No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Vision of Four Nations
Abstract
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has existed in name for over 70years. It is practiced in many countries and it is studied
in academia around the world. However, CSR is not a universally adopted concept as it is understood differentially despite
increasing pressures for its incorporation into business practices. This lack of a clear definition is complicated by the
use of ambiguous terms in the proffered definitions and disputes as to where corporate governance is best addressed by many
of the national bodies legislating, mandating, or recommending CSR. This article explores the definitions of CSR as published
on the Internet by governments in four countries (United Kingdom (UK), France, the United States, and Canada). We look for
a consensus of understanding in an attempt to propose a more universal framework to enhance international adoption and practice
of CSR using the triple bottom line. Our results concur with the findings of both national and international bodies and suggest
that both within and among the countries in our study there exists no clear definition of the concept of CSR. While there
are some similarities, there are substantial differences that must be addressed. We present a number of proposals for a more
universal framework to define CSR.
Keywordscorporate social responsibility–definition–United Kingdom–France–United States–Canada
... Over the past 70 years, researchers have conceptualized corporate social responsibility (csr) using various paradigms and frameworks (carroll, 2021;Freeman & hasnaoui, 2011;Wagner-tsukamoto, 2019). csr has been described using terms like social responsibility (Bowen, 1953), corporate sustainability (confetto & covucci, 2021), corporate citizenship (rendtorff, 2020), and corporate social performance (cassely et al., 2021). ...
... the theory asserts that companies will thrive in the long run if they serve their stakeholders' interests unselfishly, creating value by fulfilling their requirements in a mutually beneficial manner (Freeman & David, 1983;Freeman & hasnaoui, 2011). stakeholder theory also serves as a framework for alternative theories addressing different matters related to a company's relationships with stakeholders (Dmytriyev et al., 2021). ...
... this study adopts an integrative framework encompassing stakeholder theory (Freeman & hasnaoui, 2011), social identity theory (tajfel & turner, 1985), and social exchange theory ( (Bagozzi, 1995). this theoretical amalgamation is crucial for a rigorous examination of the factors influencing customer retention and brand equity in the airline industry, particularly in the context of service failures. ...
The study aims to investigate how corporate social responsibility (CSR), service recovery effort, severity of service failure, and ethnocentrism affect service recovery satisfaction and airline brand equity among Malaysia Airlines passengers. Additionally, it explores how ethnocentrism moderates these effects. Using an airport intercept survey, the researchers surveyed 308 passengers from state-owned Malaysia Airlines who had experienced service failure and recovery. They then analyzed the data with PLS-SEM. The results showed that CSR and service recovery efforts significantly influenced service recovery satisfaction. Additionally, CSR, service recovery satisfaction and customer ethnocentrism significantly affected airline brand equity. Service failure severity does not significantly influence service recovery satisfaction, and customer ethnocentrism does not moderate the relationship between service failure severity and service recovery satisfaction. The empirical insights provide valuable information for policymakers and managers in the airline sector of developing countries, especially those managing state-owned airlines. The study clarifies the complexities of the relationship between service recovery efforts and brand equity and fills a gap in the literature by demonstrating the negative consequences of inadequately addressed service failures during service recovery efforts.
... According to Zhang and Ma (2021), sustainability reporting does not have a direct relationship with financial performance, but this relationship might be built via intermediary processes. To illustrate a link between corporate reputation and financial success, Freeman and Hasnaoui (2010) propose that external reputation develops first, followed by financial performance. When a firm demonstrates social responsibility, it seems authentic in the eyes of the public, and their impressions of the business improve (Bahta et al. 2020). ...
... According to Freeman and Hasnaoui (2010), financial performance is a result of corporate reputation. Saeidi et al. (2015) emphasised the importance of positive stakeholder relationships in enhancing corporate reputation, which in turn can improve financial performance. ...
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of sustainability reporting toward corporate reputation and the consequences in terms of financial performance in the sensitive and non-sensitive industry, grounded by the stakeholder theory. In addition, we intent to understand the moderating role of third-party assurance toward Sustainability Reporting and corporate reputation. A sample size of 200 enterprises in Malaysia was chosen using proportionate stratified random sampling to encompass each stratum of sensitive and non-sensitive sectors, and the data were analysed using partial least squares technique. The results confirmed that sustainability reporting has a positive effect on financial performance. However, this association is stronger in non-sensitive industries. Sustainability reporting has a significant impact on corporate reputation. Financial performance also can be predicted by corporate reputation in both sensitive and non-sensitive industries. The results also indicated that third-party assurance positively moderates the relationship between sustainability reporting and corporate reputation in both sensitivity and non-sensitivity industries. The results provided evidence of indirect effects of sustainability reporting on financial performance, mediated by corporate reputation. Current research is among the first attempts to compare the role of sustainability reporting, corporate reputation, third-party assurance, and financial performance in sensitive and non-sensitive industries.
... In his view, corporate social responsibility activities have provided much progress, and consequently have helped to build a peaceful and cordial relationship between the corporation and their surrounding communities. Freeman & Hasnaoui (2011) also argue that corporations which strategically invest in corporate social deve lopment activities are likely to achieve their corporate goals ...
... Arguments for and against corporate social responsibility than those that fail to be socially responsible. As noted by Freeman & Hasnaoui (2011), these social activities represent the corporation's continuing commitments to improve the quality of life of its workforce, family members, the local community and the society as a whole. ...
... The concept of CSR is a doctrine derived from the philosophy of capitalism practiced by controlling companies, and the ideology was introduced to the rest of the world (Tuan, 2012;Burga et al., 2017). This approach focuses heavily on individualism, so there is a need to deconstruct the new CSR concept by the country's vision and basic values (Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011). ...
... Modern accounting emerged during the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution, where rationality was highly emphasized. The reporting needs for industrial purposes led to the emergence of concepts and standards in accounting (Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011) Legitimizing CSR Practices through Social Reporting CSR literature has grown rapidly since the 1960s, focusing on the true meaning of CSR and its importance for businesses and society (Ansong, 2017). CSR implies a public attitude towards economic and human resources, how society perceives the use of these resources for broader social purposes, not just for personal and corporate interests. ...
The study aims to capture the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) from the perspectives of Lyotard and Huyula culture. CSR practices serve as a grand narrative used to obtain legitimacy for corporate practices and to mitigate negative impacts. This research adopts a qualitative approach within the framework of Postmodernism. The HUYULA culture is employed to dissect the reality of CSR. The findings of the study reveal that (1) the grand narrative in CSR practices is evident in CSR disclosures that primarily focus on fulfilling CSR item requirements according to GRI guidelines, without considering the actual facts and practices within the company. Moral values are disregarded when cases of environmental exploitation and human exploitation occur. CSR disclosures can serve as a tool for legitimizing the actions of corporate elites in serving their own interests. (2) CSR disclosures that accommodate Indonesian culture and noble values can liberate CSR disclosures from the grand narrative. The values of the Huyula culture can be integrated into CSR practices, making CSR implementation and disclosure tangible expressions of corporate care for stakeholders through a culture of mutual assistance. These values can foster the company's love for its stakeholders. Thus, CSR activities and disclosures go beyond being mere grand narratives. They become acts of corporate compassion towards fellow human beings through local wisdom values. This research provides broad insights and implies that cultural values can serve as the foundation for implementing CSR practices
... Even among similar countries, differences in CSR image have been noted. For example, Freeman and Hasnaoui (2011) explore CSR practices, definitions and conceptualizations in four Western nations (Canada, France, the United Kingdom and the United States) and discover that CSR is viewed and conceptualized differently in each country. Kim, Amaeshi, Harris and Suh (2013) argue that South Korean CSR practices are distinct from those in the US and UK. ...
New energy vehicle enterprises have developed rapidly and their buildings of CSR images are in the spotlight. Tesla Incorporation (Tesla) in the United States and BYD Company Limited (BYD) in China are the top two worldwide electric car sellers, and their image constructions have attracted much attention. This paper adopts the corpus-based critical discourse analysis research method to analyse these two giant enterprises’ Corporate Social Responsibility Reports (CSR Reports) from 2018 to 2021 to examine how they construct their CSR images through the use of different linguistic features. It also discusses the influencing factors underlying them. This study finds that due to the differences in culture, tradition, and economy. BYD has created a pragmatic, innovative, management-oriented, law-abiding, people-centred, environmentally friendly and national-belonging CSR image, while Tesla has created an international CSR image that is confident, strong, powerful, product-oriented and highly skilled. It is hoped that this study may deepen the understanding of new energy vehicles' CSR images and offer some CSR image-building advice for other companies.
