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Structural Causes and Regime Consequences,”
Abstract
International regimes are defined as principles, norms, rules and decision making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue area. As a starting point, regimes have been conceptualized as intervening variables, standing between basic causal factors and related outcomes and behaviour. There are three views about the importance of regimes: conventional structural orientations dismiss regimes as being at best ineffectual; Grotian orientations view regimes as an intimate component of the international system; and modified structural perspectives see regimes as significant only under certain constrained conditions. For Grotian and modified structuralist arguments, which endorse the view that regimes can influence outcomes and behavior, regime development is seen as a function of five basic causal variables: egoistic self interest, political power, diffuse norms and principles, custom and usage, and knowledge
... Aplicando a teoria de regimes ao caso da OCDE, vemos que os princípios e as normas foram as bases da construção do regime, posto que fundamentais para qualquer regime internacional (KRASNER, 1982), ao passo que as regras e os procedimentos decisórios apresentam um menor grau de abstração e não respondem da mesma forma pelas características e natureza destes regimes. Logo, Krasner (1982) estabelece a distinção entre mudanças "de" regime (quando há alteração dos princípios ou das normas) e mudanças "no" regime (quando há mudanças nas regras e nos procedimentos para a tomada de decisão). ...
... Aplicando a teoria de regimes ao caso da OCDE, vemos que os princípios e as normas foram as bases da construção do regime, posto que fundamentais para qualquer regime internacional (KRASNER, 1982), ao passo que as regras e os procedimentos decisórios apresentam um menor grau de abstração e não respondem da mesma forma pelas características e natureza destes regimes. Logo, Krasner (1982) estabelece a distinção entre mudanças "de" regime (quando há alteração dos princípios ou das normas) e mudanças "no" regime (quando há mudanças nas regras e nos procedimentos para a tomada de decisão). ...
... É isso que a caracteriza como um regime baseado no soft power e nos acordos políticos e morais aos quais seus membros aderem e conformam o acquis da Organização. Retomando o argumento de Krasner (1982), poder-se-ia sugerir que houve não uma mudança de regime, mas antes um enfraquecimento do regime, o que caracteriza os casos nos quais os regimes perdem coesão interna, pelo surgimento de contradições entre suas normas e regras. Esta seria uma possível consequência da flexibilização do consenso no processo decisório, o que se fez acompanhar de muitas críticas por parte de alguns membros da Organização. ...
O presente artigo investiga o surgimento e o processo de construção político-jurídica da Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), a partir da perspectiva da sua institucionalização/legalização, como responsáveis por muitas das características que esta instituição apresenta nos dias de hoje. Nesse sentido, buscamos apresentar algumas etapas dessa trajetória institucional, para avaliar as continuidades fundamentais que plasmaram sua identidade e forma de atuação, ensejando grande interesse do Brasil em fazer parte da Organização.
... Krasner explains that the international regime can be a link between the essential causal variables and the response, considering that this theory looks at the causal relationship between certain factors in an international regime. The causal variables or causation referred to by Krasner (1982) include: 1. Egoistic self-interest, or the interest of an individual actor to satisfy themselves without benefiting other actors; 2. Political power, which can be described as an instrument of power to fulfill the interests of certain actors; 3. Norms and principles. These variables functioned as the 'rules of the game' in a regime; 4. Habit and custom, where the habits of a regime form a distinctive pattern of behavior, as well as 5. Knowledge. ...
... The five factors to see the implementation of a regime from Krasner (1982) show that the formulation of the code of ethics in the South China Sea is still deadlocked, from the egoistic self-interest of the two different actors related to SCS sovereignty, then political power that is not aligned between ASEAN and China, and unconformity of norms used by the two actors. The difference in legal knowledge and differences in principles from the two parties are factors that need to be looked at further in resolving regional disputes in the South China Sea dispute, considering that the movement was relatively stagnant after the signing of the DoC. ...
... 2.1. Regime Theory analysis table based onKrasner (1982) ...
This paper discusses about ASEAN and the People's Republic of China (PRC)'s resolution attempts in the South China Sea (SCS) dispute. This paper discusses the process of conflict resolution between ASEAN and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the South China Sea (SCS) dispute issue since the declaration of conduct and its following moves were not yet able to formulate the planned code of ethics. This study aims to find out the causes of slow development of the COC of the South China Sea. This research uses qualitative methods to gather both primary and the secondary sources. Regime theory by Krasner is used by this research to see what factors cause both parties to be unable to formulate a code of ethics in the South China Sea. The conclusion from this research is the COC's development as a security regime in the South China Sea.
... International regimes are major international institutions deliberately constructed with sets of implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules, and decision-making strategies around which the expectations of concerned actors converge in given areas of international relations (Krasner, 1982;Hasenclever et al., 2000;Tarzi, 2003;Amaral, 2010). Considered as a pervasive characteristic of the international system, regimes independently influence the behaviours of states with varying consequences, both in interstate relations and international cooperation (Tarzi, 2003). ...
... Considered as a pervasive characteristic of the international system, regimes independently influence the behaviours of states with varying consequences, both in interstate relations and international cooperation (Tarzi, 2003). They institute partial international orders on a regional or global scale with the intention to enhance the ability of individual nationstates to secure outcomes influenced by the efficient allocation of resources in specific issue areas of international politics (Krasner, 1982;Hasenclever et al., 2000). Regarding the international dimension of education policies, Amaral (2010) contends that regimes do not have a strictly formal control system within which all participants are to act. ...
... Consequently, in analysing the study data, consideration was given to WB's intention to enhance Cameroon's ability to secure maximum economic development outcomes through its public universities guided by rules enforceable through partial orders (Krasner, 1982;Hasenclever et al., 2000). Hence, KE processes at UB were examined in relation to WB's agreed policy position aimed at economic development for Cameroon with consideration of the lack thereof, of a formal control system to strictly guide and enforce the rules involved (Amaral, 2010). ...
