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Evaluation of algae based feed in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) nutrition

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Abstract

A short term laboratory feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the importance of algae based value added feed for the popular ornamental fish Carassius auratus (Gold fish). The feed was tested against Daphnia — the conventional feed used for Goldfish. Fresh algal biomass of Nostoc ellipsosporum and Navicula minima were mixed with daphnia to formulate the value added feed and proximate composition of feeds were analyzed. The experimental feed showed significantly higher protein (71.24% ±0.3), lipid (33.47%±0.2), and carotenoid (6.41%±0.13) (Pd″0.05), and increased level of amino acids (4.2%±0.1) and carbohydrate (14.72%±0.2) content than the control feed. Similarly the fishes fed with experimental feed showed 2 fold increase in protein, glycogen and carotenoid level as compared to the control fishes. Morphometric study also showed significant Body weight Gain (3.52%±1.2) and Specific growth rate (0.87±0.41) together with high Protein Productive value (0.051±0.14), Protein effficiency ratio (0.074±0.05) and low Feed conversion ratio (0.024±0.03) in experimental fishes which signifies better utilization of feed by the fishes. The VAF (Value added feed) fed fishes showed positive results in both morphometry and carcass proximate composition. Differences in body weight gain and Feed conversion ratio together with increased protein, glycogen and carotenoid levels were significant than the control fishes. The colouration of the gold fishes induced by algal carotenoids was more bright and vibrant indicating high market value. KeywordsAlgae based feed-Goldfish-Daphnia-growth parameters-carotenoid

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... Other than probiotics, various aquafeed ingredients from microorganisms have been documented to play significant roles in supplying nutrients for aquatic animals. The use of microorganisms from bacteria, fungi and algae are well associated with beneficial effects such as growth promoter, immunostimulant and pigmentation or colour enhancer (Jones et al., 2020;Khatoon et al., 2010;Wan-Mohtar et al., 2021). However, other microorganisms from protozoan, archaea and bacteriophages have provided good value and require further manipulation for use in aquaculture. ...
... The roles of the carotenoids include removing free radicals, improved resistance towards fungal disease, improved hepatopancreatic function and protecting the cells against the photo-oxidation of the organism's polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol content (Mukherjee et al., 2020). In decorative fish like goldfish, the inclusion of microalgae as a feed additive has resulted in an increasing level of carotenoids, which increases the brightness of the skin colour (Khatoon et al., 2010). ...
... Significantly induce growth in terms of body weight gain, protein, glycogen and carotenoid level with low FCR value and brighter skin colour. (Khatoon et al., 2010) Diatoms Rosamin S: diatom Entomoneis sp. ...
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... The microalgae are used as supplement feed in aquaculture due to their toxicological and physiological activities (Milione and Zeng 2008;Nunes et al. 2009;Khatoon et al. 2010;Ghaeni et al. 2011;Komprda et al. 2015;Ozcicek et al. 2017). In aquaculture feed, microalgae can provide color, disease-resistant effects, and immunostimulant properties to fish. ...
... Different strains of micro-and macroalgae can be used directly as live cultures or as value-added feed supplements for both aquaculture species, especially fish and penaeid prawn larvae, and terrestrial livestock (Khatoon et al. 2010). ...
... Marine algae as a treasure house that provides fish, animals, and humans with a large supply of the nutrients they need. Each kind of seaweed has its own nutritional status, and marine algae can meet the nutritional needs of any kind (Ginzberg et al., 2000;Khatoon et al., 2010). Marine algae have been used as feed for aquatic products and animal husbandry for decades. ...
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... Due to their balanced nutritional content, microalgae are rapidly gaining importance as a feed/ feed supplement, potentially replacing FM and other conventional constituents in aquaculture and animal feed. Algae such as Spirulina, Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Dunaliella sp., and Nannochloropsis sp. are most commonly used in aquaculture feed due to their excellent nutritional value and suitability (Khatoon et al. 2010). Microalgae have been used as feed additives at a large scale for fish and prawn larvae, crustaceans, and molluscan (Belay et al. 1996;Borowitzka 1997). ...
