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15
N.J. Conard and J. Richter (eds.), Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology: One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study,
Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0415-2_3, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
Abstract The site of Hunas is a cave ruin, filled with bedded
sediments up to the roof. About 20 m sediments from the top
down were excavated and yielded Middle Paleolithic arti-
facts as well as numerous faunal remains, including Macaca.
With a single human molar, the site is one of the rare
Neanderthalian localities in Germany. New TIMS-U/Th dat-
ing of speleothems at the base of the profile indicate that the
whole sequence was not deposited during the late Middle
Pleistocene as previously thought, but during the last glacial.
According to the new chronological results, Hunas is the only
place which shows the coexistence of man and monkey in the
Würmian of Central Europe. The Macaca remains are the
most recent evidence of magots in Central Europe so far.
Keywords Homo neanderthalensis • Macaca • Late Pleistocene
• TIMS/U-Th • Enviromagnetism • Bavaria • Cave
Introduction
The site of Hunas is located 40 km east from Nuremberg/
Bavaria (Fig. 3.1) and lies in a limestone quarry on the east-
ern slope of a hill, 520 m above sea level. The limestone is a
dolostone of Middle Kimmeridgian (Malm Delta) age. The
karstification of the Franconian Jura dates back to the
Neogene. In the limestone quarry of Hunas no other caves or
karstic fissures with archaeological or paleontological finds
are known.
The cave ruin was discovered in 1956 by Florian Heller
from Erlangen University, Institute for Paleontology and was
investigated in the following years up to 1964 (Heller 1983).
From the top of the hill, the excavation opened just the upper
part of a stratigraphic sequence which comprises altogether
20 m thick sediments and included abundant faunal remains
as well as several archeological levels. In anticipation of the
complete destruction of the site – the quarry has been reacti-
vated in 1982 – new excavations have been started in 1983
(Reisch and Weissmüller 1984) and are still going on (Groiss
et al. 1998; Kaulich et al. 2006).
Stratigraphy
The cave ruin is filled with bedded sediments up to the roof.
The roof is collapsed, covering the sediment-filling and
obstructing the cave entrance. The extent of the room and the
dimensions of the entrance are unknown. The sediment
filling has been opened vertically by the blasting-front of the
quarry. About 12 m sediment from the top down were inves-
tigated (Fig. 3.2) with modern methods in the recent excava-
tion since 1983 (Ambros et al. 2005). The sequence shows
a series of sediments of various compositions (Table 3.1).
The sediments are mainly built by fine grained sand and silt,
sometimes mixed with dolostone blocks (roof falls) of different
size. The sediment colors vary between different brown, grey
and yellowish color shades.
W. Rosendahl (*)
Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen, C5 Zeughaus, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
e-mail: wilfried.rosendahl@mannheim.de
D. Ambros and B. Hilpert
Institut für Paläontologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstr. 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
e-mail: dieta.ambros@pal.uni-erlangen.de;
Brigitte.hilpert@pal.uni-erlangen.de
U. Hambach
Labor für Paläo- & Umweltmagnetik (PUM), LS Geomorphologie,
Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
e-mail: ulrich.hambach@uni-bayreuth.de
K.W. Alt
Institut für Anthropologie, Universität Mainz, Saarstr.
21, 55099 Mainz, Germany
e-mail: altkw@uni-mainz.de
M. Knipping
Institut für Botanik, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstr.
30, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
e-mail: knipping@uni-hohenheim.de
L. Reisch and B. Kaulich
†
Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kochstr. 4/18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
e-mail: lgreisch@phil.uni-erlangen.de
Chapter 3
Neanderthals and Monkeys in the Würmian of Central Europe:
The Middle Paleolithic Site of Hunas, Southern Germany
Wilfried Rosendahl, Dieta Ambros, Brigitte Hilpert, Ulrich Hambach, Kurt W. Alt, Maria Knipping,
Ludwig Reisch, and Brigitte Kaulich
†
Rosendahl, W., Ambros, D., Hilpert, B., Hambach, U., Alt, K.W., Knipping, M., Reisch, L. & Kaulich, B.† (2011): Neanderthals and
monkeys in the Würmian of Central Europe - The Middle Palaeolithic site of Hunas, Southern Germany.- In: Conard, N. J. & Richter, J.
(eds.), Neanderthal Lifeways, Subsistence and Technology - One Hundred Fifty Years of Neanderthal Study.- Vertebrate Paleobiology and
Paleoanthropology, Volume 19, Part 4, 15-23, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0415-2-3.
