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Biogeography and phylogenetic relations within the Dinaric subgenus Monolistra (Microlistra) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae), with a description of two new species
Abstract
A phylogenetic review of Monolistra (Microlistra), a freshwater cavernicolous subgenus of isopod crustaceans, distributed in the north-western part of the Dinaric karst, is presented. The distribution data and an identification key are provided for known taxa. Seven species are reviewed and two new species are described: Monolistra (Microlistra) fongi sp. nov. and Monolistra (Microlistra) jalzici sp. nov.Monolistra (Microlistra) pretneri spinulosa Sket is synonymysed with the nominate subspecies because of the morphological variability in the type subspecies and the genetic uniformity of the species. Two major, geographically vicariant and morphologically different clades have been identified by molecular analysis. Low genetic differentiation within the subgenus, as well as conspicuous dorsal sculpturing of animals, indicate their apparently recent colonization of the hypogean realm. These indications are confirmed by the distribution of Microlistra species within the current river systems, rather than palaeo-hydrographically defined basins, as is the case of other subterranean aquatic groups of crustaceans, including other members of the genus Monolistra.© 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159, 1–21.
... Metacyclops trisetosus Herbst, 1957 Thermocyclops dalmaticus Petkovski, 1956 Harpacticoida Morariopsis kieferi Petkovski, 1959 Ostracoda Podocopida Mixtacandona hvarensis (Danielopol, 1969) Pseudocandona sywulai Namiotko, Danielopol & Rađa, 2004 Sphaeromicola sphaeromidicola Hubault, 1938 Malacostraca Isopoda terrestria (kopneni jednakonožni rakovi) Aegonethes antilocapra Aegonethes cervinus (Verhoe , 1931) Alpioniscus balthasari (Frankenberger, 1937) Alpioniscus christiani Potočnik, 1983 Alpioniscus haasi (Verhoe , 1931) Alpioniscus kratochvili Alpioniscus magnus Alpioniscus trogirensis Buturović, 1955 Alpioniscus verhoe (Strouhal, 1938) Androniscus roseus histrianorum Androniscus stygius microcavernicolus Kesselyak, 1931 Androniscus wol Strouhal, 1939 Armadillidium dalmaticum Strouhal, 1939 Cyphodillidium absoloni (Strouhal, 1934) Cyphopleon kratochvili Oroniscus dalmaticus Strouhal, 1937 Oroniscus meledensis Strouhal, 1937 Oroniscus stentai (Arcangeli, 1926) Strouhaloniscellus biokovoensis Bedek & Taiti, 2009 Thaumatoniscellus speluncae I. Karaman, Bedek & Horvatović, 2009 Trichoniscus matulici metkovicensis Buturović, 1955 Troglocyphoniscus absoloni Strouhal, 1939 Typhlarmadillidium kratochvili Isopoda aquatica Merozoon vestigatum Sket, 2012 Monolistra berica hadzii Sket, 1959 Monolistra caeca meridionalis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971 Monolistra fongi Prevorčnik, Verovnik, Zagmajster & Sket, 2010 Monolistra hercegovinensis atypica Sket, 1965 Monolistra hercegovinensis brevipes Sket, 1965 Monolistra jalzici Prevorčnik, Verovnik, Zagmajster & Sket, 2010 Monolistra pretneri Sket, 1964 Monolistra radjai Prevorčnik & Sket, 2007 Monolistra sketi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971 Proasellus anophthalmus dalmatinus (S. Karaman, 1955) Proasellus anophthalmus rhausinus Proasellus coxalis lucifugus (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1965) Sphaeromides virei mediodalmatina Sket, 1964 Sphaeromides virei virei (Brian, 1923) Amphipoda Accubogammarus algor jalzici G. Karaman, 1988 Bogidiella sketi G. Karaman, 1989 Niphargus arbiter G. Karaman, 1984 Niphargus arcanus G. Karaman, 1988 Niphargus aulicus G. Niphargus buturovici S. Niphargus castellanus S. Karaman, 1960 Niphargus croaticus (Jurinac, 1887) Niphargus echion G. Karaman & Gottstein Matočec, 2006 Niphargus hebereri Schellenberg, 1933 Niphargus hvarensis S. Niphargus ilidzensis dalmatinus Schäferna, 1922 Niphargus jalzici G. Karaman, 1989 Niphargus krameri Schellenberg, 1935 Niphargus likanus S. Niphargus miljeticus Straškraba, 1959 Niphargus numerus G. Karaman & Sket, 1990 Niphargus pectencoronatae Sket & G. Karaman, 1990 Niphargus pretneri Sket, 1959 Niphargus redenseki Sket, 1959 Niphargus rejici jadranko Sket & G. Karaman, 1990 Niphargus rostratus Sket, 1971 Niphargus rucneri G. Karaman, 1962 Niphargus salonitanus S. Karaman, 1950 Niphargus steueri kolombatovici S. Karaman, 1950 Niphargus steueri liburnicus G. Karaman & Sket, 1989 Niphargus steueri steueri Schellenberg, 1935 Thermosbaenacea Tethysbaena halophila (S. ...