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... The latter organisms have gain enormous attention recently due to their attractive advantages including high growth rate, high oil productivity, great photosynthetic efficiencies and less requirement of arable land (Bhalamurugan et al. 2018, Thawechai et al. 2016. Apart from the high oil productivity for biodiesel, its untapped potential to produce carbohydrate and protein can be explored for biogas (Ferreira et al. 2017, Tao et al. 2017) and agriculture application (Khatoon et al. 2010). Despite these advantages, the major challenges for scale-up biomass production are high capital and operational cost especially cultivation cost and high requirement for freshwater . ...
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... Different strains of micro-and macroalgae can be used directly as live cultures or as value-added feed supplements for both aquaculture species, especially fish and penaeid prawn larvae, and terrestrial livestock (Khatoon et al. 2010). ...
Chapter
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... It also improves biological activities and enhances the pigmentation in farmed species. Over the last four decades, hundreds of algal genera have been studied (Khatoon et al., 2010). ...
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... The growth performance showed that treatment 4 was the best feed for C. auratus as weight gain increased with increasing level of H. pluvialis. Similar results showed increase in body weight as well as specific growth rate percentage in gold fish C. auratus, Oreochromis niloticus on treatment with microalgae based feed prepared with different cyanobacteria and algae such as Phormidium, Arthrospira, Chlorella, Scenedesmus (Mukherjee et al., 2013;Khatoon et al., 2010;Dawah et al., 2002;Nandeesha et al., 1998 andBadaway et al., 2008). ...
Article
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... A positive metabolic role of carotenoids h and survival of young fry was also discussed by Planas and Cunha (1999), and Lazo et al., (2000). The present group reported the use of nonconventional algal feed with improved results in growth, carcass composition, and pigmentation (Khatoon et al., 2010a), rohu (Khatoon et al., 2010b), and prawn (Khatoon et al., 2009). ...
... Carotenoids are bioactive components that have high antioxidant activity (Shindo et al., 2007;Alishahi et al., 2014;Jagruthi et al., 2014) and are also the main source of pigments for aquatic animals (Das and Biswas, 2016). Exogenous sources are added in fish feeds to intensify the pigmentation of skin and meat tissue (Khatoon et al., 2010;Sornsupharp et al., 2015;Besen et al., 2019). Ornamental fish species have been successfully produced in BFT systems with positive results in animal growth, but skin coloration was not considered in prior analyses (Felix and Sudha, 2013;Faizullah et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2015;Harini et al., 2016). ...
Article
This study evaluated the effect of biofloc technology (BFT) system and the astaxanthin supplementation on the productive performance and skin pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus). The effects of two production systems (clear water and BFT) and two diets (with and without astaxanthin supplementation) were evaluated in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. A total of 120 goldfish juveniles (average weight 12.18 ± 0.27 g) were individually weighted and distributed into 24 glass aquariums (15 l of useful volume). Two isoproteic (40% of crude protein) and isoenergetic (4250 kcal of gross energy kg⁻¹) diets were formulated according to requirements established for goldfish. A control diet without carotenoid supplementation was compared with a diet supplemented with 80 mg kg⁻¹ of astaxanthin. After 56 days, fish growth and skin pigmentation parameters were evaluated. No interaction (system x diet) was observed for any of the evaluated variables. Production systems and astaxanthin dietary supplementation had no effects on weight gain (4.00 g), specific growth rate (0.51% day⁻¹), survival (98.33%) and apparent feed conversion (3.78) of fish. Redness (a) and yellowness (b) values were higher in the fish reared in BFT system (a 7.71, b 40.47) when compared to clear water (a 3.49, b 37.63), and in fish fed with the diet containing astaxanthin (a 6.46, b 40.72) in relation to control diet (a 4.74, b 37.38). Skin carotenoid concentration was also higher in fish produced in the BFT system (50.36 mg kg⁻¹) when compared to clear water (35.63 mg kg⁻¹) and fish fed with the astaxanthin diet (49.33 mg kg⁻¹) in relation to the diet with no supplementation (36.66 mg kg⁻¹). These results demonstrate that the BFT system is an effective and promising technology for goldfish (Carassius auratus) production. The BFT system promotes pigmentation, but this effect can be intensified with exogenous sources of carotenoids.
