No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Addressing Human Rights Violations
... It includes non-specific therapeutic elements, such as empathy, intercultural sensitivity and basic communication skills, with structured steps that aim to reduce both stressor-induced symptoms of distress as well as, whenever possible, problem situations (Egan, 1998; A. E. Ivey & M. Ivey, 1999). For application within a non-Western setting, basic concepts from medical anthropology (e.g., Kleinman, Eisenberg, & Good, 1978), such as working with clients' illness experiences, explanatory models and idioms of distress, have been included (van Ommeren, Sharma, Prasain, & Poudyal, 2002) and the level of the intervention has been adapted for paraprofessional use, following a public mental health approach. The latter involves a shift of focus from providing specialized psychiatric mental health care with a biomedical focus, to providing an easy-access level of care targeting common distress that links with existing formal and informal care structures. ...
The aims of this qualitative study were (1) to add to the understanding of the growing field of psychosocial counselling in
Nepal, and (2) gather concrete points for improvement of services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with clients
(n = 34), para-professional counsellors (n = 26) and managers (n = 23) of organizations in which psychosocial counselling was taking place. The main findings were that stakeholders generally
presented a positive view of the significance and supportive function of psychosocial counselling, while providing useful
suggestions for improvement. Matters of ongoing training and supervision, confidentiality and integration of counselling within
mainstream care provision need to be addressed and potentially adapted. Implications for other non-Western countries with
little mental health resources are discussed.
Task shifting is a process where tasks are delegated and shared among care professionals through adding skills or qualifications to cover the treatment gap. Task shifting in the mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) sector in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is not a new concept, nevertheless, the approach has notable challenges for implementation. Inadequate trained human resources, low level of funding in the mental health sector, supervision, quality assurance, and enhancement of proximity of mental health services to the people in need are issues still prevalent. The quality of the contemporary practices, including training, supervision, and research of interventions, are often biomedical focused, and contextual practices such as socio-cultural-anthropological aspects are still not well taken into considerations. This paper reviews the needs, gaps, and practices in the task-shifting approaches of public mental health practices and outlines concrete steps to take into consideration in addressing the identified gaps. Authors’ empirical knowledge and observations during service delivery in LMICs are also reflected in the paper. The article concludes by stressing the need in LMICs for considerably more investment, empowerment, training with sustainable supervision of paraprofessional service providers, de-stigmatization of mental illnesses through public awareness, and concerted efforts to enhance the MHPSS services to fill the treatment gap for those in needs.
Keywords: LMICs, task shifting, MHPSS, paraprofessionals, explanatory models
Abstract
Task shifting is a process where tasks are delegated and shared among
care professionals through adding skills or qualifications to cover the
treatment gap. Task shifting in the mental health and psychosocial
support (MHPSS) sector in low and middle-income countries (LMICs)
is not a new concept, nevertheless, the approach has notable challenges
for implementation. Inadequate trained human resources, low level of
funding in the mental health sector, supervision, quality assurance, and
enhancement of proximity of mental health services to the people in
need are issues still prevalent. The quality of the contemporary
practices, including training, supervision, and research of
interventions, are often biomedical focused, and contextual practices
such as socio-cultural-anthropological aspects are still not well taken
196
into considerations. This paper reviews the needs, gaps, and practices
in the task-shifting approaches of public mental health practices and
outlines concrete steps to take into consideration in addressing the
identified gaps. Authors’ empirical knowledge and observations during
service delivery in LMICs are also reflected in the paper. The article
concludes by stressing the need in LMICs for considerably more
investment, empowerment, training with sustainable supervision of
paraprofessional service providers, de-stigmatization of mental illnesses
through public awareness, and concerted efforts to enhance the
MHPSS services to fill the treatment gap for those in needs.
Keywords: LMICs, task shifting, MHPSS, paraprofessionals,
explanatory models
Today, centres and programmes for the rehabilitation of torture victims are found all over the world. In Nepal, one of the world’s poorest countries, the Centre for Victims of Torture (CVICT) has since 1990 provided advanced psychosocial rehabilitation programmes. These and similar psychosocial interventions have made critics proclaim that Western psychosocial expertise subjects the bereaved of the Third World to repressive administrative power by objectifying and colonizing their minds. Meanwhile, advocates of psychosocial rehabilitation maintain that such criticisms fail to appreciate the ability of local healing strategies to actually empower torture victims through rehabilitation programmes. Inspired by Michel Foucault’s concept of government, this article argues that both these assessments of torture rehabilitation overlook forms of power that work through the constitution of subjectivities. On both a discursive and a technical‐practical level, the psychosocial therapy offered by the CVICT is trying to make torture victims align their personal desires and freedom with the political objectives of turning Nepal into a liberal democracy.
