Abstract
Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0198281935/toc.html
... Amartya Sen also explained the importance of productive work for people's independence and meeting basic needs. 50 Swasono also advocates an economy more oriented toward cooperation, not competition. In line with this spirit, Ibn Khaldun encouraged regulating economic activities in the spirit of cooperation within the framework of 'ashabiyyah (social solidarity). ...
The progressive view of Ibn Khaldun (1332-1405 AD) is manifested in his work al-Muqaddimah, which offers an alternative view of unemployment. This article redefines unemployment by referring to Ibn Khaldun's thoughts on economics, shifting from the current concepts offered by the modern economic systems. The main source of this study is Kitab al-Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun. The relevant themes emanating from the comprehensive ideas of Ibn Khaldun are analysed textually and contextually. The study shows that the starting point for evaluating unemployment lies in its definition. It is viewed as a loss of work motivation (entrepreneur-oriented) in various business fields. Meanwhile, Ibn Khaldun in al-Muqaddimah views unemployment as a problem of civilisation in a broader sense, not just a nominally qualifiable labour-oriented problem. This view is different from that of the modern economists asserting that unemployment is a forced choice (involuntary unemployment) due to job unavailability. This reconceptualisation enriches the Islamic economics literature, which is still limited regarding the concept of unemployment. For policymakers, this reconceptualisation can be considered for establishing effective and comprehensive strategies to overcome unemployment problems.
... For example, access to education and health is said to be poor. Likewise, if the quality of household living standards is inadequate, it can be said to be poor (Amartya, 1980;2000). According to Sholeh (2022) education and access to information have a negative relationship with poverty, while the number of family members has a positive effect on poverty. ...
Poverty is a problem that still occurs in many countries, both developed and developing countries. One of the important pieces of information from using microdata is to provide a map of the characteristics of the target households. Characteristics of poor households obtained through analysis of micro poverty data. The data used in this study is IFLS (Indonesian Family Life Survey) 5 data using data from the Provinces of DI Yogyakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, DKI Jakarta, and Banten. The variables used are characteristic variables from the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) indicators, namely household health, health insurance, school level, and quality of household life in the form of sanitation, drinking water, electricity, cooking fuel, vehicles, electronics, and savings. This study found that there are differences in poverty calculated by applying monetary and multidimensional poverty. This research shows that monetary (consumption) alone is not enough to explain the deprivation faced by the poor. The low level of education, health, and household quality in the form of drinking water is a concern for the government to evaluate existing programs and policies.
... In retaliation, Wear and a group of volunteer militiamen invaded the village of Tallassee, killed fifteen people, and took four women hostage for the return of his stolen property. (What did he expect when he built a house in the middle of a highway?) (Sharp 2014a 3. Scholars of Britain and its empire (especially India) have been exceptionally attentive to the social, economic, and cultural history of hunger (Sen 1981;Davis 2002;Russell 2005;Trentmann 2006;Vernon 2007;Amrith 2008;Otter 2020). 4. Emily Yates-Doerr (2015a suggests that hunger functions as a "multi-object" enfolding multiple versions that stick to particular contexts and experiences. ...
In this book, Dana Simmons explores the enduring production of hunger in US history. Hunger, in the modern United States, became a technology—a weapon, a scientific method, and a policy instrument. During the nineteenth century, state agents and private citizens colluded in large-scale campaigns of ethnic cleansing using hunger and food deprivation. In the twentieth century, officials enacted policies and rules that made incarcerated people, welfare recipients, and beneficiaries of foreign food aid hungry by design, in order to modify their behavior. With the advent of ultraprocessed foods, food manufacturers designed products to stimulate cravings and consumption at the expense of public health. Taking us inside the labs of researchers devoted to understanding hunger as a biological and social phenomenon, On Hunger examines the continuing struggle to produce, suppress, or control hunger in America.
... Particularmente, la autora retoma la diferenciación de "vulnerabilidad" como circunstancias sociales que resultan como un proceso que, al ser comparado con un parámetro mínimo, representa una pérdida (en términos de salud, recursos, necesidades, etc.) y también a la definición de "vulnerabilidad ante" como una amenaza o situación de estrés que cambia en la unidad de análisis en un tiempo determinado. Además, vincula a la vulnerabilidad social con los aportes de Sen (1981) donde su "teoría de los derechos de acceso" sirve como un método para comprender cómo distintos grupos sociales enfrentan situaciones críticas ante las amenazas. ...
RESUMEN: El artículo tiene por objetivo compartir parte de la investigación realizada en el año 2023 en donde se problematiza aspectos sociales de la energía. Para ello se articularon labores con el Departamento de Bomberos, anexo de la Policía Provincial de Salta. El interés investigativo se centró en recolectar información acerca de los incendios provocados por dificultades en el acceso a la energía en las zonas urbanas de la capital salteña. El abordaje metodológico consistió en el análisis documental de los archivos disponibles en el Departamento de Bomberos. Este trabajo consistió en la revisión de libro de actas, denuncias sistematizadas por las unidades policiales y-de forma parcial-los archivos judiciales de los casos disponibles durante los últimos cinco años. Finalmente, se adopta la propuesta superadora de "vulnerabilidad energética" con el propósito de efectuar un proceso de seguridad energética enfocada en los usuarios y habitantes. Así es como el documento señala la importancia y necesidad de trabajar en mejoras para el acceso energético en zonas urbanas-periféricas, en su mayoría-de la capital de la provincia de Salta. Palabras clave: Acceso a la energía, vulnerabilidad energética, política pública, derecho a la energía, hábitat, seguridad energética.
