Global Electronic Commerce: A Policy Primer
Abstract
Electronic commerce is changing the way businesses and consumers create, sell, and buy products, and the way they communicate and learn. How can policymakers position their countries to take advantage of this new environment? How should policymaking adjust to a more global, more networked, and more information-rich marketplace where relationships and jurisdictions between the governments, businesses, and citizens increasingly overlap? How can governments effectively harness rapidly changing technologies and partner with both domestic and foreign private sectors to reap the greatest benefits for their constituents? * This primer answers these questions using both general analysis and specific examples. It addresses in particular the needs of policymakers in emerging markets who must formulate and refine policies that affect e-commerce in areas such as telecommunications, finance, taxation, privacy, and international trade and domestic distribution. Companies considering doing business in these economies also will find that the examples offer insights into the issues that policymakers face, the different policy approaches they choose, and the market opportunities that arise as more and more economies around the world embrace global electronic commerce.
... The rapidly growing literature on e-commerce is intertwined with that of the Internet and Information Technology (IT). From the perspective of technology, growth and diffusion of the Internet have facilitated popularity of e-commerce and its exponential growth around the world, Mann, et al. (2000). E-commerce as defined by VanHoose (2003) captures the essence of this phenomenon as any process that entails exchanging ownership of or rights to use goods and services via electronically linked devices that communicate interactively within networks. ...
... The scope of the e-commerce literature has grown so broadly that each aspect of this new phenomenon deserves a subcategory of its own, Mann, et al (2000) -Mann et al. (2000 tabulate international, regional, and other mandated organizations based on their devotion to different Ecommerce issues such as standards, information security, taxes, etc. Studies by Tapscott (1996) and Harbhajan and Varinder (2005) explain the way digital economy operates. ...
... The scope of the e-commerce literature has grown so broadly that each aspect of this new phenomenon deserves a subcategory of its own, Mann, et al (2000) -Mann et al. (2000 tabulate international, regional, and other mandated organizations based on their devotion to different Ecommerce issues such as standards, information security, taxes, etc. Studies by Tapscott (1996) and Harbhajan and Varinder (2005) explain the way digital economy operates. ...
The Corporate Governance theme gained prominence in the 1990s, fruit of the need for incentives and monitoring to ensure symmetry between management behavior and shareholder objectives. In 2000, the BM&FBovespa, the main stock and futures exchange in Latin America, created the NDGC – Differentiated Levels of Corporate Governance (N1, N2 and Novo Mercado - NM) aimed at providing greater transparency to the capitals market, attracting investors, and increasing the return from shares and the trade volume.The objective of this paper was to analyze the impacts caused on the average return offered by stock price variations after the migration of companies to the Differentiated Levels of Corporate Governance in the period preceding the international financial crisis of 2008. For such, the Wilcoxon Test was used for two paired samples, comparing the average return of stocks before and after adherence. The results suggest there was no significant variation in the average return of analyzed stocks.
... Питання планування й управління проєктами досить детально висвітлено у наукових літературних джерелах. Перспективи змін та переосмислення ведення бізнесу з використанням засобів електронної комерції досліджено у роботах (Aranha, Garcia, & Correa, 2015;Mell, & Grance, 2011;Mann, Eckert, & Knight, 2000;Rappa, 2017;Brousseau, & Penard, 2006;TradeMaster, 2020TradeMaster, : Зміни в поведінці споживачів, 2020. ...
... У статті (Mann, Eckert, & Knight, 2000) встановлено, що особливості функціонування інтернет-проєктів вимагають істотної зміни і переосмислення традиційних методів ведення бізнесу, які раніше застосовувались компаніями. ...
Background. Management of e-commerce projects, which is aimed at individual orders, is gaining more and more value. This is due to the transformation of business and consumer demands. The results of the analysis of literary sources made it possible to establish the openness of the issue of combining the project approach and electronic commerce tools. It has been established that for a rational combination it is appropriate to form project management tools and e-commerce tools (platforms, design, analytics, etc.) that satisfy the project conditions and business models in the network. Methods. Two stages of selection of tools for online projects of personalized orders are proposed. Expert methods are the basis of the first stage of tool selection. Experts are IT and production specialists. The next stage of the analysis of tools that will be timely and ensure the competitiveness of the project in the conditions of electronic commerce is the processing of statistical information of the project, which is proposed to be selected from the database and knowledge base of the project. Results. The triad of knowledge in the development of an online project of personalized orders is presented; a conceptual model of e-commerce project management aimed at individual orders. This model is based on information analytics of the information space of the project. The work presents an example of the application of the presented concept in online projects of personalized orders in the confectionery sector. Сonclusions. The implementation of the conceptual model will increase the effectiveness of the implementation of small business creation projects or the development of existing ones.
... The study presented the literature review related to ICTs and the digital divide in developing countries using the Digital Opportunity Index (DOI). Also, the study found that while open access would be beneficial People with low income may face challenges to owning ICT due to high cost compared with their incomes , moreover in terms of ICT costs and prices, also these factors are considered an important aspect related to the access of internet, for instance Mann et al [20] found that the higher internet subscription charges affect its access negatively, and caused the digital divide. ...
... The IDI ranking reveals that although 99 percent of households with a computer have internet access, only 95.7 percent of these households use the Internet due to two main reasons; lack of skills and high cost of the Internet subscription compared with level income [24]. Also, the IDI ranking data show that Fixed-telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants are 15.69 while Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants are 120.5 due to the competition of the mobile services in prices and variety of offerings which make it a substitution of fixed services for some of the According to CITC [20] the main reason for the drop in IDI ranking in 2019 due to: - Connecting mobile number with a fingerprint. Change in user needs and technology as a result of competition between mobile broadband and wired broadband. ...
