No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
University-Industry Cooperation in the Context of the European Framework Programmes
Abstract
This paper investigates the characteristics of university-industry collaboration in a large set of research joint ventures (RJVs) established in the context of the European Framework Programmes over a period of fourteen years. The share of university-industry RJVs is found to have gradually increased. Such RJVs have tended to be relatively larger in terms of participant numbers. Universities from peripheral European regions have been rather active in the examined RJVs. Firms cooperate with Universities to exploit research synergies leading to cost savings or improvements in R&D productivity, keeping up with major technological developments, and sharing R&D cost. Firms reported that the most important benefit from such collaboration has been the positive impact on their knowledge base.
... Collaborative arrangements between the university and the industry have been found to be profitable to every organisation regardless of the size or existence of sector-related and cultural differences (Deschamps et al., 2013). Sadly, the majority of universities however tend to prefer entering into collaborative relationships with large and established companies as opposed to SMEs (Apa et al., 2021;Caloghirou et al., 2001). University-industry linkages involving SMEs, often referred to as universityenterprise linkages (U-E linkages), are less prevalent but in instances where they exist, past research has shown that the quality of such interactions is higher than those of large corporations owing to SMEs' proximity to Universities (Corral de Zubielqui et al., 2015). ...
... SMEs lack a scientific approach to problem-solving a feature which makes a majority of these enterprises see no reason to collaborate with universities in their operations (Messeni Petruzzelli & Rotolo, 2015). In most instances, however, universities are reluctant to create relationships with SMEs preferring large corporations (Caloghirou et al., 2001). In fact Han (2017) believes that the major reason why universities prefer large-scale corporations to SMEs is because small enterprises are less likely to patent. ...
The increasing demand for universities to be more relevant to the society by commercialising their academic knowledge has spurred the relevance of university-industry linkages. While significant literature has been produced in this area, the nature of these linkages in emerging economies, particularly between SMEs and State Universities, remains poorly understood. This study empirically explores the nature of University-Enterprise(U-E) linkage between State Universities and SMEs in the manufacturing sector of Zimbabwe and the factors hindering such collaborative arrangements. The study relied on personal interviews to collect data from five purposively selected industry liaison officers / directors of state universities' industrial parks and innovation hubs and 25 owners/managers of SMEs in the manufacturing sector. The four-step procedure to content analysis was employed and this included decontextualization, recontexualisation, categorisation, and compilation to analyse data. The study found the university-initiated linkage was more formalised and represented the university's way of aligning its curriculum to the demands of the national government and mostly pursued mainly to comply with the government's performance indicators. In contrast to the above, enterprise-initiated collaborative engagements were found to be more opportunistic and formed to solve immediate challenges. Limited trust in government-sponsored programmes and the fear of exposing themselves to regulatory authorities emerged among the main factors hindering SMEs from collaborating with state universities. The study recommends the crafting of a university-industry collaboration policy with incentives to attract SMEs.
... In this light, joint ventures represent the formal targeted agreement characterized through a high level of organizational involvement that both parties capitalize on while a more informal form of UIC are joint lectures (Ankrah and Al-Tabbaa 2015). Thus, UICs provide both parties the opportunity to benefit from each other's resources -firms giving universities access to their practical experiences and universities sharing their innovations and human capital, which may enhance R&D (Caloghirou et al. 2001). As UICs are primarily aligned towards innovation, they benefit larger firms more than European SMEs that do not meaningfully engage in innovation (Community Innovation Survey, in Apa et al. 2020). ...
... As UICs are primarily aligned towards innovation, they benefit larger firms more than European SMEs that do not meaningfully engage in innovation (Community Innovation Survey, in Apa et al. 2020). Universities prefer long-term collaborations with larger consortia or firms with sophisticated R&D (Caloghirou et al. 2001), although UIC significantly improve the innovative capacity of SMEs (Lasagni 2012). Therefore, they are essential for SMEs in traditional industries, which lack the absorptive capacity required to benefit from such collaborations with universities (Spithoven et al. 2011). ...
Universities lack a systematic transfer from research and innovation projects into practice. German Mittelstand firms have limited resources to pursue explorative innovation, which is required to realize business opportunities and remain competitive. Since current collaborations do not fully unlock innovation potential, this research aims to conceptualize a company builder to bring these two parties together in an entrepreneurial ecosystem. In line with this research’s exploratory nature, a multi-method analysis was followed, applying two approaches for data analysis. The company builder information was analyzed via a qualitative document analysis. Seven guided expert interviews were conducted with employees in innovation-related positions in German Mittelstand firms and the university. Findings suggest the company builder’s core activity is the venture creation process, ensuring systematic access to university-relevant research and innovation and facilitating valuable interactions among the ecosystem partners. The company builder’s value lies in connecting relevant ecosystem partners through a comprehensive company-building environment to exchange knowledge and expertise and meeting the partners’ needs equally regarding the new venture. Thereby, it is independent of bureaucratic university structures. Future research should validate current findings with higher sample size and focus on other relevant aspects, such as generating revenue and participation requirements for other potential ecosystem partners. Keywords: company builder, entrepreneurial ecosystem, the German Mittelstand, ambidextrous organization
... The government plays a fundamental role in making UICs a reality, and many governments around the world have developed policies and initiatives to encourage such collaborations by supplying funding for joint research projects, offering tax incentives for research and development, and creating innovation hubs and technology parks (Amaral et al. 2011;Bastos et al. 2021). In their analysis of UICs in the context of European Framework Programmes, Caloghirou et al. (2001) noted that government policies have a significant impact on the nature and extent of collaboration between universities and industry. Bastos et al. (2021) also found that government policies and initiatives have played a key role in the growth of UICs over the past 50 years. ...
... Considering the diversity of collaborative interactions, it is important to emphasize that the present study focuses exclusively on UICs established through formal agreements with the aim of cooperating in RD&I activities (Perkmann and Walsh 2007). The various types of research partnership described in the literature include: collaborative research (Caloghirou et al. 2001;Fontana et al. 2005;Ham and Mowery 1998;Link 1998;Link et al. 2002), research centers managed jointly by university and industry (Adams et al. 2001;Feller et al. 2002;Rea et al. 1997), and other types of joint ventures as described by Carayol (2003). A special type of collaboration exists when industries outsource research and consulting services to universities and, in this case, the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved, as well as the costs incurred, are set out in research contract agreements (Perkmann and Walsh 2007). ...
Cooperation in research, development and innovation (RD&I) between universities or research institutes and industries plays a fundamental role in the economic development of a country. Industry benefits from state-of-the-art laboratories and technologies from academia, while institutes learn about business reality and market needs. Numerous barriers to the establishment and maintenance of these partnerships have been investigated and reported in the literature, but the information generated by these empirical studies is very fragmented and there is a need to consider the barriers systematically in order to clarify the topic. The aims of this systematic review were to analyze university-industry collaborations set up for the purpose of RD&I in an effort to recognize the barriers and facilitators of the process and to identify the approaches by which such barriers may be overcome. Following searches of the Scopus database and application of the exclusion criteria, 86 relevant articles were identified and submitted to bibliometric analysis. Subsequently, 75 articles were selected for in-depth content analysis, and the ideas embodied therein were presented in a structured and comprehensive manner. Barriers were evaluated according to three different theoretical perspectives, namely the triple helix and the entrepreneurial university, the relational social capital and value creation, and technology transfer and cultural differences. The facilitators were categorized as internal and external. The results obtained highlight the importance of fostering relational social capital and providing tax incentives to facilitate industry's pursuit of innovation through academia partnerships, and also show that collaborative barriers in RD&I may be overcome to some extent by starting with smaller projects and gradually increasing their complexity. Based on the findings outlined in this review, we propose various lines for future research.
... A korábbi, már lezajlott programok esetében összegyűlt ismeretanyag nagy ívű, retrospektív vizsgálatok elvégzését teszi lehetővé (Varga-Sebestyén 2017). Az elérhető tapasztalatok így is csak részleges információt szolgáltatnak a kutatási együttműködések hatásáról, kiemelve például a közös munkák képességfejlesztő, hálózatépítő jellegét (Luukkonen 1998) vagy a kutatásokban részt vevő vállalatok technológiai kapacitásának, ezen keresztül termelékenységének növekedését (Caloghirou et al. 2001, Barajas et al. 2012. ...