... Algal biomass is becoming ever more popular as a raw resource: both as an important source of varied nutrients, as well as more specialized -bioactive -compounds. As feedstock, it provides a balanced and rich diet of fatty acids, vitamins, fiber and more easily digestible sugars [1][2][3]. Micronized dry algae have become a popular food supplement and even a "superfood" in their own right [3]. Agar is now arguably more popular than gelatinwith varied uses in the laboratory, and because of the trend to embrace more plant-derived substances. ...
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During our studies concerning the isolation of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) from freshwater algae species widespread in Poland, an improved overall extraction methodology has been developed. This new, multi-step procedure allows for obtainment of several fractions that could find use in cosmetic and food industries, with the final one containing the valuable SPs, important both from economic and scientific perspective. Moreover, the process allows for easy use of typical chelating agents to remove harmful heavy metal ions without important losses in natural compounds of interest. Furthermore, a material balance has been established for said process, allowing for its easier implementation on bigger scales, and highlighting the areas which could still be improved to positively affect the final time-cost ratio of the methodology. Combined with previously published information concerning the detailed composition of obtained fractions, we aim to provide a robust and informative outlook on the potential of native freshwater algae species as cheap, raw and easily purifiable resource, usable in a number of important industries. According to the mass balance, nearly 5 % of dry mass of Cladophora glomerata is extractable with ethanol and this fraction consists mostly of fatty acids, phenolics and pigments. Another 5 % of mass can be isolated as pure SPs from aqueous fraction. Additionally, calcium from natural incrustations on the surface of C. glomerata amounts to 17 % of dry material weight and can be reclaimed from acidic wash by simple precipitation; such calcium salts have garnered significant interest as nutritional supplements.
... Khatoon, Sengupta, Homechaudhuri, & Pal, 2010;Komprda et al., 2015;Milione & Zeng, 2008;Nunes, Pereira, Ferreira, & Yasumaru, 2009). Microalgae feed in aquaculture serve by providing nutrition, colour to the fishes and enhancing other biological activities. ...
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Aquaculture and animal rearing for meat has increased exceedingly to meet the demands of ever-increasing population. Utilizing small fishes and agricultural products for feed production will lead to over exploitation of the resources and competition with food respectively. Microalgae can be next alternate source for animal and aquatic feed production in an environmentally sustainable and economically advantageous manner. Microalgae are more nutritious than the traditional sources of animal and aquatic feed like millet, grams and other small fishes in terms of its protein, omega 3 fatty acids and carotenoids content. Apart from being nutritious, they have anti-oxidative, anti-microbial and disease-preventing molecules that can provide long life span to the animals and fishes. The mass production strategies for low value commodities like feed has to be further improved. The review emphasizes the nutritional, physiological importance of microalgae to animals and aquatic organisms; highlighting the companies involved in microalgal feed production.
... Works of several authors have shown the usage of different algae as feed ingredients such as Porphyridium, Isochrysis, Pavlova, Chaetoceros, Gracilaria, Palmaria, and Arthrospira as efficient color elicitors and growth enhancers in cichlid fish, rainbow trout, fish larvae, bivalve mollusks, black tiger prawns, and several gastropods (O'Connor and Heasman 1997;Kop and Durmaz 2008). Khatoon et al. (2010) used fresh algal biomass of Nostoc ellipsosporum and Navicula minima in algae-based value-added feed (VAF). Mukherjee et al. (2015) observed that a mixture of cyanobacteria enhanced the pigmentation in four types of ornamental fishes. ...