... To the extent that the pace of economic growth is dependent on the rate of ICT diffusion, we believe it is important to examine the factors that hinder the uptake of new ICT's. 1 Several previous studies have examined the causes of computer and Internet penetration rate differences across countries. Many studies find a strong positive relationship between technology use and income across countries and within countries (see Quibria, et al. 2003, OECD 2001, and U.S. Department of Commerce 2002 for example), while some point to other factors -such as telecommunications access and pricing and regulatory effectiveness -as being of major importance (Dasgupta, et al. 2001, Mann et al. 2000and Wallsten 2005. In an earlier extensive cross-country analysis of personal computer adoption, Caselli and Coleman (2001) explore the determinants of the computer imports/worker ratio, which is their proxy measure for the investment in ICT data, from 89 countries over the years 1970-90. 2 The three notable variables than enter with statistical significance are openness to imports from OECD countries, 1 See OECD (2006). ...
... These results may differ from those reported in Dasgupta, et al. (2001) and Liu and San (undated) because we examine a more recent period (2002)(2003)(2004), and a different sample of countries. In particular, the effect that Mann, Eckert and Knight (2000) identify -that high per minute charges may negatively affect Internet use more than high monthly subscription charge -may be swamped by other factors in our broader cross-country sample. ...
Using panel data for 161 countries, we explore the determinants of cross-country disparities in personal computer and Internet penetration. We find evidence indicating that income, human capital, the youth dependency ratio, telephone density, legal quality, and banking sector development are associated with technology penetration rates. Estimates from Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions comparing rates in the developed-country total to developing countries (Total, Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, Mexico, and Nigeria) reveal that the main factors responsible for low rates of technology penetration rates in developing countries are disparities in income, telephone density, legal quality, and human capital. In terms of dynamics, our results indicate fairly rapid reversion to long-run equilibrium for Internet use, and somewhat slower reversion for computer use.
... The Internet took four years to reach the coveted penetration milestone of 50 million households. The corresponding period for radio and TVthe two previous communications icons of the last centurywere 25 and 13 years, respectively (Mann, Eckert, and Knight 2000). The Internet has become the largest library of the world, with the number of Web pages doubling every 100 days and with the number of Web-hosting computers doubling every 7 months. ...
... Virtually, all countries of the world have at least one host that is connected to the Internet. Based on open standards such as Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the Internet has become the communications medium with the most rapid penetration ever in the United States (Mann, Eckert, and Knight 2000). ...
... The main challenge in e-commerce tax enforcement is applying existing tax laws into the principles of ecommerce transactions that are unique compared to conventional trade (Oguttu & Tladi, 2009). E-commerce rejects the stigma that every form of business must have a permanent residence and eliminate geographical restrictions because transactions can occur between countries and even continents that exist throughout the world (Mann et al., 2000). It certainly creates difficulties for tax authorities to identify where businesses are located and where their sources of income are due to the use of domains and internet service providers in e-commerce, making it even more difficult to detect through general tax principles. ...
This study aims to understand the relevance of e-commerce tax regulations in Indonesia, which were cancelled by the Government. The method used is applied research with explorative study techniques designed in structured questionnaires and interviews with 15 respondents who were judged to have the right expertise with different backgrounds such as consultants, tax observers, academics, managers, e-commerce entrepreneurs, and policymakers. The results showed that it was necessary to revise tax laws to adjust to the digital era's demands soon. In addition, technological innovation in taxation was considered to reduce administrative costs in terms of tax authorities. Big Data tax management was considered to make tax authorities' performance efficient and can anticipate higher costs. The quality of human resources must support technological innovation to bring up a new profession in the future, namely experts who master tax and technology with the term "Taxologist". Finally, the Government needs to secure Value-Added Tax (VAT) taxes in the short term until a global consensus agreement is reached in 2020.
... For time-sensitive products especially, customs clearance procedures can largely determine a firm's delivery abilities. For instance, in Sri Lanka, one clothing firm failed to earn a long-term contract with a major retail chain in Europe as input shipments were jammed in the local port (Mann, Eckert, & Knight, 2000) The order would have been completed within 72 hours but the deadline was missed due to bureaucratic red tape in customs, causing the firm to lose its higher value-added products. Sri Lanka, in fact, has the least cumbersome customs procedures in South Asia. ...
This paper analyzes the role of port infrastructure in supply chain integration of the South Asian apparel industry through a case study of Colombo Port. Key factors for improving supply chain integration are first identified, such as reducing lead time production, increasing diversity of product lines and higher value-added products. The case study shows that the Colombo Port transshipment hub and its multi-country consolidation services have played a role in improving supply chain integration in these key factors. Nevertheless, there is a need to improve internal logistics and to improve matching port and logistics infrastructure in the rest of South Asia. We discuss policies for further improving port and logistics infrastructure that could be implemented under the Belt and Road Initiative.
... Internet provides wider access for effective business transaction beside its inexpensive and reliability, transaction can be carried out faster and efficiently [15]. Libyan's developing economy could be effectively enhanced through integrating ecommerce technology into business related sectors. ...