16 W. Rosendahl et al.
Paleontology and Environment
About 140 different taxa have been found in Hunas (Ambros
et al. 2005). More than 50% are mammals, nearly 30% birds,
10% mollusks and 5% reptiles and amphibians. The majority
belongs to living species. The macrofauna is dominated by
the family of the bears (Hilpert 2006). The most important
paleontological finds belong to primates. The macrofauna
known up to now is listed in Table 3.2.
Most of the mammals are micromammals, including
Chiroptera, Insectivora, Lagomorpha, as well as the
rodent families Sciuridae, Castoridae, Dipodidae, Muridae,
Criceti-dae and Microtidae, the most abundant family with
18 species (Heller 1983; Carls et al. 1988). Due to the distri-
bution of each species, multiple changes of climate are
reflected in the Hunas stratigraphy. It begins, from bottom to
top, with a phase showing temperate to warm climate and
vegetation in the layers P-L with Muscardinus avellanarius,
Apodemus maastrichtensis, Clethrionomys glareolus,
Pitymys subterraneus and other forms of mixed deciduous
woodland. The lack of these forms indicates a significant
colder climate in the following layer (K
unt
) but their reappear-
ance in the next layers (K
mitte
– H) testifies again favorable
moderate humid and warmer climatic conditions. In the lay-
ers G2 and G1 – G3 is represented very poorly in the excava-
tion since 1983 – a clear and rapid change to colder and dryer
conditions turns up, indicated by Lemmus lemmus,
Dicrostonyx gulielmi, Microtus gregalis or Microtus oecono-
mus. G1 with coarse, sharp-bordered rock debris portrays the
coldest climatic phase within the whole stratigraphy. The
covering layers – only small remains of Hellers layer F and
nothing of layers A – D are left – indicate an improvement of
the climate.
Altogether we are facing a gradual development from an
ending warm phase to a significant cold climate.
Investigations in pollen and charcoal confirm this opinion.
Less pollen are conservated in the detrital layers of Hunas.
A small series from layer F with spruce (Picea abies), pine
(Pinus silvestris) and birch (Betula sp.) represents open
woodland vegetation with many herbs showing a cold to
cool climate. Charcoal out of layer L results from a piece of
yew (Taxus baccata) which was often used for spears or
other weapons in prehistory. Pollen from layer P, a spele-
othem, indicates a warm and wet climate with mixed decid-
uous forests.
Paleoanthropology
As mentioned above, the most important paleontological
finds belong to primates, i.e. Macaca and Homo neander-
thalensis. Five remains of Macaca sylvanus ssp., the
Pleistocene subspecies of Recent magot (Macaca sylvanus),
were found in the cave ruin Hunas till the end of the excava-
tion campaign 2006 (Groiss 1986; Ambros 2003; Ambros
et al. 2005). The first evidence of Macaca in Hunas, a right
M3, was found in 1985 in layer H (Groiss 1986). The sec-
ond find, made in 1987 in layer H, was a left M3 (Fig. 3.3),
probably of the same individual. Other finds from a much
lower stratigraphic level (layer K) are a fragment of a M2
(in 2000) and a dp3 (in 2001). Checking undetermined
material of layer H from the excavation of Heller (1956–
1964) in winter 2000/2001, a fragmentary right third meta-
tarsal could be determined as a Macaca remain. These five
remains belong to at least two, probably three individuals.
Three of the teeth and the metatarsal represent adults; only
one tooth is from a very young individual. This deciduous
premolar was not broken through the maxillary bone and
therefore belongs to an animal younger than 3 months
(Starck 1990).
Magots or Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus) belong
to the genus Macaca (macaques). The genus includes nearly
20 species with numerous subspecies, e.g. Macaca mulatta
(Rhesus Macaque) and Macaca fuscata (Japanese Macaque).
All members of the genus live in Asia with exception for
Macaca sylvanus. These species today has a patch-like dis-
tribution in Northwestern Africa; in the Atlas range of
Morocco and Algeria. In modern Europe there are some
semi-domesticated populations of the magot, e.g. the colony
at the rock of Gibraltar.