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... This biomass is characterized by low toxicity and cost (when collected from the natural environment) and simultaneously by a high nutritional value and bioavailability to animals [17]. Algae are known to be a rich source of biologically active compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and pigments [18,19]. In recent years, algae have turned out also to be effective, low cost and promising sorbents [17,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. ...
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The research was conducted to evaluate the possibility of using algae enriched with Cr(III) ions as a feed additive for horses. As a sorbent, macroalga Cladophora glomerata was chosen. The results of the kinetic and equilibrium experiments on biosorption of Cr(III) ions are presented. The pseudo-second order model was used for the description of kinetics. Equilibrium of biosorption process was described by Langmuir model. The effect of biosorbent dose: 0.1–1.0 g·L ⁻¹ , initial metal ions concentration: 100–300 mg·L ⁻¹ and pH: 3–5 on the biosorption capacity in a batch system was evaluated. These factors played a significant role in affecting the biosorption capacity of biosorbent and the rate constant. Optimal pH for biosorption was 5, biosorbent dose 0.1 g·L ⁻¹ , initial concentration of Cr(III) ions 300 mg·L ⁻¹ . The maximum biosorption capacity determined from Langmuir equation was 107.5 mg·g ⁻¹ (for CS 1.0 g·L ⁻¹ , pH 5). The experiments were also performed in a column system and they showed that almost 100% of Cr(III) ions were absorbed after 200 minutes. The FTIR and SEM-EDX technique confirmed binding of Cr(III) ions by the algal biomass. Due to very good biosorption properties, Cladophora glomerata can be considered as a carrier of microelement ions in animal feeding.
... However, the contents of fat were conflicting trend by the contents of protein. Khatoon et al. (2010) In the group that fed on control diet (commercial diet without any supplement) the muscle fat content significantly increased (P< 0.05) through the 84 days of experimental period compared to the other experimental diets, this could be because of the deposition of lipid in the fishes body fed with control diet. Also, according Nandeesha et al. (1990Nandeesha et al. ( , 1998) the deposition of elevated content of lipid in the fish fed on high energy containing diet. ...
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... However, the contents of fat were conflicting trend by the contents of protein. Khatoon et al. (2010) In the group that fed on control diet (commercial diet without any supplement) the muscle fat content significantly increased (P< 0.05) through the 84 days of experimental period compared to the other experimental diets, this could be because of the deposition of lipid in the fishes body fed with control diet. Also, according Nandeesha et al. (1990Nandeesha et al. ( , 1998) the deposition of elevated content of lipid in the fish fed on high energy containing diet. ...
... Even though algae are cheaper source of protein, lipid and other nutrients and their culture is easy, they are yet to be considered as a major food item for fish. Algae has been proved to be one of the most important food sources and feed additives in the commercial rearing of aquatic animals, especially fishes and shrimps (Khatoon et al., 2010).Kumar et al. (2010)analyzed the effect of periphyton on the growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Algae can be used directly as live culture or as value added fish feed supplement (Mukherjee et al., 2011). ...
... It was observed that there was a net increase in the BWG% as well as in the SGR% of the VAF fed fish. This result is in accordance with the observations of Khatoon et al. (2010a) which showed increase in body weight as well as specific growth rate percentage in gold fish on treatment with microalgae based feed. This result is also in agreement with those obtained by Dawah et al. (2002b) and Nandeesha et al. (1998) who found improvement in growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus on feeding with macro bacterial genus Spirulina. ...