In conjunction with the neoliberal prescriptions of the Berg Report of 1981, most African countries adopted the World Bank’s knowledge economic policy as a defining tool for university’s contribution to economic development amid a wide range of challenges. Through the lens of the international regime theory and non-positivist theoretical approach, this study uses a case study design and qualitative research paradigm to investigate how Cameroon’s public universities responded to the knowledge economy objective and how it affected their processes between 1993 and 2016. Using semi-structured interviews to collect primary data from academics, top management, and administrative support staff at the University of Buea, including documents and secondary data sources, results indicate that overall, reduced, and irregular public expenditure has weakened the ability of Cameroon’s public universities to create, valorise, disseminate, and apply knowledge to enhance economic development. Particularly, the policy has induced a complex-type relationship between the higher education governing structure and public universities, giving rise to new and confusing dimensions in the character of public universities in Cameroon. Hence, the study concludes that international education policy strategies could be a potential source of diversion and confusion in the national education systems of receiving countries.
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... Regime é definido por Krasner (1982) como "normas e procedimentos de tomada de decisão" aceitos por atores institucionais para regular um campo ou uma área. Na seara internacional dos direitos humanos, os Estados aceitam certas normas ou procedimentos, a priori restritivos, legitimando-os, e, assim, substituindo parcialmente a soberania nacional original pela autoridade internacional. ...
... Como é esclarecido por Krasner (1982) as formas de regimes internacionais não são mutuamente exclusivas, entretanto, a transferência de autoridade pode variar de forma, e causar uma notável variância de graus. ...
A informação, enquanto um produto sócio-histórico, deve ser registrada e institucio-nallizada para garantir sua portabilidade no espaço e permanência no tempo (Smit; Barreto, 2002), possibilitando, assim, sua organização e preservação para um fim maior: o acesso. Nas últimas décadas, o acesso à informação tem sido tema de debate na Ciência da Informação, na Arquivologia e na Biblioteconomia, seja por sua democratização a partir de novas formas de produção e disseminação da informação, em especial com as redes sociais, seja pela legalização do direito de acesso à informação e da proteção de dados pessoais por meio de legislação específica nos contextos nacional e internacional.
... Genel olarak okunduğunda rejim teorileri üç yaklaşım uyarınca şekillenir: güç, çıkar ve bilgi. Krasner (1982) uluslararası rejim teorilerini şu şekilde özetlemektedir. Geleneksel yapısal argümanlar ((neo)realizm) rejimleri ciddiye almamakta yani eğer temel nedensel değişken değişirse rejim değişir görüşünü savunmaktadır. ...
... As it occurred to the UK and Italy, when after fifteen years of support to the Italian process of Unification London lost its influence over Rome due to Berlin's crucial role in its Third War of Independence (1866) and the British recognition of the French prerogatives on Tunisia (1881) (Mammarella and Cacace, 2006). However, the mutual participation to international institutions or regimes (Krasner, 1982) is not the same as being allies. According to some classics of the IR literature, alliances occur only in presence of 'promises of mutual military assistance' (Wolfers, 1968: 268). ...
The comments by Lawson and Legrenzi to our RISP/IPSR article ‘Tracing the modes of China's revisionism in the Indo-Pacific: a comparison with pre-1941 Shōwa Japan’ contribute to moving the debate on revisionism in international politics a step forward. Their notes on the several issues affecting the International Relations understanding of the phenomenon are on the same page as ours and we appear to share similar doubts and a like-minded curiosity on the subject. While grasping some key topics and shedding light on crucial shortcomings in the literature on international change, power transitions and international order, however, their observations do not come unproblematic. In this reply to their timely remarks, we highlight the perks of their argument but also stress how this falls through in providing a complete framework to understand revisionism in international politics.
... This approach presses on the international regimes as principal elements in enabling cooperation among nations and restricting their actions to established rules and principles. The word regime denotes to "a set of principles, norms, rules and decision making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations" (Krasner, 1982) Regimes' effectiveness is reflected in their ability to expedite international commitments by institutionalizing cooperation, and by providing information for the facilitation of the cooperation. States sometimes fail to collect information on their own regarding the outcomes of cooperation, risks involved and the priorities of other states. ...
... The concept of CGR is unique in this framework, and it represents a holistic governance process with collaboration as the main activity. The "regime" is a set of implicit and explicit principles, rules, norms, and decision-making procedures around which the expectations of actors in a given domain revolve [38]. Emerson et al. (2012) interpreted "regime" as a particular model or system of public decision-making [11]. ...
Community public safety is facing great challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. While helping communities identify crises and prevent risks, and improving community public safety governance, collaborative governance is changing the trends of a complex, uncertain, and ever-changing environment, and helping to drive communities toward higher levels of development and improved community sustainability. The purpose of this paper was to design a model of collaborative governance regime (CGR) that better fits the particular context of COVID-19 to enhance community safety and achieve sustainability of collaborative governance. This paper investigated and empirically analyzed the COVID-19 response in Chinese and Korean communities. It is found that collaborative dynamics can positively contribute to collaborative performance; collaborative dynamics can positively contribute to collaborative actions; collaborative actions can positively contribute to collaborative performance; collaborative actions play a partially mediating role between collaborative dynamics and collaborative performance; and there is heterogeneity in collaborative governance regimes in different system contexts. The paper suggests several insights: collaborative governance can deal with uncertainty and unpredictable turbulence; enhancing the capacity for joint action is more conducive to collaborative performance; and the role of government in collaborative governance is valued. Our study provides data support for validating the operating principles and internal logical relationships of collaborative governance and provides an empirical basis for responding to large-scale public crises in different contexts.