... A kutatási együttműködések intenzitása és a lehetséges interakciók mértéke különösen a vállalati-kutatói (iparági-egyetemi) kapcsolatok szempontjából fontos (Caloghirou et al. 2001). E tekintetben is meghatározó jelentősége lehet a földrajzi helynek, illetve a távolságnak. ...
... Various sources speak of a form of collaboration between a university and an employer (Caloghirou et al. 2001;Bruneel et al. 2010;Seppo and Roolaht 2012;Melhuish 2017) or a mutually beneficial collaboration between a university, an employer, and society (e.g., Russo et al. 2007;Azman et al. 2018), where the greatest benefit is considered to be the positive effect on the knowledge base of all parties (Caloghirou et al. 2001). The organization's communication with the external environment, including stakeholders, can take place proactively or responsively. ...
... Various sources speak of a form of collaboration between a university and an employer (Caloghirou et al. 2001;Bruneel et al. 2010;Seppo and Roolaht 2012;Melhuish 2017) or a mutually beneficial collaboration between a university, an employer, and society (e.g., Russo et al. 2007;Azman et al. 2018), where the greatest benefit is considered to be the positive effect on the knowledge base of all parties (Caloghirou et al. 2001). The organization's communication with the external environment, including stakeholders, can take place proactively or responsively. ...
The aim of this article is to identify the main stakeholders of institutions of professional higher education in the field of internal security in selected countries, and the most important collaboration practices, and the factors that affect collaboration. Within the framework of a qualitative phenomenographic study, interviews were conducted with representatives of Estonian, German, Finnish, and Norwegian institutions of professional education in the field of internal security. The results showed that institutions of professional higher education differ from traditional universities in prioritizing their main stakeholders, putting employers first, and not students. In addition, the ministries under whose government they operate, and other higher education institutions were named as the main stakeholders. Collaboration with stakeholders is mostly based on common interests and personal relationships (e.g., mediation, networking, joint reputation building, collaboration councils), on some kind of formal basis (e.g., feedback system, collaboration councils) or subordination (e.g., execution of orders and instructions, trading). The aspects most influencing collaboration were considered to be the aspects related to trust and professionalism, and in particular informal collaboration was valued. The results of this study enabled the author to supplement a framework from a previous study, which originally described the theoretical collaboration of the stakeholders of an institution of higher education in the field of internal security; this was supplemented by adding the dimension of collaboration diversity.
... University-industry collaboration has had an extensive history (Bower, 1993) and there has been a considerable increase in these types of partnerships in recent years in areas like East Asia (Duggan, 1997; Powers, 2003;Caloghirou et al, 2001; Baldwin and Link, 1998;Mansfield, 1998). Such an increase is believed to be due to a combination of pressures on both universities and industry (Meyer-Krahmer and Schmock, 1998; Santoro, 2000). ...
... Due to the fast changing technological and competitive environment governments have taken action to support research interaction between universities and businesses since it is considered that universities can support economic regeneration and act as engines of economic growth through dissemination of expertise and knowledge by higher education industry linked partnerships (Bettis and Hitt, 1995; Mora-Valentin, 2000). National and regional research programmes have been created by governments and a good example of these are the knowledge transfer partnerships (Caloghirou et al, 2001) and industry can benefit from these programmes through collaboration with universities (Howells et al, 1998). ...
Regional innovation systems are increasingly being seen as important institutional infrastructures supporting innovation within the production structure of regions in East Asia. Within these infrastructures university-industry collaboration is an essential linkage enabling the growth of knowledge-based economies. There are many factors which cause linkages to be weak or strong with the consequent effects on the efficiency of the regional innovation system to deliver the vibrant growth expected by fast-growing economies in East Asia. This conceptual paper seeks to address the nature of these university-industry
relationships in regional innovation systems. The paper initially explores the basis of this nature according to organisational aspects of university-industry collaboration, motivations for university-industry relationships, the formation process, and university-industry inter-organisational relationships. This informs the research method which is a systematic literature review identifying and interpreting research in the fields of university-industry collaboration and regional innovation systems. Findings confirm the linkages
involved including formal and informal collaboration. Through an iterative process a conceptual model is evolved outlining the nature of university-industry collaboration and regional innovation systems in East Asia. There are clear limitations to the findings of a conceptual paper but these provide avenues for future research and the policy implications for governments in East Asia.
Keywords: University, industry, collaboration, regional, innovation, systems
... Распределение значений четырёх из пяти рассмотренных показателей (V1, V2, V4, V5) по вузам выборки характеризуется значительной асимметрией в сторону меньших значений и пиковостью (концентрацией преимущественного числа значений в узком диапазоне), что наглядно продемонстрировано на рисунке 4, где по диагонали расположены гистограммы распределения по каждой пе-Рис. 4. Гистограммы распределения значений, диаграммы рассеяния и коэффициенты корреляции по переменным кластеризации Fig. 4. Histograms, scatterplots, and correlation coefficients by clustering variables ременной. ...
Development of high-tech industries is an important task for the Russian economy, the solution of which requires the joint efforts of educational, research and production organizations with the governmental support. Nowadays significant results have been achieved in the field of cooperation between universities and business. Their systematization and analysis will make it possible to determine both the most effective areas of interaction and those requiring further development.
The purpose of the research presented in the article is to identify typical models of cooperation between universities and business based on analyzing the results of their scientific and educational interaction.
To realize it, clustering of Russian universities was carried out. The cluster analysis identified 6 groups of universitates, each of which has specific features. Universities in the first two clusters are focused on commercializing income from R&D. Universities of cluster 1 are distinguished by a high share of extra-budgetary income from R&D, and from cluster 2 are distinguished by high extra-budgetary income from R&D based on the number of academic staff members. Universities from cluster 3 have high results of joint publication activities with business companies. In universities from clusters 4 and 5 educational cooperation with business is more developed. Universities from cluster 4 have an extensive network of partnerships with enterprises to organize internships for students. Universities from cluster 5 actively cooperate with business to train specialists on a contractual basis. Cluster 6 includes universities that have low results in all areas of cooperation with business. The results of the study demonstrate the main approaches of universities to interact with business companies. The research task was implemented for the first time on a representative sample of Russian universities based on an analysis of the quantitatively assessed results of their cooperation with business. The article may be of interest to universities aimed at developing partnerships with business companies, as well as government authorities developing projects to support university-industry interaction. Support measures could become more diversified, considering the specific features of each cluster, and be aimed at stimulating the development of priority areas of cooperation with business for a particular university.
... Making UICs a reality is largely up to the government, and numerous governments worldwide have created policies and programs to support these kinds of partnerships through funding cooperative research projects, providing tax breaks for R&D, and establishing innovation hubs and technology parks (Amaral et al., 2011;Bastos et al., 2021). According to Caloghirou et al. (2001), government policies have a major influence on the type and scope of university-industry collaboration in the context of European Framework Programs. Additionally, Bastos et al. (2021) discovered that throughout the previous 50 years, government activities and policies have been crucial to the expansion of UICs (Rossoni, et al., 2024). ...
International research collaboration has become an increasingly essential component of modern scientific inquiry. Bringing together researchers from diverse backgrounds and perspectives, these partnerships can accelerate innovation, address complex global challenges, and foster a more interconnected scientific community. However, successful international collaborations require partnership, effective communication , networking and memorandum of understanding. Developing a shared vision for the collaboration is another key factor in its success. A well-defined research plan can help to ensure that the collaboration stays on track and that resources are used efficiently. Overcoming cultural and language barriers can be a significant challenge in international collaborations. International research collaboration offers a powerful opportunity to advance knowledge and address global challenges. The chapter explores best practices in International Research Collaboration.
... Rajneesh Narula (2002) observed that firms are increasingly adopting non-internal technology development strategies such as strategic alliances and outsourcing, benefiting firms of all sizes. According to Cassiman (1999), Hagedoorn (2000), Bayona (2001), and Caloghirou (2003), technological collaboration serves as a strategic mechanism to enhance technological capabilities, access new markets, secure public funding, and complete the innovation process. María Jesús Nieto and Lluís Santamaria (2006) stated, "Technological collaboration may be a good way to improve innovativeness of SMEs strengthening and complementing their lack of resources and capabilities." ...