E-commerce is a successful business-based innovation via internet. This form of business transaction strategy offers many opportunities for growth in business and marketing services in various aspects. Online shopping is an intermediary mode between marketers or sellers to the end user or the consumers. Nature of online transaction in Libya is constrained by instability resulting from insecurity, unprotected transaction as well as trust. Online shopping could become predominant source of shopping method, if the barriers associated with insecurity, trust and customer's protection are tackled. Owing to the significance of e-commerce towards Libyan economic growth, this paper highlights the limitations associated with e-commerce transaction in Libya and proposes relevant steps towards overcoming these constrains. Relevance of integrating e-commerce in Libyan economic system is discussed with.
... The Vector auto Research on the relationship between cross-border e-commerce and international trade, early focus on the relationship between e-commerce and the world trade system, the process of Globalization, the study suggests that economies of scale and incomplete competition can be used to explain cross-border commerce in international trade, and e-commerce has promoted the process of economic globalization. Such as Mann and so on (2000), Van Hoose (2003) related research [12,13]. The research of CISCO systems, Inc shows that e-commerce has a certain impact on the growth of international trade in developed countries such as the United States and the European Union. ...
Vector auto regression model (VAR) is widely used in the researches of variables interactions. China’s cross-border e-commerce and trade volume has grown rapidly in recent years. But it is uncertain that there is interaction between the common growth and the VAR model can be used to explain that. Based on these issues, this paper collected data on China’s cross-border e-commerce and trade growth from 2001 to 2015 so as to establish the VAR model of cross-border e-commerce and trade growth by using Augmented Dickey–Fuller test, Granger causality test and co-integration test. From the results, VAR model has great explanation for the interactive relationship between e-commerce and trade growth. There is a long-term equilibrium between both. On the other hand, the pulse response analysis found the stability for this long-term equilibrium.
... One of the most citied claim of those times was the "death of distance" heralded by Cairncross (1995). The particular attention was paid to the impact of ICT adoption on reduction of transactional costs, including better and cheaper access to the information, facilitation of cooperation among firms (decrease in coordination costs), consumers benefits from reach global choice provided by network and competitive prices (Wigand & Benjamin, 1995;Mann at al., 2000). At the very beginning of the 21st century e-commerce was seen as an alternative global distribution system with unprecedented growth rate and potential to fast change the existing business boundaries of the world (Javalgi & Ramsey, 2001). ...
... Mann, Catherine, Sue Eckert and Sarah Cleel and Knight (2000) [1] prospected the globalization strategy of electronic commerce, and analyzed e-commerce's impact on trade globalization. Tan Zheng, Li Shundong and Yan Lixiang (2001) [2] discussed how to enhance enterprises competitiveness by applying e-commerce, in order to improve China's foreign trade level. ...
... Chinn and Fairlee (2007) report that telephone line density and cost of a 3-minute telephone call do not regress significantly with the Internet. In contrast, Mann, Eckert, and Knight (2000) find that high monthly charges are negatively and statistically significant when regressed with Internet use. ...
This article analyzes the state of Internet penetration across the developing world. We examine a variety of socioeconomic, human capital, and media and technology-related measures as they relate to Internet adoption. Results demonstrate that the Internet is not only dependent on economic variables such as spendable income, costs and poverty, but also literacy, share of urban population; population growth, and old and new telecommunication measures such as telephone subscriptions, broadband subscriptions and related costs, computer and mobile phone ownership, number of telecommunication secured lines and bits generated; trade matters such as communication services exports; and political environment issues such as political and democratic openness, economic freedom and freedom of the press. Contrary to earlier research, GDP and English language are not statistically significant variables. Our findings on telecommunication industry competition and literacy run contrary to many earlier studies that find these variables to be unrelated to the Internet.
... Например, в российско-американской электронной коммерции сегодня действует достаточно много посреднических фирм, специализирующихся по предоставлению услуг мэйл-форвардинга (Mail Forwarding) для осуществления покупок на интернет-сайтах и электронных торговых площадках США покупателями из России. 1 Товары при покупке направляются продавцами на склад посредника в США, где они перепаковываются и пересылаются покупателям в Россию. ...
Article about objective laws of formation of a distributive infrastructure of e-commerce. The distributive infrastructure of e-commerce, according to the author, plays an important role in formation of network economy. The author opens strategic value of institutional regulation of distributive logistics for the decision problems of modernization of Russian economy.
Статья об объективных закономерностях формирования распределительной инфраструктуры электронной коммерции. Распределительная инфраструктура электронной коммерции, по мнению автора, играет важную роль в формировании сетевой экономики. Автор раскрывает стратегическое значение институционального регулирования распределительной логистики для решения задач модернизации экономики России.
... In fact, the income factor stands out in most studies [e.g., Beilock and Dimitrova, 2003; Kyle Robison and Crenshaw, 2002; Hargittai, 2002; Kraemer et al., 2005; Kiiski and Pohjola, 2002; Quibria et al., 2003; Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, 2002; Chinn and Fairlie, 2007;. Kiiski and Pohjola (2002), Mann et al. (2000), and Dasgupta et al. (2001found that the cost of Internet access had The diffusion process consists of four key elements: innovation, communication channels, time, and the social system. Adopters are subdivided into innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards Bass (19693 Although some broadband services, such as ADSL, still rely on the landline telephone network, telephone density is based on the number of users using landline telephone voice service within the population. ...