... Metacyclops trisetosus Herbst, 1957 Thermocyclops dalmaticus Petkovski, 1956 Harpacticoida Morariopsis kieferi Petkovski, 1959 Ostracoda Podocopida Mixtacandona hvarensis (Danielopol, 1969) Pseudocandona sywulai Namiotko, Danielopol & Rađa, 2004 Sphaeromicola sphaeromidicola Hubault, 1938 Malacostraca Isopoda terrestria (kopneni jednakonožni rakovi) Aegonethes antilocapra Aegonethes cervinus (Verhoe , 1931) Alpioniscus balthasari (Frankenberger, 1937) Alpioniscus christiani Potočnik, 1983 Alpioniscus haasi (Verhoe , 1931) Alpioniscus kratochvili Alpioniscus magnus Alpioniscus trogirensis Buturović, 1955 Alpioniscus verhoe (Strouhal, 1938) Androniscus roseus histrianorum Androniscus stygius microcavernicolus Kesselyak, 1931 Androniscus wol Strouhal, 1939 Armadillidium dalmaticum Strouhal, 1939 Cyphodillidium absoloni (Strouhal, 1934) Cyphopleon kratochvili Oroniscus dalmaticus Strouhal, 1937 Oroniscus meledensis Strouhal, 1937 Oroniscus stentai (Arcangeli, 1926) Strouhaloniscellus biokovoensis Bedek & Taiti, 2009 Thaumatoniscellus speluncae I. Karaman, Bedek & Horvatović, 2009 Trichoniscus matulici metkovicensis Buturović, 1955 Troglocyphoniscus absoloni Strouhal, 1939 Typhlarmadillidium kratochvili Isopoda aquatica Merozoon vestigatum Sket, 2012 Monolistra berica hadzii Sket, 1959 Monolistra caeca meridionalis Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971 Monolistra fongi Prevorčnik, Verovnik, Zagmajster & Sket, 2010 Monolistra hercegovinensis atypica Sket, 1965 Monolistra hercegovinensis brevipes Sket, 1965 Monolistra jalzici Prevorčnik, Verovnik, Zagmajster & Sket, 2010 Monolistra pretneri Sket, 1964 Monolistra radjai Prevorčnik & Sket, 2007 Monolistra sketi Deeleman-Reinhold, 1971 Proasellus anophthalmus dalmatinus (S. Karaman, 1955) Proasellus anophthalmus rhausinus Proasellus coxalis lucifugus (Deeleman-Reinhold, 1965) Sphaeromides virei mediodalmatina Sket, 1964 Sphaeromides virei virei (Brian, 1923) Amphipoda Accubogammarus algor jalzici G. Karaman, 1988 Bogidiella sketi G. Karaman, 1989 Niphargus arbiter G. Karaman, 1984 Niphargus arcanus G. Karaman, 1988 Niphargus aulicus G. Niphargus buturovici S. Niphargus castellanus S. Karaman, 1960 Niphargus croaticus (Jurinac, 1887) Niphargus echion G. Karaman & Gottstein Matočec, 2006 Niphargus hebereri Schellenberg, 1933 Niphargus hvarensis S. Niphargus ilidzensis dalmatinus Schäferna, 1922 Niphargus jalzici G. Karaman, 1989 Niphargus krameri Schellenberg, 1935 Niphargus likanus S. Niphargus miljeticus Straškraba, 1959 Niphargus numerus G. Karaman & Sket, 1990 Niphargus pectencoronatae Sket & G. Karaman, 1990 Niphargus pretneri Sket, 1959 Niphargus redenseki Sket, 1959 Niphargus rejici jadranko Sket & G. Karaman, 1990 Niphargus rostratus Sket, 1971 Niphargus rucneri G. Karaman, 1962 Niphargus salonitanus S. Karaman, 1950 Niphargus steueri kolombatovici S. Karaman, 1950 Niphargus steueri liburnicus G. Karaman & Sket, 1989 Niphargus steueri steueri Schellenberg, 1935 Thermosbaenacea Tethysbaena halophila (S. ...
... In particular we observed more Monolistra individuals in sites more distant from the surface. Monolistra is a genus of Sphaeromatidae that probably colonized caves form marine habitats [69]; it is possible that its occurrence is linked to older and stable aquifers and less linked to small groundwater sites close to the surface. Moreover, we also detected also a positive significant relationship between Monolistra abundance and the area of the pools. ...