The oldest known macaques belong to the species Macaca
libyca living in the Miocene of Egypt. Macaques have existed
in Europe since the Late Miocene (Rook et al. 2001). In the
Fig. 3.1 Geographical position of the Hunas site (Graphic by
W. Rosendahl)
Fig. 3.2 Compiled stratigraphy of the Hunas site (state 2005). The lowermost level shown is P, the dated speleothem layer (Graphic by
C. Gropp)
18
W. Rosendahl et al.
Table 3.1 Detailed sediment description of the actual profile (state 8/2004)
Layer Sediment description
Cave roof Partly strongly corroded
E – Coarse-medium scree, to some extent heavily weathered, with light reddish-brown, silty, fine sand
Distinct boundary Abrupt change of sediment
F2 – Medium-fine, heavily abraded and weathered scree with reddish-brown, loamy, fine sand and Mn and Fe incrustations
Distinct boundary Abrupt change of sediment
G1 – Coarse-medium angular scree with small amounts of light brown to yellow fine sand
– Mainly angular, coarse scree with light reddish-brown to red fine sand (earthy dolomite), comprising several large
blocks and a layer of slab-shaped stones at the base
Distinct boundary
G2 – Coarse-medium, slightly abraded scree comprising horizontally-bedded stones with large amounts of pale
greyish-brown, silty fine sand
– Medium-fine, heavily abraded scree with light brown fine sand
– Medium-fine, abraded scree with reddish-brown fine sand
– Coarse-medium, heavily abraded scree with bright reddish-brown fine sand
Distinct boundary
H – Intermediate layer, only preserved in places: medium-fine scree in varying stages of abrasion with pale reddish-brown,
slightly silty, fine sand
– Medium-fine scree in varying stages of abrasion comprising large amounts of grey fine sand; numerous remains of
charcoal on the surface
– Medium-fine, abraded and partly heavily weathered scree with isolated large blocks and pale grayish-brown, silty,
fine sand, becoming reddish-brown towards the base
– Medium-fine scree in varying stages of abrasion with slightly silty reddish-brown fine sand, numerous
particles of charcoal
Distinct boundary
J – Medium-fine scree with yellowish-grey, slightly silty, medium-fine sand
Distinct boundary
K
ob
– Medium-fine, heavily abraded and weathered scree with dark-grey fine sand
K
mitte
– Large block of rock respectively scree deposit
K
unt
– Loosely bedded, mainly weakly abraded, coarse-medium scree with light greyish yellow, slightly silty, medium-ne sand
– Loosely bedded, mainly weakly abraded medium-sized coarse scree with light ochre, slightly silty, medium-ne sand
Distinct boundary
L – Thin zone with heavily weathered, medium-sized scree comprising isolated pieces of coarse scree and a high
proportion of brownish-grey, weakly silty, medium-fine sand
– Mainly heavily weathered, medium-sized scree with isolated, larger scree pieces and a large proportion of grey,
partly yellowish-light brown, slightly silty, fine-medium sand, numerous charcoal remains
– Heavily weathered, coarse-medium scree with many voids and some light grey, silty, medium-fine sand and tiny
pieces of charcoal
Irregular boundary
M – Medium-fine scree with isolated larger components and yellowish-grey, slightly silty, medium-fine sand, compact
sediment without voids, Manganese flecks
– More heavily abraded, medium-fine scree with large amounts of ochre colored, slightly silty, medium-fine sand,
increasing percent of detritus towards the base, isolated larger stones covered with thick manganese deposits,
isolated weakly-developed sinter incrustation
– Partly heavily abraded, medium-fine scree with ochre coloured, slightly silty, medium-fine sand with some voids
Distinct boundary
N – Thick, chaotically deposited coarse scree deposit, in places breccia-like, high proportion of medium-fine sand in the
upper part, on the upper and lower surfaces multiple sinter incrustations, already displaying weathering, deposits of
grey to ochre coloured, silty, medium-fine sand stratified above larger blocks, abundant traces of manganese,
increasingly larger blocks (up to more than 1 m in size) towards the bottom of the layer, which form locally a
massive, thick and hard breccia at the base
Distinct boundary
O – Thin deposit of distinctly ochre-colored, slightly silty, medium-fine sand, not visible throughout
Sharp boundary
P – Extensive, in places more than 15 cm thick, speleothem with thick stalagmites on top forms, in places, a hard
breccia together with sediment from the upper part of the deposits currently forms the base of the excavated
sequence, exposed only in one part of the site
19
3 Neanderthals and Monkeys in the Würmian of Central Europe
Table 3.2 Macrofauna of Hunas (state 2004); (Compiled by B. Hilpert)
Carnivora
D E F G1 G2 G3 H I Kob Km Ku L M N Höh So
Canis lupus
Vulpes sp.
Alopex sp.
Ursus spelaeus
Ursus arctos
Mustela aff. praenivalis
Mustela aff. palerminea
Putorius cf. stromeri
Martes sp./Martes martes
Meles sp.