China’s Internet industry has boomed over the last two decades. Given that China is home to the world’s largest Internet population, we may wonder what factors have caused this medium, which is strictly controlled in China, to grow and flourish. Based on previous studies and theories, a framework called EPIC (Economy-Policy-Infrastructure-Content) is proposed, and a multivariate time series analysis is performed to examine the relationships between Internet diffusion and these factors. The growth of Internet penetration was found to be mainly driven by Internet content and access cost; however, GDP per capita and telecommunications infrastructure were inconsequential. The implications of these findings are discussed.
... There are two sets of requirements for e-commerce to flourish. Mann et al (2000) pointed out that e-commerce depends on three infrastructure systems namely: (1) communication systems, (2) payment systems, and (3) distribution and delivery system. In addition to all of these, The Sacher Report (OECD 1997b) argued that e-commerce could only flourish if it achieves or approximates the acceptance accorded to over-the-counter transactions. ...
... Electronic commerce is a new tool that is available to local and regional communities to use in their planning and development for the future. While much of the discussion and writing on e-commerce is about functioning at the global and national levels (Mann, Eckert and Knight July 2000), it is at the local and regional (i.e., sub-national) scales that ecommerce remains to be more fully elaborated and practiced. See Table 8. ...
... After controlling for all the standard financial and macroeconomic factors, entry of foreign banks was associated with greater efficiency of the banking system for 7,900 banks in 80 countries [Claessens et al, 2001]. In El Salvador, the sale of a majority stake in the country's public telecommunications operator and the auction of a second cellular license in conjunction with the introduction of competition reduced the delay for connection of a fixed line from up to 6 years to a couple of days [Mann, 2000]. ...
The document is a draft and is currently undergoing revision. It is not to be quoted without permission. Note to the reader This Interim Report is a preliminary output of the Millennium Project Task Force 9 on Open, Rule-Based Trading Systems. The recommendations presented herein are preliminary and circulated for public discussion. Comments are welcome and should be sent to the e-mail address indicated above. The Task Force will be revising the contents of this document in preparation of its Final Task Force report, due December 2004. The Final Task Force report will feed into the Millennium Project's Final Synthesis Report, due to the Secretary-General by June 30, 2005 Disclaimer This publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), its Executive Board or its Member States. The Millennium Project is an independent advisory body to the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan commissioned with recommending, by June 2005, the best strategies for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This includes reviewing current innovative practices, prioritizing policy reforms, identifying frameworks for policy implementation, and evaluating financing options. The Project's ultimate objective is to help ensure that all developing countries meet the MDGs. As a United Nations-sponsored initiative, the Millennium Project proceeds under the overall guidance of the Secretary-General and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator Mark Malloch Brown in his capacity as chair of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG). Professor Jeffrey Sachs directs the Project, which brings together the expertise of world-class scholars in both developed and developing countries, United Nations agencies, and public, non-governmental, and private-sector institutions. Ten Task Forces carry out the bulk of the Millennium Project's analytical work with support from a small secretariat based at UNDP headquarters in New York. The Task Forces and their Coordinators are listed below.
... As Greenspan (2001) mentioned, by lowering the costs of transactions and information, technology has reduced market frictions and provided significant impetus to the process of broadening world markets [9]. ICT adoption fosters globalization by reducing the cost of transaction and coordination and creating new and expanded markets with economies of scale [10], [11]. ...
This paper focuses on the relationship between globalization and the adoption of a particular set of ICTs, namely the Internet and electronic commerce, at the firm level. The goal is to move beyond general arguments about these megatrends and to look at their actual dynamics in the operations of business establishments. This paper examines the impacts of globalization on ecommerce and firm performance as the process of globalization has preceded the adoption of the Internet and e-commerce in time. The findings show that Globalization has differential effects on business to business and business to customer e-commerce, however highly global firms are more likely to do business to business but less likely to do business to customer. The findings imply that e-commerce will reinforce existing international competitive advantages rather than leveling the playing field and enabling local firms to compete with global firms in international markets. In fact local firms may have valuable resources that put them at a competitive advantage in their home markets.
... Three government levels are here highlighted as being important institutions in pursuing e-procurement in local government: (Mann, Eckert and Knight 2000). ...
Although official Danish policy is to increase e-procurement in all public institutions, the push is facing severe challenges. We have surveyed e-procurement in Danish local government (n=152, response of 55%). It shows a reality lacking behind the rhetoric about the "professional shopper" implicit pushed by institutions that aims for increasing e-procurement. Government has decentralized and pushed reforms that contradicts attempt to make coordinated institutional actions. The most frequent use of e-procurement is within the area of seeking information and receiving support. Also, we have found that the larger municipality (measured by number of citizens and budget), the more likely the municipality is not to seek information through digital channels. In the other aspects of e- procurement (ordering and paying goods and services) we have found only marginal use and no correlation with number of citizens and budget.
... They list occupations where jobs are being offshored from developed nations and also list occupational characteristics of the jobs being offshored. See also Mann (2006) and Mann, Eckert, and Knight (2002). Freeman (2006) and Autor (2007) are among those who point to the growing cadre of educated workers outside the United States as a potential resource for addressing domestic skill shortages as these arise. ...
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... As Alan Greenspan (2001) has said, "By lowering the costs of transactions and information, technology has reduced market frictions and provided significant impetus to the process of broadening world markets". ICT adoption fosters globalization by reducing transaction and coordination costs and creating new and expanded markets with economies of scale (Mann et al., 2000;Steinfield & Klein, 1999). This paper focuses on the relationship between globalization and the adoption of a particular set of ICTs, namely the Internet and electronic commerce, at the firm level. ...