... Algunas veces, los emprendedores normativos unen sus fuerzas, movidos por valores y principios comunes sobre asuntos concretos, y forman redes trasnacionales de cabildeo e influencia, o redes de defensa por medio de las cuales impulsan campañas internacionales para lograr dichos cambios en las lógicas de lo apropiado (Finnemore & Sikkink, 1998;Keck & Sikkink, 1999), y así dan lugar a instituciones internacionales (Keohane, 1989) en forma de regímenes internacionales con nuevos principios, normas, reglas y procedimientos, que, a su vez, pueden generar expectativas comunes, las cuales llevan a que los Estados se comporten de determinada manera; por ejemplo, cooperando para obtener beneficios compartidos (Krasner, 1983;Keohane, 1989;Hurrell & Duel, 1992;Hasenclever et al., 1997). ...
La seguridad nacional de la Federación rusa va más allá del despliegue de sus capacidades materiales para garantizar la protección física del Estado. Es el resultado del desarrollo y consolidación de una nueva identidad nacional, basada en una plataforma ideológica impulsada por Vladimir Putin y construida socialmente a lo largo de varios años a partir de su visión, percepción e interacción con otros Estados. Según esto, Rusia es una potencia global y regional, y un Estado fuerte, y por lo tanto todo aquello que impida el desempeño de estos roles constituye una amenaza a su supervivencia como Estado-nación. Lo anterior, es comprensible a la luz de los postulados del enfoque socio constructivista moderado de las Relaciones Internacionales que resalta el papel de las ideas en la construcción de identidades e intereses que guían el comportamiento de los Estados. Bajo esta lógica, Rusia viene desarrollando una cultura de seguridad nacional competitiva y otra colectiva, cuyo eje central es la llamada guerra híbrida contra Estados Unidos y la OTAN y todo lo que representa para la preservación de su identidad nacional.
... It has become increasingly apparent that regionally based actors and processes are a crucial part of the story of international cooperation, especially in the wake of the Cold War's ending (see Lynda Iroulo and Tobias Lenz, Chapter 2, and Klaus Dingwerth and Philipp Pattberg, Chapter 3, this Handbook). The growing prominence of regimes designed to facilitate cooperation in specific issue areas has also become a focus of analytical attention, and provides one way of accounting for the relative effectiveness of governance practices and patterns in different parts of the world (Krasner, 1982). Deciding quite what makes some regimes more effective than others remains a contentious and difficult issue, however (Helm and Sprinz, 2000). ...
As global security fora are struggling, regional security has arguably become one of the most important political developments of the post-Cold-War era. True, most research still focuses on Western-centric ideas of the EU and NATO as security communities. Yet in Asia and Africa we find robust evidence that security communities are being constructed and mechanisms to manage external security threats are emerging, although not necessarily in ways comparable to the processes undertaken in the West. the utility of global security concepts such as the responsibility to protect, non-traditional and human security, a better understanding of regional idiosyncrasies in security concepts, mechanisms, and outcomes is necessary.
... However, these UN-led negotiations were declared a failure at the 1992 Earth Summit (Humphreys, 2006). Since then, several international forest-focused regimes have emerged; however, none are both global and legally binding (Humphreys, 2006;Krasner, 1982). This continued failure has been attributed to two main reasons. ...
The EU's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade Action Plan (FLEGT) adopted in 2003 includes bilateral trade agreements known as Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) signed between the EU and timber-supplying countries. The EU has invested more than 1.5 billion euros in VPAs; however, only one of the seven concerned countries has managed to complete all the necessary requirements to expire FLEGT licences. Since there is no research that comprehensively integrates the scientific evidence regarding the effects of this policy, this study systematically reviews all empirical scientific studies on the effects of VPAs. We found that almost all relevant studies are case reports that use qualitative data and focus on only one country at a time, mainly Ghana, Cameroon, or Indonesia. The evidence suggests that while VPAs have contributed to the establishment of governance structures, tools, and procedures they have not been able to solve social problems (i.e., inequality and injustice) and have potentially harmed the economies of EU timber suppliers. Evidence on the effects of VPAs on illegal logging and trade and the environment remains limited. Thus, future research should focus on more countries; use a greater range of methods, including comparative experimental designs; explore possible intended effects on under-researched categories; and systematically investigate unintended effects on other categories within and outside the forestry sector.
... Although this sounds antithetical to realists, there is not much to oppose it once a rationalist setup is followed: ideas do not just fall from heaven, and they resonate because of a shared ideational and normative context. Hence, Stephen Krasner had no real choice but to admit the place of regimes as not only intervening but also as autonomous variables in structural explanations (see, respectively, Krasner, 1982a;1982b), the "neo-neo synthesis" of neorealism and neoliberalism (Waever, 1996). All seems set. ...
For Henry Kissinger, a stable international order is not only based on a balance of power, but also on a balance of identities, of “visions of itself ”. How do our observational theories of international relations come to understand this practical maxim? This article shows that rationalist theories, methodological underpinnings fall short of satisfactorily addressing the issue, while constructivism’s and post-structuralism’s social ontology and relational understanding of identity provide a better starting point. And yet, when we return from the level of explanatory theory back to foreign policy practice, constructivist theorizing, precisely for its focus on identity, risks of being abused for the purpose of nationalist apologies of the very kind that makes a balance of identities impossible.