Lutra lutra groissii
Gulo gulo
Crocuta crocuta spelaea
Panthera leo fossilis/P. spelaea
Perissodactyla D E F G1 G2 G3 H I Kob Km Ku L M N Höh So
Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis
Equus aff. mosbachensis
Artiodactyla D E F G1 G2 G3 H I Kob Km Ku L M N Höh So
Sus scrofa
Alces sp.
Megaloceros sp.
Cervus elaphus
Rangifer sp.
Capreolus capreolus
Bison priscus
Bos primigenius
Lagomorpha, Rodentia D E F G1 G2 G3 H I Kob Km Ku L M N Höh So
Lepus sp.
Ochotona pusilla
Ochotona sp.
Sciurus sp.
Marmota marmota primigenia
Castor fiber
Primates D E F G1 G2 G3 H I Kob Km Ku L M N Höh So
Macaca sylvanus pliocena
Homo neanderthalensis
Coarsely shaded: From new excavation, not directly correlated to layers of the Heller excavation (Höh.: cave). Heller 1983 mentioned 3 “caves”.
These are small cavities among big blocks, an assignment to layers is impossible. So: without assignment to a layer (from detritus)
Early Pliocene, Macaca sylvanus prisca appeared. It resem-
bled the modern magots except for its smaller size, so it was
described as subspecies of Macaca sylvanus. M. sylvanus
prisca is known from numerous Pliocene sites in Southern,
Western and Central Europe. In the Latest Pliocene and Early
Pleistocene, Macaca sylvanus florentina lived in Southern,
South-eastern, Western and Central Europe. It was nearly
like the modern magot in size and morphology.
During the Early and Late Pleistocene, Macaca sylvanus
(pliocena) subsp. showed a wide geographical distribution
(Szalay and Delson 1979). It colonized large parts of Europe,
the Caucasus and Israel. In comparison to the modern magot
the fossil subspecies had slightly broader and more
powerful teeth. In the past it was believed that magots became
extinct in Central Europe at the end of the Middle Pleistocene.
Only a single premolar from the Kugelsteinhöhle in Austria
was discussed as a Late Pleistocene (MIS 5e) nd (Fladerer
1991). According to new speleothem dates (Rosendahl et al.
2006) the Macaca remains from Hunas provide the most
recent evidence of magots in Central Europe so far (Fig. 3.4).
20
W. Rosendahl et al.
During the excavation campaign of 1986, the author
B. K. found an isolated human tooth in situ by cleaning
the sediment profile at the base of layer F2. The tooth
could be identified as a right, possibly third, mandibular
molar (Figs. 3.5 and 3.6). Characteristic parameters such
as crown and root morphology, fissure pattern, enamel
thickness, occlusal and interproximal wear, dental dimen-
sions and indices indicate that the Hunas molar represents
the tooth of a Neanderthal (Alt et al. 2006). This is cor-
roborated by the archeological findings (Mousterian) of
layer F2.
Archeology
Artifacts (mainly flakes, backed bifaces and sidescrapers)
were discovered in all layers except A, B and G1 of the
Heller excavation and layer O and P of the recent excavation.
Small series from the levels G2 and G3 have been considered
to belong to a Charentien of Proto-Quina type (Freund 1983).
New finds from layers H to N cannot be assigned to an indus-
try because of their scarcity.
Fig. 3.3 Occlusal view of the upper right M3 of Macaca sylvanus ssp.
from layer H, scale bar = 9 mm (Photo Institut für Paläontologie,
Erlangen)
Fig. 3.4 Pliocene and Pleistocene macaques’ sites in Central Europe
(graphic by W. Rosendahl). Pliocene (°), Pliocene or Early Pleistocene (^),
Early Pleistocene (+), Early or Middle Pleistocene (#), Middle Pleistocene
(*), Late Pleistocene (“). 1 Tegelen/Netherlands, 2 Mosbach/Germany,
3 Bilzingsleben/Germany, 4 Voigtstedt/Germany, 5 Untermaßfeld/Germany,
6 Gundersheim/Germany, 7 Hohensülzen/Germany, 8 Hunas/Germany,
9 Heppenloch/Germany, 10 Zlatý Kůň/Czech Republic, 11 Kugelsteinhöhle/
Austria, 12 Deutsch-Altenburg/Austria, 13 Gombasek/Slovak Republic,
14 Včeláre/Slovak Republic, 15 Vertesszölös/Hungary, 16 Somssich-hegy/
Hungary, 17 Csarnóta/Hungary, 18 Beremend/Hungary, 19 Betfia/Romania
21
3 Neanderthals and Monkeys in the Würmian of Central Europe
Chronology
Due to the fact that true index fossils are missing, it was quite
difficult to determine the age of the cave filling. The stage of
evolution shown by certain species led Heller to place the
deposits of Hunas into the final part of the Riss glaciation
(Heller 1983). A first dating of a speleothem was carried out
in 1979 by (Hennig 1979). The sample originated from a
layer below Heller’s excavations, but detailed sample docu-
mentation does not exist. The age of 260 +60/−40 ka was
used as one important argument for a Middle Pleistocene
chronostratigraphical position (Brunnacker 1983).