... Stewardship theorists argue that CEO duality positively impacts firm performance by enhancing decision-making efficiency, communication, and organizational flexibility. This viewpoint suggests that combining the roles of CEO and board chair can maximize shareholder interests and improve company productivity Freeman & Hasnaoui, (2011);Abbas et al., (2019). Studies show that firms with entrepreneurial networks, innovation, and knowledge sharing can boost sales and profitability Hussain et al., (2019Hussain et al., ( , 2021. ...
The purpose of this papaer is to study the impact of CEO characteristics and board of directors' traits on corporate financial performance. The study sample covers 366 U.S. companies listed on the S&P 500 over the period 2005-2022. Specifically, we explore two CEO attributes: CEO compensation and CEO duality. As for the board of directors' characteristics, we focus on board independence, gender diversity, directors' specialized expertise, the frequency of board meetings, and the existence of a CSR committee. The results show that some governance practices including the dual role of management, gender diversity on the board, and the presence of a CSR committee, can enhance financial performance. Conversely, elements such us board independence and high CEO compensation negatively affect performance. Additionally, some factors for example board meeting frequency and the importance of specific skills on the board are not significant. Internal governance is essential to corporate governance, encompassing the mechanisms and practices that ensure effective and responsible management. Its main objective is to improve financial performance by ensuring informed strategic decisions and establishing appropriate controls. The relationship between internal governance and financial performance is a subject of major interest to researchers and practitioners alike. It is generally accepted that strong internal governance mechanisms promote sustainable and optimal performance, although this relationship is complex and influenced by a variety of factors specific to each organization. Key internal governance mechanisms include board structure, risk management practices, internal control systems and executive compensation policies. A well-constituted board, made up of independent and competent members, is crucial for effective oversight and can have a positive impact on financial performance. Similarly, robust internal control systems ensure the integrity of financial information and reinforce investor confidence. Numerous studies have attempted to evaluate this complex relationship, highlighting the importance of internal governance mechanisms in promoting sustainable and optimal financial performance. For example, Shleifer and Vishny (1997) defined corporate governance as a set of mechanisms that allows capital providers to ensure shareholder profitability. This definition underscores the essential role of governance in creating value for stakeholders. A central aspect of this relationship is the structure of the board of directors, which directly influences strategic decisions and the oversight of management. According to a study by Yekini et al. (2015), a board composed of independent and competent members fosters better information disclosure, thereby improving firm performance. Similarly, research conducted by Rosenstein and Wyatt (1990) demonstrated that the presence of independent directors positively impacts financial performance and stock market valuation. Furthermore, internal control systems play a critical role in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of financial information. Studies such as those by Beasley (1996) have revealed that robust internal control systems reduce the risk of fraud and errors, thereby strengthening investor confidence and contributing to better financial performance. Executive compensation policies also represent a key aspect of internal governance. According to Jensen and Murphy (1990), compensation systems aligned with performance criteria can incentivize executives to make sound strategic decisions, leading to improved firm performance. Soumaya Abbassi & Siwar Ellouz 102 The issue of this research revolves around the relationship between financial performance and corporate governance, posing the following central question: how do governance practices influence the financial performance of companies? The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of internal governance mechanisms on this performance. To structure this work, the second section provides a literature review and hypotheses development highlighting the influence of the characteristics of leaders, such as compensation and CEO duality, as well as that of the board of directors, taking into account factors such as independence, diversity, specific competencies, meeting frequency, and the CSR committee. The third section presents the adopted methodology, the fourth section is dedicated to the analysis and discussion of the data, and finally, the fifth section concludes the study by summarizing the main findings. 2-Literature review and hypotheses development
... Within the CSR framework, companies can voluntarily undertake actions for the betterment of the environment and the community. This study implies that managers, within their roles, are responsible for achieving financial objectives and nonfinancial goals that aim to strike a balance in meeting stakeholder expectations (Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011;McWilliams & Siegel, 2001). As a result, stakeholders increasingly consider social and environmental objectives as part of the responsibilities of company boards (E-Vahdati & Binesh, 2022). ...
Our study examines the relationship between the management board compensation and corporate philanthropy in financial institutions. By analyzing a sample of 240 cooperative banks over six years, the research investigates the impact of management board compensation on the level and extent of corporate philanthropy these institutions undertake. To estimate the models, we used the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The findings demonstrate that the bank’s management board’s compensation significantly influences the size and scope of corporate philanthropy. Moreover, the study reveals that financial institutions consider their financial situation when formulating strategies for implementing corporate philanthropy. Notably, the analysis highlights that the increase in variable components of management board compensation has a more pronounced effect on corporate philanthropy’s volume and range than fixed compensation. These results shed light on aligning management board compensation with social responsibility objectives in financial institutions. By understanding the influence of compensation structures on corporate philanthropy, organizations can take conscious decisions to enhance their social impact while considering their financial performance. This study contributes to the growing literature on corporate social responsibility and provides valuable insights for practitioners, regulators, and stakeholders in the financial industry.
... It is defined as a firm's activities with respect to perceived societal or stakeholder obligations (Brown and Dacin, 1997). CSR emphasizes economic benefits and activities that are beneficial to society (Freeman and Hasnaoui, 2011). It is also defined as the voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns into business activities and their interactions with stakeholders (European Commission, 2001). ...
Purpose
This study examines the impact of external corporate factors (external auditors, insured satisfaction and corporate social responsibility) on the performance (ROA, ROE, ROI) of takaful providers of distinguishable Muamalah contracts (wakalah and Hybrid).
Design/methodology/approach
The full sample includes 30 Takaful insurance companies listed in Southeast Asia (SEA) and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the period 2011–2021. We use the FGLS method for data analysis.
Findings
Our results reveal that Takaful insurance, which holds one of the Big Four with qualified Shariah members as external auditors, leads to improved performance (ROA, ROE and ROI). In addition, our findings show that Takaful insurance should be concerned with insured satisfaction to determine its success and generate higher performance for both the wakalah and hybrid contracts (ROA, ROE and ROI). Furthermore, Corporate Social Responsibility is considered a source of efficiency that enhances Takaful’s performance for the two types of wakalah and hybrid models (ROA, ROE and ROI).
Practical implications
Some suggestions may be useful for Takaful insurance regulatory authorities to intensify CSR activities, hold one of the Big Four as an external auditor and realize insured satisfaction.
Originality/value
This study highlights that it is beneficial for policymakers, insurers and investors to explore external factors that influence financial performance (return on assets, ROA; return on equity, ROE; return on investment,) in the Takaful insurance market, which uses wakalah and hybrid contracts.
... Researchers in a broad variety of fields have proven that there is a link between the amount of a firm's corporate social responsibility (also known as CSR) and the level of financial performance that the company achieves (Freeman, & Hasnaoui, 2011). Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate whether or not there is a connection between the achievements of a company and its corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts, and those studies have come to one of three conclusions: there is either a positive, a negative, or no relationship between the two. ...
The primary purpose of this research is to acquire a profound comprehension of the impacts of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on the operations of firms and on society as a whole, with Pakistan serving as the focal point of the research. This study's objective is to determine whether or not there is a moderating effect of CEO power on the relationships that exist between CSR, ownership concentration, and efficient business practices. In-depth research has been conducted on fifty different non-financial enterprises in Pakistan to see how well they performed before, during, and after the Covid-19 Pandemic. On the data that has been gathered, descriptive statistics and regression analysis have been carried out with the assistance of SPSS. The research found that in the middle of the Covid-19 outbreak in Pakistan, the degree of authority held by CEOs had a major impact on the dynamics of the economy. The authority of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) has a significant impact on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the performance of an organization. Even in a developing country like Pakistan, the present study highlights the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the positive influence it may have on the bottom line of a firm. The purpose of this study is to investigate the beneficial benefits that corporate social responsibility (CSR) has on society, with a particular emphasis on emerging countries such as Pakistan. This research serves as a useful guide by emphasising how important CSR is for linking together the success of businesses and the well-being of the society in which they operate.
... There is growing concern for corporate social responsibility (CSR) as part of corporate ethics and sustainability (Freeman and Hasnaoui, 2011), including ethics-driven practices, stakeholder obligations, and social obligations (Maignan and Ferrell, 2004). Indeed, CSR influences purchase intention, satisfaction, and loyalty, particularly when industrial purchasers begin to see CSR value while making purchase decisions (Youssef et al., 2018). ...