Several species of surface salamanders exploit underground environments; in Europe, one of the most common is the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra). In this study, we investigated if fire salamander larvae occurring in groundwater habitats can affect the abundance of some cave-adapted species. We analyzed the data of abundance of three target taxa (genera Niphargus (Amphipoda; Niphargidae), Monolistra (Isopoda; Sphaeromatidae) and Dendrocoelum (Tricladida; Dedrocoelidae)) collected in 386 surveys performed on 117 sites (pools and distinct subterranean stream sectors), within 17 natural and 24 artificial subterranean habitats, between 2012 and 2019. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between target taxa abundance, fire salamander larvae occurrence, and environmental features. The presence of salamander larvae negatively affected the abundance of all the target taxa. Monolistra abundance was positively related with the distance from the cave entrance of the sites and by their surface. Our study revealed that surface salamanders may have a negative effect on the abundance of cave-adapted animals, and highlited the importance of further investigations on the diet and on the top-down effects of salamanders on the subterranean communities.
... Such high subterranean biodiversity in the Dinaric Mountains is related to their complex geological history and intensive karstification, enabling multiple colonizations of the subterranean realm . High levels of habitat fragmentation in subterranean ecosystems often lead to lineage isolations and, potentially, speciations (Gorički & Trontelj, 2006;Trontelj et al., 2007Trontelj et al., , 2009Zakšek et al., 2007;Prevorčnik et al., 2010). However, convergent adaptations, owing to high homogeneity of the cave environment, can result in cryptic species (Lefébure et al., 2006;Finston et al., 2007;Zakšek et al., 2009;Baratti et al., 2010;Bilandžija et al., 2013;Delić et al., 2017a, b). ...
Species richness of terrestrial isopods is high in caves of the Dinaric Karst, which hosts ~10% of the world’s nominal oniscidean troglobionts. The most widespread taxon is the southern European genus Alpioniscus, which consists of two subgenera: Alpioniscus s.s. and Illyrionethes. Before this study, 14 nominal troglobiotic Illyrionethes taxa were recorded from the Dinaric Karst. Our molecular analyses using two mitochnodrial DNA (16S rRNA and COI) fragments and a nuclear gene (H3) fragment on all known Dinaric taxa identified three distinct lineages: strasseri-, heroldi- and magnus-lineage. Our results confirmed the validity of most nominal species. The exceptions are Alpioniscus balthasari, which consists of two different species including Alpioniscus iapodicus, and Alpioniscus heroldi, which is paraphyletic with respect to Alpioniscus bosniensis. The strasseri-lineage was highly supported by all phylogenetic methods used; therefore, we performed a detailed morphological analysis to distinguish and characterize the species of this group. New morphological characters, such as body part ratios, are proposed for future species identification. In addition, we redescribe three known species (Alpioniscus strasseri, Alpioniscus christiani and Alpioniscus balthasari) and describe two new ones (Alpioniscus hirci sp. nov. and Alpioniscus velebiticus sp. nov.). As a result, 15 nominal species of Illyrionethes are currently known from the Dinaric Karst.
... typ.: Sorgenti Sardos e Moschenizze Specie da ritenersi al momento endemica del carso triestino ed isontino, dove è piuttosto rara. Recenti analisi molecolari (Prevorčnik et al., 2010) dimostrano come le specie attribuite al sottogenere Microlistra costituiscano un raggruppamento monofiletico, sebbene l'insieme dei sottogeneri di Monolistra costituisca dei raggruppamenti artificiali. Dalle analisi genetiche risulta che Monolistra schottlaenderi è affine a M. spinosa (Racovitza, 1929) e M. spinosissima (Racovitza, 1929 della Slovenia occidentale, con le quali costituisce un clade. ...