El ingenio y voluntad están detrás de todas nuestras creaciones. Encontramos soluciones a obstáculos o necesidades de la cotidianidad, incluso desconociendo las consecuencias de su empleo. Ya nos ha ocurrido con la dinamita y la tecnología nuclear, y ahora sucede con el ciberespacio. El ciberespacio es hasta el momento el único dominio creado por nuestra especie, lo cual resulta sumamente paradójico, considerando que la gran mayoría lo emplea diariamente sin entender su conformación ni las implicaciones en la vida cotidiana. Peor aún, justificamos este desconocimiento al afirmar que este dominio solo atañe a unos pocos que conocen el lenguaje de las computadoras, sin detenernos a pensar que con tener un teléfono celular ya se forma parte del ciberespacio. Este libro nace como respuesta a esta deficiencia de conocimiento en los usuarios del ciberespacio, pero se desliga de las aproximaciones tradicionales y técnicas para concentrarse en el factor del comportamiento humano en sociedad. Se encuentra dividida en cuatro capítulos: el primero desarrolla el concepto del ciberespacio; el segundo, los actores que en este interactúan y sus motivaciones; el tercero, el concepto de poder, y el último, la sorpresa como un elemento potenciador. Para plantear el argumento se empleó una premisa: mientras las tecnologías de inteligencia artificial no sean realmente eficientes, al final siempre habrá una persona detrás de cada código, plataforma, red, sistema o máquina. Si esto es cierto, el ciberespacio es, indiscutiblemente, un entorno humano que nos atañe a todos y, solo por eso, esta lectura bien vale la pena.
Flood protection is a leading priority for urban water sustainability. Making cities more resilient to flooding has become urgent as the climate changes and as cities increasingly become the loci of human population and resources. Reducing the risk of future flooding in cities often necessitates different jurisdictions working together. They may do so because they confront a shared problem. This was the case in the City of Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, when partnering agencies shared a single focus on reducing flood risk from Beal Slough to the Nebraska State Penitentiary. In contrast, entities may band together to confront braided problems, intertwined problems that cannot be resolved independently. The Antelope Valley Project, also in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, combined addressing three problems, for which individual solutions had not been achieved: reducing flood risk from Antelope Creek, improving road transportation safety and capacity, and revitalizing neighborhoods with deteriorating physical structures. Such a scenario is becoming more frequent as cities increasingly face multiple demands on the same location. As this comparative case study demonstrates, there are implications for administrative coordination for whether flood risk reduction can be achieved as a sole focus of a project and when it cannot. The Antelope Valley Project necessitated an innovative management structure and governance process that the Beal Slough Project did not. In the Antelope Valley Project three different, stand-alone entities operating in dissimilar, substantive domains redirected their independent policies to harmonize their problem solving. Collaborative learning among policy actors in the Antelope Valley was more extensive and across policy domains than was required in the Beal Slough Project. Yet, both projects were triggered by policy-oriented learning from the remapping of their respective subwatersheds. The study contributes to understanding interdependency among policy problems and to reducing urban flood risk through administrative coordination.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan posisi Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) sebagai rezim internasional dengan menggunakan sanksi unilateral Amerika Serikat terhadap Indonesia di Timor Timur sebagai studi kasus. Pada masa Orde Baru, pemerintah Indonesia melakukan pelanggaran HAM berat di Timor Timur. Pelanggaran tersebut mencakup teror, intimidasi, penangkapan, pembunuhan, hingga pembakaran rumah warga Timor Timur yang menyuarakan referendum agar Timor Timur merdeka dari Indonesia. Pemerintah juga membiarkan pelanggaran HAM yang dilakukan oleh milisi yang pro-integrasi. Pelanggaran HAM berat di Timor Timur menarik perhatian komunitas internasional, termasuk Amerika Serikat. Amerika Serikat mengecam dan menuntut Indonesia untuk menghentikan pelanggaran HAM di Timor Timur sebagai bentuk kepatuhan Indonesia terhadap rezim HAM. Agar Indonesia menghormati HAM di Timor Timur, Amerika Serikat mengeluarkan berbagai sanksi sebagai kekuatan politik untuk menekan Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mengukur efektivitas sanksi-sanksi tersebut terhadap Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan teori kepatuhan, penelitian ini menemukan adanya pengaruh antara sanksi unilateral yang diberikan oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap kepatuhan Indonesia terhadap rezim HAM. Kepatuhan Indonesia dibuktikan dengan kebijakan jajak pendapat yang dibuat pemerintah Indonesia untuk rakyat Timor Timur pada 1999.
Review of bibliography on international relations and the influence of pressure groups on them. The relevance of lobbying and its interaction is analyzed. Study of the interdependence of lobbying in international relations through the review of existing concepts, combining bibliography on this interdependence in a single text with all the actors, all the theories, conceptions and ideas, from the 90's to the present.
The research method is analytical, starting from general knowledge of a reality to make the distinction, knowledge and classification of the different essential elements that are part of it and the relationships they maintain with each other.
Revisión bibliográfica sobre las relaciones internacionales y la influencia que ciertos grupos de presión ejercen sobre estas. Se analiza dentro de estas relaciones la relevancia del lobbying y su interacción. El objetivo es estudiar la interdependencia del lobby en las relaciones internacionales mediante la revisión de
conceptos existentes, aunando bibliografía sobre esta interdependencia en un único texto con todos los actores, todas las teorías e ideas, desde la década de los 90’s a la actualidad.
El método de investigación es el analítico. Clasifica los distintos elementos esenciales que forman parte de ella y de las relaciones que mantienen entre sí.
Global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently governed by a decentralized regime complex composed of multiple institutions with overlapping and sometimes conflicting principles, norms, rules, and procedures. Such a decentralized regime complex provides certain advantages and disadvantages when compared to a centralized regime. A pandemic instrument can optimize the regime complex for AMR by leveraging the strengths of both centralization and decentralization. Existing climate treaties under the UNFCCC offer lessons for achieving this hybrid approach.