... To address the call of Fatima and El Banna (2023), drawing on stakeholder theory (Freeman, 1984), this research paper explores the CSR practices adopted by local United Arab Emirates (UAE) companies in comparison to the rest of the world's companies that have a presence in the UAE too. Past studies have reported that contextual and institutional differences exist across countries (Freeman and Hasnaoui, 2011;Thorne et al., 2017), which may reflect in their CSR practices as well. Studies that may compare and test how cross-border firms affect CSR strategies across geographic boundaries are minimal in number (Sun and Xu, 2023). ...
This research paper explores and compares the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategies of the top 25 companies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and those of the top companies globally having a presence in the UAE market too, using lists sourced from Forbes Magazine. Utilizing the Stakeholder theory, the focus is to understand any potential differences in the CSR practices between these two groups. To achieve this, the study downloads and analyzes annual CSR reports from the websites of these 50 companies, employing content analysis methodology. The analysis was facilitated by two researchers who identified common themes and areas of focus. All the themes were classified into three central factors using SPSS software: Environment, Social, and Governance. The study found several similarities and a few crucial differences in CSR practices between UAE and worldwide companies. Among the distinguishing features were UAE companies' heightened emphasis on charity and philanthropy, a considerable level of government involvement, and a notable absence of a comprehensive reporting framework. The study further unveils valuable insights and best practices that can be adopted by each group, thereby offering practical and theoretical implications for multinational corporations and policymaking. By shedding light on the distinct CSR landscape in the UAE, this paper is a useful resource for companies looking to understand or operate within this region.
... It is defined as a firm's activities with respect to perceived societal or stakeholder obligations (Brown and Dacin 1997). CSR emphasizes economic benefits and activities that are beneficial for society (Freeman and Hasnaoui 2011). It is also defined as the voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns in business activities and their interactions with stakeholders (European Commission 2001). ...
This study aims to investigate the impact of Shariah board characteristics (Shariah board size, cross-membership, qualification, and reputation) on the performance of takaful insurance providers of distinguishable Muamalah contracts (wakalah and mixt), mediated by corporate social responsibility. Our sample covers 30 Takaful insurances divided into two subsamples: 18 insurance wakalah contracts offered in Southeast Asia (SEA) and 12 insurance mixte contracts offered in GCC over the period 2010–2020. We used the PLSPM method for data analysis. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities contribute to the success of takaful insurance. In fact, CSR has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between Shariah board size, qualification, and Takaful performance based on SEA countries and GCC. Furthermore, CSR has a full mediating effect on the relationship between cross-membership and takaful performance in SEA countries and a partial mediating effect on the relationship between cross-membership and takaful performance in GCC countries. Moreover, CSR has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between reputation and Takaful performance in both SEA and GCC countries. This study highlights that CSR is a source of efficiency that enhances Takaful’s performance. Regulators should appreciate this procedure for the formulation of suitable and useful ways to efficiently supervise the operations of Takaful insurance.
... Over the last decades, the concept of CSR has evolved (Anjum, 2016), resulting in the emergence of different definitions (Dahlsrud, 2008) although none has been universally accepted (Garriga & Melé, 2004;Secchi, 2007;Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011;Zicari, 2014;Anjum, 2016;Asrar-ul-Haq, Kuchinke & Iqbal, 2017). Since companies have their own stakeholders and operate in a particular social context, as a result, they need to respect obligations towards their stakeholders, which can include CSR-related activities considered. ...
This study aims to identify CSR dimensions which affect restaurants' brand image and customers' brand attitudes and assess the impact of these two mediating variables impact on cus-tomers' purchase intentions. The study is based on information from 417 questionnaires distributed among restaurant customers in Tehran. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the conceptual model and results reveal that economic CSR is inversely correlated with brand image and brand attitude, although this relationship is not significant. This means that if customers feel that restaurants pay too much attention to profitability, they may have a negative attitude towards these restaurants. Other CSR dimensions (legal, ethical, philanthropic and environmental) were found to have a positive effect on brand image and customers' brand attitudes, both of which make them more likely to use their services. Therefore, restaurant owners should be aware of different implications of CSR activities and choose those that are likely to improve restaurants' brand image and be positively perceived by customers.
... It is therefore necessary for the company to use corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to enhance its performance [1,2]. According to [3], CSR is perceived as a multidimensional concept. It constitutes a set of economic, Contrary to the socialist view and based on the principle of shareholder wealth maximization, proponents of the agency theory have challenged the idea that engagement in CSR activities improves CFP [9,10]. ...
This paper is interested in examining the impact of corporate social responsibility and governance on corporate financial performance. We selected a panel of 141 worldwide hospitality and tourism firms spanning the period 2012–2018 to assess the effects (direct and indirect) of corporate social responsibility and governance on corporate financial performance (measured in terms of return on assets, return on equity and Tobin’s Q). Although a few studies examine the moderating effect of certain factors, our study fills this gap by examining the moderating effect of governance practices (governance structure and institutional quality) on the nonlinear relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. The results of the system generalized method of moments suggest the existence of a nonlinear, U-shaped relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance (return on equity and Tobin’s Q). This nonlinearity is confirmed for corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance (measured by return on assets). However, this relationship is inverted-U-shaped. Furthermore, our results also show that lagged corporate social responsibility, governance practices, firm-specific variables and macroeconomic variables affect current corporate financial performance. The predictions of stakeholders and agency theories are validated. Given our results, it is recommended that policy makers trade off the benefits and costs of corporate social responsibility and take appropriate financial strategies, thus enabling value creation for their companies.
... In recent decades, the concept of CSR has evolved [48] and different definitions of this concept have been presented over the years [49], but in general, CSR does not have a universal definition [48,[50][51][52]. Refs. ...
Abstract: This study explores how the dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as defined by Carroll, along with environmental responsibility, impact business model innovation (BMI), competitive advantage, and firm performance in small- and medium-sized enterprises in Iran. This paper proposes a theoretical framework, based on past studies. Afterward, structural equation modeling was used to test the conceptual model. The data of this research were collected face-to-face, and 483 valid questionnaires were collected from small- and medium-sized businesses in Iran. The results show that all dimensions of CSR (except philanthropic) directly and significantly affect Business Model Innovation. Furthermore, the competitive advantage is significantly impacted by the economic, legal, and ethical aspects of CSR. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that both BMI and competitive advantage play a direct and substantial role in influencing a company’s performance. This study represents one of the initial investigations to specifically analyze how each facet of corporate social responsibility influences Business Model Innovation and competitive advantage. It is worth noting that a new dimension, environmental responsibility, was incorporated into Carroll’s original model due to the growing significance of environmental concerns. This paper gives managers a better insight into CSR and its effects on company performance. In addition, it shows managers which aspects of CSR can have an impact on BMI and competitive advantage.
... The popularity of the term CSR has grown significantly in recent decades (Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011), becoming a broad concept that encompasses various subconcepts, such as corporate sustainability, stakeholder theory, corporate citizenship, etc.(Lin-Hi & Muller, 2013). From a historical perspective on the development of the specialized literature, it can be summarized that the enterprises, beyond the monetary or philanthropic participations, have the obligation to bring benefits to the society, taking into account its needs. ...
... The broad construction of CSR in the literature and its emphasis on voluntary approaches have resulted in vague and indeterminate scope for real action (Dahlsrud, 2008;Okoye, 2009;Kolk, 2010;Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011;Dentchev et al., 2015;Hamidu et al., 2015;Chauvey et al., 2015;Okoye, 2016;Barnett et al., 2019;Tamvada, 2020). This has led to considerable leeway Page 11 of 15 Tamvada Int J Corporate Soc Responsibility (2023) 8:9 and discretion in the discharge of social obligations by companies (Okoye, 2016;Barnett et al., 2019;Tamvada, 2020). ...
While an emerging literature considers Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as obligatory, voluntarism has dominated the scholarship and policymaking related to CSR. Almost parallel to this literature, the field of law has conceived and advanced the concept of Business and Human Rights (BHR) for addressing the human rights impacts of corporations. A new wave in the literature is exploring the relationship between these two disparate fields to bridge the corporate accountability gap. Contributing to this emerging debate, this paper develops a new CSR-BHR integrated framework that presents a unified approach towards corporate accountability. The new Framework offers a taxonomy of CSR-BHR strategies that firms can select from to prioritise their CSR-BHR activities for optimising their social contributions. It provides a new foundation for developing consistent policymaking on corporates’ social obligations across the world.
