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Possibilities for biological control of Antigastra catalaunalis [Lep.: Pyralidae] , a new pest of sesame in the western hemisphere
Abstract
The sesame leafroller,Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel), is a recently introduced pest of sesame,Sesamum indicum L. (Pedaliaceae), in the New World. It is presently the chief pest of this crop in Colombia. Four parasites have been found attackingA. catalaunalis in Colombia:Euplectrus sp.[Hym.: Eulophidae], Bracon sp.(Hym.: Braconidae], Spilochalcis sp., andBrachymeria sp.[Hym.: Chalcididae], but they do not appear to exercise significant control of the insect. A literature search resulted in a list of 19 insect
and 1 nematode parasites. Some of these parasites are widespread and well known, and an attempt should be made to have them
sent to Colombia. Some also parasitize other important pests in that country.
Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel), insecte récemment introduit au Nouveau Monde, s'attaque au sésame. Il est même devenu le principal ravageur de cette culture
en Colombie où 4 parasites furent identifiés:Euplectrus sp.(Hym.: Eulophidae), Bracon sp.(Hym.: Braconidae), Spilochalcis sp., etBrachymeria sp.(Hym.: Chalcididae). Cependant, ces derniers n'apparaissent pas exercer un contrôle significatif de l'insecte. Une revue de la littérature a
permis d'identifier une liste de 20 parasites qui agissent surA. catalaunalis, soit 19 insectes et 1 nématode. Comme certains de ces parasites sont très répandus et bien connus, un effort devrait être
fait pour en envoyer en Colombie. Cette opération serait des plus bénéfiques puisque certains des parasites s'attaquent également
à d'autres insectes nuisibles dans ce pays.
... The sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is native in the tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, although it was first reported in South America on sesame crops (Hallman and Sanchez 1982), and it has recently established in North America (Sarazú-Pillado et al. 2020). The second instar larva produces silk with which it binds leaves, branches, and flowers to form a shelter to protect itself from adverse abiotic conditions such as temperature and natural enemies, including parasitoids and predators (Simoglou et al. 2017). ...
... Gupta et al. (2002), reported losses from 6.2 to 43.1% in Madhya Pradesh, India; while Simoglou et al. (2017), in Drama, Northern Greece, reported losses exceeding 50% of production, with 80% of plants infested and 50% of capsules damaged. In South America, this pest was first detected in Colombia in 1971 (Hallman and Sanchez 1982). Recently, according to Sarazú-Pillado et al. (2020), it was found in Sinaloa, the main sesame-producing state in Mexico. ...
... However, its use also results in an imbalance in agroecosystems, environmental contamination, and a negative impact on beneficial fauna. There are 39 species of parasitoids associated with A. catalaunalis (Table 1), some of them are present in India (Jakhmola 1983;Naveen et al. 2019), Tanzania (Robertson 1973), Nigeria (Chadha 1974), and Colombia (Hallman and Sanchez 1982). Although, few of these parasitoids have been proposed for augmentative biological control programs, a strategy that may imply laboratory rearing and periodic mass release of the parasitoid species; for example, Elasmus sp. ...
New records of Hymenoptera parasitoids of the sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), are presented for Northwest Mexico. Taxonomic assignation was based on morphological features. Partial sequences of the COI region from the most common parasitoids were deposited in GenBank. Six species of wasps were obtained: Bracon (Habrobracon) platynotae Cushman (Braconidae), Eiphosoma dentator Fabricius (Ichneumonidae), Perilampus platigaster species group (Perilampidae), Brachymeria annulata Walker, Conura side Walker, Conura maculata Fabricius (Chalcididae) and Goniozus punctaticeps Kieffer (Bethylidae). Partial sequences of the COI region obtained from the most common parasitoids helped to confirm at genus level but not species. This is the first record of the association of all these parasitoid species with A. catalaunalis.