According to the French Agency for Ecological Transition, ADEME, the textile sector is projected to contribute to 26% of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, highlighting the significance of sustainable fashion. The current market, influenced by increasingly conscientious consumers seeking transparency regarding product origins and production conditions, alongside stricter regulations, compels fashion companies to diminish their environmental footprint by embracing progressively sustainable and eco-friendly practices. With the ability to purchase garments online from anywhere in the world, the necessity of providing clear and accurate information to customers and the supply chain about product features through a document in a smart format has become essential. Consequently, digitization has become imperative in the fashion industry, with the digital passport serving as a pivotal milestone in advancing towards an eco-friendly and more digitalized sector. However, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face an uncertain landscape where standards and technologies may not always be mature or readily accessible. Furthermore, limited internal expertise and scarce financial resources often pose challenges in independently developing new technological solutions. One proposed solution is to adopt open innovation approaches. This qualitative research study employs a single case study approach, presenting insights from a small enterprise in the fashion industry specializing in label printing. Utilizing primary data sources such as multiple interviews with managers and secondary sources like detailed briefings of company meetings with technological partners and machinery suppliers, the study aims to shed light on the initial phase of an open innovation approach by SMEs amidst the challenges of twin transition. It highlights that the shift from internal RD& to open innovation is not a direct one, but an iterative one. Scholars will gain a deeper understanding of open innovation mechanisms within SMEs, while practitioners will gain insights into building innovation networks to navigate twin transition challenges.
... Universities provide foundational research and a skilled workforce, while industries offer practical insights, funding, and opportunities for applied research. There are also many programs on the market that encourage university-industry partnerships (Caloghirou et al., 2001). They have regional, national and international scope. ...
Purpose: The aim of the article is to present the key assumptions and the importance of creating the Competence Center at the Silesian University of Technology, which is to be an innovative partnership between science and industry in the area of security and crisis management. The article aims to draw attention to the need to change the approach to safety in industry and to open new opportunities for employers, academic staff and students by integrating the latest scientific achievements with industrial practice. Design/methodology/approach: The first method is the literature analysis: analysis of international literature from main databases and Polish literature and legal acts connecting with the researched topic. Moreover, the article presents a specific concept of the competence center that is being established at the Silesian University of Technology. Findings: The findings indicate that creating a Competence Center at the Silesian University of Technology can significantly enhance safety and crisis management in industry by integrating scientific advancements with industrial practices. The proposed structure and methods for the Center emphasize modern training programs, crisis simulations, and the use of advanced technologies like AI and data analysis to improve risk management. Originality/Value: The article presents the original concept of the new groundbreaking Competence Center for security and crisis management at the Silesian University of Technology.
... Companies are willing to join forces provided that they can access to complementary resources (Caloghirou, Tsakanikas, & Vonortas, 2001;Kogut, 1988;Sakakibara, 1997). Other explanations focus on the issue of overcoming transaction costs, strategic management or reducing risk associated with uncertain R&D outcomes (Hagedoorn, Link, & Vonortas, 2000). ...
... Speci cally, on the one hand, industrial agglomeration can provide opportunities for university-enterprise cooperation in practice and result conversion, thus enhancing the probability of university-enterprise cooperation occurring and providing conditions for the improvement of enterprises' innovation capacity (Dobusch et al., 2019;Powell et al., 1996). From the perspective of innovation subjects, enterprises are the most active subjects of innovation behavior (Caloghirou et al., 2001). The increase of industrial agglomeration density will lead to the improvement of local innovation capacity (Freitas et al., 2013). ...
This paper constructs a fixed-effects model to investigate the relationship between industrial agglomeration, university-enterprise cooperation, and firm innovation using data from 2002–2019 on Chinese A-share listed companies in non-financial industries and the degree of regional agglomeration. The results of the benchmark regressions find that an increase in the level of regional industrial agglomeration reduces the innovation ability of firms, while university-enterprise cooperation enhances the innovation ability. At the same time, we find that university-enterprise cooperation plays a moderating role between industrial agglomeration and firm innovation, and university-enterprise cooperation can mitigate the decrease in innovation caused by industrial agglomeration. The above findings still hold after a series of robustness tests. Further, the results of heterogeneity tests show that the effects of industrial agglomeration and university-enterprise cooperation on firm innovation are influenced by the property rights and the location of the firm. The negative effect of industrial agglomeration on state-owned enterprises' innovation capability is more prominent in the eastern regions. However, the effect of university-enterprise cooperation on improving innovation capacity of non-state-owned enterprises is more significant in the western region.
... Permasalahannya adalah UKM tidak memiliki kapasitas serap yang baik terkait transfer teknologi dan dalam memanfaatkan ilmu pengetahuan yang diberikan (Spithoven et al., 2010;Petruzzelli & Rotolo, 2015). Pelaku usaha yang lebih besar sering kali lebih memilih untuk berpartisipasi dalam konsorsium yang lebih besar dalam jangka panjang (Caloghirou et al., 2001). Oleh sebab itu, kolaborasi antara riset dan UKM dirasa tidak banyak memberikan investasi yang menjanjikan (Bodas Freitas et al., 2013). ...
Penerapan triple helix yang ideal di daerah melalui kolaborasi antara Pusat Riset, Pemda dan Pelaku usaha (UMKM) telah dijabarkan oleh pengarang. Suatu perjalanan yang panjang dalam menggali keberhasilan dan kegagalan dari hasil kerjasama yang telah dibangun selama puluhan tahun dalam upaya penerapan triple helix dari sudut pemanfaatan teknologi berdasarkan hasil transfer iptek untuk menumbuhkembangkan UMKM di daerah. Permasalahan dan penyelesaian dari kolaborasi triple helix dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan Engaged Scholarship. Pengarang juga menjelaskan bagaimana menyelesaikan segala permasalahan hasil kolaborasi triple helix dalam upaya meningkatkan adopsi teknologi pada implementasi hasil pengembangan rekayasa peralatan dan proses pangan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna. Kolaborasi triple helix yang ideal kemudian dipaparkan melalui tahapan pola kolaborasi, strategi memperkuat kolaborasi, mekanisme transfer pengetahuan dalam kolaborasi serta upaya penguatan kolaborasi triple helix yang ideal.
... As David et al. (2000) and many others point out, estimations in the studies reviewed are mostly confronted with potential selection problems. Recently published studies (for example, Almus and Czarnitzki 2003;Busom 2000;Caloghirou et al. 2001;Czarnitzki et al. 2007;Lach 2002;Wallsten 2000) used state-of-the-art evaluation methods to compare funded fi rms with comparable non-funded fi rms. All these studies indicate positive, direct eff ects of funding on R&D expenditure and patent applications by programme participants. ...
... Firms have historically organized their research and development (R&D) internally (Mowery, 1983), but firms now increasingly follow an open innovation model by complementing their in-house knowledge through interorganizational collaborations (Hagedoorn, 2002;Chesbrough, 2003;Sampson, 2007). A prominent example is the growing number of university-industry collaborations (UICs) 1 (Caloghirou et al., 2001), 2 by which universities may contribute relevant expertise and knowledge to a firm's technological resource base and create new possibilities for innovation through research (Mansfield, 1991;Cohen et al., 2002;Dahlander and Gann, 2010). ...
... In terms of the role of universities in promoting high-tech industries, scholars mainly from funding investment, technological innovation capabilities, knowledge spillovers, and talent gathering in universities to promote the development of high-tech industry. R&D investment in universities is an important reason for the difference in the output value of high-tech industries (Caloghirou et al., 2001;Basant, Chandra, 2006). Increasing the investment in science and Ван Ю. ...
The article examines the relationship between the development of modern universities and high-tech industry, and try to find the role of universities in the development of high-tech industries. The author takes Zhongguancun Science Park in China as a case, to establish a correlation analysis between high-tech industries and universities. The results show that the correlation between the number of graduates and the output value of high-tech industries is not significant. The correlation between the number of universities and the output value of high-tech industries is significant at the level of 0.05, with a coefficient of 0.663. Other indicators such as R&D expenditures, R&D projects, published scientific papers, patents and so on, are highly correlated with the output value of high-tech industries, while they are all significant at the 0.01 level. It is fully demonstrated that there is a high degree of correlation between high-tech industries and universities. Universities provide high-tech industries with talent and intellectual support, financial support and continuous power, the development of high-tech industries are inseparable from universities.