... It is worth noting that the practice of CSR in the real world of business depends on how the term is understood (Freeman and Hasnaoui, 2011). Hence, a thorough and updated knowledge regarding the managerial understanding of CSR is a precondition for understanding current CSR practices and it provides implications for future research, policy and practice. ...
Purpose
Considering the ongoing debate regarding the roles of business in society, this paper aims to examine the managerial understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Nepal.
Design/methodology/approach
This study uses explanatory sequential design under mixed methods of research. First, the questionnaire survey method was used to collect data from 168 managers of listed companies in Nepal. Second, semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 senior-level managers of listed companies to verify the results obtained from the survey and to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena.
Findings
The survey results show that managerial understanding of CSR is mainly guided by the notions of corporate philanthropy, stakeholder approach and political CSR, respectively. However, the managerial understanding vis-à-vis political CSR and corporate philanthropy were found to be remarkably positively influenced by the firm’s size, whereas the stakeholder perspective was widely held by the managers regardless of their firm’s size. The interview results largely substantiated questionnaire survey findings and further revealed vivid dimensions within the philanthropic approach, stakeholder approach and political CSR.
Practical implications
Given the recent legal provisions vis-à-vis mandatory CSR spending in Nepal, the policymakers may devise and update common core and firm-size-specific informational, fiscal-economic, legal and partnering instruments based on the findings of this study. Besides, companies may go for appropriate institutional arrangements for CSR as needed.
Originality/value
The reaffirmation of conventionally accepted roles and the approval of relatively nascent political roles of business in a distinct socio–political–legal–economic context of Nepal can be an important contribution to the literature.
... Thus, we believe that it is worth examining U.S. firms with CSR reports to address CEO-TMT motivations and myopic management onto CSR. However, we acknowledge that there are national institutional differences among countries, as documented in the literature (e.g., Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011;Matten & Moon, 2008). ...
We apply the approach/inhibition theory of power and tournament theory to explain how power disparities between a CEO and a top management team (TMT) lead to myopic management in a firm that, in turn, influences its corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. Specifically, we analyze panel data from multiple sources (i.e., KLD, ExecuComp, and Compustat) over a 12-year period and find that CEO-TMT power disparity, measured by pay slice, is positively associated with myopic management that, in turn, leads to a reduction in CSR performance. Furthermore, we decompose total power disparities into short-(e.g., salary and bonus) and long-term (e.g., stock option) power disparities. Our results suggest that CEOs receiving relatively greater short-term compensation than that of TMTs are more likely to engage in myopic management, leading to their firm's reduced CSR practices. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this study.
... The very concept of CSR is difficult to define unambiguously due to the complexity of the subject matter or different perceptions -by those defining it -of the focus, significance or importance of the key issues covered by the concept (Mazur-Wierzbicka, 2012; El Akremi et al., 2018), but also due to its continuous development and a differently perceived scope of corporate responsibility (see more in Dahlsrud, 2008;Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011;Rok, 2013). In the most general terms, it is assumed that it is the company that is responsible for its impact on society (EC Communication, 2012). ...
... But it was only in 1953 that the concept of CSR began to be explored by scholars through the seminal book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman by Howard R. Bowen. In this book, Bowen referred to the duties that businessman needed to pursue in terms of policies, decisions, and desirable line of actions aiming at meeting the goals and values of society (cited in Freeman & Hasnaoui, 2011). 7 These recommendations continue to be updated considering the distortions that the current business environment usually causes on our lives. ...
The article explores the linkage among management, spirituality, religion, the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR)/corporate citizenship (CC), and their connections specifically with the tenets of the Spiritism Doctrine (SD). Overall, findings showed that, in theoretical terms, an ample convergence was found among the concepts of CSR, CC, and SD. More specifically, the concepts of CSR and CC describe the new duties and obligations, which make the manager's work more complex and challenging, while the SD clarifies the moral implications of decision making process, as well as suggesting some spiritually-based organizational policies that might be put into practice. Resumo O artigo explora a ligação entre gestão, espiritualidade, religião, os conceitos de responsabilidade social corporativa (RSC)/cidadania empresarial (CE) e suas conexões especificamente com os dogmas da Doutrina Espírita (DE). No geral, os resultados mostraram que, em termos teóricos, foram encontradas ampla convergência entre os conceitos de RSC, CE e DE. Ou seja, enquanto os conceitos de RSC e CE descrevem os novos deveres e obrigações, que tornam o trabalho do gestor mais complexo e desafiador, a DE esclarece as implicações morais do processo de tomada de decisão, além de sugerir algumas políticas organizacionais espiritualizadas que podem ser colocadas em prática. Palavras-chave: Cidadania Empresarial. Responsabilidade Social Corporativa. Aprendizagem. Moral. Doutrina Espírita. Desenvolvimento Espiritual.
En los últimos años, la incorporación de diversos estudios que inciden en la transformación y desarrollo de las instituciones y de las naciones, han crecido inmensurablemente contribuyendo en amplios sectores de lo público, privado y social; uno de esos aspectos acuñados como neologismos, es sin duda, la innovación social, que si bien, es cierto, tiene antecedentes ancestrales en determinadas dimensiones y zonas geográficas, ha cobrado mayor relevancia a finales del siglo XX (Puelles y Ezponda, 2016), es por ello, que este libro presenta una revisión literaria en aspectos que agrupan y justifican el trabajo de investigación del proyecto Análisis de generación de innovación social en empresas socialmente responsables en el estado de Tamaulipas, cuya finalidad es aportar los conceptos básicos del objeto de estudio y proponer nuevas perspectivas desde el enfoque de la gestión de la innovación social en el ámbito empresarial, en donde el resultado, es en sí mismo, un diagnóstico situacional de la entidad y un texto de consulta para futuras investigaciones.
A pesar de las diversas características del objeto de estudio, los planteamientos son analizados por sus multifacéticos enfoques, manifestaciones, contextos y perspectivas, por lo que la propuesta textual se nutre de tendencias actuales y profundas reflexiones documentales que concluyen con el diseño de una propuesta teórica - metodológica - práctica que permitirá nuevas experiencias de investigación de este fenómeno.
La estructura del libro se dividió en cinco capítulos que abordan la innovación social desde los aspectos conceptuales más básicos, su origen, desarrollo y la articulación con factores interrelacionados con el tema como gestión de la comunicación medio ambiental y la responsabilidad social empresarial, dotando de pertinencia la propuesta de este proyecto documental y empírico como el punto de partida para profundizar en nuevas líneas de investigación que conlleven a generar un diagnóstico, no solo de lo cuantificable, sino del cómo generar innovación social en las empresas socialmente responsables en Tamaulipas, esto permitirá trazar el ranking por giro empresarial con aportaciones sustantivas para entrar al proceso de medir y evaluar los resultados en diversas esferas y campos.
This chapter focuses on how CSR would enable the realization of SDGs set by the United Nations in Asia. The chapter looks at how businesses across the region are harnessing CSR to contribute to thematic areas such as poverty alleviation, education, gender equality, and action on climate. Building from appropriate case studies from various Asian countries, the chapter would depict various CSR strategies and their coincidence with the SDGs, whether an opportunity or challenge. It also explores how these initiatives are effective, taking into consideration cultural, economic, and regulatory contexts within regions. The chapter goes through an analysis of the successes but also the limitations of CSR in Asia as a steppingstone to argue for the need to find more integrated, collaborative, and innovative approaches if the SDGs are to be realized. This puts very strong emphasis on the need for further commitment by business if sustainable development in the region is to be driven forward effectively.
India has witnessed steady and rapid economic growth in the past few decades, thanks to globalization, liberalization, and privatization policies. The deregulation of the Indian economy at the beginning of the 1990s paved the way for robust market competition and a dramatic change in business goals from maximum profitability to sustainability and the wellbeing of stakeholders. In the light of the present circumstances, a bill was presented and passed by the Indian parliament, which mandated all profit-making corporate companies to spend a designated amount of money on activities related to corporate social responsibility. Concerning this, the Companies Act, 2013 formulated section 135, this deals with the concept of CSR. In 2013, this mandate was introduced to the general public after the president's assent on 29th August 2013. The provisions of this section are applicable only to those companies whose annual turnover is more than a thousand crores or whose net worth is five hundred crores, or net profit is more than five crores or more. Although these rules were framed and enacted in the year 2013 itself, it was made applicable to corporate giants from the financial year of 2014-2015. The article also attempts to provide an historical overview of the development of CSR mandate; it also identifies various issues and challenges faced during the implementation CSR activities in India. Finally, the article concludes by establishing a new paradigm with respect to sustainable development and it’s interlink age with CSR and makes practical solutions to implement this mandate which if followed may serve as a model for other nations confronting comparable issues within multicultural and multiethnic societies.