Riassunto La fauna sotterranea del comprensorio di sorgenti carsiche che alimentava il Lacus Timavi in epoca romana è stata oggetto di ricerche per oltre un secolo. Gli studi condotti dallo zoologo tedesco Hans-Jürgen Stammer negli anni '30 del secolo scorso hanno prodotto la prima monografia sull'intera fauna dell'area. Ancora oggi le mappe di questa monografia sono di grande utilità per ricostruire le modifiche subite dal territorio e dai complessi sorgentizi. Il presente contributo sintetizza le conoscenze sino ad ora acquisite, sia in base a dati bibliografici (106 lavori riportano citazioni per l'area di studio) che inediti. Sono complessivamente segnalate per le acque sotterranee dell'area di studio 93 specie, delle quali 50 stigobie, cioè esclusive di questo ambiente ipogeo. La fauna stigobia è dominata dai crostacei (37 specie su 50) e i taxa maggiormente rappresentati sono i copepodi e gli anfipodi. Tra questi, numerosi sono gli elementi endemici del Carso dinarico, che raggiungono in quest'area l'estremo lembo nord-occidentale del loro areale di distribuzione. In base ai recenti studi di filogenesi molecolare, le specie dinariche sono però spesso complessi di endemiti ad areale ristretto; in base a questi studi viene presentata una no-menclatura aggiornata della fauna. L'interesse scientifico di questa stigofauna, accanto al possibile uso degli organismi stigobi come marker idrogeologici (indicatori della provenienza delle acque sotterranee e della vulnerabilità intrinseca degli acquiferi), pone in rilievo le problematiche di conservazione che richiedono in primo luogo l'implementazione di un adeguato piano di gestione del sito Natura 2000 che include gran parte del Carso Classico. summaRy The groundwater fauna of the karstic springs area that fed Lacus Timavi in Roman times has been the subject of research for over a century. Studies carried out by the German zoologist Hans-Jürgen Stammer in the 1930s produced the first monograph on the entire fauna of this area. Even today, the maps of this monograph are of great value to reconstruct the changes that have taken place in the territory and the spring complexes. This contribution summarizes the knowledge gained up to now, based on bibliographic data (106 papers reported subterranean species for the study area) and unpublished records. 93 species are reported for the groundwater of the study area, of which 50 stygobites, that is, exclusive of this subterranean environment. Stygobitic fauna is dominated by crustaceans (37 species over 50) and the taxa most represented are copepods and amphipods. Among them, there are numerous endemic elements of the Dinaric Karst, which reach in this area the extreme northwestern border of their distribution area.
... Однако представитель другого рода перитрих -Lagenophrys monolistrae Stammer, 1935, был описан Г. Стаммером (Stammer, 1935) на стигобионтных (Prevorčnik et al., 2010) Hadzi, 1940(Hadzi, 1940. ...
Summary. The host specificity is estimated of 28 commensal or parasitic ciliate
species referred to as troglo- or stygobites from the classes Suctorea, Heterotrichea
and Oligohymenophorea. However, only three suctorians (Spelaeophrya
troglocaridis, Tokophrya microcerberi and Echinophrya stenaselli) and four
peritrichs (Lagenophrys monolistrae, Scyphidia microlistrae, Vaginicola
subcilindrica and Platycola lageniformis) may be considered as stygobionts. The
other species are to be recognized as epigean, which by virtue of their biological
peculiarities are capable of getting adapted to subterranean conditions.
... In the decade since Wetzer [51] lamented the absence of molecular studies of isopod relationships several studies have been published. Held and coworkers compared the phylogeny and biogeography of some genera of Serolidae [52,53] and illuminated cryptic speciation in the Antarctic species Glyptonotus antarcticus and Serolis paradoxa [54,55] [58] and Prevornik et al. [59] elucidated the phylogeny and biogeography of stygial freshwater Monolistra (Sphaeromatidae). ...
The crustacean order Isopoda (excluding Asellota, crustacean symbionts and freshwater taxa) comprise 3154 described marine species in 379 genera in 37 families according to the WoRMS catalogue. The history of taxonomic discovery over the last two centuries is reviewed. Although a well defined order with the Peracarida, their relationship to other orders is not yet resolved but systematics of the major subordinal taxa is relatively well understood. Isopods range in size from less than 1 mm to Bathynomus giganteus at 365 mm long. They inhabit all marine habitats down to 7280 m depth but with few doubtful exceptions species have restricted biogeographic and bathymetric ranges. Four feeding categories are recognised as much on the basis of anecdotal evidence as hard data: detritus feeders and browsers, carnivores, parasites, and filter feeders. Notable among these are the Cymothooidea that range from predators and scavengers to external blood-sucking micropredators and parasites. Isopods brood 10-1600 eggs depending on individual species. Strong sexual dimorphism is characteristic of several families, notably in Gnathiidae where sessile males live with a harem of females while juvenile praniza stages are ectoparasites of fish. Protandry is known in Cymothoidae and protogyny in Anthuroidea. Some Paranthuridae are neotenous. About half of all coastal, shelf and upper bathyal species have been recorded in the MEOW temperate realms, 40% in tropical regions and the remainder in polar seas. The greatest concentration of temperate species is in Australasia; more have been recorded from temperate North Pacific than the North Atlantic. Of tropical regions, the Central Indo-Pacific is home to more species any other region. Isopods are decidedly asymmetrical latitudinally with 1.35 times as many species in temperate Southern Hemisphere than the temperate North Atlantic and northern Pacific, and almost four times as many Antarctic as Arctic species. More species are known from the bathyal and abyssal Antarctic than Arctic GOODS provinces, and more from the larger Pacific than Atlantic oceans. Two areas with many species known are the New Zealand-Kermadec and the Northern North Pacific provinces. Deep hard substrates such as found on seamounts and the slopes are underrepresented in samples. This, the documented numbers of undescribed species in recent collections and probable cryptic species suggest a large as yet undocumented fauna, potentially an order of magnitude greater than presently known.