... First, it aims to analyse the politics of the 1974 famine. Although it killed around 1.5 million people, it has largely been ignored since its appearance as a case study in Amartya Sen's ground-breaking essay on the causes of famine (Sen 1981). ...
1974 saw the first-and last-famine in independent Bangladesh. The disaster killed two per cent of the population and caused a crisis of legitimacy for the new leadership. Its catastrophic aftermath saw the emergence of an agreement among ruling elites and citizens that protection against mass starvation was a priority for the legitimation of political rule. This article draws on the 1974 Bangladesh famine to revisit theories of the politics of famine at a time when episodes of mass starvation are on the rise. The effort at theory-building draws specific attention to how to incorporate the geopolitics of famine and humanitarian relief into the analysis of the political reasons famines occur or are not prevented.
... A person's entitlement to food is influenced not only by the availability in the market but also by their endowments of productive land, employment status, ownership of and ability to trade assets, and rights within society. If any of these avenues to food entitlement fail-for example, a rise in prices, loss of a job or a violation of human rights-a person's access to food will be affected, even in the context of surplus production and market availability (Sen 1981). This dimension therefore focuses on the demand side, and some of the indicators of access are food prices, wage rates, per capita food consumption, meal frequency and employment rates. ...
The issue of food security came to prominence in Brunei Darussalam when supply chains were paralysed for some time due to constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Retail shortages were further exacerbated by panic buying behaviour exhibited by consumers; the effects were severe with a reported shortage of poultry and livestock towards the end of 2020. Alongside this was the issue of smuggled meat not recognised by the leading religious authority, Majlis Ugama Islam Brunei (Brunei Islamic Religious Council), and brought into the country without a halal import permit. Taken together, these issues intensified the need to ensure the goal of achieving halal and good, clean and wholesome ( tayyiban ) food security for Brunei. There is now an emerging trend to incorporate tayyiban into all stages of halal production and assurance. Halal and tayyiban food security is not only about accessibility and availability of food but also about ensuring that the entire supply chain from farm to table conforms to best halal standards and practices. Incorporating sustainable practices in the halal supply chain provides an opportunity to improve the many aspects of halal production, thus contributing towards a more sustainable and secure food future. This chapter aims to evaluate the meaning of food security in Islam and the concepts of halal and tayyiban . It also provides an overview of the potential benefits of incorporating halal and tayyiban into the food security framework of Brunei and some of the attendant policy implications.
... Economist Amartya Sen (1982) theorizes the accountability of authorities in times of famine, arguing that the lack of a democratic system and famine are interdependent. Authorities are responsible for the food security of a country, and they must find appropriate solutions to prevent and limit natural disasters when they occur. ...
... Even risks that are most generally recognised, for example, drought, flood, landslides, earthquakes, or price shocks, need a cautious recognition of those who could be most negatively impacted. The outcomes may be astonishing; Sen (1981), in the seminal work on famines, noticed that in the consequences of risk factors such as drought, there is a lot of the time an emotional fall for individuals and migration of income earners. The level of vulnerability exposure by individuals due to drought will be more intense compared with that experienced by farmers whose harvests are ravaged by unforeseen disasters. ...
Risks and vulnerability occupy an essential place in the study of poverty dynamics and the quest for inclusive growth in developing economies. Thus, using a dataset from the General Household Post Harvest Survey, this study explores the issues of risks and vulnerability and their consequences on rural and urban households' poverty in Nigeria. The objectives are to ascertain how disproportionately rural and urban households are affected by risks and vulnerability and to determine how they impact household characteristics and poverty in Nigeria with the Three-step Feasible Generalized Least Square estimation. Results revealed that households in both regions are vulnerable to different risks which are greater in rural than in urban regions in some instances, and vice versa. Other household characteristics showed that poverty correlates with vulnerability growth and risk is the precursor. From the findings, the study recommends integrated programmes for rural agricultural activities and better farm practices that will improve household welfare and livelihoods. It further recommends that there is a need for government to create jobs in the urban areas, and make policies that will support the private sector and abate market risks and the frequency of crime.
... 2 Theoretical analysis and research hypothesis 2.1 Sustainable framework for FLR The concept of "sustainable livelihood" originates from Sen et al. (1982) research on poverty, referring to a means of making a living that allows individuals or households to recover or enhance their capabilities and assets in the face of stress and shocks without undermining natural resources. After extensive research, the academic community has proposed various frameworks for sustainable livelihoods. ...