... The European FPs have been investigated from various viewpoints. Substantial research interest has focused, inter alia, on the effects of cohesion policies and convergence (Ramajo et al., 2008), the effects on the European research area (Chessa et al., 2013), the performance of the program (Sebestyén and Varga, 2013), the impact of relational networks on regional development (Di Cagno et al., 2016;Maggioni et al., 2007) and companies (Caloghirou et al., 2001;Protogerou et al., 2013). ...
Joint R&D&I projects and programs increase performance but entail project-related risks; namely, concurrent projects may share resources, delays may be inherited by later projects, and costs may overrun. With a project portfolio, one can better plan budgets, timelines, and risks, manage the resource-sharing of parallel projects, and map content-related projects as one program. However, large (publicly funded) research programs are rarely designed and managed as portfolios. This paper discerns the structure of the European Union-funded 7th Framework Program from a project management perspective. The proposed method estimates the structure based on the content, collaboration, and duration, which enables very accurate mapping of a naturally evolved, unstructured portfolio using limited publicly available data. We tested the sensitivity of overruns/delays, relative costs, and outputs to changes in the distribution of single projects, multi-projects, and programs. The results indicate that supporting programs leads to an improvement in performance, while the duration increases only slightly. The relative costs and output can be improved by moderately increasing the proportion of multi-projects and programs without the risk of overrun or delay. Although we used data from an unstructured portfolio, we believe that the results are valid for R&D&I portfolios in general. To address research policy, we suggest that understanding framework programs as portfolios of projects and managing their structure support collaboration and increase output with only a marginal impact on the cost and duration.
... In particular, several entrepreneurship opportunities can lead to a socially and ecologically sustainable society (see inter alia, Ardichvili et al., 2003;Nave and Franco, 2019;George et al., 2020). Optimizing the use of water resources, utilizing environmentally-friendly technology, obeying the limitations of resources and energy, transparency in financial affairs being ethics oriented (Soleymani et al., 2021), or inter-organization cooperations (Caloghirou et al., 2001;Nave and Franco, 2019) are only a few of the proposed strategies that could promote sustainable entrepreneurship. However, entrepreneurs often have to deal with market barriers that hinder their progress (Hummels and Argyrou, 2021), while many studies have also highlighted limited circular project implementation due to various barriers (Kirchherr et al., 2018;Hart et al., 2019). ...
Over the last years, member states have monitored the circular economy transition and reported specific indicators to Eurostat. This study analyzes the relationship of macro data between entrepreneurship, innovation, socio-economic development, and circularity progress using a panel dataset of eighteen European Union (EU) countries from 2010 to 2019. Estimators such as feasible generalized least squares, fully modified ordinary least squares, and dynamic ordinary least squares long-run estimators are employed to yield reliable estimators. Empirical findings document that entrepreneurship, innovation, and socio-economic development significantly affect the circularity rate over the study period. In particular, the circularity rate will increase by 0.19% if entrepreneurship in Europe increases by one percent, whereas “polluting” entrepreneurship seems to have a negative association with circularity. A 1% increase in research and development (proxy of innovation) will increase the circularity rate by 0.65% on average. The annual circularity rate will also increase by 0.73% if economic growth increases by 1%. Human development index also has a high impact on the circularity process amid EU economies. Based on the empirical results, the study argues that a faster process in progressing circularity can be reached if the EU provides opportunities for increased entrepreneurship, higher levels of innovation, and more equal and fair socio-economic advancement as measured by higher human development. As there is scarce literature in this area, this study aims to pave the way in looking into further macroeconomic drivers affecting circularity.
... That was a period when The Triple Helix model started to emerge (Etzkowitz, 1983) before it got fully formalized in the mid 1990s (Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, 1995). As a model that grasps a lively phenomenon of relations between continuously evolving types of organizations (universities, firms, policy-making bodies), and relations which happen across very diverse cultural, institutional, and economic contexts (Caloghirou et al., 2001;Nelson, 2012), the Triple Helix Model has been going through an intensive evolution process in the past decades. ...
... In contrast to firms, universities and research organizations are more interested in the scientific aspects of technology development. These organizations therefore join consortia to tap into complementary resources to explore new areas of research and advance the scientific knowledge frontier (Caloghirou et al., 2001;Carayol, 2003). Public bodies such as governmental institutions may choose to participate in innovation consortia to ensure that technological developments are in line with policy goals, often by acting as the problem owner of broader societal, environmental, or economic issues for which an innovative solution is desirable (Roelofsen et al., 2011). ...
Plain English Summary
SMEs in publicly funded research consortia often benefit from the diversity of partners but diversity also influences how partners write up the grant proposal. They put more emphasis on embeddedness in the ecosystem but less on technological novelty. SMEs often collaborate with organizations of different institutional backgrounds, such as other firms, universities, or research organizations, in publicly funded innovation projects. While these collaborations are often beneficial, SMEs need to coordinate with their project partners about how to set priorities in the grant proposal. Our analysis, which is based on the proposal texts of 207 EU-funded research consortia, reveals that increasingly diverse consortia put more emphasis on the embeddedness into an innovation ecosystem but less on achieving technological novelty. Our research has implications for SMEs that seek to collaborate for innovation and for public funding bodies that can better assess the likely innovation impact of a grant proposal.
... (year) t(Caloghirou and Tsakanikas 2001;Perkmann and Walsh 2007) and the proportion of funding money received from industry for contract research and consulting activities as a proxy of the extent of contract research and consulting conducted by university i at time (year) t (DiGregorio and Shane 2003;O'Shea et al. 2005). ...
The multifaceted issues regarding university-industry relations are an increasing focus of attention of both scholars and practitioners, as a means of enhancing current knowledge transfer practices and policies. One of the central questions is whether and how the mechanisms underlying different types of university-industry collaborations (collaborative research, contract research, consulting) influence universities’ research commercialisation outcomes (patenting, licensing, spin-off generation). Results of six negative binomial models in Generalized Estimating Equations based on longitudinal panel data on Italian universities, reveal that while collaborative research with industry leads to an increase in patenting activities and spin-off generation, contract research and consulting boost licensing opportunities. Results also reveal complementarities between different types of university-industry linkages, fostering all the types of research commercialisation outcomes. Managerial and policy implications are discussed at the end of this paper.
... Взаимодействуя с исследовательскими центрами и университетами, фирмы имеют возможность получить доступ к новым научным результатам и при этом оптимизировать собственные расходы на НИОКР (Lee, 2000;Caloghirou et al., 2001;Elmuti et al., 2005;Bodas Freitas, Verspagen, 2009;Kodcharat, Chaikeaw, 2012). Исследовательский сектор нередко становится источником идей продуктовых и процессных инноваций бизнеса (Schartinger et al., 2001). ...
The paper assesses the influence of science–business cooperation on the activity of firms, analyzes the factors of interaction of Russian companies with academic organizations and universities in the research sphere, identifies barriers to the development of cooperation between business and science. It has been established that companies whose source of innovation was external R&D were more likely to grow over the past 5 years and to create new products. However, a significant effect of the impact of cooperation with domestic research organizations was found only for the dynamics of exports. It is shown that cooperation with domestic science is more typical for high-tech industries and large Russian businesses. The factor inducing firms to outsource research is a significant level of competition. The high cost of external research services and their insufficient quality hinder the development of scientific and production cooperation. One can point to such a barrier as low interest of research organizations in the volume of orders that firms can offer. This is caused by weak institutional change in the Russian science, preservation of its orientation at the state and major players, which significantly limits the opportunities for institutional interaction of small innovative firms with science. It has been shown that the state quite effectively “pushes” companies to interact with research organizations and universities, but the results of such interaction are often unsatisfactory for firms.