This work examines the implementation by commercial enterprises and organizations of the concept of sustainable development, which is so relevant at present, with the help of such innovative financial instruments as “green” financing and social investment; the possibility and effectiveness of their use in the practice of managing a commercial organization is substantiated. The purpose of the presented research is to determine the possibility and economic feasibility of using such financial instruments as “green” finance and social investment in the practice of managing a commercial organization. The object of the study is the EFKO group of companies (RF, Belgorod region) – one of the largest food companies in the Russian Federation, the subject is “green” finance and social investments as innovative financial instruments that ensure the sustainable development of a commercial organization and an indicator of its effective management. According to the results of the study, it was established that for 30 years the company under study has been carrying out effective commercial activities, while carrying out active social investment, the object of which is both the internal environment of the organization (personnel, internal infrastructure, etc.) and the external environment (active environmental management, development territories, charity, etc.), ensuring the implementation of the concept of sustainable development. At the same time, it has been established that against the backdrop of an increase in the volume of investments for the implementation of social goals and objectives, there is a positive trend in the main indicators of economic activity and basic financial indicators. The forecast of the main performance indicators of the Group of Companies also allows us to draw a conclusion about the feasibility of implementing social investment, in general, and “green” financing, in particular, since against the backdrop of growing investments in their implementation, the forecast is positive. Undoubtedly, the practice of “green” financing and social investment is a tool for creating and maintaining a positive image and business reputation of the company, which is confirmed by the high results of an independent rating assessment, which has a positive effect on the investment attractiveness of the company and its competitiveness, and allows for a permanent increase in operational efficiency.
This article is completed from research at enterprises operating in the field of plant protection products in the Mekong Delta - Vietnam, the purpose of the research is to examine the impact of corporate social responsibility awareness (PCSR) on employee performance (EWR), perceived task orientation (IRTP), organizational citizenship behavior at the individual level (OCB-I) and the organizational level (OCB-O), through the mediating role of organizational trust (OT), the moderating role of organizational reputation (OR). Through pilot testing of 100 samples and official quantitative survey of 385 samples to test Cronbach's Alpha coefficients, EFA, CFA and SEM structural model using SPSS, AMOS Version 4.2. The results show that: PCSR has a positive impact on EWR with OT as the intermediary. There is a moderating effect of OR on the relationship between PCSR and OT. The obtained coefficient values answered the hypotheses H1; H2a; H2b; H2c; H3; H4; H5; H6 respectively 0.687; 0.374; 0.606; 0.602; 0.229; 0.153; 0.159; 0.185. The results of the research model help business managers have more insight into the impact of corporate social responsibility awareness with the mediating role of organizational trust on employee work performance. Thereby, helping business leaders make appropriate adjustments to meet the desired goals of the business. The research is still limited in space and sample size.
This paper examines the impact of new media information technology on food security. It specifically determines the extent to which new media technologies such as Instagram, Twitter/X, LinkedIn, WhatsApp, and many more, are agents of development and underdevelopment in food security in Africa. Drawing on systematic qualitative method, thus study assesses how new media technologies have posed positive and negative threats to food security in Africa. The findings showed that while new media technologies have aided food productivity, availability, and accessibility, the same cannot be said about food quality and utilization. The findings indicated that technology has enabled farmers to detect, adapt, and navigate dangerous climate change. However, it showed that the same new media technologies, through advertisement have been used to make huge profits at the expense of the good health of consumers, who are deceptively forced to consume unhealthy food produced through the means of Genetic Modified Organisms (GMOs). The paper recommends more organic food production through the use of new media technologies with more humane initiatives in Africa. It also recommends that food standardization and regulation agencies in African countries should create nationwide awareness, through new media technologies against the consumption of GMO foods that could impair their general well-being. This paper contributes and deepens knowledge on how farmers can detect and adapt to climate change for food security, using digitalized new media technologies in Africa. Keywords: Food security, Africa, New media, CSR, Agenda setting, Agroecology
Objectives: In an attempt to enrich and de-Westernize the CSR literature in Kuwait and uncover the external factors that are related to corporate social responsibility [CSR], this research investigates the institutional factors influencing CSR in Islamic and conventional banks and telecommunications companies in Kuwait. Method: Utilizing institutional theory and in-depth interviews with 12 corporate communications practitioners, the study found varying albeit minimal contributions of institutional factors to the CSR practices of organizations. Results: Islam did not exert a direct influence on CSR in Kuwait, a majority Muslim country, but was found to be a framework within which organizations operate. Industry sectors, peer pressure, the media, NGOs, and the local community along with social media were also insignificant institutional factors. The environment was the only institutional factor that was found to exert influence on CSR, but its impact was marginal. Increasing levels of global environmental awareness, rather than country-specific factors, made Kuwaiti corporations pay attention to the environment. Conclusion: The implications of the findings suggest the need for government intervention to encourage the private sector to align its CSR practices with the country’s priorities. Corporate communicators need to strategically manage CSR where research and planning are conducted, and stakeholders such as local communities, NGOs, and company employees are involved.
Globally, corporate social responsibility has gained attention from media, academicians, politicians, practitioners and among business managers. More so, the increased economic engagement between China and Africa has heightened concerns about Chinese companies' social responsibility practices in the region. This article conducts a meta-analytic review of existing relevant literature on the evolution, controversies, and practical implications for corporate social responsibility in Sino-Africa relations. This review investigated the development of social responsibility and identified areas that will inform future studies. The study methodology was pegged on a review of articles on CSR and content analysis of CSR reports from several Chinese companies operating in Africa. In conclusion, the authors argue that there is need for a consensus to have a working definition of corporate social responsibility that suits African perspectives. Furthermore, legislation of CSR in Africa could provide clear guidelines for Chinese companies, particularly those that are smaller in size often do not publish CSR reports and struggle to meet their CSR commitments.
Purpose
This study aims to understand why some social and environmental reporting (SER) regulations are more successful than others in modifying collective corporate reporting behaviour and expectations. More specifically, it presents a qualitative and historically informed exploration of the construction of the enabling conditions for corporate adoption of SER regulation in a national context.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on insights from structuration theory and the sociological approach to legal studies, the authors examined the normative persuasion of the first regulation in Spain requiring firms to disclose social and environmental information in a stand-alone report: Article 39 of the Spanish Sustainable Economy Law. The case study is based primarily on 38 semi-structured interviews with relevant actors involved in this SER regulation from 2008 to 2014. Other sources such as legal and policy documents, historical documents, books, press reports and field notes from attendance at technical meetings related to the phenomenon under study help inform and complement the analysis of the interviews.
Findings
The analysis reveals that the agency of regulators, regulatees and other relevant actors involved in the SER regulation led to the law becoming a dead letter. However, only by examining the structural circumstances, shaped by history and socio-economic context, can the authors understand how the normative persuasion of law is constructed or undermined.
Research limitations/implications
The study underscores the importance of the national context in developing corporate social responsibility (CSR) regulation and the crucial role of history. The results of this research also suggest that significant progress towards a more transformative CSR regulation cannot be achieved without the support of enabling structures/
Practical implications
Recent SER regulations (European Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and IFRS sustainability standards, to mention those that are gaining most traction) may not achieve sufficient compliance if those responsible for drafting them do not ensure that the conditions for the emergence of regulatory persuasion are met. Regulators must therefore have a profound understanding of how these conditions are constructed as part of a historical process inextricably linked to the social structures of the environment in which the law is to be applied.
Social implications
The study reveals the changing landscape of corporate social responsibility, where scientists, academics, NGO activists and civil society organisations struggle to gain some agency in a field populated by actors, such as trade unions or employers, who were constitutive of Western industrial liberal democracies.
Originality/value
This study presents an in-depth and historically grounded analysis of the dynamics involved in creating the conditions that lead to successful SER legislation in a national context.