Many rural areas regard the tourism livelihood strategy as an essential breakthrough to overcome poverty and improve the lives of farmers. Studies have explored the income increasing effect of rural tourism on farmers’ families, but few have focused on the impact of rural tourism on farmers’ livelihood resilience under the requirements of rural sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of rural tourism development on the livelihood resilience of rural households, using 987 households from the China Rural Revitalization Survey as case studies. The urban–rural gap in farmers’ livelihood resilience was found to be narrowing. The rural tourism development has a significant promoting effect on enhancing the livelihood resilience of farmers. Specifically, the enhancement effect is mainly reflected in strengthening the livelihood buffering capacity, and the enhancement effect is most potent among high livelihood resilience farmers, non-poverty-stricken farmers, and farmers in the eastern region. The results of the mediation effect model indicate that livelihood factor mobility and livelihood strategy diversity are critical variables in the improvement process, with mediation effects accounting for 12.3 and 30.2%, respectively. The results of the moderation effect model further indicate that in enhancing farmers’ livelihood resilience through rural tourism development, subjective wellbeing and perceived fairness play a positive moderating role. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of whether and how rural tourism development can enhance farmers’ livelihood resilience. We emphasize the need to develop rural tourism according to local conditions and implement precise policies to guide farmers in scientifically participating in rural tourism.
... Economist Amartya Sen (1982) theorizes the accountability of authorities in times of famine, arguing that the lack of a democratic system and famine are interdependent. Authorities are responsible for the food security of a country, and they must find appropriate solutions to prevent and limit natural disasters when they occur. ...
The book authored by Larisa Turea talks about one of the most brutally dark pages of the history of Moldova, the 1946-1947 famine. The result of a decadeslong thoughtful research, the book brings together shattering testimonies of this tragic event, alongside insightful translations of official documents and touching photographs that shape an irrefutable truth: hundreds of thousands of people perished not because of natural conditions, not even as accidental victims of an irresponsible policy, but because of a man-made famine engineered by the Soviet government.
... Triggers can also be the result of a process. Famines, for instance, rise out of a fusion of embedded historical context and external triggers such as droughts (Watts 1983), decision-making in war economies (A. Sen 1981), or a combination of factors (Tauger 2003). In other words, slowonset disasters still rely on a language of events and eventfulness. Such a language speaks well, of course, to the drama, sensual richness, and deep-cutting ethical concern such cumulative events embody. But studies have also shown that the notion of vulnerability to a giv ...
Los imperios y los Estados nacionales tienden a ser entendidos como dos tipos distintos de organización política. Los imperios se asocian primordialmente con el mundo pre-moderno, en tanto que los Estados nacionales han sido vistos como formas políticas paradigmáticas de lo moderno. Mientras al proceso colonial se le asocia con los imperios, es más usualmente practicado por los Estados nacionales modernos cuando establecen imperios en el exterior. Estos imperios están caracterizados por una forma particular de economía política —la economía política colonial— que determina la especificidad de su forma política como distinta a la de imperios anteriores. En este artículo examino el imperio mogol del periodo pre-moderno en relación al subsecuente establecimiento del dominio colonial británico en India y discuto las particularidades de cada uno de ellos en términos de los modos de economía política —moral y colonial— que fueron características de su administración. En particular, abordo el uso de los preceptos del liberalismo clásico por los británicos, como queda demostrado en la respuesta de los administradores coloniales a incidencias de escasez y hambruna, y contrasto esto con los modos de gobernanza del imperio mogol previo. Sugiero que las diferencias entre ellos demuestran que el dominio colonial británico fue un imperio estructuralmente distinto, moderno/
Empires and nation states tend to be understood as two distinct types of political organization. The former are primarily associated with the premodern world, while the latter have come to be seen as political forms paradigmatic of the modern. While colonialism is a process associated with empires, it is more usually practised by modern nation states in their establishment of overseas empires. These empires are marked by a particular form of political economy —a colonial political economy— which determines the specificity of their political form as distinct from earlier empires. In this article, I examine the Mughal Empire of the premodern period in relation to the subsequent establishment of British colonial rule in India, and discuss the particularities of each in terms of the modes of political economy —moral and colonial— which were characteristic of their administration. In particular, I address the mobilization of the precepts of classical liberalism by the British, as demonstrated in the response of colonial administrators to incidences of dearth and famine, and contrast this with the modes of governance of the preceding Mughal Empire.The differences between them, I suggest, demonstrate that British colonial rule was a structurally distinct, modern type of empire.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21491.23842
The chapter reviews a few of the top global reports on food security and provides information and analysis on various dimensions of food security. It allows the reader to gain a better understanding of how multifaceted food insecurity might be, but also how contradictory some of the key messages in international communications might sound when compared against each other.
The author observes that the magnitude of food insecurity from a global perspective looks a multifaceted picture of challenges that seem to be decreasing in their magnitude while others seem to be rather increasing. Such multifaceted information—sometimes contradictory—gives at the least a broad indication that the challenges faced by society with regard to one of the most basic human needs are immense independently of figures that go from 735 million individuals not being able to consume minimum caloric requirement to more than four times that number (3.14 billion) of people not being able to afford a healthy diet.
Beyond the global picture, the chapter recognizes that any progress or any setback toward achieving the SDGs’ targets is unequally distributed across the globe. Worldwide, a reduction in the number of undernourished people is projected to reach 590 million individuals, a decrease of more around 145 million. Such progress seems to be basically driven by Asia, while no advances are projected for LAC, and Africa will probably experience an increase in the number of undernourished people.