This article describes the way in which the practice of psychosocial counselling was adapted culturally to the context of Nepal within the Centre for Victims of Torture, Nepal (CVICT). After a brief description of the Nepali setting and CVICT's counselling and training approach and the relationship of its psychosocial counselling intervention with existing methods of dealing with psychosocial problems, the cultural challenges of implementing psychosocial counselling and our response to them are sketched along with concepts deemed important in psychosocial counselling. A discussion follows in which the authors' stance on the export of psychosocial counselling to non-western cultures is outlined.
Callahan (1985) developed a procedure of tapping on acupressure points for treating mental problems. Craig and Fowlie (1995) modified Callahan's procedure to a simplified version called Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT). EFT is easy to teach and is effective with symptoms of PTSD. This article presents EFT as an adjunct to the Critical Incident Stress Reduction debriefing procedures. The use of EFT in debriefings results in shorter and more thorough sessions. It often reduces the emotional pain of the debriefing. This paper provides complete instructions and safeguards for using EFT when debriefing in disaster situations and with other applications. Included are references for further reading and training.
In this chapter we try to deal with some of the consequences of the framework outlined in Chapter 1 for design and analysis in cross-cultural comparative studies. Our choice of topics is to some extent arbitrary. The emphasis is on hypothesis testing rather than on exploratory research and the descriptive interpretation of striking phenomena which a researcher may observe in other cultures. Not all areas of cross-cultural research are equally represented. Much of the literature on the analysis of comparability or equivalence has its origins in the field of ability testing and this is reflected in the text, although we maintain that comparability is a key problem in all cross-cultural studies. Even within our self-imposed boundaries there are notable omissions. For example, developmental studies are rarely mentioned despite the fact that longitudinal data offer several opportunities to protect inferences against alternative explanations. Our excuse is that development and change are methodologically obstinate (Adam, 1978; Roskam, 1976) so their treatment largely falls outside the scope of this book.
This article focuses in large part on the specificities of a comparatively obscure refugee situation—that of the approximately 100,000 people who have arrived in Nepal since 1990, claiming Bhutanese refugee status. It outlines the sociohistorical background to the problem, describes the way in which it has unfolded, and evaluates the refugees' claims through a survey of documentary evidence and field visits to Nepal and Bhutan. By measuring the realities of the situation against a theoretical model proposed by Anthony D. Smith in 1994, it then considers the extent to which the problem has arisen as the result of a conflict between two differing modes of ethnic nationalism: the new style of nationalism promoted by the Bhutanese state since the late 1980s, and the demotic nationalism of the cross-border Nepali population of the broader region. Although the paper addresses this particular case in some detail, its discussion is relevant to other instances where refugee flows have been caused by the formulation of new, more exclusive models of the nation state.
Major health care problems such as patient dissatisfaction, inequity of access to care, and spiraling costs no longer seem amenable to traditional biomedical solutions. Concepts derived from anthropologic and cross-cultural research may provide an alternative framework for identifying issues that require resolution. A limited set of such concepts is described as illustrated, including a fundamental distinction between disease and illness, and the notion of the cultural construction of clinical reality. These social science concepts can be developed into clinical strategies with direct application in practice and teaching. One such strategy is outlined as an example of a clinical social science capable of translating concepts from cultural anthropology into clinical language for practical application. The implementation of this approach in medical teaching and practice requires more support, both curricular and financial.
Liaison psychiatrists need to interview somatising patients in a way which allows a full assessment of the problem. This can best be achieved if the psychiatrist has already discussed with the referring physician the reason for referral and what the patient has been told about it. The medical notes should always be reviewed in detail and independent data obtained from a relative or other informant. During the interview itself the psychiatrist must be prepared to use techniques which deepen rapport with the patient, who may be initially wary or hostile. The psychiatrist should attempt to establish early a treatment alliance. Special aspects of the mental state need to be noted, including the patient's attitude to his/her symptoms and the strength with which somatic beliefs are held. Different approaches may be used according to the nature of the problem and the therapeutic style of the doctor. An awareness of these interview techniques would greatly reduce the chances of fruitless interviews with a hostile patient who believes the symptoms are being dismissed as being 'all in the mind'.
The impact of torture on the distribution of psychiatric disorders among refugees is unknown.
We surveyed a population-based sample of 418 tortured and 392 nontortured Bhutanese refugees living in camps in Nepal. Trained interviewers assessed International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) disorders through structured diagnostic psychiatric interviews.
Except for male sex, history of torture was not associated with demographics. Tortured refugees, compared with nontortured refugees, were more likely to report 12-month ICD-10 posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders. In addition, tortured refugees were more likely to report lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, affective disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders. Tortured women, compared with tortured men, were more likely to report lifetime generalized anxiety disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, affective disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders.
Among Bhutanese refugees, the survivors had higher lifetime and 12-month rates of ICD-10 psychiatric disorder. Men were more likely to report torture, but tortured women were more likely to report certain disorders. The results indicate the increased need for attention to the mental health of refugees, specifically posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders among those reporting torture.