These days, the green features of transparency create new opportunities and challenges for brands. This study is a research framework to create a good place in the minds of consumers to increase interest in green products that has made several structures such as green transparency, functional values, social values, emotional values, conditional values, and green brand equity. The concept of green brand equity is realized when the consumer chooses a green product or service item, and this happens when the customer is familiar with a particular green brand and clearly has positive, distinctive and desirable features of the brand in his/her mind. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green brand transparency on green brand equity in the minds of consumers, considering the mediation role of functional value, social value, emotional value, and conditional value. The statistical population of the study includes those who consume environmental protection products in Iran. The questionnaire was used as the most principal tool for data collection. The questionnaires were distributed among 119 consumers of green products. To analyze the data, the method of structural equations and Smart PLS3 software which is a variance-based modeling method are used. The results showed that green transparency affects functional value, social value, emotional value, and conditional value significantly. In addition, functional value, social value, emotional value, and conditional value affect the green brand equity. However, green transparency alone does not have a significant impact on increasing the value of the green brand. Finally, the results showed that the functional value, social value, emotional value, and conditional value operate as mediators in the relationship between green transparency and green brand equity.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting has been widely accepted as a vital tool for communicating with stakeholders on a range of social, environmental, and governance issues, but how companies define, interpret, apply, integrate, and communicate their CSR efforts and impacts in corporate reporting is anything but a straightforward task. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the concept of materiality in CSR reporting and demonstrate practical examples of good CSR and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reporting practices. We chose the aviation industry because of its economic relevance, constant growth, and future expected changes in the aftermath of COVID-19. In addition, airlines affect many of the SDGs directly and indirectly with contending results. This chapter is timely because of the growing willingness by companies to integrate CSR and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) thinking into the corporate strategy and business operations using materiality assessment and enhancing their competitive advantage and ability to maintain long-term value and because ESG and ethical investing have become part of the mainstream investing. Thus, this chapter contributes to an understanding of the wide range of existing and new reporting frameworks and regulations and reinforces the importance of discussing how this diversity of approaches can affect the work toward worldwide comparability of CSR and sustainability reporting.
Corporate social responsibility is a crucial part of organizational development. This chapter draws attention to the views, policies, and implementation of corporations in two very different countries, stressing a detailed comparison of the similarities and differences in the perception of social responsibility between companies in China and Canada. The growth of this corporate social responsibility in Canada has stabilized. The internal details of their social responsibility have been well developed and staff satisfaction remains high. Surprisingly, China is in advance on this issue despite being seen as a cultural economy with a tendency to be more unified, encouraged and supervised by the government brought to gradually become more aware of the social responsibility of people in business, which has become an invisible controlling force. Business people and other members of the public participate widely in their implementation, forming a controlling force.
Business research shows the growing interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and, more recently, in its counterpart, corporate social irresponsibility (CSI). Yet existing literature on how these two concepts relate to each other is fragmented and sometimes contradictory, leaving an unanswered fundamental question about their dynamic relationship. We narrow this gap by systematically synthesizing and narratively analyzing 34 relevant studies. We uncover three core mechanisms underlying the connection between CSR and CSI: insurance, penance, and trade‐off. Our integrative framework on these mechanisms can benefit future studies on this emerging research topic.
This study investigated the relationship between cross functional integration and corporate sustainability of hospitality firms in Rivers State. The problem of this study was to determine if cross functional integration can predict corporate sustainability of four star hotels in Rivers State Specifically, the objectives of the study were to ascertain the extent to which the un-dimensioned predictor variable cross functional integration relate with corporate sustainability of four star hotels in Rivers State. The population of the study consists of eight four star hotels firms in Rivers State. All the firms were studied and respondents provided primary data that were used to ascertain the relationship between the variables. The primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire that was designed in a five point Likert scale ranging from a very high extent to a very low extent. Two research hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences to establish the relationships between the variables. Results of the test showed that cross functional integration have significant and positive relationships with collaboration and continuous improvement-the measures of corporate sustainability. Therefore, the study concluded that cross functional integration positively relates with corporate sustainability of hospitality firms in Rivers State Therefore, the study recommended that hospitality firms should engage in cross functional integration to enhance their corporate sustainability.
Due to the rapid development of information and communication technology and smart phones, smart technologies and mobile application software (applications) have become a broad and integral part of everyday life. The rapid growth of e-commerce has created new forms of business such as online to online and has changed the traditional performance of jobs and businesses. In the present study, the effect of perceived risk, perceived value and electronic store performance on sudden online shopping with the mediating role of satisfaction in the Digi Kala store was investigated. The above research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The sample size is 384 customers of all Digi Kala online store in Tehran, which is unlikely to be available and selected based on Cochran's formula, which was analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The factor and structural equations of LISREL and Sobel test were investigated for the effect between the hypotheses. The results show that the single-sample t-test statistic is larger than the critical value of t at an error level of 5%, ie 1.96, and all hypotheses were proved with 95% confidence, so that perceived risk, perceived value and e-shop performance Sudden online shopping has an effect on the role of satisfaction mediator in the Digikala store, and suggestions were made at the end.
This study investigated the relationship between cross functional integration and corporate sustainability of hospitality firms in Rivers State. The problem of this study was to determine if cross functional integration can predict corporate sustainability of four star hotels in Rivers State Specifically, the objectives of the study were to ascertain the extent to which the un-dimensioned predictor variable cross functional integration relate with corporate sustainability of four star hotels in Rivers State. The population of the study consists of eight four star hotels firms in Rivers State. All the firms were studied and respondents provided primary data that were used to ascertain the relationship between the variables. The primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire that was designed in a five point Likert scale ranging from a very high extent to a very low extent. Two research hypotheses were tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences to establish the relationships between the variables. Results of the test showed that cross functional integration have significant and positive relationships with collaboration and continuous improvement the measures of corporate sustainability. Therefore, the study concluded that cross functional integration positively relates with corporate sustainability of hospitality firms in Rivers State Therefore, the study recommended that hospitality firms should engage in cross functional integration to enhance their corporate sustainability. .
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the corporate social responsibility performance among small and medium enterprise (SME) owners in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) before and during COVID-19. This study shows insights into the barriers that could affect the CSR performance practices of UAE SMEs, and related implications are discussed in the study.
Design/methodology/approach
This study used a longitudinal qualitative research design. The research comprised 30 interviews from 15 SME owners that were studied prior to and during the pandemic. The 15 interview participants are the sole owners of these SMEs and are Emirati citizens. They were identified through personal contacts and referrals.
Findings
Study findings show that there was a clear shift during the pandemic to place more focus on employees. CSR performance practices are dominated by strategies for caring for the environment and employees. During the pandemic, the priority was paying employees at least a portion of their salary despite financial hardships and ensuring their health and well-being. Prior to the crisis, the key barrier to the implementation of CSR performance practices was a lack of knowledge. During the pandemic, barriers identified included uncertainty and financial constraints. Furthermore, all the owners believe that big corporations should be more socially responsible and SMEs should be the recipients of CSR practices. Lastly, the owners expressed their belief in the values of transparency, integrity, commitment, efficiency and responsibility.
Originality/value
This study is a novel attempt to gain an in-depth understanding of CSR among SMEs in the UAE in the context of a pandemic. It looks specifically at the performance practices pursued by SME owners in the UAE before and during the COVID-19 crisis.
The relationship between corporate social responsibility and vulnerability to stock market crashes and how this relationship is moderated by the norm of corporate governance was empirically explored in this research article. This study used a panel data analysis using a group of 58 companies selected during the years 2009-2018 from operating in various industries hawking their stock on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) to investigate this interaction effect. To quantify the company's share price probability of a crash, an inverse restrictive skewness (NCSKEW) of returns and bottom-to-up variance (DUVOL) spread has been used as a proxy. The results of this research suggest that the risk of a share price slump is adversely and significantly linked to CSR. Consistency structures of governance mechanisms (size of the board, percentage of autonomous directors on board, concentration of ownership, percentage of executive directors onboard) have a substantial moderating impact on the risk of a fall of the share price. RESUMEN En este artículo de investigación se exploró empíricamente la relación entre la responsabilidad social de las empresas y la vulnerabilidad a las caídas de la bolsa y cómo esta relación está moderada por la norma de gobierno corporativo. En este estudio se utilizó un análisis de datos de panel con un grupo de 58 empresas seleccionadas durante los años 2009-2018 que operan en diversos sectores y que cotizan en la Bolsa de Pakistán (PSX) para investigar este efecto de interacción. Para cuantificar la probabilidad de que el precio de las acciones de la empresa se estrelle, se ha utilizado una asimetría restrictiva inversa (NCSKEW) de los rendimientos y un diferencial de varianza de abajo hacia arriba (DUVOL) como proxy. Los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que el riesgo de caída del precio de las acciones está vinculado de forma negativa y significativa a la RSC. Las estructuras de consistencia de los mecanismos de gobierno (tamaño del consejo, porcentaje de consejeros autónomos en el consejo, concentración de la propiedad, porcentaje de consejeros ejecutivos en el consejo) tienen un impacto moderador sustancial en el riesgo de caída del precio de las acciones. Palabras clave: Riesgo de caída del precio de las acciones; Estructura de gobierno corporativo; Teoría de la agencia; Teoría de la señalización de la responsabilidad social corporativa.