After synthesizing his analysis of various reports and data sets, the chapter finds that greater wealth, stronger knowhow, and more efficient tools seem to be not enough to provide all members of human society with sufficient, safe, and nutritious food, keeping us still far from fulfilling the basic human right of all people, that is, living free from hunger, as stated in one of the various international commitments, covenants, and agreements signed and ratified by most of the UN member states.
It concludes that more detailed information on the various dimensions of food security is absolutely necessary for the development of food security strategies tapping on all the components of the local, national, and global food systems.
This chapter aims to assess the situation of food poverty (FP) in 11 Latin American countries between 2014 and 2022, eight years before the deadline set by the Agenda 2030 for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A household experiences FP if, in a given period, at least one of its members was unable to access food in the necessary quantity and quality due to lack of money. The concept is equivalent to the moderate and severe gradients of the food insecurity scale (FIES) used by FAO to monitor progress in achieving the SDGs. It also aims to identify the factors associated with FP. This second objective leads to understanding the reasons for the differences found and to highlight central aspects for the design and implementation of public policies in this area. The document focuses on Target 1.2 (End Hunger) of SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). Around one out of every three people in the 11 countries included in the sample live in households with a member affected by FP, and 16% by its severe form. The results obtained suggest that although there are common elements associated with FP gradients in all the countries, the differences between them are also due to specific factors that should be addressed with specific studies. Such factors can be used by the governments of each nation, or by an alliance of nations, to reduce the prevalence of food poverty and clear the way toward the achievement of SDG 2.
Este artigo analisa o percurso da história rural francesa, ressaltando suas contribuições e os desafios à consolidação de uma interlocução mais ampla com outras historiografias europeias. A tradição francesa, marcada pela influência das Annales e por obras de referência como as de Joseph Goy e Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, teve papel pioneiro em áreas como a demografia histórica, a climatologia e a história política do mundo rural. No entanto, o enfoque territorial e o predomínio de estudos regionais contribuíram para uma percepção de fragmentação e certa dificuldade de diálogo com modelos interpretativos mais integradores, como os desenvolvidos na historiografia anglo-saxônica e neerlandesa. Trabalhos de autores como Philip Hoffman, Fernand Braudel, Robert Allen e Jan de Vries propuseram abordagens voltadas para as dinâmicas de crescimento agrícola, as instituições e as transformações estruturais de longa duração, renovando o debate sobre temas como a “pequena divergência" e a “revolução industrieuse”. Em conclusão, propõe-se que a historiografia francesa, longe de estar superada, permanece fundamental para o campo da história rural e pode se beneficiar de uma renovação baseada na articulação entre processos locais e macroescalas históricos.
Who is malnourished, why some people have access to diverse and healthy diets while others do not, and the lifelong and intergenerational consequences of these situations are questions that are central to why we care about food and nutrition equity – but these questions are often overlooked in research and practice. The purpose of this paper is to review recent work on equity and equality in the field of food, diets and nutrition, and to provide empirical case-studies demonstrating issues and solutions in practice, in order to move the field forward coherently. The Nutrition Equity Framework illustrates how unfairness, injustice and exclusion condition deep drivers of inequity that lead to unequal diet and nutrition outcomes. We use the framework to structure four case-studies from Brazil, South Africa, Vietnam and the UK on how researchers and activists are involved in the struggle for fair and just diets that are healthier and more sustainable. Comparison across the four case-studies provides a useful illustration of how diet and nutrition equity dynamics can play out in diverse ways depending on national historical and contemporary contexts; but at the same time, we see some parallel trends and characteristics suggesting common drivers of unhealthy and inequitable diets. In terms of action, equity can be operationalized in the positive as the need for recognition, representation and redistribution with relation to marginalized population groups, and the paper ends with suggestions from the literature on how to take this forward in research and action.
Empires and nation states tend to be understood as two distinct types of political organization. The former are primarily associated with the premodern world, while the latter have come to be seen as political forms paradigmatic of the modern. While colonialism is a process associated with empires, it is more usually practised by modern nation states in their establishment of overseas empires. These empires are marked by a particular form of political economy—a colonial political economy—which determines the specificity of their political form as distinct from earlier empires. In this article, I examine the Mughal Empire of the premodern period in relation to the subsequent establishment of British colonial rule in India, and discuss the particularities of each in terms of the modes of political economy—moral and colonial—which were characteristic of their administration. In particular, I address the mobilization of the precepts of classical liberalism by the British, as demonstrated in the response of colonial administrators to incidences of dearth and famine, and contrast this with the modes of governance of the preceding Mughal Empire. The differences between them, I suggest, demonstrate that British colonial rule was a structurally distinct, modern type of empire.
As a consequence of an ongoing debate on feminization of poverty in recent years there has been an increase in the number of studies on female poverty in Mexico. In Latin America this phenomenon is related to the appearance of the so-called new poor as a result of the economic crisis in the 1980s. The article discusses the concept of la jefatura femenina, i.e. the situation when a woman takes over the role of a head of a household which is considered typical for the communities of poor women in Mexico. The author presents the results of research on women leading households in poor Mestiro communities in big cities in Mexico. She explains the historical sources of feminine poverty, its cultural context with particular attention to gender determined social conditions. Research on jefatura femenina indicates that when a woman becomes the head of a household its quality of life deteriorates. On the other hand it brings changes to traditional patterns of power in families, leads to decrease in strength of violence in families and to more equitable distribution of goods etc. Taking up a job and being the head of the household inevitably changes the lifestyle and gender roles ascribed to poor Mexican women by their culture.The author points to the problems with researching the poverty of Mexican women. It is well-hidden in the family and household. It is additionally disguised by the stereotypical gender roles present in the Mexican culture. Thus, perhaps female poverty is not depicted in the Mexican studies concerning impoverishment.