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A feeding experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the cyanobacterial member Phormidium valderianum Gomont as a color elicitor for Hemigrammus caudovittatus Eigenmann an ornamental fish. Biochemical analysis of the cyanobacterial biomass with high protein (25. 5%) and carotenoid value (1.78 mg/gm) indicated the genus as a potential feed ingredient. Cyanobacterial biomass was used as total and partial replacement of feed ingredient and compared to the commercial feed. Significant enhancement in carotenoid content (1.81 folds) were recorded in case of 50% feed replacement, together with other increased growth parameters like protein content ,growth performance, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. Thereby it was evident that incorporation of cyanobacteria in color fish diet would not only increase their market value but would also enhance their growth performances. The changes in the algae based diet fed fish were found to be statistically significant. Principal component analyses among all the variables of experimental fish were also performed.
... erianum, Nostoc and Navicula increased the pigment content in, Hemmigrammus caudavitatus, prawn and Gold fish ( Mukherjee et al., 2013 andKhatoon et al., 2009). Similar results were also shown by works of other authors in Haematococcus fed shrimps (Arredondo-Figueroa, 2003;Boonyaratpalin et al., 2001;Yamada et al., 1990) . According to the work of Khatoon et. al., 2010, VAF fed Goldfish ( Carassius auratus) showed about7.2 folds increase in carotenoid content as compared to control fed fish. Similar results were also shown by VAF fed prawn over control setup in the work of Khatoon et al.(2009). Even though maximum pigment content has been found in algae based feed as compared to the value added and co ...
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Skin coloration is one of the most important factors which decide the aesthetic, therefore the market value of ornamental fishes. The vibrant pigment profile of different algae (including cyanobacteria) was tested as color elicitor against ornamental fishes. Algal mix incorporated biomass of different taxa like, Leptolyngbya valderiana, L. tenuis, Arthrospira maxima, Navicula minima and Nostoc ellipsosporum and applied for four types of ornamental fishes such as Golden Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), WagSwordtail (Xiphophorous hellerii),Orange Molly (Poecilia latipinna) and Pink Zebra (Danio radio). 100% algal feed (AF) and 50% supplemented feed (VAF) were tested against Tokyu (commercial feed) as control. The fishes showed good acceptance of VAF compared to the rest with more vibrant coloration and zero mortality. Their pigment study both by spectrophotometric analysis along with HPTLC study showed maximum pigment content in VAF fed fish. The growth performances of the experimental fishes were also found to be better in comparison to control fishes due to nutritious nature of used algal biomass.
... Astaxanthin is the most prevalent red carotenoid in aquatic animals (Ako et al. 2000). Pigments present in the fish have to be obtained from the live food (Khatoon, Sengupta, Homechaudhuri & Pal 2010). The carotenoids present in the fish diet usually come from phytoplankton or cultured microalgae. ...
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Goldfish (Carassius auratus), historically considered as an ornamental species, is widely used as an important model organism for a wide variety of research applications, including biomedical research. For instance, it has proven a suitable model for studies on endocrinology, reproduction, and neurology. Studies on cardiac function and gut motility are other examples of biomedical research conducted using goldfish. This chapter will provide an overview of the biology of the species, as well as the most relevant information concerning its husbandry and care, so that readers can have sufficient knowledge to properly use goldfish for their studies. It will also provide a brief summary using selected recent examples on the use of goldfish in biomedical research that has relevance in health and diseases.
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Attractive colouration of ornamental fishes is an important quality criterion in the aquarium fish industry. Ornamental fish cannot synthesize colour-producing carotenoid pigments and therefore must rely on dietary carotenoids in natural or synthetic forms to achieve their colour pigmentations. The aim of this review is to compile and summarize recent investigations into different carotenoid sources used in ornamental fish feed formulations and to highlight the research gaps and investigation needs in the field of aquaculture. The natural carotenoid sources which have been widely used for enhancing colouration are non-photosynthetic organs of higher plants, microalgae, seaweeds, crustacean by-products, and red yeast. Consumers mostly prefer to use natural sources rather than synthetic sources. The problem faced by aquaculturists is stabilization of the gained skin colour after terminating feeding of the fish. Advanced investigations are needed to identify the stability of the colouration in the ornamental fish during their life cycle. Further, this review encourages the use of other available natural carotenoid sources in the ornamental fish industry in order to reduce the use of synthetic pigment products and invites research to be done on a genetic level in order to fully understand colour distribution patterns and sustainability of colouration gain.