Accountability is one of the many ‘development buzzwords’ (Cornwall in Dev Pract 17:471–484, 2007). Accountability is also a (soft) norm guiding the so-called ‘donors’ and ‘recipients’ in the field of global development (Paulo & Reisen in Dev Policy Rev 28:535–552, 2010). This chapter explores the ways in which ideas around accountability, and responsibility more broadly, are being negotiated and informing the practice of Southern development partners engaged in what is known as South-South Cooperation. Looking at the case of emblematic ‘SSC protagonists’ (De Bruyn in Challenging Development Cooperation? The South-South Development Cooperation Partnership. The approaches of Brazil, India and the PR China with Malawi and Mozambique [PhD Dissertation].KU Leuven, 2019), namely Brazil, China and India, and to their diplomatic stances in and around the issue of accountability and responsibility in international development cooperation in the context of the 2030 agenda, this chapter offers an illustration of the complexities of ongoing forms of international development norm contestation and norm entrepreneurship in a multiplex world (Abdenur in Third World Q 35:1876–1893, 2014; Leveringhaus & Sullivan de Estrada, Rev Int Stud 44:482–503, 2018; van der Westhuizen & Milani in Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32:1, 22–42, 2019).
Determinados elementos diferenciales de la arquitectura política-institucional interna de la Unión Europea (UE) y su propia naturaleza jurídica condicionan y determinan su comportamiento y la eficacia de sus decisiones, convirtiendo a esta organización internacional sui generis en un actor internacional de primer nivel. Esta condición ha hecho que, en el marco de las relaciones internacionales, y en concreto tras la pandemia, deba estudiarse de manera diferenciada su impacto sobre conceptos de las relaciones internacionales como la interdependencia. Todas las restricciones a la movilidad durante la pandemia se adoptaron a nivel nacional, sin ser acordadas ni coordinadas previamente a nivel de las instituciones de la UE. En el marco institucional, la Comisión Europea se limitó a adoptar un conjunto de medidas de derecho indicativo o “soft law” destinadas a coordinar las medidas nacionales y a subrayar la importancia de la no discriminación y la proporcionalidad en su aplicación que, en muchos casos, no se respetó. La UE es una entidad compleja y dividida que implica a muchos actores —sociales, regionales, Estados miembros, instituciones supranacionales…— y por tanto los modelos que adopta en situaciones de crisis repercuten no solo en los Estados miembros, sino que muestra la importancia de la complejidad en la era de la globalización. Un estudio de estos modelos, en cierta medida, nos facilita la posibilidad de establecer patrones que, a pesar de la complejidad de la sociedad internacional y las relaciones internacionales, nos permitirían ofrecer múltiples canales que faciliten la colaboración global en la solución de fenómenos específicos. La presente propuesta pretende contribuir a esclarecer esos patrones y consecuentemente establecer nuevas líneas de desarrollo en la investigación sobre el concepto de la interdependencia tras la pandemia ocasionada por la COVID-19 en el espacio Schengen. Este nuevo marco de interpretación de la interdependencia contribuirá a la comprensión de algunos aspectos actuales de las relaciones internacionales contemporáneas. Así, la interdependencia que se genera en uno u otro modelo de convivencia entre Estados determina en última instancia la respuesta de estos a mutaciones tan excepcionales como la generada por la COVID-19 en 2020 y su impacto en lo que siempre se ha considerado uno de los logros más notables de la integración europea, el mercado único.
Gegenstand des Kap. 7 ist ein Überblick über acht Governance-bereiche, in denen unterschiedliche Formen globaler Interdependenz bearbeitet werden. Die Kriterien, die zur Unterscheidung herangezogen werden, sind teils ontologischer, teils analytischer Natur. Orientierungspunkt der Klassifikation ist die ökonomische Interdependenz, vermittelt über rechtlich und politisch institutionalisierte und kontrollierte Märkte (Handel, Dienstleistungen, Kapital, Information, Arbeitskräfte, Tourismus). Für die Etablierung und Entwicklung von Märkten existieren epistemische, infrastrukturelle und technologische Voraussetzungen, die sich, bedingt durch Innovationsprozesse (Technologie, Wissen), ständig modifizieren. Die infrastrukturellen und ökonomischen Interaktionen erfolgen eingebettet in normative Interdependenzen. Die Interdependenzen der Arbeitsteilung und der Normenverflechtung wirken modifizierend ein auf die Interdependenz im Bereich der Sicherheit (Vulnerabilität). Globalisierungsprozesse von Märkten und technologischen Möglichkeiten befördern darüber hinaus Interdependenzen der Staatenwelt bei der Nutzung globaler Allmendegüter und eine durch zunehmende Externalitäten verursachte Gefährdung globaler Öffentlicher Güter. Schließlich lässt die im Rahmen des Staatensystems erfolgende Globalisierung Neointerdependenzen und komplexe Formen von globaler Governance entstehen. Zwischen den Interdependenz- und Governancebereichen ergeben sich vielfältige Wechselwirkungen. Das gegenwärtige GG-System hat sich als nicht intendierte Folge der politischen Bearbeitung von Interdependenzproblemen herausgebildet.