Predator–prey interactions are among the most important biotic interactions shaping ecological communities and driving the evolution of defensive traits. These interactions and their effects on species received little attention in extreme and remote environments, where possibilities for direct observations and experimental manipulation of the animals are limited. In this paper, we study such type of environment, namely caves of the Dinarides (Europe), combining spatial and phylogenetic methods. We focused on several species of Niphargus amphipods living in phreatic lakes, as some of them use the dorsal spines as putative morphological defensive traits. We predicted that these spines represent a defense strategy against the olm ( Proteus anguinus ), a top predator species in the subterranean waters. We tested for spatial overlap of the olm and Niphargus species and showed that spined species live in closer proximity to and co-occur more frequently with the olm than non-spined species. Modeling of the evolution of the spines onto Niphargus phylogeny implies coevolution of this trait in the presence of olm. We conclude that these spines likely evolved as defensive traits in a predator–prey arms race. Combining multiple analyses, we provide an example for a methodological framework to assess predator–prey interactions when in-situ or laboratory observations are not possible.
Molecular studies are often essential to infer phylogenetic relationships and biogeography in troglobiotic taxa, frequently characterised by convergent adaptations and cryptic species. Genetic analysis is a particularly useful tool in Dinaric karst, where palaeogeographic history complicates the interpretation of the evolutionary history of cave organisms. In this paper we estimate phylogenetic relationships in an entirely troglobiotic group of perceivable cirolanid isopods, inhabiting Dinarides and other Mediterranean regions, by a DNA-based approach, with a particular attention to the genus Sphaeromides. The originally more extensive genus Sphaeromides appears limited to S. raymondi in Southern France, while we suggest restoring the genus and name Trogloaega for the Dinaric taxa, previously attributed to Sphaeromides. The name and taxon Trogloaega have never been scientifically invalidated, just ignored. Results indicated that S. virei, formerly divided into three subspecies, consists of two or three distinct species, now named T. virei, T. mediodalmatina and T. montenigrina, the latter molecularly closer to T. mediodalmatina. The genus Trogloaega is genetically distant from Sphaeromides. Sphaeromides bureschi from Balkans (Bulgaria, Serbia) appeared closer to Trogloaega than to Sphaeromides. Our results contribute to the awareness that the isopod morphology is characterised by high level of homoplasy and molecular phylogenetic analyses are essential in identifying taxonomic units.
The Postojna-Planina Cave System (PPCS) in central Slovenia is a globally exceptional site of subterranean biodiversity, comprised of many interconnected caves with cumulative passage length exceeding 34 km. Two rivers sink into the caves of the PPCS, called the Pivka and Rak, and join underground into Unica River, which emerges to the surface. The studies of fauna of PPCS began in the 19th century with the first scientific descriptions of specialized cave animals in the world, making it “the cradle of speleobiology”. Currently, the species list of PPCS contains 117 troglobiotic animal species belonging to eight phyla, confirming its status as the richest in the world. Of these, 47 species have been scientifically described from the PPCS, and more than 10 await formal taxonomic descriptions. We expect that further sampling, detailed analyses of less studied taxa, and the use of molecular methods may reveal more species. To keep the cave animals’ checklist in PPCS up-to-date, we have supplemented the printed checklist with an online interface. As the revised checklist is a necessary first step for further activities, we discuss the importance of PPCS in terms of future research and conservation.
Inventory items with the subject of fauna and flora of the cave for 2010. Part 1.
An electrochemical immunoassay for microcystin-LR (MC-LR) detection was developed using multi-labeled horseradish peroxidase-mimicking DNAzyme on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as electrocatalyst for signal amplification. CNTs were covalently conjugated to multiple DNAzyme along with MC-LR for a competitive immunoassay. The as-prepared DNAzyme/CNTs/MC-LR biolabel was specifically captured on the electrode surface, and current responses were obtained upon the electro-catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide by the captured biolabels. Under optimal conditions, the electro-catalytic current decreased linearly with the increase amount of MC-LR in the range from 0.01 to 7.0 µg L−1. The linear regression equation was I (µA) = 12.96 − 1.48 X [MC–LR] (µg L−1), with a correlation coefficient of 0.989. The limit of detection of MC-LR was 2.31 ng L−1. Application of the immunoassay method and LC/MS/MS method for MC-LR determination on spiked reservoir water gave recovery range of 91.7–105.2% and 94.0–105.0%, respectively. The resulting versatile immunoassay exhibited high sensitivity, good precision and satisfactory reproducibility, which could have vast potential in routine water quality monitoring for various environmental toxins.
