women than these men actually prefer. Mothers and daughters both showed great concern about weight and eating. Although fathers resembled mothers and daughters in their perception of being overweight, they were more similar to their sons in being relatively unconcerned about weight and eating. Hence, the major factor in concern about weight is sex rather than generation or discrepancy between perception of current and ideal body shape. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Data from 723 families tested for ocular refraction, measures of cognitive ability and school achievement, and measures of school-related nearwork activity were analysed, to examine the association of nearwork and intellectual ability with the development of myopia. The basis of the tests was detection of heterogeneity of standardized regression coefficients, derived from the regression of spherical refraction on age, between scaled nearwork or achievement measures. The results did not provide any evidence in support of the hypothesis that nearwork influences myopia but did confirm a relationship between school grades and myopia.
Article
Video-tapes were made of performers with and without spectacles, seen either static for 15 sec. or being interviewed for 5 min. Judges rated IQs of performers as 12 points higher when they were seen wearing spectacles and were seen briefly; when the performers were seen for 5 min., however, spectacles made no difference. It is argued that this result throws doubt on experiments in person perception using photographs or brief exposure.
Article
Self-esteem of optometric patients was shown to be affected by when eyeglasses were first prescribed but not by the length of time they had been worn. Glasses have more negative effects on self-esteem when first prescribed during childhood or adulthood than during adolescence. Children may be more likely than adolescents to internalize negative social reactions evoked by glasses, whereas adults who obtain glasses may be reacting negatively to evidence of aging and physical decline.
The beauty power of glasses
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