Climate adaptation is imperative; however, instances of maladaptation are increasingly documented in sectors and locations around the world. Despite the prevalence of maladaptation, researchers and intergovernmental actors, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, consistently frame it as “unintentional.” Drawing from environmental injustice, critical development studies, critical race theory, and coloniality scholarship, we argue the impossibility of characterizing maladaptation—now a global-scale phenomenon—as an unintended consequence of well-intentioned adaptation planning. This paper reframes the (re)production of climate maladaptation as a foreseeable result of the unequal systems of colonial racial capitalism through which adaptation is implemented and refracted. Systems-level change that confronts uneven relations of power, rather than incremental institutional reform, can address the prevalence of maladaptation. Treated as such, tackling climate maladaptation becomes a “political project”— not merely a “planning project.”
Since 1980, the notion of development has expanded toward a wider notion of wellbeing, which besides income includes dimensions such as health, education, natural resources, good governance, and human rights. Major contributions have been the 1987 Brundtland Report, with its focus on the preservation of natural resources, and the 1990 Human Development Report, with the Human Development Index and the 2000 Millennium Goals (MDGs). An international debate has led to 17 Sustainable Development Goals of 2015 (SDGs), which underline the three dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. This chapter examines the major novelties of the SDGs with respect to the MDGs: environmental sustainability takes the center stage. The chapter examines some sustainability indicators such as carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption per capita. Primary energy sources play a very important role, with oil and oil markets as a special case. The approach to international cooperation has evolved from being a donor-beneficiary relationship and from the Washington Consensus conditionalities to a broader view of global partnership. Empowerment and ownership are two concepts which emphasize the changing views on development cooperation.
The decade following the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923 witnessed a proliferation of writings by officials, academics, businessmen, and journalists on the economic consequences of the disaster. This abundance of contemporary analysis stands in strong contrast to the relative scarcity of subsequent scholarly studies of many aspects of the disaster's economic impact. In this article, I suggest that part of the reason for this relative lacuna lies in broader trends within economics and economic history scholarship. In particular, a focus on quantitative analysis and macro-level indicators has led to the conclusion that over the longer term, the Kantō earthquake, like similar disasters elsewhere, did not matter that much for the development of the country's economy. I also show that although recent advances in economic theory, especially in the economics of disasters, can strengthen historians' analyses of the economic consequences of the 1923 disaster, many of these ‘new’ conceptual frameworks were foreshadowed by contemporary commentators seeking to analyze the impact of the disaster on the economic life of the nation. Ikeuchi Yukichika's book Shinsai Keizai Shigan , published in December 1923, is a particularly good example of how, just like recent disaster economists, Japanese contemporaries viewed the analysis of markets as the key to understanding both the economic impact of the disaster and how best to rebuild Japan's economy.
The 2015 United Nations conference on sustainable development advanced seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are essential for a sustainable future. Most of these goals either directly or indirectly affirm the importance of environmental protection. They also emphasize the need for social and economic sustainability. The various UN conferences stated that sustainable development has three essential elements such as economic, social and environmental sustainability and they are interconnected. Economic sustainability is achievable only through economic growth and the developed counties are in that high position. But the developing countries are still trying to make a potential stand. In the absence of economic growth, social inequalities are predominant in the Global South. Besides, they also face severe environmental insecurities. In order to achieve all these essentials, green industrialization was suggested. In this perspective, this chapter critically analyzes the feasibility of green industrialization to achieve sustainable future for the developing countries.
For a century, the Ethiopian city Jigjiga was known as a dusty hub of cross-border smuggling and a hotbed of rebellion on Ethiopia's eastern frontier. After 2010, it transformed into a post-conflict boomtown, becoming one of Africa's fastest-growing cities and attracting Somali return-migrants from across the globe. This study examines Jigjiga's astonishing transformation through the eyes of its cross-border traders, urban businesspeople, and officials. Daniel K. Thompson follows traders and return-migrants across borders to where their lives collide in the city. Analysing their strategies of mobility and exchange, this study reveals how Ethiopia's federal politics, Euro-American concerns about terrorism, and local business aspirations have intertwined to reshape links between border-making and city-making in the Horn of Africa. To understand this distinctive brand of urbanism, Thompson follows globalized connections and reveals how urbanites in Africa and beyond participate in the “urban borderwork” of constructing, as well as contesting, today's border management regimes.
This chapter examines how these disciplines are transforming agriculture through the implementation of advanced techniques that enable farmers to address complex challenges and improve their operations. Artificial Intelligence offers solutions that automate and optimise agricultural processes, from planting to harvesting, facilitating data-driven decision-making and improving accuracy in crop management. On the other hand, Data Science provides advanced analytical tools that allow the extraction of valuable insights from large volumes of agricultural data. By analysing data from various sources, such as in-field sensors and monitoring systems, farmers can gain a deeper understanding of their operations and make informed decisions that optimise resource use and mitigate climatic and operational risks. By reducing excessive use of water, fertilisers and pesticides, and minimising waste, these advanced technologies play a crucial role in protecting ecosystems and mitigating climate change.