Using a comparative phylogeographic approach and different independent molecular clocks we propose a timescale for the evolution of troglobionts in the Dinaric Karst that is relatively consistent over a wide taxonomic range. Keystone events seem to belong to two age classes. (1) Major splits within holodinaric taxa are from the mid-Miocene. They present the potential upper limit for the age of cave invasions. (2) Regional differentiation, including speciation, which can at least in part be associated with a subterranean phase, took place from early Pliocene to mid-Pleistocene. We suggest two to five million years as the time when most of the analyzed lineages started invading the Dinaric Karst underground.
The author gives a diagnosis for all eastern Monoslistrinae known today, grouping them in the genus Monolistra and dealing with their geographical distribution. He also gives incomplete descriptions of some forms and also describes the new subgenus Monolistrella for M. velkovrhi Sket, the new species M. (Typhlosphaeroma) matjasici and M. (Microlistra) pretneri and the new subspecies M. (Monolistra) caeca intermedia, M. (Typhlosphaeroma) racovitzai pseudoberica and M. (Typhlosphaeroma) racovitzai conopyge.
Crabs of the family Grapsidae are abundant organisms in most intertidal
communities. However, relatively few species live in complete
independence of the sea. Of those species that do, Jamaica's nine
endemic species of land crabs are unique in their exceptional
adaptations to terrestrial life, which include the only active
brood-care for larvae and juveniles known in crabs. These adaptations,
and the morphological similarity to a group of southeast Asian
land-dwelling crabs, have raised the question of the number and age of
land invasions of the Jamaican species. Here we present molecular
evidence that Jamaican land crabs represent a single adaptive radiation
from a marine ancestor that invaded terrestrial habitats only 4 million
years (Myr) ago. A Late-Tertiary origin has also been found for lizards
and frogs of Jamaica and probably reflects the Mid-Tertiary inundation
of that island.
The Cassidininae of Australia are revised. The status of the subfamily is assessed and it is concluded that, as presently constituted, the Cassidininae is an artificial taxon. It is maintained here as a taxon of convenience (sensu lato) until the other sphaeromatid subfamilies can be reassessed, but a new diagnosis (sensu stricto) is given. The genus Cassidina is redescribed. Three new genera are established: Agostodina gen. nov. (type species: A. munta sp. nov.), Apemosphaera gen. nov. (type species: A. naranagi sp. nov.) and Discidina gen. nov. (type species: D. banawarra sp. nov.). New diagnoses are provided for the genera Cassidina Milne Edwards, Chitonopsis Whitelegge, Cassidinidea Hansen, Paracassidina Baker, Syncassidina Baker and Platysphaera Holdich and Harrison. The genus Dies is placed in synonymy with Cassidinidea and an annotated list is given of all species of the genus. The following new species (excluding the new type species) are described: Chitonopsis booyoolie, Agostodina munta, Paracassidina anasilla, P. bakeri, P. bamarook, P. bilbie, P. cervina, P. dama, P. fuscina, P. incompta, P. kutyo, P. munna, P. petala, P. prolata, P. wurrook and Cassidinidea korpie. Keys to the Australian genera and species are given.
The program MODELTEST uses log likelihood scores to establish the model of DNA evolution that best fits the data.
AVAILABILITY: The MODELTEST package, including the source code and some documentation is available at http://bioag.byu. edu/zoology/crandall_lab/modeltest.html.
The current phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution and biogeography of fiddler crabs relies on the assumption that complex behavioral traits are assumed to also be evolutionary derived. Indo-west Pacific fiddler crabs have simpler reproductive social behavior and are more marine and were thought to be ancestral to the more behaviorally complex and more terrestrial American species. It was also hypothesized that the evolution of more complex social and reproductive behavior was associated with the colonization of the higher intertidal zones. Our phylogenetic analysis, based upon a set of independent molecular characters, however, demonstrates how widely entrenched ideas about evolution and biogeography led to a reasonable, but apparently incorrect, conclusion about the evolutionary trends within this pantropical group of crustaceans. Species bearing the set of "derived traits" are phylogenetically ancestral, suggesting an alternative evolutionary scenario: the evolution of reproductive behavioral complexity in fiddler crabs may have arisen multiple times during their evolution. The evolution of behavioral complexity may have arisen by coopting of a series of other adaptations for high intertidal living and antipredator escape. A calibration of rates of molecular evolution from populations on either side of the Isthmus of Panama suggest a sequence divergence rate for 16S rRNA of 0.9% per million years. The divergence between the ancestral clade and derived forms is estimated to be approximately 22 million years ago, whereas the divergence between the American and Indo-west Pacific is estimated to be approximately 17 million years ago.
MrBayes 3 performs Bayesian phylogenetic analysis combining information from different data partitions or subsets evolving under different stochastic evolutionary models. This allows the user to analyze heterogeneous data sets consisting of different data types—e.g. morphological, nucleotide, and protein—and to explore a wide variety of structured models mixing partition-unique and shared parameters. The program employs MPI to parallelize Metropolis coupling on Macintosh or UNIX clusters.