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Japan is one of leading countries in the utilization of and research on microalgae, and various findings have been obtained. Many papers, however, have been published in Japanese, which prevents the information spreading far and wide. The purpose of this review is to introduce recent advances in the utilization of microalgae as well as their basic research in Japan. The discussion covers practical applications ofChlorella andSpirulina biomass to health foods, food additives and feed supplements. The current use of microalgae as live feeds for larvae in aquaculture is also summarized. With respect to microalgal metabolites the present status of research is described with a greater emphasis on bioactive compounds, pigments and oils as potential drugs, coloring matters and biofuels, respectively.
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Microalgae feeds are currently used in relatively small amounts in aquaculture, mainly for the production of larvae and juvenile shell- and finfish, as well as for raising the zooplankton required for feeding of juvenile animals. The blue-green algaSpirulina is used in substantial amounts (over 100 t y–1) as a fish and shrimp feed, and even larger markets can be projected if production costs could be reduced. Another potential large-scale application of microalgae is the cultivation ofHaematococcus for the production of the carotenoid astaxanthin, which gives salmon flesh its reddish color. In the long-term microalgae biomass high in lipids (omega-3 fatty acids) may be developed as substitutes for fish oil-based aquaculture feeds. In shrimp ponds the indigenous algal blooms supply a part of the dietary requirements of the animals, but it is difficult to maximize algal productivities. A separate algal production system could feed the shrimps and minimize the need for added feed. Bivalves feed essentially exclusively on marine microalgae throughout their life cycle. The development of cultivation technologies for such microalgae would allow the onshore production of these animals, with greatly improved product quality and safety.
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Spirulina has been used as human food supplement for over 20 years, but its use as an animal feed supplement is relatively recent. This paper reviews earlier studies on its more established effects on growth, survival and tissue quality in a whole range of animals and more recent studies on its immunomodulatory, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects. The basis for potential application as an animal feed supplement is discussed.
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There are around 110 commercial producers of microalgae in the Asia-Pacific region, with annual production capacity ranging from 3 to 500 T. About nine-tenth of the algal cultivation plants are located in Asia. The commercially cultivated microalgae include Chlorella, Spirulina, Dunaliella, Nannochloris, Nitzschia, Crypthecodinium, Schizochytrium, Tetraselmis, Skeletonema, Isochrysisand Chaetoceros. Most of the commercially produced algal biomass is being marketed as health food, in the forms of tablets and capsules. Algae and their extract are also included in noodles, wine, beverages, breakfast cereals and cosmetics.
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Heterophically cultured, spray-dried Tetraselmis suecica was fed to Penaeus vannamei larvae both as a complete and a partial replacement for live algae. The dry algae were found to be a suitable replacement for live algae at up to 75% of the live algal density in dietary regimes consisting of 100 000 cells/ml Chaetoceros gracile plus 30 000 cells/ml T. chuii. In a complete dietary regime, which included the above-mentioned live algae and Artemia, replacing 66% of the live algal density with dry T. suecica did not significantly reduce survival, metamorphic rate or growth (P < 0.01) compared to the control fed 100% live algae and Artemia. Spray-dried T. suecica may not be able to completely replace live algae. However, its use as a partial replacement in penaeid larviculture should be considered.