... Different types of measurement could find the result of the same U-I relationship fruitful for both parts, only for one, or negative for both (Perkmann and Walsh 2007). However, one of the companies' main motivation for engaging U-I collaboration is to use it as a 'window' of scientific knowledge rather than for developing marketable innovations (Caloghirou et al. 2001;Volpi 2017). In recent times, this trend has changed due to the need for both partners to increase the finalization degree of collaborative projects (Weingart 1997;Zapp and Powell 2017). ...
The University–Industry (U–I) relationship is a fundamental part of innovation systems. A wide spread of public resources has been given to promote this relationship and a large number of studies has evaluated the results. However, while innovation theory identifies this relationship as a positive instrument to increase firms’ performance, evaluation literature reports a wide range of findings. The lack of conclusiveness results in theory and evaluation literature motivates this meta-regression analysis (MRA), built on fifty-one micro-level studies published since 1995. After controlling for publication selection bias, sample, and study heterogeneities, our results show a small effect on firms’ performance. Specifically, the size of the effect is more significant for technical outcomes than economic ones. These findings have a lot of relevance for universities, firms, and policymakers for determining open-innovation strategies and public policies.
... On the one hand, SMEs can lack the absorptive capacity needed to benefit from tapping into academic knowledge (Spithoven, Clarysse, and Knockaert 2010). On the other hand, universities often prefer to be involved in large business projects (Caloghirou, Tsakanikas, and Vonortas 2001), and do not seem to have invested much in the creation of an interface user-friendly for SMEs (Bodas Freitas, Marques, and de Paula e Silva 2013). Our empirical exercise corroborates these results, and suggests that increasing the relative endowment of public R&D expenditure is an ineffective policy to improve the relative innovation performanceparticularly, SMEs' contribution to it -if it is not preceded and accompanied by robust actions to ensure that SMEs benefit from knowledge spillovers generated by public R&D efforts. ...
Where does innovation come from? And do all regions innovate similarly? We deal with these questions by highlighting the complexity of the concepts of innovation capability and performance, and by testing their association at the European Union regional level. We disentangle inputs of innovation capability, and consider regional heterogeneity in institutional quality, to understand the relative endowment of what innovation inputs is associated with higher relative innovation performance. We find that ‘formal’ inputs – public and business R&D expenditure – do not work unconditionally and everywhere, and that less ‘formal’ ones – e.g., non-R&D expenditure and firms collaborating for innovation – matter particularly in regions with relative low-quality institutions. Moreover, institutional quality emerges as an innovation productivity-enhancing factor.
... However, some studies access data on the EU-funded Framework Program collaboration. Caloghirou et al. (2001) analyse universityindustry collaboration in Framework Programs and conduct a large-scale analysis between 1983-1996, showing that universities are included in more than 50% of cooperative projects and that their role increases with time. They also highlight that universities of peripheral countries are also important actors in this collaboration network. ...
This study extends previous research by
providing a large-scale analysis of Framework
Program collaboration patterns from a
multidimensional perspective. We use
detailed data on Framework Program
cooperation to map research collaboration
patterns across European regions, focusing
on the intensity between industry and
research institutions. Using these data, we
profile European NUTS3 regions along the
institutional and spatial dimensions of their
collaboration networks. The results show that
cooperation intensities correlate among types
of collaboration: most of the regions are
either weakly or strongly cooperative along
most of the cooperation dimensions.
However, a significant group of moderately
developed regions shows selective
collaboration patterns, mostly with an
external focus.
... Conversely, ROs collaborate with firms to access industrial capabilities and resources, to commercialize research ideas or test their commercial potential, to develop real-world links and build experience or to develop potential career pathways for their professionals (Caloghirou, Tsakanikas, & Vonortas, 2001;Cohen et al., 2002;Etzkowitz, 1998;Fischer, Schaeffer, Vonortas, & Queiroz, 2017). ...
Context:
dynamic and productive linkages between research organizations (ROs) and industry are actively spurred in advanced nations. Conversely, Latin American countries face significant challenges in fostering research-industry interactions. Solid models of research-industry cooperation are of particular interest to emerging economies such as Brazil.
Objective:
this article aims at presenting a comprehensive study of the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Research and Innovation - Embrapii, an entity focused on addressing barriers to cooperation between research ROs and companies.
Methods:
data from 63 projects supported by Embrapii involving three ROs and 44 companies was collected employing four sources of primary data: two web questionnaires, interviews and technical visits. The scope of the study is based on Embrapii’s initial phase carried out during 2012-2016.
Results:
findings revealed that specificities of the model allow the emergence of conditions for effective research-industry cooperation.
Conclusion:
The Embrapii’s model contributed to overcoming both orientation-related and transaction-related barriers, resulting in positive outcomes. Expected technological results such as new products, processes, and methodologies, were achieved in the majority of projects.
... (A szakirodalom részletes áttekintését lásd : Perkmann et al. 2013, és Ankrah-Al-Tabbaa 2015 Az együttműködések nemzetköziesedésének van néhány sajátossága a nemzeti együttműködésekhez viszonyítva. (Caloghirou et al. 2001). A nemzetköziesedés szakirodalmának egy szelete vizsgálja a határokon átnyúló kölcsönös függőséget az innovációs folyamatban, továbbá a multik anyaországbeli és fogadó országokban működő vállalatainak kapcsolatait a tudást produkáló szervezetekkel a globalizálódó gazdaságokban. ...
A közel múltban az üzleti finanszírozású kutatás-fejlesztési kiadások döntő hányada a teljesen, vagy döntő mértékben külföldi tulajdonban lévő vállalatok finanszírozták Magyarországon. Ez a magas hányad azt jelzi, hogy külföldi vállalatoknak jelentős szerepe van a kutatási programok formálásában és a vállalkozások és az egyetemek együttműködéseiben. Ez a fejezet arra koncentrál, hogyan alakítják a külföldi vállalatok kutatási- és kísérleti fejlesztési együttműködéseket a vállalakozások és az egyetemek között, és érinti a kormányzat szerepét ebben. A kutatás-fejlesztési együttműködések tárgya nagymértékben függ a gazdasági és jogi környezettől, valamint a potenciális partnerektől. Ez az írás a multik fogadó országa perspektívájából arra keresi a választ, hogy a vállalatok milyen K+F keresletet generálnak az egyetemeken? Az együttműködésekben mennyire jelentős az Ipar 4.0- hoz köthető kutatások szerepe? Az egyetemekkel szerződő külföldi tulajdonú vállalatok hogyan formálják az egyetemek K+F tevékenységét és azoknak mi a hatása az egyetemekre az ipar 4.0 korszakában? Módszer: az elérhető adatállományok elemzése, vállalati és egyetemi weboldalakról való tájékozódás és interjúk az együttműködések kulcsszereplőivel.
... A considerable volume of research on firm innovation recognizes that I-U R&D collaboration possesses a prominent place enabling firms to broaden and refresh their knowledge base, and exploit scientific knowledge and novel ideas (Audretsch et al., 2013;Caloghirou et al., 2001;Galán-Muros & Plewa, 2016). The presence of valuable external knowledge flows inside the firm boundaries becomes important for the development of new knowledge (Kogut and Zander, 1992). ...
Τhis paper explores the relationship between Industry-University (I-U) R&D collaborations and product innovation and how this nexus is affected by different types of firms’ knowledge stocks proxied by firm age, employees’ educational level and exporting activity. Our research is based on a unique dataset derived from a two-wave survey in 524 Greek manufacturing firms during the crisis period (2011 and 2013). The analysis also provides insights into the mechanisms through which the crisis may affect innovation. We find that I-U R&D collaborations are important in shaping firm innovation towards a form of an inverted U. In addition, the results show that crisis deepening is associated with reduced probability of introducing a product innovation, with liquidity constraints and public policies identified as mediators. Finally, knowledge stocks are found to play a moderating role in the relationship between I-U collaborations and product innovation suggesting that firms with low levels of knowledge stocks benefit more in terms of innovation from the development of knowledge flows with universities, especially in industries characterized by knowledge proximity with universities and regions with social trust.
... Smaller firms are more prone to financial constraints as a result of indivisibilities in search costs, shorter track records and less collateral, as well as high-tech companies by their very nature tend to face the same problems plus riskier investments and greater information asymmetry (Canepa and Stoneman 2008). The literature has repeatedly pointed out that external partnerships could help to share costs and risks involved in the innovation process (e.g., Hagedoorn, Link, and Vonortas 2000;Caloghirou, Tsakanikas, and Vonortas 2001;Eom and Lee 2010). Therefore, we hypothesise: ...