Private-sector educational entities require strong corporate strategies. To be effective in a globally competitive world, the Corporate Social Responsibility Approach must be embraced. This research examined corporate social responsibility in the district of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and its effect on secondary schools in the private sector. Primary nature research and data were collected through a five-point Likert scale questionnaire distributed to private sector high school teachers to get the data about the impact of corporate social responsibility on organizations’ performance. The questionnaire was fielded to private sector secondary school teachers in order to get data about the impact of corporate social responsibility on the performance of secondary schools. The population of the study was 184 registered private sector secondary schools (140 boys and 44 girls) which included 900 teachers (who taught to class 10th students during the session 2017-18) in district Peshawar. A sample of 280 teachers (140 male and 140 female) in 70 private sector secondary schools (35 for boys and 35 for girls) were selected through equal allocation sampling formula. Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test were applied for analyzing the data. The Pearson’s correlation r was used to evaluate the variable effects. The result from the data indicated that all the four aspects of CSR have positive significant impact on the performance of secondary schools.
This chapter is a literature study on corporate social responsibility (CSR) of Islamic banks since the concern over CSR is significant to Islamic banks. A review of CSR theories shows that CSR is originated or influenced by Western values. Perhaps, that is why studies on CSR are quite few in Islam although its notion has been suggested to be consistent with an Islamic view of society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the literature of CSR of Islamic banks by firstly looking at the discussion from a conventional and Islamic perspective. This chapter reviews six conventional theories on CSR with the Islamic notion of CSR namely, the Economic Theory, the Agency Theory, the Social Contract Theory, the Legitimacy Theory, Stakeholder Theory and Philanthropic Theory. Through literature review, it is found that, in conventional CSR there are few ulterior motives of doing it either for profit maximization or to comply with society's expectations or to get legitimacy from society or the combination of all motives except for altruistic CSR which is genuine philanthropy. On the other hand, the main motive of doing it in Islam is generally based, among others, on Tauhid, vicegerency, accountability, Taqwa, Ibadah and Da‘wah principles. While the review done on CSR of Islamic banks, found that Islamic bank is an acknowledged legal entity in Islam, which consequently, is accountable for CSR. Therefore, there is a need to propose an Islamic CSR framework that can be used by the regulators involved to establish a CSR framework that is comprehensive, applicable and to be practiced not only in the Islamic banks, but also for other Islamic financial institutions and all Islamic business entities.
Offered here is a conceptual model that comprehensively describes essential aspects of corporate social performance (CSP). The three dimensional model address major questions of concern: (1) What is included in the definition of CSR? (2) What are the social/stakeholder issues the firm must address? and (3) What is the organization's strategy/mode/philosophy of social responsiveness.
The first dimension is the source of the original four-part definition of CSR originated: economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary (later termed philanthropic). It was later presented at the CSR Pyramid (1991).
This article traces the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) from its post WWII beginnings in popularity up through the end of the 1990s. The article focuses on definitions or understandings of the concept/construct. It does not focus on actual company practices during this time as they were quite varied. (This article has been ranked #1 most read in the Business and Society journal for years now).
Extrapolating from Carroll's four domains of corporate social responsibility (1979) and Pyramid of CSR (1991), an alternative approach to conceptualizing corporate social responsibility (CSR) is proposed. A three-domain approach is presented in which the three core domains of economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities are depicted in a Venn model framework. The Venn framework yields seven CSR categories resulting from the overlap of the three core domains. Corporate examples are suggested and classified according to the new model, followed by a discussion of limitations and teaching and research implications.
In this study, we hypothesize that institutions invest more heavily in companies with strong corporate social performance. Analysis indicated a significant, positive relationship between social performance and the number of institutions holding the shares of a company and a positive but insignificant relationship between social performance and the percentage of shares held by institutions. We conclude that improving a company's corporate social performance invokes no penalty in institutional ownership.
Drawing on propositions from social identity theory and signaling theory, we hypothesized that firms' corporate social performance (CSP) is related positively to their reputations and to their attractiveness as employers. Results indicate that independent ratings of CSP are related to firms' reputations and attractiveness as employers, suggesting that a firm's CSP may provide a competitive advantage in attracting applicants. Such results add to the growing literature suggesting that CSP map provide firms with competitive advantages.
Extrapolating from Carroll's four domains of corporate social responsibility (1979) and Pyramid of CSR (1991), an alternative approach to conceptualizing corporate social responsibility (CSR) is proposed. A three-domain approach is presented in which the three core domains of economic, legal, and ethical responsibilities are depicted in a Venn model framework. The Venn framework yields seven CSR categories resulting from the overlap of the three core domains. Corporate examples are suggested and classified according to the new model, followed by a discussion of limitations and teaching and research implications.
This article explores the dynamics of the discourse and practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in France to illustrate the interplay between endogenous and exogenous factors in the development of CSR in a country. It shows how the cultural, socioeconomic, and legal traditions influence the way ideas are raised, the kinds of questions considered relevant, and the sorts of solutions conceived as desirable and possible. Furthermore, the article traces how expectations and practices evolve as a result of various social and economic factors within a country and, increasingly, as a result of global influences such as the international academic discourse, the international practices of multinational companies, nongovernmental organizations and trade unions, and initiatives of supranational organizations. The article closes with reflections about what can be learned from the French experience with CSR and how to stimulate such cross-border learning.
Building on her seminal contribution to social theory in Culture and Agency, in this 1995 book Margaret Archer develops her morphogenetic approach, applying it to the problem of structure and agency. Since structure and agency constitute different levels of stratified social reality, each possesses distinctive emergent properties which are real and causally efficacious but irreducible to one another. The problem, therefore, is shown to be how to link the two rather than conflate them, as has been common theoretical practice. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach not only rejects methodological individualism and holism, but argues that the debate between them has been replaced by a new one, between elisionary theorising and emergentist theories based on a realist ontology of the social world. The morphogenetic approach is the sociological complement of transcendental realism, and together they provide a basis for non-conflationary theorizing which is also of direct utility to the practising social analyst.
Corporate social responsibility is more than an expedient response to momentary social pressures. It is, instead, a manifestation of deep, farreaching social changes in our society. If it is indeed akin to the Industrial Revolution, then the implications for business of the new social responsibility may be very different from those usually forecast. © 1972, The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
This paper examines the effects of a firm's intangible resources in mediating the relationship between corporate responsibility and financial performance. We hypothesize that previous empirical findings of a positive relationship between social and financial performance may be spurious because the researchers failed to account for the mediating effects of intangible resources. Our results indicate that there is no direct relationship between corporate responsibility and financial performance—merely an indirect relationship that relies on the mediating effect of a firm's intangible resources. We demonstrate our theoretical contention with the use of a database comprising 599 companies from 28 countries.
I present a complex theoretical explanation that draws on multiple bodies of literature to present an academically rigorous version of a simple argument: good deeds earn chits. I advance/defend three core assertions: (1) corporate philanthropy can generate positive moral capital among communities and stakeholders, (2) moral capital can provide shareholders with insurance-like protection for a firm's relationship-based intangible assets, and (3) this protection contributes to shareholder wealth. I highlight several managerial implications of these core assertions.
Using unique data provided by the CEOs of 80 large U.S. firms, we examined relationships among the stakeholder attributes of power, legitimacy, urgency, and salience; CEO values; and corporate performance. We found strong support for the attribute-salience relationship and some significant relationships among CEO values, salience, and corporate social performance but found no support for a salience-financial performance link. Our findings suggest a need for continued emphasis on the development of normative stakeholder theory.
Business has come under attack in recent years for its alleged failure to respond to a rapidly changing environment requiring solutions to social problems. Business can argue that the charges are unjustified or it can accept the challenge. The authors gathered data from a sample of major U.S. corporations concerning their activities in the area of social responsibility. All of the responding firms were engaged in some form of effort. The research includes data on the kinds of activities and their success, relates activity to company size, summarizes the shareholders' viewpoint, and describes future plans. The findings are designed to function as a benchmark and guide to management already active and to those planning programs in this area.