... Wright [34] focused on six generic PS, in terms of six features that, he argued, were of concern to transaction parties. Little research, e.g., [23,12], however, has focused on systematically investigating what is important to participants. In consequence, new systems, intended to address one or two concerns of a particular audience, are likely to have unintended consequences and to increase costs for others. ...
The growth of electronic commerce (EC) may be impeded because payment systems (PS) designed for offline commerce have been adapted for online use, but without all of the information contained in physical meetings among transaction parties. Resulting problems add costs to transactions and affect profitability for EC transactions. New PS have been developed and are in various stages of theory, development, and rollout, but none have been widely adopted by users. Here we identify eleven generic characteristics of PS and nine of transactions, the interaction of which is expected to affect the cost of completing an online transaction. We use a review of literature, as well as focused group and individual interviews, to develop 35 propositions for how interactions between PS and transaction characteristics affect the transaction costs. Finally, we propose a research agenda to determine the importance of each proposition, the functional form of its impact on cost, and to design effective sets of PS for online transactions.
... Considering the difficulty in collecting tariffs for digitized products, it would seem logical to conclude that imposing tariffs on international transmission is hardly worth the cost of collection. 1 Since the potential loss in terms of uncollected taxes, particularly, consumption tax, from trade in digital goods can be significant, academicians in the OECD countries suggest a shift toward alternative tax regimes to compensate for the forgone revenue. For example, some advocate an increase in the tax on labor compensation since labor wages are probably least affected by e-commerce (e.g., Mann et al. 2000;Bishop 2000). Others have recommended a reform of consumption tax to a system called a 'broad-based consumption tax'-consumption tax based on the difference between a person's income and savings (Varian 2000). ...
Online customer reviews have become a valuable marketing tool for electronic commerce service providers and an effective information source for customer purchase decisions with the growth of electronic commerce. The aim of this research is to discover the characteristics that influence electronic commerce online customer reviews. This research is an exploratory study, and the content analysis method was used to examine the top and lowest-rated online reviews of eight bluetooth headphones and seven sunscreens, which are the most-sold and highest-rated products on Trendyol's e-commerce site. After two researchers independently coded 1082 comments using
Maxqda software, the Cohen Kappa reliability coefficient was calculated as 89%. Product quality, trust, cargo logistics, perceived value, and sales promotion were obtained based on their mentioned frequencies, respectively. According to the findings of the study, while product quality is important in customerfeedback, 43% of the reviews were based on other aspects. Trust in the seller gains weight in negative reviews, whereas cargo logistics gains weight in favorable ones. The study provides suggestions to e-commerce site managers and site sellers in areas where they can make improvements and contribute to the electronic commerce literature.
Цель проводимого исследования заключается в изучении, систематизации и обосновании зарубежного опыта государственного регулирования рынка электронной коммерции для выработки рекомендаций по его адаптации и применению в Казахстане. В качестве методов исследования использовались методы систематизации, анализа и синтеза, критериального анализа, сравнительной оценки. В работе авторами обосновывается необходимость государственного регулирования сферы электронной коммерции в Казахстане, что обусловлено наличием положительного и отрицательного эффекта от присутствия в экономике виртуальной торговли. Для выработки рекомендаций по государственному регулированию сферы электронной коммерции исследуется соответствующий опыт стран как США, Китай и Сингапур, которые достигли значительных успехов в продвижении электронной коммерции. В частности, подробно рассматриваются особенности государственной политики в части регулятивного воздействия, налогового регулирования и оказания поддержки предприятиям электронной коммерции. Значимость результатов проводимого исследования заключается в приоритетности развития рынка электронной коммерции в Казахстане, где он назван драйвером экономического роста страны, согласно положениям «Дорожной карты развития электронной коммерции в РК до 2025 года», реализуемой в рамках государственной программы «Цифровой Казахстан». Кроме того, результаты исследования могут быть использованы при составлении обучающих материалов в рамках образовательных программ бакалавриата и магистратуры по дисциплине «Электронная коммерция».
The purpose of the study is to study, systematize and substantiate the foreign experience of state regulation of the e-commerce market in order to develop recommendations for its adaptation and application in Kazakhstan. The method of systematization, analysis and synthesis, criterion analysis, and comparative evaluation were used as research methods. In the paper, the authors substantiate the need for state regulation of the sphere of electronic commerce in Kazakhstan, which is due to the presence of positive and negative effects from the presence of virtual commerce in the economy. To develop recommendations for state regulation of the e-commerce sphere, the relevant experience of countries such as the United States, China and Singapore, which have achieved significant success in promoting e-commerce, is studied. In particular, the features of state policy in terms of regulatory impact, tax regulation and support for e-commerce enterprises are considered in detail. The significance of the results of the ongoing study lies in the priority development of the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan, where it is called the driver of the country's economic growth, in accordance with the provisions of the "Roadmap for the development of e-commerce in the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2025" implemented under the state program "Digital Kazakhstan". In addition, the results of the study can be used in the preparation of educational materials in the framework of educational programs for undergraduate and graduate programs in the discipline "Electronic Commerce".