This chapter provides an understanding of the relationship between this “gut feeling”, the inner sense of personal identity, and the identities attached to the social groups surrounding one’s life experience. It shows that social identities bring us closer or make us depart from the inner self in the way individuals make decisions (Sect. 1.2), act upon those decisions (Sect. 1.3) which eventually impact on the allocation of resources in human interactions (Sect. 1.4). Finally, it shows that the market economy and associated revealed preferences in market exchange are just the tip of the iceberg in the way group biases at the psychological level affect the process of resource allocation. Collective biases then aggregate at the macro-level in a non-systemic fashion whereby the aggregation of choices by individuals with multiple identities is unpredictable, unless dominant patterns of group behaviour can be identified and acted upon. Hence, the chapter ends by calling for a widening of the resource allocation spectrum from market to social interactions where the rule of legitimacy over access to resources refer to identity-based entitlement in exchange.
Targeted poverty alleviation is a milestone innovation in the world history of poverty alleviation. The practice has delivered successful outcomes in lifting the poor population and counties out of poverty, through policies for targeted individuals and households and mobilizing resources to accomplish major tasks. In the process, it has also had a positive impact on social development and administrative management. In addition, China has achieved the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ten years ahead of schedule through its poverty alleviation efforts, providing Chinese approaches to address poverty for the world.
Improving energy consumption efficiency has the potential to reduce poverty in addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, very little is known about the impact of electricity consumption efficiency on poverty. Using data from a household survey, we estimate electricity consumption efficiency, multidimensional poverty, and consumption poverty among Ghanaian households. We then use an instrumental variable and probit models to estimate the impact of electricity consumption efficiency on multidimensional and consumption poverty respectively. The results indicate that a percentage increase in electricity consumption efficiency reduces multidimensional poverty by approximately 35.7% and 16.5% when the extreme and national poverty lines are considered respectively. Improvement in electricity consumption efficiency reduces extreme consumption poverty by about 9.1% but does not significantly impact consumption poverty measured by the national poverty line. This shows that multidimensional poverty can be highly reduced by improvement in household electricity consumption compared to consumption poverty. Households willing to take the risk of buying new electrical appliances significantly reduce the probability of being both multidimensional and consumption poverty. Higher educational qualifications reduce both consumption and multidimensional poverty. We recommend government to strengthen policy choices on demand-side management of electricity through the enhancement of energy efficiency programmes such as the Efficiency Standards and Labelling Programme through turn-in and rebate schemes that cover cooling appliances and develop regulations to cover other appliances. Efforts should also focus on improving access to education, roll-out mass information and training programmes on electricity consumption efficiency and conservation measures and encouraging households to take the risk to buy new electrical appliances. The government could also incorporate efficiency measures in poverty alleviation programmes like the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty in Ghana.
The European Union is currently reforming its Common Fisheries Policy. Initial discussions suggest the issue of improving transparency and accountability in EU fisheries will be taken seriously, with specific recommendations being made on introducing transparency and anti-corruption clauses in EU Fisheries Partnership Agreements signed with third countries. Such recommendations come at a time when calls for improving transparency and accountability in fisheries are gaining momentum, not only from civil society, but also from the fishing industry. The CFP therefore represents an opportunity to advance the notion of access to information and accountability in international fisheries, not only within the EU. Yet this call for improving transparency that has accompanied the CFP reform process has yet to be elaborated on, and recommendations remain vague. This paper aims at deepening the debates on how transparency can be achieved through the CFP reforms, considering both the benefits and the limitations to transparency reforms. The paper puts forward some key discussion points that could be used as the basis for the development of a coherent and thorough strategy on transparency in fisheries, driven by the EU in collaboration with partner organisations, including the fishing authorities of developing countries. 2
This article critically examines the concept of resource scarcity within the context of capitalist accumulation and colonial legacies. Employing an ecofeminist approach, it challenges dominant narratives of scarcity that obscure systemic processes of resource deprivation in the global South and care economies. The analysis reveals how the rhetoric of scarcity serves capitalist interests and perpetuates colonial exploitation, leading to unequal resource allocation between productive and reproductive economies, and between the global North and South. Drawing on ecofeminist theory, enriched by decolonial and Marxist critiques, this article argues that resource scarcity is not merely relative within planetary boundaries, but fundamentally a consequence of capitalist modes of production and colonial exploitation of women, racialised populations, and the more-than-human world. Scarcity is artificially manufactured through processes of overaccumulation, overdevelopment, and corporate violence. The article advocates for an ecofeminist decolonial degrowth political economy as a form of climate reparation. This approach explicitly aims to expand the care economy, challenging the growth paradigm and redistributing resources between production and reproduction, and between North and South. It envisions the development of plural, interdependent economies that resist capitalist domination and pave the way for post-capitalist modes of living that prioritise human flourishing and ecological sustainability.