... The acquisition of technologies from external organisations shortens the time required for internal R&D, and quickly solves problems that companies do not solve by themselves (Cohen et al. 2002). In addition, the exploration of technology purchases provides companies with complementary insights for commercialisation by identifying stateof-the-art, external resources (Caloghirou et al. 2001). ...
This study examines the effects of commercially-oriented research and development (R&D) competence and technology commercialisation (TC) policies in public research organisations (PROs) on R&D efficiency of companies when they receive technology transfer from PROs. This study especially uses three-stage data envelopment analysis in order to control the companies’ absorptive capacity and innovation hurdles that affect the efficiency. The results show that companies that receive technology transfer from PROs that have good alignment between commercially-oriented R&D competence and TC policies have higher R&D efficiency than companies that do not. On the other hand, the misalignment between PROs’ commercially-oriented R&D competence and TC policies can have negative effects on R&D efficiency of companies that receive technology transfer. Consequently, this study discloses that the alignment between technology transferor's commercially-oriented R&D competence and TC policies is critical for improving the R&D efficiency of companies when the companies acquire technologies from external organisations.
... When university-industry cooperation elements are analyzed in terms of enterprises, the reasons for cooperation vary according to the sector and enterprise size (Perkmann, Neely, & Walsh, 2011). In the research conducted, the reasons of university-industry cooperation in terms of businesses can be summarized as follows (Caloghirou, Tsakanika, & Vonortas, 2001;Faulkner & Senker, 1994;Frank et al., 2007); Access to complementary resources, Reducing risks and costs, especially in R&D activities, Access to public research and, Training and recruitment of executive candidates University-industry cooperation areas can be listed as education, research and consultancy. "Education", which is one of the university-industry cooperation areas, includes courses offered at various program and educational levels (associate, undergraduate and graduate), conferences, seminars, graduation theses, internship and activities organized on employment and career (Blackman & Segal, 1991;Oritz, 2013). ...
Qualified human resources and management of the human resource stand out as critical values in terms of the country’s economy and future in the age digital transformation and they are also important within university-industry cooperation and social contribution responsibilities which are both on the agenda of Turkish Republic Presidential Human Resources Office and universities. The expression of “qualified human resources” frequently expressed by those working in fields such as labor and employment is the basis of a country’s struggle for existence rather than competition. This study holds the potential to improve its success by supporting the application of yetenekkapisi.org implemented by Turkish Republic Presidential Human Resources Office and bringing student and graduate candidates with employers and universities together. It also introduces the regional talent management application model developed in the context of university-industry cooperation within the framework of talent management literature in human resources. Therefore, the study aims to present a permanent, sustainable model proposal integrating the practice with the scientific theoretical infrastructure that focuses on developing the strategy of regional development and assessment of competencies. It is proposed to develop the strategic management plan for developing and assessing regional competencies, as well as to attract, identify, develop and retain the skills needed by the region through the developed model. In the first part of the study, talent management, talent management process, applications and tools are explained within the historical development process, and in the second part the developed regional talent management implementation model is presented. The last part of the study includes suggestions for future studies.
... However, these firms which regard profit as their primary objective are different from universities as their primary objective is to teach and conduct research (Etzkowitz & Etzkowitz, 2003). Yet, university-industry linkages are formed to reap several benefits such as gaining access to vital knowledge (Caloghirou et al., 2001), enabling problem solving capability (Cohen et al., 2002), development of new technologies by allowing access to new tools and techniques (Rosenberg, 1992), improving firm reputation among potential partners and in labor markets (Hicks,1995), entering the academic network (Pargament, Magyar-Russell, & Murray-Swank, 2005), and escalating opportunities for more public funding. ...
The major purpose of this conceptual paper is to integrate the viewpoints of different researchers about Knowledge management infrastructure, process and university performance. After an in-depth study of literature, we concluded that with proper attention towards knowledge management infrastructure, knowledge management processes and technology, universities can outperform their competitors. Initially the research was conducted by the use of Google scholar search engine with the keywords of “Knowledge management infrastructure”, “Knowledge management process” and “University performance” to understand the basic interpretation of vital terminologies. Furthermore, different research papers were searched and collected by using the same key words from Emerald, Science Direct, J-store and EBSCO hosts and a detail review was done of each paper.
... In practical terms, strengthening the role of PCs would involve: The European Framework Programmes have provided a means for collaboration between higher education institutions, public research organisations, civic society, SMEs, large enterprises, not-for-profit entities, regulators, industry associations, and other eligible stakeholders including local, regional and national government agencies across the European Union to pursue common research that can have potential impacts including scientific, technological, regulatory, societal and social etc. The European Framework programmes have led to the creation of different forms of research collaborations that have yielded research and cost synergies and enhanced the knowledge base of collaborating partners (Caloghirou et al, 2001). For example, Barajas et al, (2012:917) empirical study of Spanish participants in EU Framework Programmes between 1995 and 2005 found that: '(i) R&D cooperation has a positive impact on the technological capacity of firms, captured through intangible fixed assets and (ii) the technological capacity of firms is positively related to their productivity.' ...
This report presents key findings of the Innovation Radar Project Coordinators Survey in European Framework Programme Research and Innovation projects, a purposeful sample of European Framework Programme (FP) Project Coordinators (PC). The objective is to identify the practices and activities of PCs leading EU FP projects and to understand their impact on innovation outcomes. The survey findings confirm the lynchpin role of PCs in the European FP R&I projects. Their role clearly extends significantly beyond that identified in the Horizon 2020 User Guide which sees the PC as "the main contact point between the consortium and the Commission for a particular grant". The PC is far more than simply "the proposal initiator in the submission phase" but taking account of their prime role in project conceptualisation and consortia formation, the PC is in effect the principal translator of the EC funded research programme and responsible for how the majority of the European research budget is invested. Identifying the PC as a scientific entrepreneur significantly changes how the PC role is viewed. Recognising the PC as a scientific entrepreneur means their engagement with the PC during the project should be less about monitoring and oversight during project implementation, and more about providing the entrepreneur with support.
... From the point of view of SMEs, these companies generally lack the absorptive capacity and scientific approach to problem-solving needed to benefit from tapping into academic knowledge (Spithoven et al. 2010;Messeni Petruzzelli and Rotolo 2015). From the point of view of universities, these institutions often prefer to participate in larger consortia and longer-term efforts (Caloghirou et al. 2001) and do not seem to have invested much in the development of partnerships with SMEs (Bodas Freitas et al. 2013). Other factors that might influence the effectiveness of UICs (i.e., the probability of successful interactions between the two sides) include technological and geographical proximity (e.g., Messeni Petruzzelli 2011), firms' search strategies (e.g., Messeni Petruzzelli and Rotolo 2015) and researchers' characteristics (e.g., Zucker and Darby 1996;Baba et al. 2009;Subramanian et al. 2013;Tijssen 2018). ...
This work analyzes the impact of university–industry collaborations (UICs) on the innovation performance of a sample of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in Veneto, a region in the north-east of Italy, which is considered particularly representative of the often-cited “innovation without research” model. We consider two aspects of such UICs that have never been at the center of theoretical and empirical debates on the innovation capacity of SMEs and whose importance has only recently been recognized. The first aspect is the variety of forms that UIC can take. Specifically, we distinguish between formal and informal collaborations. The second aspect is the possible influence of the absorptive capacity of SMEs on their ability to gaining from UICs in terms of innovation performance. We combine statistical analysis of the results of a survey administered to 179 SMEs in Veneto with a collection of anecdotal evidence to show that UICs effectively increase SMEs’ innovation performance.