Currently, the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan is developing rapidly, establishing game rules within market relations and self-regulation. However, the immaturity of the state regulation system of the e-commerce market does not allow it to contribute to its development fully. The work is devoted to studying the foreign experience of state regulation of the e-commerce market in terms of its applicability in Kazakhstan. There were methods of systematization, analysis and synthesis, criterion analysis, and comparative evaluation in research. In the article, the authors justified the need for state regulation of e-commerce in Kazakhstan, which is due to the presence of positive and negative effects of the presence of electronic methods of commerce in the economy. To develop recommendations on state regulation of the e-commerce sphere, the experience of such countries as the United States, China, and Singapore, which have achieved significant success in the promotion of e-commerce, is studied. In particular, the specifics of government policy regarding regulatory impact, tax regulation, and support for e-commerce businesses are examined in detail. The significance of the study results lies in the priority development of the e-commerce market in Kazakhstan, which is called the driver of economic growth of the country, according to the provisions of the «Roadmap for e-commerce development in Kazakhstan until 2025» implemented under the state program «Digital Kazakhstan». In addition, the study results can be used to prepare training materials in the undergraduate and graduate educational programs in the «E-commerce» discipline.
The concept of trade has emerged with the inter-business division of labor. The internet, which is a much more recent concept than trade, has begun to get closer over time. The reason why trade is to see the internet as a commercial tool lies in the fact that the internet is spread over a wide mass network. The aim of this study is to determine socio-economic and demographic factors that are effective in purchasing or ordering goods and services by internet in Turkey. It was found that the number of information equipment, income, being male, working, and education increased the probability of shopping over the internet. It was determined that household size and age decreased. Females shop for clothing and sports goods more than males. The highest correlation with the purchase of other product groups over the internet is through holiday accommodation and other travel-related transactions.
The concept of trade has emerged with the inter-business division of labor. The internet, which is a much more recent concept than trade, has begun to get closer over time. The reason why trade is to see the internet as a commercial tool lies in the fact that the internet is spread over a wide mass network. The aim of this study is to determine socioeconomic and demographic factors that are effective in purchasing or ordering goods and services by internet in Turkey. It was found that the number of information equipment, income, being male, working, and education increased the probability of shopping over the internet. It was determined that household size and age decreased. Females shop for clothing and sports goods more than males. The highest correlation with the purchase of other product groups over the internet is through holiday accommodation and other travel-related transactions.
The study demonstrates e-Commerce adoption in Businesses. The main objective of the study is to provide a potential study that shows the capabilities and competitiveness of e-Commerce in businesses, to stimulate interest of businesses on e-Commerce as it gives customers more market power and companies unlimited access to customers across the globe, to identify the challenges and hindrances of adopting e-Commerce in businesses. Methodologies employed for sourcing of accurate and adequate information consist of both primary and secondary means. The sample size of 120 questionnaires were used to obtained opinions from various respondents in which 112 questionnaires were returned. The hypotheses of the study were tested. The study recommends an elaborate e-Commerce legal frame work should be established by the Nigerian legislatures in order to buy the confidence of e-Commerce users. Configuring e-Commerce for mobile web will also open the e-Commerce industry substantially. E-Commerce strategy should be crafted around mobile platforms in order to achieve a good mileage in the interim and a substantial level of market penetration in Nigeria. Government should also invest in training and other enlightenment programs that are very vital to attitudinal changes of consumers to e-Commerce transactions in Nigerian markets. Despite the increased proliferation of e-payments solutions in Nigeria there is still great need of government to partner with private sectors to enhance standardization of e-payment process so as to buy the confidence of international e-Commerce subscribers to have confidence in the Nigerian e-payment and e-Commerce systems.
This paper explores the developing regulatory regime for e-commerce to understand why private sector modes of regulation have attained prominence in policy debates. We draw from theoretical work on regulatory development and utilize a framework constructed by Braithwaite and Drahos (2000) to test a hypothesis about firm activism.
■ We examine firm — government interactions in both the US and the EU to determine whether firms succeeded in getting their regulatory preferences adopted.
This paper analyses the barriers to innovation and innovativeness in the Ghana National System of Innovation (GNSI) in terms of the quadrilateral relationships between the following four actors: (a) government; (b) medium- and high-technology industries; (c) knowledge-based institutions; and (d) arbitrageurs (venture capital, finance capital and knowledge brokers). The paper contributes to research on systems of innovation in view of the wide recognition of the importance of National System of Innovation (NSI) for economic performance. The barriers to innovation in Ghana identified, through factor analysis, provide a framework to isolate systemic problems and enable policy makers to enhance effective policy delivery at the system level. This empowers the four actors to overcome the specific barriers to innovation and thus enabling the overall GNSI, through increased effectiveness and efficiency, to achieve higher levels of competitiveness. We find that barriers to innovation and innovativeness in Ghana factor significantly into the following: skills-Information and Communication Technology (ICT) capability/capacity; unsophisticated markets; deficient fiscal policy; and organisational risks.
Article about objective laws of formation of a distributive infrastructure of e-commerce. The distributive infrastructure of e-commerce, according to the author, plays an important role in formation of network economy. The author opens strategic value of institutional regulation of distributive logistics for the decision problems of modernization of Russian economy.
Статья об объективных закономерностях формирования распределительной инфраструктуры электронной коммерции. Распределительная инфраструктура электронной коммерции, по мнению автора, играет важную роль в формировании сетевой экономики. Автор раскрывает стратегическое значение институционального регулирования распределительной логистики для решения задач модернизации экономики России.