Das nachfolgende Kapitel bietet aus einer institutionalistischen Perspektive eine Übersicht über die Strukturelemente globaler Governance und zeigt deren Entwicklung seit Ende des Kalten Krieges. Um Ordnung in die große Vielfalt der Forschungsaktivitäten zu Themen der globalen Governance zu bringen, werden vier Analyseperspektiven, die institutionelle und die systemische sowie die sektorale und die Mehrebenenperspektive eingeführt. Mit einem aus diesen Perspektiven (Dimensionen) gebildeten Klassifikationssystem lassen sich Themen und Schwerpunkte der GG-Forschung ermitteln. Die Klassifikation der Ansätze folgt einer institutionalistischen Logik. Internationale Organisationen, Regime und Netzwerke bilden die basalen Institutionen globaler Governance. Die drei Institutionen werden jeweils definiert. Gouvernementale, transnationale und hybride Formen werden unterschieden. Jeweils werden quantitative Angaben zu deren Wachstum sowie zu den an ihnen beteiligten GG-Akteuren gemacht. Die Daten bestätigen die These, dass nach dem Ende des Kalten Krieges eine neue Phase internationaler Beziehungen einsetzte, die mit einer Zunahme von GG-Akteuren (NSA) und neuen Formen globaler Governance verbunden ist. Am Ende des Kapitels wird der global ausgerichtete systemische Analyseansatz vorgestellt, bei dem das GG-System hinsichtlich Entstehung, Stabilität und Wandel untersucht wird. Dabei werden zwei Forschungsrichtungen betrachtet: zum einen die Erdsystemgovernance und zum anderen die Analyse von Weltordnungen, hier speziell die der liberalen internationalen Ordnung.
Das nachfolgende Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der Analyse von Global-Governance-Systemen (GG-Systemen). Zu Beginn des ersten Unterkapitels wird definiert, was unter einem GG-System zu verstehen ist. Dabei rückt der problemlösende Charakter von GG-Systemen ins Zentrum. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch die einzelnen Strukturelemente eines GG-Systems behandelt, um anschließend drei unterschiedliche Formen von GG-Systemen zu betrachten: GG-Systeme mit integrierter und mit speziellen Aufgaben betrauter IOs, GG-Systeme mit Sekretariaten, die über geringe delegierte Autonomie verfügen (Regimetyp) sowie GG-Systeme, die netzwerkförmig organisiert sind, wobei die Knotenpunkte häufig von privaten Akteuren (Organisationen) gebildet werden. Die Leistungsfähigkeit (Steuerungsfähigkeit) von GG-Systemen hängt von zahlreichen Faktoren ab, von denen für jeden GG-Typ die jeweils wichtigsten untersucht werden. Dabei sind Steuerungsdefizite von GG-Systemen vor dem Hintergrund der von ihnen zu bewältigenden Aufgaben zu beurteilen.
Com os estoques pesqueiros ao redor do mundo à beira do colapso, com consequências ambientais, econômicas e sociais imensuráveis, as possibilidades de proliferação da pesca INN (ilegal, não declarada ou não regulamentada) passaram a ser acompanhadas com grande atenção pela comunidade internacional. Neste contexto, desencadearam-se processos de securitização do problema. O Oceano Austral é particularmente vulnerável à pesca INN, podendo ser palco de novas dinâmicas de segurança. Neste contexto, apresenta-se o seguinte problema de pesquisa: “de que maneira ocorrem as dinâmicas de securitização do controle da pesca no Oceano Austral e qual o papel da cooperação internacional neste processo”? Além da resposta ao problema de pesquisa, que é o objetivo geral, o artigo possui como objetivos específicos investigar a securitização da pesca no cenário internacional, estudar as dinâmicas de segurança existentes no Oceano Austral, discutir os papeis da cooperação e dos regimes internacionais neste processo. A pesquisa é de natureza exploratória. Como técnica de pesquisa escolheu-se a revisão bibliográfica, servindo-se de material interdisciplinar e análise documental.
O livro constrói um diálogo entre pesquisadores brasileiros e franceses, de diferentes campos do conhecimento, sobre dois temas que passaram a ocupar os espaços do debate acadêmico e das ações públicas, nas duas últimas décadas: a questão do desenvolvimento e a questão territorial. Duas questões foram colocadas para os pesquisadores: qual o significado do conceito de território a partir de seu campo de estudo e quais contribuições podem aportar para a compreensão dos processos de desenvolvimento. Além de um rico debate no sentido epistemológico, a partir dos diversos campos de análise o livro aponta também algumas indagações: como trabalhar a relação entre espaço e território, como caracterizar fronteiras territoriais em um mundo em que, elas marcam profundamente tanto a união/ intercâmbio quanto a ruptura/interdição? E várias outras questões que compõem a agenda de debate da economia, geografia, ciências políticas, sociologia e da administração.
Revisión bibliográfica sobre las relaciones internacionales y la influencia que ciertos grupos de presión ejercen sobre estas. Se analiza dentro de estas relaciones la relevancia del lobbying y su interacción. El objetivo es estudiar la interdependencia del lobby en las relaciones internacionales mediante la revisión de conceptos existentes, aunando bibliografía sobre esta interdependencia en un único texto con todos los actores, todas las teorías e ideas, desde la década de los 90’s a la actualidad.El método de investigación es el analítico. Clasifica los distintos elementos esenciales que forman parte de ella y de las relaciones que mantienen entre sí.
After a decades-long hiatus, the Moon has re-emerged as the main target of the major space powers’ human exploration activities. Unlike the cooperative approaches that characterized human spaceflight activities in the aftermath of the cold war, upcoming lunar exploration endeavours seem to feature a more competitive approach and lean towards a progressive polarisation of the international space community around two separate and potentially conflicting blocs. Against this background, this chapter looks at the growing competition dynamics between the three leading space powers (i.e., the United States, Russia and China) when it comes to the return of human flights to the Moon. It disentangles their national stances and programmatic initiatives for getting back to the Moon, and also looks at the difficult scenarios that will emerge once the three superpowers get to the Moon. This chapter also includes an analysis of several outstanding issues, ranging from the creation of safety zones on the lunar surface and the protection of cultural sites to the use and exploitation of its resources, that will confront the actors when a more stable and long-term human presence on the Moon is achieved.