Due to the increasing innovation pressure of industry, joint research between industry and science has become enormously important in recent years. Increasing complexity of the industry offer, the digital transformation and the upcoming of new forms of work, collaboration increasingly switches from classic bilateral collaborations between one company and one scientific partner towards multilateral research cooperation. A wide range of collaborative research formats are existing, facilitating bilateral collaboration between industry and research to aim a defined goal and facilitating mutual benefit. Accompanying research on collaboration performance exists for bilateral collaborative initiatives. However, still little research on formats for multilateral research cooperation exists. In the following study we want to identify existing forms of multilateral cooperation between industry and science and analyse them according to their collaboration performance in the age of digitalisation. Therefore, in a first step, desktop research was conducted to identify real, existing collaborations between industry and science. Within those, relevant key characteristics which affects the performance of multilateral collaboration were derived (such as “number of partners”, “partnership structure”, “funding model”, “contractual arrangements”). In the second step, seven representatives of real multilateral collaborations were interviewed to characterise their research cooperations. The survey captures different perspectives of research collaboration management, the business partners, and the partners from academia. The third step involved an analysis of the interview results, which finally were merged with the findings from literature and formed the foundation for defining the ten relevant characteristics of successful research collaborations.
Uzun zamandır gündemde yer alan üniversite sanayi iş birliği meselesi, teknolojik değişimlere uyum açısından son derece önemlidir. Bilindiği gibi, bilgi çağının getirdiği tüm yenilikler ve bilgiye erişimde çeşitlenen yollarla birlikte teknik donanım ve yeteneğin önemi de her geçen gün artmaktadır. Bilimsel olarak kendisini geliştirmiş akademisyenlerden oluşan üniversitelerin, sanayi kuruluşları ile bir arada çalışmasının önemi de buradan kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde yeterince iyi düzeyde tesis edilemeyen üniversite sanayi iş birliği sürecinde, sanayi kuruluşlarının beklentilerinin neler olduğu araştırılmaktadır. Örneklem olarak seçilen Sivas iş dünyasının, şehirdeki iki üniversiteden biri ve en köklüsü olan Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesinden beklentilerinin ortaya çıkarılması hedeflenmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda ise, üniversitede öğrenim gören gençlere daha teknolojik ve çağdaş bir eğitim verilmesi gerektiği, moda tasarımı ve turizm gibi uygulamalı alanlarda daha çok öğrencinin işyerlerine staja gelmesi gerektiği, üniversitede bulunan akademisyenler tarafından sektörde çalışan personele daha sık eğitim verilmesi gerektiği, üniversiteden sahaya bilgi ve teknoloji akışının artması, akademisyenlerin sahadaki işyerlerini daha sık ziyaret etmesi, öğrenciler yabancı dilde çok yetersiz olması sebebiyle istihdam zorluğu yaşadığından bu soruna yönelik eğitim öğretim faaliyetlerinin yaygınlaştırılması, dış ticaret açısından öğrencilerin yetiştirilmesi ve üniversite ile yapılan ortak etkinliklerin artırılması hususlarında da beklentiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
This monograph shares the latest empirical insights and knowledge about attitudes towards open innovations, as well as drivers and barriers of open innovation collaboration from the perspective of the Polish and knowledge-intensive SMEs sector. The introduction is followed by a presentation of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the open innovation paradigm, open innovation ecosystem and its major dimensions. The next section focuses on the specific features of high-tech and knowledge-intensive SMEs and their innovative collaboration with key stakeholders (with firms, academia, public authorities, end users etc.) as well as the problem of knowledge sharing. Section three presents the dynamics, structure and development of the selected R&D and knowledge-intensive industries in Poland. It introduces the specifics of four selected sectors: biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors, electronics and computer industries, the chemical industry, as well as the media, publishing and printing industries, from the global perspective as well as that of the Polish market perspectives. Finally, chapter four presents the results of the research survey conducted on the Polish market. It provides insights on major drivers and barriers of open innovation in a high and medium-high tech SMEs, as well as the description of attitudes, behaviours and experiences observed in this group of entrepreneurs. The monograph ends with conclusions and policy implications.
University-industry collaboration plays an important role in the successful and innovative growth of technology-based firms. For collaborations to be successful, firms should exert considerable effort in selecting the right partner. University partner selection and recommendation approaches have been proposed; however, few studies have focused on the identification of university inventor groups—sets of inventors that are actual candidates for collaborations. Thus, this study proposes a patent-based partner identification approach for identifying appropriate university inventor groups for university-industry collaboration. The proposed approach involves: 1) collecting patent and institution identification data; 2) grouping university inventors based on assignee and co-invention information; 3) screening candidate inventor groups with technical expertise related to the firm's needs; 4) identifying competitive partner groups by evaluating the technological competence, concentration, and size of the candidate inventor groups. Through a case study of an actual target firm, we show that the proposed approach can identify appropriate university partner inventor groups. In the case study, 49 candidate inventor groups are screened, and 12 of them are identified as competitive. This study provides an effective approach based on patent data for identifying inventor groups belonging to universities that are well-suited for collaborative research and development projects with technology-based firms.
In recent years, there has been growing pressure on both universities and enterprises to intensify cooperation. The subject of this article here is academic entrepreneurship at the researcher level. The aim is to identify attitudes towards such entrepreneurship and define the diversity of attitudes. Moreover, it has been established how such attitudes towards entrepreneurship differentiate the intention and commitment to start cooperation with industry in reality. Achieving this aim required an empirical study involving primary sources. The study subjects were university researchers working on tourism issues, and a total of 73 participated. Methods from descriptive statistics and the chi-square test of independence were used to analyse the results. According to the study, researchers are much more likely to perceive the benefits than the disadvantages of cooperation, and the benefits perceived most are chances to obtain information and the inspiration to conduct academic and didactic work. The work also found that researchers who see academic entrepreneurship as an opportunity for financial benefit and see cooperation as an opportunity to increase enterprises' competitive advantage significantly more often declare their intention to engage in it. Suggested citation: Olszewski, M. (2021). Scientists' attitudes towards academic entrepreneurship: the results of an empirical study. Przedsiębiorczość-Edukacja [Entrepreneurship-Education], 17(1), 7-18.
This paper aims to develop a theoretical background to identify: 1) the important channels of ‘university-developed technology’ acquisition and qualitatively group them in coherent modes and 2) the contingent factors (firm side) that characterize and differentiate these modes. Based on a systematic literature review of over 100 papers published till 2019, this exploratory research proposes: 4 prominent modes (viz., commercialization of IP, open channels, research services and research partnership) and 8 contingent factors (viz., business strategy, type of innovation, NPD stage, time span, financial risk, cost of managing IOR, industry concentration and geographical proximity hindrance) which affect firm's decision on how to acquire university-generated technology. These are the key parameters to design and implement university-industry technology transfer channels and opens up the debate on ‘external technology sourcing’ from universities and research institutions as a systemic approach. This study has important implications for policy design, entrepreneurs and university administrators.
This study draws on evaluation data to investigate the success of collaborative R&D project proposals submitted to Horizon 2020, the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (FP). Data on project status and evaluation score is used to identify successful and rejected project proposals. We hypothesize that the social or institutional composition of the project consortium explains the outcome of an early-stage R&D collaboration. Using regression analysis, we identify ‘success factors’ at the consortium level, related to (i) the network visibility; (ii) level of experience and degree of acquaintance; and (iii) the research capabilities and excellence or reputation of consortium members. We show that consortia with high levels of experience and reputation, involving a large share of Western European partners and engaged in more application-oriented consortia, have greater chances of success in acquiring H2020 project funding. This result has implications for the scientific community, as well as for the direction of EU research policy.
We observe that research joint ventures (RIVs) with university members are distinctly larger than those without. We seek to explain this observation by stressing that net gains are greater for industry participants in RIVs with a large number of members since the loss in appropriable information from the university's involvement decreases as the RJV's size increases. Further, universities show a preference for more costly projects to absorb overhead administrative costs associated with externally-contracted research.
Europe provides large-scale public support for collaborative R&D, notably through the European Union's Framework Programmes and the intergovernmental Eureka Initiative. Experience in evaluating these programmes is reviewed, with particular emphasis on assessment of their socio-economic effects. For the Framework Programmes a panel-based evaluation system has been unable to address these effects adequately. New emphasis on promoting research as a solution to economic and social problems has created additional demands for evaluation. In Eureka, a 'continuous and systematic evaluation' process collects information about project impacts on and after completion. Results show a highly skewed success pattern and new complex benefits arising from knowledge generation and networking. A schema of outputs and effects is presented and the issues of additionality and policy persistence discussed. It is concluded that a broader view of effects is needed if under-valuation is to be avoided.