In a globalized world, companies need to track the changes occur in their internal
and external stakeholders in order to develop consistent strategies, structures and
systems for success in e-commerce. Tracking and researching the existing and potential customers and companies as external stakeholders has become very important. This
study aims to reveal a scientific approach about the purchasing decisions of e-commerce
companies’ customers, to carry the e-commerce applications in Austria to Turkey, to transfer the e-commerce applications in Turkey to Austria and to contribute for the
development of e-commerce. To achieve this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 female e-commerce users in Ankara/Turkey and in Salzburg/Austria to reveal the
similarities and differences between the purchasing decision processes of different
countries’ citizens. Similarities and differences in the purchasing decision process of customers were determined for the dimensions of price compatibility, practicality,
accessibility, speed, comfort, convenience and cost and suggestions are offered for the development of e-commerce in Turkey.
Purpose - Because businesses conducting e-commerce are often able to set up off-shore to avoid regulation, taxation, and other aspects of corporate responsibility, the developed-developing divide which tends to inform World Trade Organization (WTO) policies is especially an impediment to future global e-commerce. This chapter explores the particular accountability challenges represented by WTO e-commerce policies. Design/methodology/approach -The framework of inquiry focuses on a policy research study of relevant WTO e-commerce policy documents especially the ones related to the negotiations under the WTO Work Program on Electronic Commerce and the GATS Agreement. Findings -The virtual nature of e-commerce interactions means that businesses are often able to circumvent the national boundaries and controls of conventional commerce. Because of this, the WTO and its e-commerce policy are crucial to the responsible and accountable development of future global e-commerce. Such policies need to be significantly improved as a matter of urgency to overcome current omissions and inadequacies. Research implications -Accountability gaps within WTO's e-commerce policies provide a basis for companies from developed countries to set up off-shore to avoid their corporate social responsibilities. A constructive critique of international agency policy documents is able to provide a basis for recommending change and improvement to the overall WTO framework. Practical and social implications -Companies should profess genuine rather than merely surface commitment to global as well as local corporate social responsibilities. Likewise the WTO should also aim to practice deep rather than "shallow" accountability by aiming to rectify omissions and inequities in its e-commerce policies.
Küreselleşen dünyada, firmaların E-ticaret alanında başarılı olabilmeleri tutarlı stratejiler, yapılar ve sistemler geliştirebilmeleri, iç ve dış paydaşlarının çevresindeki değişiklikleri takip edebilmelerine bağlıdır. Mevcut ve potansiyel müşterilerin, firmaların dış paydaşlar olarak izlenmesi ve araştırılması önem arz eder hale gelmiştir. Bu araştırmada, E-ticaret yapan firma müşterilerinin satın alma karar sürecine yönelik bilimsel temelli yaklaşım ortaya çıkarmak, Avusturya'daki E-ticaret uygulamalarını Türkiye'ye taşımak, Türkiye'deki E-ticaret uygulamalarını Avusturya'ya aktarmak ve E-ticaretin gelişimine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak E-ticarette farklı ülke vatandaşlarının satın alma karar süreci arasında benzerlikler ve farklılıkların ortaya çıkarılması için Ankara/Türkiye ve Salzburg/Avusturya bulunan 16 kadın E-ticaret kullanıcısıyla derinlikli mülakat yönetimi kapsamında görüşülmüştür. Fiyat uygunluğu, kullanışlılık, erişilebilirlik, hız, rahatlık, kolaylık ve maliyet boyutlarında tüketicilerin satın alma karar süreçlerindeki benzerlikler ve farklıklar tespit edilerek, E-ticaretin Türkiye'deki gelişimine yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. In a globalized world, companies need to track the changes occur in their internal and external stakeholders in order to develop consistent strategies, structures and systems for success in e-commerce. Tracking and researching the existing and potential customers and companies as external stakeholders has become very important. This study aims to reveal a scientific approach about the purchasing decisions of e-commerce companies' customers, to carry the e-commerce applications in Austria to Turkey, to transfer the e-commerce applications in Turkey to Austria and to contribute for the development of e-commerce. To achieve this, in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 female e-commerce users in Ankara/Turkey and in Salzburg/Austria to reveal the similarities and differences between the purchasing decision processes of different countries' citizens. Similarities and differences in the purchasing decision processes of customers were determined for the dimensions of price compatibility, practicality, accessibility, speed, comfort, convenience and cost and suggestions are offered for the development of e-commerce in Turkey.
Article about objective laws of formation of a distributive infrastructure of e-commerce. The distributive infrastructure of e-commerce, according to the author, plays an important role in formation of network economy. The author opens strategic value of institutional regulation of distributive logistics for the decision problems of modernization of Russian economy.
Статья об объективных закономерностях формирования распределительной инфраструктуры электронной коммерции. Распределительная инфраструктура электронной коммерции, по мнению автора, играет важную роль в формировании сетевой экономики. Автор раскрывает стратегическое значение институционального регулирования распределительной логистики для решения задач модернизации экономики России.
Article about problems of Institutionalization of the payment environment of e-commerce. The author analyzes tendencies of development of payment institutes and prospect of creation of the International financial Centre in Russia on the basis of primary development of e-commerce in spheres B2C and С2С. The author proves that in the conditions of globalization of the consumer markets the analysis of a role and a place of transboundary private payments in structure of National payment system of the Russian Federation become especially current.
Статья о проблемах институционализации платёжной среды электронной коммерции. Автор анализирует тенденции развития платёжных институтов и перспективы создания международного финансового центра в России на основе преимущественного развития электронной коммерции в сферах B2C и С2С. Автор доказывает, что в условиях глобализации рынков потребительских товаров анализ роли и место трансграничных частных платежей в структуре Национальной платежной системы Российской Федерации становятся особенно актуальными.