... G.V.Hallman and G.G. Sanchez (1982) reported Antigastra catalaunalis has recently been introduced in the New World and is the major pest to sesame in Colombia. Four parasites have been found attacking A. catalaunalis: Euplectrus sp. ...
... Definition: The presence of Spilochalcis spp. on sesame plants.INTERNATIONAL cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50249 reported Spilochalcis sp. is a parasitoid of Antigastra catalaunalis.COLOMBIA G.V.Hallman and G.G. Sanchez (1982) reported Antigastra catalaunalis has recently been introduced in the New World and is the major pest to sesame in Colombia. Four parasites have been found attacking A. catalaunalis: Euplectrus sp. ...
These three books cover the sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) pest, predator, parasitoid, pathogen, pollinator, and scavenger descriptors. The books cover 766 insect, arachnid, nematode, mammal, bird, fungus, and virus species that have been recorded in sesame. Books 1 and 2 cover the pests; book 3 covers the beneficial predators, parasitoids, pathogens, pollinators, and scavengers. These books are a part of other published books which cover the descriptors of sesame seedlings, roots and stems, plants, leaves, flowers, capsules, capsule zones, cycle, seeds, seed components, agronomic and administrative, and weeds. There are volumes still in draft on abiotic (physical) and biotic (diseases) stresses. There is also a sesame bibliography. This series of documents are not intended to be read from front to back, but rather to be used like an encyclopedia.
KEYWORDS: sesame, Sesamum indicum, pest, predator, parasitoid, pollinator, scavenger.
... The parasites moved with difficulty over the pubescent surface of the leaves and flew away after a few seconds without having encountered eggs of A. catalaunalis. G.V. Hallman and G.G. Sanchez (1982) Aponte et al. (1997) the insect causes losses of 64% in plantations of 60 days of age, with infestations of 1.7 larvae/plant and 33% in plantations of 73 days of age, with infestations of 2.9 larvae/plant. ...
Part 2. The project started with the 17 insect pests affecting sesame in the 2004 IPGRI and NBPGR Descriptors for Sesame (Sesamum spp.). Reviewing over 350 documents produced another 282 insect pests. There are probably more to add in the future. This has been broken into 2 parts due to the sizes of the file in Word.
... Τhe release of parasitoids and predators has been reported to reduce the population growth of A. catalaunalis (Karuppaiah 2014). An extensive list of A. catalaunalis parasites is given by Hallman and Sanchez (1982). Conservation of the existing natural predators (spiders, coccinellid beetles, mantids and predatory stink bugs) and parasitoids (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) along with application of microbial pesticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis var. ...
In August 2016, severe infestations of sesame crops by the sesame leaf webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), were recorded in rural areas of the Regional Unit of Drama, Northern Greece. Larval feeding-damage symptoms were observed on leaves and capsules. Infestations were recorded in all of the inspected sesame fields. The infestation levels were considerable high resulting in significant economic loss. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. catalaunalis severe infestation on sesame in Greece.
... The genus Salbia includes 35 species so far, most of which have not been studied beyond initial species descriptions (Munroe et al. 1995, Nuss et al. 2014. S. lotanalis is currently in the subfamily Spilomelinae, the largest in the superfamily Pyraloidea, which in-cludes several important economic pests of crops (Druce 1899, Hallman and Sanchez 1982, Pemberton and Cordo 2001. Two closely related species, Salbia haemorrhoidalis Guené e and Ategumia matutinalis Guené e (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), have been used for biological control of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) and Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don (Melastomataceae), respectively (Nakahara et al. 1992, Julien and GrifÞths 1998, Broughton 2000, Conant 2002, Baars 2003. ...