In 2002, a flowstone layer has been discovered at the base
(layer P) of the section in the recent excavation. This layer
gave the opportunity to date the sediment filling of Hunas
with a modern method. The layer is in direct contact with the
partly cemented sediment series above without showing an
obvious hiatus. A 30 cm high stalagmite from this layer was
dated by TIMS-U/Th-method at Stanford University. The
stalagmite base yielded an age of 79 ± 8 ka and the top an age
of 76 ± 9 ka (Rosendahl et al. 2006). This early Würmian
age was additionally confirmed by dating a second stalag-
mite from the same flowstone layer. These new data indicate
a maximum age of around 85 ka for the base of the Hunas
section. The minimum age of the site is constrained by the
presence of typical Middle Paleolithic artifacts within the top
layer of the section (Freund 1983). Therefore the whole sedi-
ment stack was deposited within a maximum time span of
around 45 kyr (OIS 5b till OIS 3). An explanation for the
first, Middle Pleistocene numeric age could also be found.
The sample, taken in the 1970s, is from an older speleothem
generation, only partly covered by the younger generation.
Where both generations are present, they are only separated
by a 2 mm layer of reddish silt. This could be demonstrated
by dating the speleothem layer under the small reddish silt
(Rosendahl et al. 2006).
Additionally, enviromagnetic investigations (Evans and
Heller 2003; Ellwood et al. 2004) were undertaken on the
cave sediments. The results of magnetic measurements were
plotted as a function of stratigraphy and correlated to the
isotope record from Greenland ice cores (North GRIP
Members 2004: Fig. 3.7).
The magnetic volume susceptibility as a simple
concentration dependent parameter shows strong variations
and enhancement of magnetic compounds in stratigraphic
units G2 to J. This fits quite well to the sedimentological
results from these units but contrasts the observation of strong
weathering in units M and N where no enhancement is
observed. The so called S-ratio, however, which provides
information about the relative amounts of magnetite and
hematite in the sediment, reveals the predominance of magne-
tite in units G2 to J as well as in units M and N. This finding
is interpreted as an indication for intense weathering during
the formation of these units. The climate during formation of
units G2 to J was probably more humid but not warmer than
during formation of units M and N. The higher humidity
resulted in higher absolute concentration of ferromagnetic
minerals but gave similar ratios of magnetite to hematite.
Fig. 3.5 Occlusal view of a lower right (possibly third) Neanderthal
molar from layer F2 Hunas, scale bar = 1 cm (Photo by I. Hirsmüller)
Fig. 3.6 The lower right Neanderthal molar from Hunas in lingual
view, scale bar = 1 cm (Photo by I. Hirsmüller)
22
W. Rosendahl et al.
Based on these results and on the TIMS-U/Th-age of the
basal flowstones (layer P), we propose the following
correlation to the North-Grip isotopic record: Units M and N
correspond probably to Greenland Interstadials 20 and 19 and
thus to the end of MIS 5. Consequently, units G2 to J may
correspond to Greenland Interstadials 12 to 14 which repre-
sent the warmest phases in MIS 3. Unit G1 is presumably
older than Greenland Interstadial 8. However, the use of only
magnetic volume susceptibility as a simple concentration
dependent parameter may lead to wrong conclusions. The
complexity of the formation of cave sediments requires a
magnetic multi-proxy approach as applied here and as recently
demonstrated in the Moravian Karst (Sroubek et al. 2001).
Conclusion
According to the new chronological results, the Macaca
remains from Hunas are the most recent evidences of magots
in Central Europe so far. It seems that in this region, Macaca
did not disappear with the end of the Eemian (Fladerer 1991),
but probably at the middle Würmian (OIS 4). Further, Hunas
is the only place which shows the coexistence of man and
monkey in the Würmian of Central Europe.
Remark Recent studies of the mandibular molar root
morphology in Neanderthals and Late Pleistocene and recent
Homo sapiens strongly suggest that the Hunas molar, which
was assigned to a molar of a Neanderthal, is that of a recent
Homo sapiens (Kupczik & Hublin 2010). This result changes
nothing to the general statement of this article.
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