Extreme event attribution (EEA) studies address the question of the role of anthropogenic climate change in the occurrence of extreme weather events. However, there is an ongoing debate between science and policy actors on whether EEA can inform the Loss and Damage mechanism. Because EEA needs local observational data, it could be affected by the 'data injustice' that plagues data-poor regions. This paper focuses on droughts and assesses whether the geographic location of EEA studies matches the location of recorded drought hazards and observed drought impacts, using a data justice lens and multiple metrics. We find that the location of EEA studies correlates moderately with the location of drought events .56. It does not correlate with the location of countries where droughts generated famine, food shortage, and crop failure .13, of countries where people were most affected by droughts .11, and with countries' agricultural vulnerability to droughts .00; it correlates negatively with countries facing high water stress −.03. Conversely, we found a strong correlation between EEA studies and drought-related economic damages .92. This finding provides compelling evidence that data injustice limits the scope of EEA science. In turn, this questions the suitability of EEA results in the international allocation of climate funds for Loss and Damage. Key policy insights. Extreme event attributions (EEA) that can quantify climate change impacts are seen as a tool for loss and damage fund allocation.. However, data required for EEA is limited in poorer countries.. EEA studies are not occurring in places with the most severe drought impacts.. Hence, EEA may not be suitable for climate finance allocation and can potentially exacerbate injustices. ARTICLE HISTORY
Poverty today has become one of the biggest global challenges facing mankind. Global poverty statistics shows that the percentage of people living in extreme poverty has not declined especially in Third World countries. In Nigeria, recent data from the National Bureau of Statistics have shown that over 40%, which represents 82.9 million people lived below poverty line. Taraba state presently occupies 2nd position in poverty level among the 36 states of the federation with poverty prevalence put at 87.72%. Tricycle operations, otherwise known as Keke-NAPEP as an interventionist scheme, was introduced in 2012 to reduce incidence of poverty in the state, though initially tailored towards addressing rising insecurity but eventually metamorphosed into reduction in unemployment and poverty in the process. As it stands today, well over 13,000 registered tricycles are providing intra-city commercial operations in Jalingo metropolis. This study aims at interrogating the relationship between tricycle business operation and poverty alleviation in Taraba state. Has tricycle business operation caused a reduction in poverty among operators? What are the challenges faced by tricycle operators? The study adopted the Marxian Political Economy approach as a theoretical model. The study discovers that there’s a significant improvement in income generation by tricycle operators which consequently reduces poverty among them. Therefore, the study recommends that government should get directly involved in tricycle business by making provisions for more tricycles for operators at subsidized rates in order to strengthen and sustain its anti-poverty measures in the state.
Previous research has shown that climate change can exacerbate conflict drivers or, on the other hand, incentivise ‘environmental peacebuilding’. One might, therefore, expect to find references to climate issues in peace agreements. This study draws on the PA-X Peace Agreement Database to shed new light on climate–peace interactions. Only seven out of 2,003 peace agreements signed between 1990 and 2023 explicitly mention ‘climate change’. However, an analysis of provisions in 28 peace agreements reveals that climate–peace interactions are much more complex than the paucity of the term ‘climate change’ in agreements suggests. Based on PA-X data, I argue that there are three main ways in which climate change and peace processes interact: First, as existing literature shows, the consequences of climate change can affect conflict parties’ bargaining positions and lead to conflict (de-)escalation. Second, conflict parties agree on climate action – often implicitly and for political reasons. This article provides the first comparison of levels of climate action ambition in peace agreements, from incremental and transformational adaptation to mitigation. Third, the results of political bargaining in peace processes can have positive and negative unintended consequences for the climate. For example, although conflict de-escalation can produce a more conducive environment for climate action, its stabilising effect may also enable carbon-intensive economic activities.
Understanding the roles of tourism development in poverty reduction and livelihood capital through a microlens is essential to rural ethnic areas’ sustainable development. However, few assessment methods are available to unravel the complex relationships between these three facets, and gaps remain in measuring residents’ livelihood. Based on the sustainable livelihood approach, this paper first selected core components of the sustainable livelihood framework to construct an evaluation index system and then provided specific indicators and evaluative criteria. Taking villages in China’s Longji Rice Terraces as a sample case, this study employed objective approaches (e.g., the entropy weight method and gray relational analysis) to assess residents’ livelihood capital. The aim was to showcase the sustainability of this area’s livelihood through a microlens. Findings offer several important contributions. First, this study presents a reliable measurement development method and a set of evaluation criteria for sustainable livelihood in tourism contexts, including five forms of capital and 21 indicators. Second, local inhabitants were found to benefit from tourism development; their livelihood options were diversified, especially in terms of growing financial capital. Yet these benefits were not evenly distributed, with notable differences observed across communities. Third, farmers’ livelihood capability did not improve uniformly over time. These findings offer valuable insights for tourism and hospitality stakeholders and can help steer rural regions toward a path of prosperity and growth. Strategies for inspiring entrepreneurship should especially be considered. In closing, theoretical implications are discussed, and suggestions for future work are provided.
The article is available for free on the web site of the journal:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00207543.2024.2432463
Análisis filosófico del dilema entre bienestar humano y conservación de la naturaleza, desde el cuál se destacan criterios útiles para la discusión filosófica en un contexto de decadencia social y destrucción ambiental.