The leaf roller Salbia lotanalis Druce (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a potential biological control agent of Miconia calvescens de Candolle (Melastomataceae), was studied in Costa Rica. Larvae were collected from a field site near San José and the insect was reared in the laboratory to study its biology and behavior. Chaetotaxy and morphology of final-instar larvae were described. Using head capsule width measurements, we determined five larval instars in S. lotanalis. The insect was easily reared in the laboratory on M. calvescens seedlings and the life cycle of the insect was completed in 71.3 and 66.4 d for females and males, respectively. Dissection of ovarioles indicated that females could lay>400 eggs. Larvae are initially gregarious, but become solitary as third instars. First- to fourth-instar larvae prefer to use leaf rolls already formed by other larvae, but fifth-instar larvae prefer to make a new leaf roll rather than using leaf rolls already made and occupied by other larvae. Pupation occurs in leaves, where prepupae build a pupation chamber. Host-specificity tests, including larval feeding tests and two-choice and no-choice oviposition experiments in the laboratory, indicate that S. lotanalis has a narrow host range restricted to Miconia spp. and other Melastomaceae. Levels of parasitism in the native habitat of S. lotanalis in Costa Rica were low. In locations like Hawaii, where there are no native Melastomataceae, S. lotanalis has the potential of being an effective biological control agent against M. calvescens, but interference from resident natural enemies of Lepidoptera could be high.
Sesame shoot webber and capsule borer Antigastra catalaunalis (Dup.) was considered as an important economic insect on sesame crop in Iraq. The insect attacks all parts of the plant except the root throughout the various stages of growth and causes an important economic loss in production.
Results of laboratory and field studies show that the adult insect laid eggs singly on the under surface of the tender leaves ,buds, flower, capsules and stems . The larva has five instars .When the larvae in the last third larval instar secrete silks filaments which roll the leaves and flowers when attacks it. Larvae pupate on rolled leaves in white silk coccons and the pupation may take place among capsules and stem.
Also, it has been found that all aspects of life cycle of the insect are affected when reared on different temperatures 20,25,30 and 35ْc +1 with relative humidity 70 +5 % ; the shortest life cycle was at 35ْc (19.67 days) , while the longest at 20ْc (45.32 days) . The adult lays higher number of eggs at 20ْc (15.3 egg /female). The higher larval and pupal survival per cent were at 30ْc (83.33% and 92.12 %) respectively , whereas lower were at 20ْc (53.33% and 74.44%) respectively. The higher hatching per cent was at 30ْc (88.88%) , whereas lower was at 20ْc (63.33%). We conclude that the optimum temperature of growth and development for this insect was 30ْc .
Results of laboratory study show that the developmental threshold temperature of larvae was 8.73ْc. Heat degree days required for larval stage development was 222.14 and the larvae accumulated this heat degree at the end of the second week of March. According to this study we can predict larvae appearance during this date . The correlation relationship between temperature and rate of daily development for larvae was positive and significant, and the correlation coefficient was 0.994 which was very high.
Results of field study show that the larvae of insect appeared on the crop during the season of 2001 on the third week of August, while the population density of larvae was found to be high ( 22.68 larvae/12 plants) on mid October . During the season of 2002, larvae appearance was at the third week of July after five weeks for crop farming, and the population density of larvae was higher at third weeks of September at 16.68 larvae/12 plants . The insect have four overlapping generations on the sesame crop.
The three species of parasitoids identified on the sesame shoot webber larvae were:
Bracon hebetor Say ,Nemorilla floralis Fall. and Temelucha sp. The parasitism per cent has highly significant difference between the first parasitoid and other parasitoids . Percentage for the first parasitoid was 18.48% while it was 1.23% and 0.89% for the second and third parasitoids respectively . It has been found that there is no significant effect for cultivars on the parasitism percentages for any parasitoid except Ashtar and Rafidain cultivars with B. hebetor. Bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Berl.) has been identified on the insect larvae.
Field study results have indicated that cultivars of Babil and Rfidain are more susceptible to infestation by this insect in comparison with Ashtar and Local cultivars for two season according to numbers of recording larvae on cultivars and infestation percentages .