The monograph is devoted to the study of the processes associated with the development of e-commerce in the global networked economy. The author analyzes the trends in the institutionalization of virtual sales through the prism of improving marketing mechanisms and institutions of the global market. Particular attention is paid to the state regulation of e-commerce and uses it as a tool for the formation of a common Eurasian economic space.
В монографии исследуются институциональные процессы, связанные со становлением электронной коммерции в условиях глобальной сетевой экономики. Автор анализирует тенденции институционализации виртуальных продаж через призму совершенствования маркетинговых механизмов и институтов глобального рынка. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам государственного регулирования электронной коммерции и использованию ее в качестве одного из инструментов формирования единого евразийского экономического пространства.
Article about problems of Institutionalization of the payment environment of e-commerce. The author analyzes tendencies of development of payment institutes and prospect of creation of the International financial Centre in Russia on the basis of primary development of e-commerce in spheres B2C and C2C. The author proves, that in the conditions of globalization of the consumer markets the analysis of a role and a place of transboundary private payments in structure of National payment system of the Russian Federation become especially current.
Статья о проблемах институционализации платёжной среды электронной коммерции. Автор анализирует тенденции развития платёжных институтов и перспективы создания международного финансового центра в России на основе преимущественного развития электронной коммерции в сферах B2C и С2С. Автор доказывает, что в условиях глобализации рынков потребительских товаров анализ роли и место трансграничных частных платежей в структуре Национальной платежной системы Российской Федерации становятся особенно актуальными.
Abstract—This paper focuses on the relationship between globalization and the adoption of a particular set of ICTs, namely the Internet and electronic commerce, at the firm level. The findings show that Globalization has differential effects on business to business and business to customer e-Commerce, however highly global firms are more likely to do business to business but less likely to do business to customer. The relationship between globalization and e-Commerce is complex and varied. The global firms use the technology more intensively, engaging in a wider variety of e-Commerce activities than less global firms.
The rapid development of the Internet and other information communication technologies (ICTs) has led to the growing electronic cross-border delivery of services and digital products such as software. 1 While regional trade agreements increasingly innovate as regards the cross-border delivery of services and the incorporation of chapters on e-commerce, on the multilateral level the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) has not evolved since the end of the Uruguay Round. This paper reviews the progress in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements in securing liberal digital trade, i.e. electronic cross-border trade flows of data, services and digital products. The paper's purpose is to start thinking about what digital trade rules may be needed today and in fifteen years from now. It focuses on the role of the multilateral trading system as regards digital trade flows actually taking place over information networks. The first and the second parts of this paper analyse developments with respect to electronically delivered products and services at the multilateral and bilateral trade levels. The third part raises the question of what digital trade rules are needed today and in 2015–2020. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author, and shall neither be attributed to the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) nor its member countries. 1 The term 'e-commerce' is used within the WTO as the 'production, distribution, marketing, sale, or delivery of goods and services by electronic means' (see General Council (GC), Work Programme on Electronic Commerce, WT/L/274 (30 September 1998). With the term digital content the author refers to products which are digitally encoded and transmitted electronically over networks (e.g. movies, music, software, computer games).
The rapid development of the Internet as well as of other information and communication technology (ICT) has led to increased electronic cross-border delivery of services and digital products such as sound recordings, audiovisual works, video games, computer software and literary works. While regional trade agreements increasingly innovate as regards the incorporation of chapters on e-commerce, the cross-border delivery of services, and the inclusion of new Internet-related provisions on intellectual property rights in the online context, on the multilateral level, no substantial progress has been achieved since the end of the Uruguay Round. This paper reviews the progress made in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements in securing liberal digital trade, understood as the electronic cross-border trade of services and digital products. Provisions that concern new IPR rules specific to digital trade are also looked into. Building on these enquiries and taking into account the complexity of the regulatory environment, the paper discusses digital trade rules are needed today and in the future. Forthcoming in Mira Burri and Thomas Cottier (eds.), Trade Governance in the Digital Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
This illustrative case discusses and evaluates Vodafone Group and its overseas expansion and diversification in global business. Vodafone is a UK-based company that was established after a spin-off from Racal Electronics Group in 1982. The primary objective of this case is to examine Vodafone’s changing focus and international expansion in the world wireless industry. The case intends to look at Vodafone’s future expansion, growth and global strategies within the concept of internationalization and competitive advantage issues.
As electronic commerce expands, credible property rights in key sectors are necessary. This article identifies three layers of an electronic commerce network – infrastructure, commercial services, and trust – and then outlines five conditions of property rights that are being fulfilled in varying degrees in the developed and developing worlds. The main challenge for the developing world is to concentrate on adequate infrastructural provision. The challenge for the developed world is in determining appropriate property rights for the supportive commercial services needed for electronic commerce as well as issues of consumer and business trust. Given the global nature of electronic commercial transactions, both developed and developing countries are involved in framing rules at the global level that resonate and are credible with domestic conditions and institutions.
This paper reviews the progress in bilateral and multilateral trade agreements in securing liberaldigital trade, i.e. electronic cross-border trade flows of data, services and digital products. Thepaper’s purpose is to start thinking about what digital trade rules may be needed today and infifteen years from now. It focuses on the role of the multilateral trading system as regardsdigital trade flows actually taking place over information networks.The first and the second parts of this paper analyse developments with respect to electronicallydelivered products and services at the multilateral and bilateral trade levels. The third part raisesthe question of what digital trade rules are needed today and in 2015–2020
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