In recent years, the United States and the European Union have made significant steps towards technology policies to enhance industry competitiveness. Government attention has shifted progressively from more supply-oriented technology policies to a greater balance with demand-oriented (technology-user-oriented) innovation policies. The transition has progressed differently in the two regions reflecting their institutional environments, policy traditions, and recent political developments. The transition has also been controversial because of the increased complexity of the policy and the patchy success rate of past attempts of governments to intervene in civilian technology markets.
The European programmes in R&D have made an important contribution to the development of co-operation between public research institutes and industry not only across, but within, individual member countries. The constitution of dynamic networks beyond the formal collaboration, the access of public sector researchers to the best industrial laboratories in European firms, and the opportunity for private companies to benefit from a larger pool of research resources than is available within a single nation, are among the positive features of the EU-inspired 'research-industry' partnerships identified here. Despite these benefits, the study (using data from interviews conducted in France and in Germany with researchers involved in the European Community's biotechnology (BAP, BRIDGE) and information technology ESPRIT, programmes also reveals a number of weaknesses in European partnerships that cannot be attributed, as many critical articles have done, to management problems at the Community level, but rather to the degree of commitment and extent of collaboration of the various partners.
This paper presents findings of a study that discloses key features of the Dutch R&D network in the area of catalysis, a sub-domain of industrial-relevant chemistry. The input comprises empirical data on collaborative research publications, informal network ties, and formal R&D linkages. The study aimed at identifying all public and private sector research organisations involved in the network, characterising their R&D output in terms of international scientific papers and patents, and describing and analysing relational and positional dimensions of their interorganisational network. The results provide an overview of Dutch activity within the worldwide cognitive landscape of catalysis R&D — from both a scientific and technological perspective. The interorganisational relationships reveal a strong and integrated network comprising many universities, public research labs, and private enterprises. The results of a mail survey held among academic and industrial researchers who are active within the network not only corroborate these empirical findings, but also elicited relevant criticisms concerning the efficiency and effectiveness of the network, and provided useful suggestions for its improvement. The paper concludes by looking at the benefits of this methodology, which links external quantitative information and qualitative expert opinions, as an analytical tool for government S&T policy and R&D management purposes.
This article examines the emerging ‘technology transfer’ role US academics are expected to play in economic development, what specific roles they believe they can play in industrial innovations, and how they might go about collaborating with private industry. Based on a national survey response of approximately 1000 faculty members at research-intensive universities it concludes that US academics in the 1990s believe that they are more favorably disposed than in the 1980s toward closer university-industry collaboration. A majority of the respondents supports the idea that their universities participate actively in local and regional economic development, facilitate commercialization of academic research, and encourage faculty consulting for private firms. A majority of these respondents, however, refuses to support the idea of their universities getting involved in close business partnership with private industry by way of, for example, start-up assistance or equity investment. Of various organizational and motivational underpinnings analyzed from the data, two factors stand out as central to the current debate on university transfer: one is the perception of declining federal R&D support, which threatens the vitality of their research enterprise, and the other is the impact of close university-industry cooperation, which is likely to interfere with academic freedom — the freedom to pursue long-term, disinterested, fundamental research. A search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration is, therefore, seen as a balancing act between these two competing concerns.
In 1989, Korea initiated a new program aimed at fostering university research potentials and building university-industry research relationships. It involves the establishment of Centers of Excellence in major universities in Korea: Science Research Centers (SRCs) and Engineering Research Centers (SRCs). This program has had a major impact on the universities and engineering communities in Korea. It is too early to claim success, but the initial result is encouraging.This article describes the reasons for establishing the Centers of Excellence and the nature, function and current status of the SRCIERC program. We examine its first three years' performance and evaluation process, and also examine some of problems and issues that arose while SRCs and ERCs were operating for the first three years. Several utopian recommendations are made, based on the results of evaluation for the effective operations that are most likely to succeed.
This paper highlights the developing process of university-industry links in a peripheral region of Spain. The case studied indicates that most links were informally established without assistance from a liaison office. Larger firms collaborated with the university more than smaller firms, whichever formal link is analysed. The percentages of collaboration were also higher in the medium-technology firms group. Some legal changes and government strategies are discussed to explain the growth of links within the region.
This paper is concerned with three questions: What role has the Japanese Government played in strengthening the technological base of Japanese companies through cooperative research in biotechnology? How important are Japanese Universities for Japanese companies involved in biotechnology? How has the Japanese Government responded in the area of biotechnology to the increased ‘globalisation’ (opening) of the Japanese innovation system? All these questions have direct bearing on the renewed debates taking place on the role that Governments should play in attempting to facilitate increased competitiveness and growth.
This paper examines the factors that influence university participation in R&D cooperative projects supported by the EU, using an original data set of the total population of universities in the EU countries in 1992. An econometric model is developed to test for the relevance of university size, scientific research productivity, and other fixed factors on two dependent variables. The first is the probability of joining an EU-funded R&D cooperative project; the second is the number of times a university participated in these cooperative projects. The results indicate that the probability of taking part in an EU-funded R&D project depends primarily on the scientific research productivity of the university. The factors that explain the number of times a university participated in a project include scientific research productivity, size, and differences among countries and scientific fields.
The interface between industry and the universities is of key importance in the promotion of technological change in many industries. There is intense interest in the characteristics of universities that have contributed most importantly to industrial innovation in various fields, but unfortunately very little systematic study has been devoted to this important and complex topic. Also, we know little about the factors determining which universities firms will support to do R&D of various types. Based on data obtained from a carefully selected sample of major US firms in the electronic, information processing, chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, instruments, and metal industries, this paper sheds new light on these topics.
Roessner and Wise, 1994. 2. FWP budgets have grown substantially through the yearsA New Program in Cooperative Research Between Academia and Industry in Korea, Involving Cen-Ž . ters of Excellence
- Mansfield Mansfield
- Lee
Mansfield, 1996; Mansfield and Lee, 1998; Mowery, 1998, Roessner and Wise, 1994. 2. FWP budgets have grown substantially through the years. References Ahn, S., 1995, 'A New Program in Cooperative Research Between Academia and Industry in Korea, Involving Cen-Ž. ters of Excellence', Techno¨ation 15 4, 241᎐257. Baldwin, W.L. and A.N. Link, 1998, 'Universities as Research Joint Venture Partners: Does Size of the Venture Matter', Ž. International Journal of Technology Management 15 8. Council of Competitiveness, 1996, 'Endless Frontier, Limited Resources: US R& D Policy for Competitiveness', Wash-inghton DC. European Commission, 1997, 'Second European Report on S&T Indicators: 1997', Directorate-General XII, Luxem-bourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Determinants of University Participation in EU-Funded R& D Cooperative Projects', Research Policy 26Technology Transfer and the Research Uni-versity: A Search for the Boundaries of University Industry Collaboration
- A Geuna
Geuna, A., 1998, 'Determinants of University Participation in EU-Funded R& D Cooperative Projects', Research Policy 26, 677᎐687. Lee, Y.S., 1996, 'Technology Transfer and the Research Uni-versity: A Search for the Boundaries of University Industry Collaboration', Research Policy 25, 843᎐863.
Academic Research and Industrial Inno-vation: An Update of Empirical FindingsCollaborative R& D: How Effective Is It?', Issues in Science and TechnologyUniversity-Industry Re-search Relationships
- E Mansfield
Mansfield, E., 1998, 'Academic Research and Industrial Inno-vation: An Update of Empirical Findings' Research Policy 26, 773᎐776. Mowery, D.C., 1998, 'Collaborative R& D: How Effective Is It?', Issues in Science and Technology. National Science Foundation, 1991, Science and Engineering Indicators, USGPO, Washington DC. National Science Foundation, 1982, 'University-Industry Re-search Relationships', Annual Report, Washington DC.
Endless Frontier, Limited Resources: US
- R Council Of Competitiveness
- Policy For Competitiveness
- Dc Washinghton
Collaborative R & D: How Effective Is It?', Issues in Science and Technology
- D C Mowery
Responses to the Memorandum on the Higher Education in the European Community', Theme reports. Partnerships for Economic Life
- E Prosser