Results have also shown that the insect hibernates in the larval stage inside the fallen dry rolled leaves on the soil or among infested capsules or in harvested stalks .
The higher loss percentage in yield of seed for one plant caused to infested capsules by larvae of this insect in the season of 2001 was on Rafidain cultivar (22.23%) , and the quantity of loss in the yield to this cultivar was 6.0 gram/plant . Lower percentage of loss in yield to the Local cultivar was 5.70% and quantity of loss was 1.07 gram/plant.
It has been concluded that there is significant statistical difference among the Local cultivar and the others three cultivars . Also there is significant statistical difference between Ashtar and Rafidain cultivars, during the season of 2002 , the highest percentage of loss in the yiled was on Rafidain cultivar (18.18% ) and the quantity of loss was 6.34 gram/plant . Lower percentage of loss was on the Local cltivar (6.19%) and the quantity of loss was 1.61 gram/plant , and there was significant statistical difference in the percentage among Local cultivar and the other two cultivars Rafidain and Babil.
This technical report catalogs and analyzes the pests and diseases in the agricultural field affecting a range of crops including cereals, fiber crops, grasses, legumes, oilseed crops, and root crops. Each category of crops includes detailed tables that present analyses of the potential impact of a changed climate on the most common pests and diseases afflicting 16 important crops in Mali. The report also touches on climatic patterns and trends of temperature and rainfall, and how that may affect the pest and disease outlook. For example, climate models project that the Sahel region may experience a delay in start of the rainy season and an increase in the number of extreme events, but overall the future climate throughout the region is uncertain. The potential impacts identified are straightforward and based on probable trends, and include risk values of change in infestation or outbreak levels.
The table information was drawn from peer-reviewed scholarly articles found in 56 databases related to agriculture and botany. The tables assess each pest of disease that has been identified, and outlines the current prevalence of the problem. These assessments considered the biology and environmental requirements of each pest or disease, the endemic zone, the relative frequency of outbreaks within endemic zones, and infection rates.
Part 1. The project started with the 17 insect pests affecting sesame in the 2004 IPGRI and NBPGR Descriptors for Sesame (Sesamum spp.). Reviewing over 350 documents produced another 282 insect pests. There are probably more to add in the future. This has been broken into 2 parts due to the sizes of the file in Word.
Poblaciones naturales de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) frecuentemente han controlado plagas en el campo. Actualmente en Colombia se produce el parásito comercialmente para liberación en el campo con el fin de controlar varias especies de plagas lepidópteras. El presente estudio da a conocer algunas observaciones sobre Trichogramma que pueden ser útiles para su uso económico. En el laboratorio Trichogramma no parasitó posturas de Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sobre follaje de ajonjolí, aunque parasitó el 63% de las mismas colocadas sobre papel. Las avispas caminaron con mucha dificultad sobre la superficie vellosa de las hojas y volaron después de pocos segundos sin encontrar las posturas de A. catalaunalis. En tabaco la vellocidad viscosa de la planta atrapó a los Trichogramma cuando éstas tocaron su superficie. En el algodonero se ha observado mayor parasitismo en posturas de Alabama argillacea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) que en las de Heliothis spp (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Esto se debió a que Trichogramma recorrió con mayor frecuencia las hojas lisas de la planta, donde se encuentra la mayoría de las posturas de A. argillacea y recorrió con menor frecuencia los terminales vellosos, donde se halla la mayoría de las posturas de Heliothis. La relación entre el parasitismo de posturas de H. virescens (Fabricius) por Trichogramma en 5 plantas huéspedes silvestres fue inversa con la cantidad de tricomas viscosas en la planta. La proporción de hembras a machos mostró una relación directa con el número de Trichogramma que salieron de la postura del huésped, en 6 especies de huéspedes, por la siguiente ecuación: H = 1,04A - 0,46; donde H representa el promedio de hembras por macho, y A es el promedio de Trichogramma por postura de huésped. El uso de tela para liberar Trichogramma en el campo originó que muchos adultos del parásito se enredaran en las fibras. Este problema se evitó con el empleo de hojas plásticas y follaje liso del mismo cultivo en que se hizo la liberación.