Availability: http://morphbank.ebc.uu.se/mrbayes
Contact: fredrik.ronquist@ebc.uu.se
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To whom correspondence should be addressed.
The ecological and evolutionary processes leading to isolation and adaptation of cave animals compared to their surface ancestors are not yet unequivocally understood. In this study the genetic relations of four cave and three surface population of the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus in the Karst region of SW Slovenia and NE Italy were assessed using RAPDs as genetic markers. The results suggest that specialized populations from two caves invaded their subterranean habitat independently, and that their morphological similarity is a result of convergent evolution. Another, less specialized cave population seems to originate from a later colonization of a cave system already inhabited by a more specialized population, but the two populations do not interbreed. This series of temporally and spatially independent invasions has generated a diversity hotspot of non-interbreeding populations of a ubiquitous freshwater crustacean, which is uniform over most of its range. Genetic variability estimated by the percentage of polymorphic RAPD fragments was similar (86-91%) in most cave and surface populations. Substantially lower values (as low as 49%) were found in two cave populations affected by heavy pollution. Two a priori groupings of populations, traditional subspecies and hydrologically connected groups, were rejected as not significant by means of nested analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). On the other hand, groupings revealed by UPGMA clustering displayed a significant component of among-group variance. An analysis of gene flow between populations using estimated migration rates confirmed these findings.
We announce the release of the fourth version of MEGA software, which expands on the existing facilities for editing DNA sequence data from autosequencers, mining Web-databases, performing automatic and manual sequence alignment, analyzing sequence alignments to estimate evolutionary distances, inferring phylogenetic trees, and testing evolutionary hypotheses. Version 4 includes a unique facility to generate captions, written in figure legend format, in order to provide natural language descriptions of the models and methods used in the analyses. This facility aims to promote a better understanding of the underlying assumptions used in analyses, and of the results generated. Another new feature is the Maximum Composite Likelihood (MCL) method for estimating evolutionary distances between all pairs of sequences simultaneously, with and without incorporating rate variation among sites and substitution pattern heterogeneities among lineages. This MCL method also can be used to estimate transition/transversion bias and nucleotide substitution pattern without knowledge of the phylogenetic tree. This new version is a native 32-bit Windows application with multi-threading and multi-user supports, and it is also available to run in a Linux desktop environment (via the Wine compatibility layer) and on Intel-based Macintosh computers under the Parallels program. The current version of MEGA is available free of charge at (http://www.megasoftware.net).
A new subspecies and a new species are described: Monolistra (Monolistra) caeca meridionalis nov. subspec. was found in three caves in the northern part of Croatia, Yougoslavia. It is distinguishable from the typical form principally by the thin, acuminate form of the protuberance of the protopodite of the 2nd male peraeopod, by the endopodite of the 1st pleopod which bears 3-4 setae (1-2 in M. c. caeca), by the somewhat wider endopodite of the 3rd pleopod and by the shorter, only slightly curved uropods. A sketch shows the situation of 6 newly discovered localities in northern Croatia, 3 of the typical form and three of the new subspecies. Microtistra sketi is the 6th species known of its genus and lives in a cave, in stagnant water of a periodic spring, tributary to the river Gacka in Croatia. The number (three pairs), and the length of the spines of the carapace and the pointedness of the epimers of the pereion are intermediate between those of the spiny forms living in Slovenia and the tubercular species M. pretneri Sket from Dalmatia and M. schottlaenderi (Stammer) from the vicinity of Trieste.
Following the first systematic part, in this paper the author describes the biological observations made on these Isopod Crustaceans of underground waters. The different sexual characters of the particular groups and the related differences in the behaviour before copulation are described. During the embryonic and larval development small differences between sub-genus are reported. To the differences in Caecospaeroma (according to Daum) the first and second “mancastadium” and another “postmanca stadium” with pereiopods VII not wholly formed have to be added. The author describes the growth of the different parts of the corps and the extremities, comprising the sexual characters.
Bilistra gen. nov., B. millari n. sp., type species, B. mollicopulans n. sp. and B. cavernicola n. sp. are described from karst areas in the northwest of South Island, New Zealand. Bilistra millari n. sp. occurs mainly in surface waters, while B. mollicopulans and B. cavernicola are stygobiotic and troglomorphic, occurring in cave waters. The genus is related to Benthosphaeroma Bruce, 1994, Neosphaeroma Baker, 1926, and Thermosphaeroma Cole & Bane, 1978, but each of these genera exhibits its own apomorphies, mainly in brood-pouch structure and morphology of pleopods IV-V.