This chapter analyses whether the Belt and Road Initiative has affected the existing international world order and will alter global governance. Using Chinese official documents, and existing results on trade, infrastructure, and financial assistance, the authors find that widely expressed opinions do not reach a sufficiently comprehensive understanding. While the stated aims of the BRI are to strengthen infrastructure connectivity, trade liberalization, and global financial integration, and promoting Chinese influence in the global governance process, thus far, the initiative is far from producing any fundamental change in the world order. The question whether the BRI was intended to achieve any real reorganization of the world order and redistribution of power, appears to be an over-simplification of an, as yet imprecise, policy-in-progress.KeywordsBelt and Road InitiativeGlobal governanceWorld orderPowerFrameworkInterpretations
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. It is thus not surprising that all kinds of actors - international organizations, civil society organizations and networks, social movements, transnational corporations, cities and many more - engage in activities at global and regional levels to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Climate governance therefore is highly complex and challenging. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the reader to major research strands of climate governance, thereby focusing on International Relations but highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of climate research. We will then outline the global climate change regime with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as the major international authority to set global rules which impact on but are also influenced by regional organizations like the European Union that often pursue their own agendas. In addition to the global-regional nexus, regional interplays matter for climate actions. We therefore present a case study on the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED). The interaction between the EU and ASEAN is of particular importance and illustrate how the contested issue of palm oil not only impacts on EU-ASEAN relations but also on the sustainable development and climate change mitigation in both regions.
Terrorism has always been a part of human history with various forms. However, it had
not been such a clear and present danger till the 9/11 attacks. With the 9/11 attacks,
terrorism has evolved into a new terrorism, mega terrorism, which only aims to change
the system with sensational attacks causing so many deaths. And today, it poses a threat
with the form of nuclear terrorism. Its potential rate of lethality would not be compared
with any other forms of terrorism if terrorists managed to detonate an intact nuclear
weapon or an improvised nuclear device. In addition, psychological effects of sabotaging
a nuclear facility or exploding a “dirty bomb” would be much more powerful than any
other forms of terrorism. Yet, as a response, states have already started to cooperate
against the threat of nuclear terrorism through various international responses which are
known as nuclear security. But, nuclear security is still developing and seems not strong
enough to effectively cope with the threat of nuclear terrorism. On the other hand, there
is the international nuclear nonproliferation regime based on three pillars of nuclear
nonproliferation, peaceful use of nuclear energy and nuclear disarmament. However, its
scope is limited to address threats stemming from traditional state actors such as nuclear
war and proliferation. Nonetheless, this regime still offers a useful base for nuclear
security to develop itself. Therefore, the thesis is an attempt to propose a more effective
framework for the international responses to the threat of nuclear terrorism which would
lead to more effective nuclear security with the guidance and inspiration of international
nuclear nonproliferation regime.
The issues related to the impact of international regimes on the development of interstate relations remain underexplored in the international relations theory. Despite the existence of theoretical works dedicated to the form and substance of this impact, the problem of its extent remains to be researched. The case of ocean governance regime in the Barents Sea between Russia and Norway is a good example of states from confronting blocs cooperating within the framework of one international regime. The principal method of this study is event analysis which enables us to trace the dynamics of relations between Russia and Norway. Another method is quantitative content analysis which gives an opportunity to determine the significance of the regime for the development of bilateral relations. The ocean governance regime in the Barents Sea, which emerged as a result of the Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation and Cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean, has had a positive impact on bilateral relations between Russia and Norway, but did not determine their development. The regime’s impact has manifested itself in three forms. Firstly, the establishment of clear rules of ocean governance has led to the emergence of cooperation in a number of areas related to the regime in question. Secondly, the quantity and intensity of crises has decreased, which has diminished the risk of an armed conflict in the region. Thirdly, the Treaty became a positive precedent, having demonstrated the states’ ability to reach agreements on complex issues. Nevertheless, the impact of the international regime on the bilateral relations’ dynamics has a secondary role compared to the structural factors of the international system. In case of Russia-Norway relations, the structural impact was mostly transmitted through the crises of 2014 and 2022 connected with Ukraine.
El presente trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario “La profesión contable: estado actual y tendencias futuras” desarrollado en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Estadística de la UNR bajo el Código ECO2019. De allí que se parte de considerar que la información es el objeto de la profesión contable, ya sea que la misma se genere internamente en la organización o aquella que surge de su interacción con el contexto. La información contable se vuelve cada vez más sofisticada y la utilización de la misma adquiere relevancia y significatividad en los negocios tanto locales como internacionales. Las preguntas sobre la evolución del marco normativo ético internacional y su vinculación con el concepto de regímenes internacionales, fueron las que motivaron la realización del presente trabajo. Para responderlas se fijaron los siguientes objetivos: en primer lugar, desarrollar el concepto de regímenes internacionales en un contexto globalizado, en segundo término, analizar el nuevo código de ética de la Federación Internacional de Contadores IFAC (por sus iniciales en inglés, International Federation Accountants), por último, buscar relaciones entre ambos análisis.
Iran's nuclear program has become an international issue after the emergence of the secret execution of a portion of its nuclear activities. Countries which were concerned about Iran’s nuclear program began to implement sanctions to discourage Iran's nuclear activities. Although Iran harmed by sanction resolutions, particularly in terms of economy, continued its nuclear activities. This thesis is trying to explain Iran’s motivations for maintaining its nuclear program. For this purpose, it has benefited from the theoretical approaches to explain the reasons for the proliferation of nuclear weapons in this thesis. Categorization that revealed by Scott Sagan(Three Models Approaches) is used; because applying all existing theoretical approaches to Iran’s nuclear program is beyond the scope of this study. The Security Model, Domestic Politics Model and Norms Model provide useful tools for the understanding of different dimensions of Iran’s nuclear activities because consideration of the Iran’s nuclear program only with the security aspect, leads to the assessment of this issue in a narrow scope. This thesis argues that Iran’s domestic political structure (scientific, political and military actors) and symbolic value of the nuclear technology in terms of the Iranians are significant motivating components for maintaining its nuclear program.