Two previous lists of Parasitic Hymenoptera of economic importance have been prepared and published by the writer—one in 1919 and another in 1921 ; these included some of the more important of the economic forms then noted. During the last two or three years further work in this line was continued and additional data have been collected. In this paper an attempt is made to bring together in one incorporated list all the forms hitherto recorded from South India, at the same time revising the previous lists wherever necessary and adding recently collected data or data omitted from the two previous lists. It is believed that this revised list, with the available bionomical and synonymical notes, may be of some use for purposes of reference to those interested in this line of work. The writer takes this opportunity of expressing his thanks to the authorities of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London, and of the United States National Museum, Washington, for the help received from them in identifying some of the forms submitted to them, and confirming or correcting some of the identifications made at Coimbatore.
♀♂. The integument is not coriaceous throughout, and is only sparsely clothed with setae (except on the flagellum and possibly the legs). Head smooth and highly shining, not coriaceous, impunctate, the vertex and occiput almost entirely devoid of setae ; antennae longer than head, thorax, and abdomen together ; flagellar joints in ♀ 29–33, in ♂ 26–28. Thorax : mesonotum dully shining, coriaceous ; the notauli well marked, joining slightly before reaching the posterior margin of the mesonotum ; propodeon with five longitudinal carinae, one in the middle and two on each side, these latter rather more closely placed to each other than to the median carina ; this median carina is discernible as such only in the basal half of the propodeon, thereafter becoming lost amongst the reticulate wrinkles with which the apical half of the propodeon abounds ; the lateral carinae, on the other hand, are discernible more or less throughout their length, particularly the inner pair which can generally be traced to the median apex of the propodeon where they join each other ; the integument of the basal half of the propodeon coriaceous on each side of the median carina as far as the first lateral carina, thereafter wrinkled as in the apical half.
L'élevage dePseudoperichaeta laevis
Villeneuve a été pratiqué pendant plusierus générations sur l'hôte de laboratoireGalleria mellonella L. Cet élevage a permis d'étudier divers aspects de la biologie de cette tachinaire, notamment l'accouplement, la ponte et
le cycle évolutif.
ToutefoisP. laevis n'a pu se maintenir plus de 6 générations surG. mellonella par suite d'une chute du taux d'accouplement. En première hypothèse, cet accident semble résulter d'une carence alimentaire
subie au stade larvaire par la tachinaire.
The rearing of the tachinidPseudoperichaeta laevis
Villeneuve has been carried out through several generations on the laboratory host:Galleria mellonella L. Thanks to this rearing it has been possible to obtain information about the biology of this tachinid and more particularly
about mating, fecundity and cycle duration.
It has been impossible to continue this rearing for more than 6 generations on this laboratory host. The food on whichGalleria larvae have been reared (only beeswax and pollen) seems responsible for this failure. If such is the case, this failure is
probably due to a lack of food which the parasite at the larval stage suffered. It is suggested that the addition of new nutritive
elements to the natural food ofGalleria might permit a continuous rearing ofP. laevis on this laboratory host.
The massbreeding of the BraconidMicrobracon hebetor Say in India
- P S Negi
- T V Venkatraman
- K C Chatterjee
Studies onAntigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel), the til leaf-roller. II Bionomics and biology
- Ramdas Menon
- M G Bhatacherjee
Family Ichneumonidae
- R W Carlson
CARLSON, R.W. --1979. Family Ichneumonidae. In: Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico (K.V. KROMBEIN, P.D. HURD, JR., D.R. SMITH & B.D. BURKS eds.). --Smithsonian Institute, vol. 1, Washington, D.C., 315-740.