German
Bilistra gen. nov., B. millari n. sp. als Typusart, B. mollicopulans n. sp. und B. cavernicola n. sp. aus Karstgebieten im Nordwesten der Südinsel von Neuseeland werden beschrieben. Bilistra millari n. sp., komt vor allem in oberirdischen Gewässern vor, während B. mollicopulans und B. cavernicola Stygobionten sind, die in Höhlengewässern vorkommen und Troglomorphien aufweisen. Die Gattung ist mit Benthosphaeroma Bruce, 1994, Neosphaeroma Baker, 1926 und Thermosphaeroma Cole & Bane, 1978, verwandt. Jede dieser Gattungen weist jedoch ihre eigenen Apomorphien auf, hauptsächlich in der Struktur des Marsupium und Morphologie der Pleopoden IV-V.
Approximately 250 localities of the nominal species Proteus anguinus Laurenti 1768 have been evaluated and listed. The species is limited to the Dinaric Karat; it ranges from the Tsonzo-Soca River in southeastern Venezia Giulia, Italy, through the southern half of Slovenia, southern Croatia, and parts of Bosnia and Hercegovina, to the Trebisnica River in eastern Hercegovina. In some regions, populations have been extinguished or endangered by pollution or human-induced hydrographical changes. The distribution of Proteus is compared with those of some cave Crustacea: Troglocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda), Monolistra, and Titanethes (Crustacea: Isopoda). The similarity of distribution patterns within this ecologically diverse assemblage supports their paleogeographic rather than ecological foundation. The paleogeographical and paleoclimatological data, in combination with the physiological requirements of Proteus, strongly suggest that these animals invaded the caves, at least in the NW parts of their ranges, only after the last glaciations, within the last 10,000 years. It is suggested that the high heterozygosity of populations can best be explained by fusion of some locally restricted immigration waves. The close morphological similarity of nearly all populations of Proteus is probably due to the convergent evolution of previously differentiated populations (or even species) after their withdrawal underground.
A selection of the most representative distribution patterns of stygobiont animals is presented. The range of a genus may extend beyond the Dinaride karst, while some species exhibit a holo-Dinaric distribution. The mero-Dinaric distribution is organised in two vicarious centres (in the NW and SE) as well as an epilittoral and a paralittoral belt. The paralittoral distribution is a result of paleogeographic rather than present-day ecological conditions. Important differences between the interstitial faunas of Slovenia (and NE Italy) and Macedonia are probably the result of their different sources. Some other distribution patterns are discussed or summarized from the existing literature. The distribution patterns of this stygobiont fauna are extremely diverse, and are influenced by the geological complexity of the territory as well as by the richness of the fauna concerned. New distribution data for some Copepoda, Thermosbaenacea, and Amphipoda are appended.Predstavljen je izbor najznailnejih vzorcev razirjenosti stigobiontskih ivali. Areal rodu lahko vkljuuje ve kot le Dinarski kras, holodinarsko razirjenost pa e kaejo posamezne vrste. Merodinarska razirjenost izhaja iz dveh centrov (na SZ in na JV) ali pa je epilitoralna ali paralitoralna. Paralitoralna razirjenost je vezana na paleogeografske in ne na dananje ekoloke razmere. Pomembne razlike med intersticialnima favnama Slovenije (in SV Italije) in Makedonije so verjetno posledica njunega razlinega izvora. Obravnavani ali pa povzeti iz obstojeih razprav so e nekateri vzorci razirjenosti. Vzorci razirjenosti tukajnje stigobiontske favne so izredno raznoliki, kar je posledica geoloke pestrosti ozemlja, kot tudi izrednega bogastva favne. Dodani so novi podatki o razirjenosti nekaterih kopepodov, termosbenacejev in amfipodov.
We describe MUSCLE, a new computer program for creating multiple alignments of protein sequences. Elements of the algorithm
include fast distance estimation using kmer counting, progressive alignment using a new profile function we call the log‐expectation score, and refinement using tree‐dependent
restricted partitioning. The speed and accuracy of MUSCLE are compared with T‐Coffee, MAFFT and CLUSTALW on four test sets
of reference alignments: BAliBASE, SABmark, SMART and a new benchmark, PREFAB. MUSCLE achieves the highest, or joint highest,
rank in accuracy on each of these sets. Without refinement, MUSCLE achieves average accuracy statistically indistinguishable
from T‐Coffee and MAFFT, and is the fastest of the tested methods for large numbers of sequences, aligning 5000 sequences
of average length 350 in 7 min on a current desktop computer. The MUSCLE program, source code and PREFAB test data are freely
available at http://www.drive5. com/muscle.
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Pereonite VI with a lateral pair of short, sickle-shaped processes; two pairs of similar processes on pleotelson a
little longer than wide at base.................................................................... Monolistra (Microlistra) sketi
lateral rows of short and thick, setulose processes, nodules between them much smaller
- Pereon.............................................................. Along The
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