Business for business' sake? Or must businessmen act as "social godfathers?" This article answers these questions and suggests ways that social responsibilities can be appraised objectively and met squarely.
For over a decade corporate managers have been admonished to be more socially responsible, but seldom is any precise and operational definition of corporate social responsibility proferred. With a new definition of social responsibility comes a new approach to implementation.
The values that determined business responsibility in the past are gone. Somehow, we must set up a new standard by which businessmen can evaluate their obligations to their company and to society. This article sets forth the basis for the new standard.
This paper traces the evolution of the corporate social performance model by focusing on three challenges to the concept of corporate social responsibility: economic responsibility, public responsibility, and social responsiveness. It also examines social issues management as a dimension of corporate social performance. It concludes that the corporate social performance model is valuable for business and society study and that it provides the beginnings of a paradigm for the field.
This article examines three concepts—business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and corporate social responsiveness—that have been used to evaluate corporate social performance. It explores the similarities and differences among them. It then introduces a fourth concept, the corporate social policy process, which integrates the key elements of the three concepts. The corporate social policy process represents a system of individual and collective moral reflection and choice within the corporation. It is not an ad hoc system, but an institutionalized one that can help improve the way in which the corporation operates in a rapidly changing social environment with value pluralism.
Corporate social responsibility is an elusive concept, but it can be measured and compared within a structural framework and within the cultural context of each organization. Thus, corporate behavior can be analyzed in three specific stages: social obligation, or response to market or legal constraints; social responsibility, or congruence with current social norms and values; and social responsiveness, or anticipation of social change and problems, with development of appropriate policies to meet these needs
The second of a two-part series, this article examines the implications of "social responsibility" –the economic implications, the organizational implications, the managerial implications, implications for growth policy, systems of privilege, handling of technology and goals and ways of thinking.
The interaction between marketing actions with a social dimension and marketing actions with an economic orientation is at the heart of this study. The authors introduce institutional theory as the theoretical lens used to inform this research. Results from an experiment in a retail context show that there is a minimum acceptable level of marketing actions with a social dimension, below which the effectiveness of a firm's economic-oriented actions is hindered significantly.
Social responsibility should be studied at two levels: an idealistic assessment of corporate intentions, actions, and impacts, and a relativistic examination of how society influences corporate practice. An approach to the latter, based on relationships between firms and social interest organizations, is discussed.
We use historical data about the nineteenth-century Argentinian press and the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Irish press to explore the plausibility of an environmental model of selection in populations of organizations. We show, through event-history methods, that newspapers suffer high mortality in their early years. Both industry maturity and general economic expansion enhance survival, but timing of birth relative to business cycles does not affect survival. Newspapers born under conditions of political turmoil are outlived by newspapers born under stable conditions. We interpret this finding as indirect evidence for some ecological formulations of organizational behavior.
Starting from the four theses that globalization is unavoidable, ambivalent, incalculable, and can be controlled rationally, ethics has an indispensable and important role to play in the process of globalization. Indeed, a number of international documents published in the 1990s not only acknowledge human rights but also speak explicitly of human responsibilities. The author pleads for the primacy of ethics over politics and economics and, in reviewing both the Interfaith Declaration for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, and the Caux Roundtable Principles for Business Conduct, he raises the question about the foundation for the unconditional validity of particular basic ethical values and attitudes. In Küng’s view, no universal ethic, but only religion, expressed by the three prophetic religions, the mystical religions of Indian origin, and the wisdom religions of Chinese origin, can provide this foundation. Yet, religion as a spiritual resource intends to influence concrete behavior and decision making. Therefore, the author stresses the importance of a personality culture for business executives and an “ethic of responsibility” to shape business culture and institutions. He then proposes the Declaration of the Parliament of the World’s Religions Toward a Global Ethic as a basis to develop a business ethics that can be supported by believers and non- believers alike.
The revolutionary study of how the place where we grew up constrains the way we think, feel, and act, updated for today's new realities
The world is a more dangerously divided place today than it was at the end of the Cold War. This despite the spread of free trade and the advent of digital technologies that afford a degree of global connectivity undreamed of by science fiction writers fifty years ago. What is it that continues to drive people apart when cooperation is so clearly in everyone's interest? Are we as a species doomed to perpetual misunderstanding and conflict? Find out in Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind.
A veritable atlas of cultural values, it is based on cross-cultural research conducted in seventy countries for more than thirty years. At the same time, it describes a revolutionary theory of cultural relativism and its applications in a range of professions. Fully updated and rewritten for the twenty-first century, this edition:
Reveals the unexamined rules by which people in different cultures think, feel, and act in business, family, schools, and political organizations
Explores how national cultures differ in the key areas of inequality, collectivism versus individualism, assertiveness versus modesty, tolerance for ambiguity, and deferment of gratification
Explains how organizational cultures differ from national cultures, and how they can--sometimes--be managed
Explains culture shock, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, differences in language and humor, and other aspects of intercultural dynamics
Provides powerful insights for businesspeople, civil servants, physicians, mental health professionals, law enforcement professionals, and others
Geert Hofstede, Ph.D., is professor emeritus of Organizational Anthropology and International Management at Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Gert Jan Hofstede, Ph.D., is a professor of Information Systems at Wageningen University and the son of Geert Hofstede.
The public perception of mining as an economic activity that generates harmful environmental impacts has generated both a corporate discourse of social responsibility (CSR) to legitimise mining activities and also anti-mining discourses. Both discourses use science to support their claims, yet they rarely agree on a scientific solution. The concept of discourse community may help us to understand the disconnect between mining companies and stakeholders. It is unclear whether the discourse of corporate social responsibility will improve understanding among stakeholders and lead to mutually acceptable resolutions to conflict.
https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140327061231-51259475-corporate-social-responsibility-road-to-implementation
Argues that the formal structure of many organizations in post-industrial society dramatically reflect the myths of their institutional environment instead of the demands of their work activities. The authors review prevailing theories of the origins of formal structures and the main problem which those theories confront -- namely, that their assumption that successful coordination and control of activity are responsible for the rise of modern formal organization is not substantiated by empirical evidence. Rather, there is a great gap between the formal structure and the informal practices that govern actual work activities. The authors present an alternative source for formal structures by suggesting that myths embedded in the institutional environment help to explain the adoption of formal structures. Earlier sources understood bureaucratization as emanating from the rationalization of the workplace. Nevertheless, the observation that some formal practices are not followed in favor of other unofficial ones indicates that not all formal structures advance efficiency as a rationalized system would require. Therefore another source of legitimacy is required. This is found in conforming the organization's structure to that of the powerful myths that institutionalized products, services, techniques, policies, and programs become. (CAR)
Abstract This chapter explores the nature of corporate ,social responsibility (CSR) in an African context, using Carroll’s CSR Pyramid as a framework,for descriptive analysis. Carroll’s CSR Pyramid is probably the most well-known model of CSR, with its four levels indicating the relative importance of economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities respectively. However, the exploration of CSR in Africa is also used to challenge the accuracy and relevance Carroll’s CSR Pyramid. If Carroll’s basic four-part model is accepted, it is suggested that the relative priorities of CSR in Africa are likely to be different from the classic, American ordering. However, it is also proposed that Carroll’s CSR Pyramid may not be the best model for understanding CSR in general, and CSR in Africa in particular.
Making money versus making goods, as Aristotle pointed out, constitutes the basic social audit of economic in stitutions and practices. Current discussions of tariffs, of in flation, of stock-market or land speculation, of subsidies and tax loopholes, of resource conservation, of the activities of regulatory commissions, of stock pile and military spending, of advertising, monopoly, and featherbedding, and of price and wage increases abound in round-robin recriminations about "ir responsible and unjustifiable action," "unearned income," "in jury to public welfare," "something for nothing," "too much for too little," "waste," and so on. Can the social perform ance of business be identified, estimated, measured? How? With what limitations? Four major currents of thought muddy public discussion. Some maintain that "business is business." Profits per se measure social performance. Others rely heavily on classical competitive equilibrium processes or other versions of the "invisible hand." A third group—rig orously mathematical exponents of the new welfare economics —are pessimistic about even the possibility of finding a useful social-welfare function. An emerging fourth group affirms the principle of social responsibility of business, some in frankly prescriptive value terms, other in what they convince them selves are scientifically determinable and operable, though im precise and variable, zones or paths for creative voluntarism.