Philosophical analysis of the dilemma between human well-being and nature conservation, from which useful criteria for philosophical discussion in a context of social decay and environmental destruction are highlighted
The food sovereignty movement offers a compelling vision for food systems, articulating the rights of communities to define and build ecologically sound and locally empowering foodways (Sélingué, 2007). It challenges the hegemony of global industrial agri- food systems, as well as state oppression, and has inspired numerous movements and even governments to reimagine how we produce, process, and consume our food. However, despite recognizing the unequal power relations between corporations, state actors, farming communities, and consumers, the food sovereignty articulation ignores deep inequities within communities themselves. Unequal gender relations are embedded within families and communities, and increased labour requirements of ecological farming may fall disproportionately on women's shoulders, without any increase in their autonomy (Agarwal, 2014). Further, devolution of power to the community level can easily lead to the capture of resources by powerful community members. Brown (2018) documents how ecological farming methods developed in the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami in deltaic Tamilnadu, India, were sought to be consolidated through community- based organizations (CBOs). These quickly devolved along caste lines, with dominant caste farmers taking control of village- level federations, and perpetuating untouchability practices, such as segregated seating and food served in disposable utensils for Dalits (Brown, 2018). Thus, ecological structures can themselves become oppressive.
At the same time, very little research on agriculture, diets, and food security in the Global South has been undertaken with communities as equal partners in the research process. Both quantitative studies (that outsource fieldwork to local partners, with design and analysis done only by academic researchers) and ethnographies (where the lone researcher documents various concerns in a self- reflexive manner) do not give co- authorship or consider communities as active co- researchers. Thus, while the ills of monoculture farming or the malnutrition puzzle in India have been extensively researched (Gupta, 1989; Deaton and Drèze, 2009), there are few instances where marginalized communities themselves co- produce research, analyse findings, and use them to develop or refine action.
In late 2016, a chance meeting between Richa Kumar (henceforth, Richa K), a sociologist of agriculture, and Sudha, a researcher- activist, led to the development of a grounded, empirically rich, and action- oriented collaboration, whose trajectory we describe in this chapter (see Figures 11.1 and 11.2 for maps showing the study region).
Although food security is multidimensional, most previous studies have measured households' vulnerability to food insecurity via unidimensional indices. To address this gap, this study assesses households' vulnerability to multidimensional food insecurity (VMFI) by employing the vulnerability-as-expected poverty technique for 422 randomly selected wheat-producing households from three districts of the Arsi Zone. Before households' VMFI was estimated by the three-stage feasible generalized least squares approach (FGLS), the multidimensional food security (MFS) index was developed by using principal component analysis (PCA). The MFS index was then calculated to be 0.4825 by the geometric aggregation technique to summarize the PCA results, and the descriptive summary indicated that 45.02% of the respondents were food secure. The three-stage FGLS revealed that 57.11% of the respondents were vulnerable to multidimensional food insecurity. Moreover, 33.41% of the respondents had stable food security, 45.5% were chronically food insecure, 9.48% experienced transitory food insecurity, and 11.61% were vulnerable to multidimensional food insecurity. The results of the probit model, which is employed to identify the determinants of VMFI, confirm that contact with agricultural extension agents, family size, and participation in off/nonfarm activities reduce VMFI, whereas the dependency ratio, credit utilization, shock experiences, and living in lowland areas increase it. Accordingly, it is important to adopt policies and strategies that enhance household interaction with agricultural extension agents and develop an efficient early warning mechanism to build a resilient food security system. To reduce household VMFI, it is also crucial to promote financial education and provide special support to drought-prone areas by developing drought-tolerant agricultural technologies and reducing agricultural rain dependency.
This essay focuses on the impossibility of considering food as ‘a thing.’ It addresses the legal profiles of food from an interdisciplinary perspective by treating the production, signification and consumption of food as semio-spatial categories. The argument starts from the foundational premise that the dynamics of food, as a magmatic flow, comprehensively connect and transform all human activities and ecological aspects of life. Like a stream of radial projections in a mass of fluid, food functions as a semiotic membrane, embodying the fundamental relationality of each human body to the whole globe. The main implication subsequently drawn from this view of ‘food’ is that to eat is always and everywhere to incorporate the entire world. Since food is the epitome of the space and time proactively and enactively involved in its production, in terms of both human activities and natural resources, by the mere fact of eating no human being can avoid recognizing themselves as a space–time cannibal. The consequences of this conclusion for food justice and its spatial dynamics are enormous, and even more so in light of the current ecological crisis. The essay thus critiques many categories related to the food politics of the ecological footprint, including sustainability, bio-diversity, food systems, and the circularity of food and resources. One proposed alternative offered is a chorological reading of human rights and their possible use as semantic-spatial transducers of the activities and phenomena inherent in the ‘food-as-omnilateral-relationship.’ The dynamic and transformative relationship between space, human rights and ecological change emerges clearly. Human action, and thus law are, then, constitutive ‘ingredients’ of food, which comes to the fore as a ubiquitous icon of the interpenetrative relationship between humanity and the becoming of the Earth; being and becoming blur. In the same vein, spaces and actions, facts and values are transformed into moving elements of an overall evolving situation that makes each a means of the other and thereby a generative factor of its significance.
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