Key Words: Non-Proliferation Treaty(NPT), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Low-enriched Uranium (LEU) ,Highly-enriched Uranium (HEU), Additional Protocol, Non-Proliferation
For more than fifty years, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the wider nuclear nonproliferation regime have worked to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Analysts and pundits have often viewed the regime with skepticism, repeatedly warning that it is on the brink of collapse, and the NPT lacks many of the characteristics usually seen in effective international institutions. Nevertheless, the treaty continues to enjoy near-universal membership and high levels of compliance. This is the first book to explain why the nonproliferation regime has been so successful, bringing to bear declassified documents, new data on regime membership and weapons pursuit, and a variety of analytic approaches. It offers important new insights for scholars of nuclear proliferation and international security institutions, and for policymakers seeking to strengthen the nonproliferation regime and tighten international constraints on the spread of nuclear weapons.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art brings together the most influential contemporary writers in the fields of international law and international relations to take stock of what we know about the making, interpretation and enforcement of international law. The contributions to this volume critically explore what recent interdisciplinary work reveals about the design and workings of international institutions, the various roles played by international and domestic courts, and the factors that enhance compliance with international law. The volume also explores how interdisciplinary work has advanced theoretical understandings of the causes and consequences of the increased legalization of international affairs.
El concepto de anarquía es uno de los más importantes en la teoría de las Relaciones Internacionales. Por ello, se recurre a menudo a Thomas Hobbes para ilustrar el carácter y las consecuencias de la anarquía. El presente artículo se cuestiona acerca del aspecto teológico de la filosofía política de Hobbes en un intento de superar la mitología distorsionada que se ha creado entorno a las relaciones internacionales “hobbesianas”. De este modo, se avanza hacia un argumento positivo que presenta a Hobbes como un teórico de una sociedad interestatal que se forma y deforma al igual que Dios creó el universo. El concepto de anarquía que se atribuye a Hobbes se basa en una disputa teológica sobre la naturaleza de Dios y la magnitud de su poder, lo que supone una forma específica de constituir y comprender la realidad. Cuando se consideran las implicaciones de dicha disputa, se demuestra que la anarquía no es ni una característica objetiva de un mundo compuesto por estados independientes ni una condición lógica inevitable que sigue a la ausencia de una autoridad central. Más bien, la anarquía es un logro del pensamiento, que nace en un momento y lugar determinado y que busca un reflejo de sí mismo en el espejo de la eternidad.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on International Law and International Relations: The State of the Art brings together the most influential contemporary writers in the fields of international law and international relations to take stock of what we know about the making, interpretation and enforcement of international law. The contributions to this volume critically explore what recent interdisciplinary work reveals about the design and workings of international institutions, the various roles played by international and domestic courts, and the factors that enhance compliance with international law. The volume also explores how interdisciplinary work has advanced theoretical understandings of the causes and consequences of the increased legalization of international affairs.
This collection of innovative contributions to the study of legal pluralism in international and transnational law focuses on collisions and conflicts between an increasing number of institutional and legal orders, which can manifest themselves in contradictory decisions or mutual obstruction. It combines theoretical approaches from a variety of disciplines with theoretically informed case studies in order to further understanding of the phenomenon of regime collisions. By bringing together scholars of international law, legal philosophy, the social sciences and postcolonial studies from Latin America, the United States and Europe, the volume demonstrates that collisions between various institutional and legal orders affect different regions in different ways, and highlights some of their problematic consequences and identifies methods of addressing such collisions in a more productive manner.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
Experts are increasingly relied on in decision-making processes at international and European levels. Their involvement in those processes, however, is contested. This timely book on the role of 'experts' provides a broad-gauged analysis of the issues raised by their involvement in decision-making processes. The chapters explore three main recurring themes: the rationales for involving experts and ensuing legitimacy problems; the individual and collective dimensions of expert involvement in decision making; and experts and politics and the politics of expertise. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners, they theorize the experts' involvement in general and address their role in the policy areas of environment, trade, human rights, migration, financial regulation, and agencification in the European Union.
Experts are increasingly relied on in decision-making processes at international and European levels. Their involvement in those processes, however, is contested. This timely book on the role of 'experts' provides a broad-gauged analysis of the issues raised by their involvement in decision-making processes. The chapters explore three main recurring themes: the rationales for involving experts and ensuing legitimacy problems; the individual and collective dimensions of expert involvement in decision making; and experts and politics and the politics of expertise. With contributions from leading scholars and practitioners, they theorize the experts' involvement in general and address their role in the policy areas of environment, trade, human rights, migration, financial regulation, and agencification in the European Union.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.
This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law as the world emerges from the 2008 global financial crisis, the subsequent recession and the European sovereign debt crisis which began in early 2010. The post-crisis 'moment' itself forms a contemporary backdrop to the book's focus on fragmentation as it traces the evolution of the international economic system from the original Bretton Woods design in the aftermath of the Second World War to the present time. The volume covers issues concerning monetary cooperation, trade and finance, trade and its linkages, international investment law, intellectual property protection and climate change. By connecting a broad, cross-disciplinary survey of international economic law with contemporary debate over international norm and authority fragmentation, the book demonstrates that this has been essentially a fragmented and multi-focal system of international economic regulation.