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The response of tilapia hybrids to supplemental dietary l-carnitine with respect to growth performance and economically important efficiency parameters during a full fattening cycle was investigated. One group was fed the control diet which contained 21 mg biogenic l-carnitine/kg diet while two other groups received feed supplemented with 150 and 300 mg l-carnitine/kg diet, respectively. l-Carnitine increased tilapia growth (P>0.05), feed conversion (P<0.05) and protein efficiency ratio (P<0.05) and did not alter whole body, protein and lipid composition which were about the same at the end of the feeding period for all treatments. The results indicate that, in tilapia on commercial fattening diets low in l-carnitine, supplementation of 150 mg/kg feed is effective but not the next higher supplementation level (300 mg/kg). Explanations for the positive effects are discussed.
Article
Of the calanoid copepods, species of the genus Acartia are most commonly used for larval diets of tropical marine finfish. It is sourced from adventitious harvesting of wild populations or less frequently, cultured specifically as a live feed. However, little work is published on optimising diets for the aquaculture of copepods. In this study, A. sinjiensis was cultured on a range of mono- and binary algal diets and the effect on development assessed. There were significant differences in the rate of copepod development between the mono-algal diets. Rhodomonas was confirmed as an excellent algal diet for Acartia, but it is often unpredictable in mass culture. The cryptophyte, Cryptomonad sp. (CS-412) was shown to support an equally rapid development rate with the advantage of being more stable in mass culture. The algal feed concentration for maximal copepod development rate was dependent on the algal feed species. For the cryptophytes Rhodomonas sp. or Cryptomonad sp., 1.13 μg AFDW ml− 1 was the minimal feed concentration required to support maximal copepod development at 28 °C. Mono-algal diets of the prymnesiophyte Isochrysis sp. (T.ISO) or Pavlova salina supported a lower level of copepod development than an equivalent biomass of either cryptophyte. Also, a higher feed concentration was required to achieve these lower development rates: 2.02 and 1.86 μg AFDW ml− 1 for Isochrysis sp. (T.ISO) and P. salina, respectively. Copepod nauplii fed the prasinophyte Tetraselmis sp., developed as fast as those fed an equal biomass of cryptophyte. However, development did not proceed beyond copepodite stage C1. Although survival was high, almost all of these C1 copepodites exhibited signs of a nutritional irregularity. The eyespot was frequently completely absent, greatly reduced in size or fragmented and setae were twisted. For rapid development, a mono-algal diet of Cryptomonad sp. could be used for the culture of A. sinjiensis. However, inclusion of a lipid-rich prymnesiophyte is likely to be beneficial to maximise egg production, a lipid dependent process.
Article
In the present study blue-green alga Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima were grown in batch culture at different nitrogen and NaCl concentrations, respectively. Both species were found to respond to nitrogen deficiency and high NaCl level by accumulation of large amounts of commercially important chemicals such as carotenoids and tocopherols. The higher carotenoids and a-tocopherol contents was obtained when Spirulina sp grown at low nitrogen level (51 ppm N), with values ranged from 19.82 to 24.1 mg g <SUP>-1</SUP> and from 533.2 to 978.5 ?g Kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (dry weight, d.w.), respectively. Whilst, these values in cells grown in free nitrogen medium were ranged from 30.15 to 31.13 mg g<SUP>-1</SUP> and from 960.4 to 1325.7 ?g Kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (d.w), respectively. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution patter of total caroteniods extracted from S. platensis and S maxima culture contained a-carotene (49.6 to 319.5 ?g g<SUP>-1</SUP> lutein (0.06 to17.21 ?g g<SUP>-1</SUP>, astaxanthin (6.61 to 160.27 ?g g<SUP>-1</SUP>, zeaxanthin (1.25 to 18.55 ?g g<SUP>-1</SUP>) and cryptoxanthin (1.41 to 20.13 ?g g<SUP>-1</SUP>). S. maxima accumulated a large amount of cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin than that found in S. platensis. The effect of Spirulina species extracts containing various carotenoid compounds and tocopherols on the viability of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EACC) were evaluated. All algae extracts at different concentration of 200 and 400 ppm significant reduced the cell viability ranged from 89.11 to 5.25%. These extracts did not induce any significant changes in DNA fragmentation of treated EACC compared with untreated cells. But lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glutathione-S- transferase (GST) enzyme activities and glutathione level in treated EACC were significantly higher than that in untreated cells. These finding suggest that algae extracts may be reduce cell viability by other mechanism such as membrane lyases instead of apoptosis. Thus, Spirulina extract rich in carotenoids and tocopherols could be used as chemopreventive agents since they are relative non-toxic.
Article
Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.Lipid decomposition studies in frozen fish have led to the development of a simple and rapid method for the extraction and purification of lipids from biological materials. The entire procedure can be carried out in approximately 10 minutes; it is efficient, reproducible, and free from deleterious manipulations. The wet tissue is homogenized with a mixture of chloroform and methanol in such proportions that a miscible system is formed with the water in the tissue. Dilution with chloroform and water separates the homogenate into two layers, the chloroform layer containing all the lipids and the methanolic layer containing all the non-lipids. A purified lipid extract is obtained merely by isolating the chloroform layer. The method has been applied to fish muscle and may easily be adapted to use with other tissues.
Article
Since 1922 when Wu proposed the use of the Folin phenol reagent for the measurement of proteins (l), a number of modified analytical pro- cedures ut.ilizing this reagent have been reported for the determination of proteins in serum (2-G), in antigen-antibody precipitates (7-9), and in insulin (10). Although the reagent would seem to be recommended by its great sen- sitivity and the simplicity of procedure possible with its use, it has not found great favor for general biochemical purposes. In the belief that this reagent, nevertheless, has considerable merit for certain application, but that its peculiarities and limitations need to be understood for its fullest exploitation, it has been studied with regard t.o effects of variations in pH, time of reaction, and concentration of react- ants, permissible levels of reagents commonly used in handling proteins, and interfering subst.ances. Procedures are described for measuring pro- tein in solution or after precipitation wit,h acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 y of protein.
Article
Shrimp waste is an important source of natural carotenoid. Studies were carried out to determine the extraction yield of shrimp waste carotenoids in different vegetable oils. Highest yield was obtained by extraction using refined sunflower oil compared to groundnut oil, gingelly oil, mustard oil, soy oil, coconut oil and rice bran oil. The extraction yield of carotenoids in sunflower oil was significantly influenced by level of oil to waste (p < 0.05), time (p < 0.01) and temperature (p < 0.001) of heating waste with oil before centrifugation to separate pigmented oil. A regression equation was derived for carotenoid yield as a function of time of heating, temperature of heating and oil level to waste. The optimized conditions for extraction of shrimp waste carotenoids in sunflower oil were determined to be oil level to waste of 2, temperature of 70 degrees C and heating time of 150 min.
Stess Induced changes in total lipid and fatty acid composition of Navicula minima Grun
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Health; colouration of fish International Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health: Program and abstracts. Univ. of california, School of Veterinary Medicine Stess Induced changes in total lipid and fatty acid composition of Navicula minima Grun
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Potential benefits of algae in shrimp disease management
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Algae as food/feed: A critical appraisal based on Indian experience
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Venkataraman, L.V. 1980. Algae as food/feed: A critical appraisal based on Indian experience. In: Proceedings National Workshop on Algal Systems. (Seshadri, C.V., Thomas, S., Jeegibai, N. Eds.) Indian Society of Biotechnology: New Delhi. pp. 83-134.
Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758. In: The Freshwater Fishes of Europe (Holcik
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Holcik, J., Kinzelback, R., Sokolov, L.L., Vasilev, V.P. 1989. Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758. In: The Freshwater Fishes of Europe (Holcik, J. Ed) Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. pp.367-394.
Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758
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New Age International Publishers
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Dunaliella; physiology, Biochemistry and biotechnology
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Health; colouration of fish. International Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health: Program and abstracts. Univ. of california, School of Veterinary Medicine
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