We sought to identify personal factors that placed people at risk during an epidemic of medically unexplained illness in a Bhutanese refugee camp in southeastern Nepal.
We conducted a case-control study, involving 68 cases and 66 controls. Caseness was defined as experiencing at least one attack of medically unexplained fainting or dizziness during the time of the epidemic. We performed hierarchical logistic regression analysis to identify significant predictors of case status.
In terms of Western psychiatric constructs, the illness involved somatoform symptoms of both acute anxiety and dissociation. Sixty per cent reported visual and 28% reported auditory hallucinatory experiences. Cases and controls were similar on all demographic variables, school performance, number of attacks witnessed and psychopathology before the onset of the epidemic. Recent loss, early loss, childhood trauma and pulse-rate were predictors of case status.
We identified trauma, early loss and, especially, recent loss as predictors of attacks during medically unexplained epidemic illness in a Bhutanese refugee community.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:
ID - 47
Abstract Preparing instruments ,for transcultural research is a difficult task. Researchers typically do not,publish their attempts to create equival- ent translation. The quality of the translation depends ,mostly on the translators’ ability to be consistent in identifying and correcting incompre- hensible, unacceptable, incomplete and irrelevant translated items. This paper presents a translation monitoring ,form to enhance ,the methodical preparation of instruments for transcultural use. Use of the form requires the systematic use of strategies advocated by previous translation and adap- tation researchers. A detailed example of use of the translation monitoring form with Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugees illustrates the usefulness of the form as well as the difficulties of creating equivalent translation. Key words Bhutan • Nepali language • refugees • test adaptation • trans-
Epidemiological studies and theoretical models of refugee trauma based on ethnographic, biomedical and sociopolitical perspectives have focused on a variety of cultural and ethnic groups since World War II. Subjective distress and problems in psychosocial functioning are influenced by individual, fam ily, cultural and social variables. Refugees are at risk for developing psychiatric illness resulting from pre-migration, migration and post-migration experiences. This paper reviews biological, psychological and sociocultural models for recog nizing, conceptualizing and treating the psychiatric problems of traumatized refugees. The treatment approach of the Oregon Indochinese Psychiatric Program is summarized.
Preventing torture and rehabilitating survivors in a country that practices torture is difficult but possible. The Center for the Victims of Torture Nepal (CVICT) documents and treats torture survivors in four ways: (a) fact-finding teams, (b) referrals to its clinic in Kathmandu, (c) prison visits, and (d) a community-based rehabilitation program for Bhutanese refugees. In addition, the center also conducts research in four ways: (a) a quantitative matched-control study of tortured refugees to identify consequences of torture, (b) a case note survey, (c) a narrative study to identify local idioms of distress, and (d) focus groups to identify issues pertinent in the local context.
The probe flow chart of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was designed to assess psychiatric somatic complaints in various cultures. The CIDI’s probe flow chart does not appear to function properly in the Nepali context as the chart contains two assumptions that do not hold in Nepali culture, namely that: (i) respondents attribute their symptoms to mental, physical or substance-related processes, and (ii) doctors communicate diagnoses to their patients. The cultural validity of the CIDI is questioned.
The Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) refers to a collection of locally adapted explanatory model interviews rooted in a common framework. Efforts to develop the EMIC were motivated by research experience in cultural psychiatry and tropical medicine that demonstrated a need to integrate epidemiological and anthropological research methods more effectively. Various adaptations of the EMIC framework have produced semi-structured interviews based on an operational formulation of an illness explanatory model that systematically clarifies the experience of illness from the point of view of the people who are directly affected. Patterns of distress, perceived causes, preferences for help seeking and treatment, and general illness beliefs constitute a framework for the operational formulation of the illness explanatory model. Data sets generated from these EMIC interviews typically include quantitative variables and qualitative prose, which are cross-referenced for analysis to clarify key features and answer important questions about illness experience and its practical implications. This review discusses the development and structure of the EMIC, the adaptation of particular explanatory model interviews, the analysis of data obtained from these interviews, the scope of research they have addressed, and next steps in the development of the EMIC.
focus on 1 particular psychological treatment in primary care, namely, problem-solving / the authors and their colleagues have undertaken a series of studies of the treatment of [major depression and other] emotional disorders in primary care / the central aims have been to discover whether psychological treatments in primary care are effective (compared with medication), feasible, and acceptable to patients (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
the present chapter has 3 major purposes: (a) to summarize and critically review the existing cross-cultural posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) literature, especially as it pertains to veterans and refugees, the 2 groups most frequently studied; (b) to discuss some of the major conceptual and methodological issues involved in understanding the relationship between culture and PTSD; and (c) to recommend conceptual and research approaches for studying enthnocultural aspects of PTSD (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
3rd Ed Bibliogr. na konci kapitol
A meta-analysis was conducted on 61 treatment outcome trials for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Conditions included drug therapies (TCAs, carbamazepine, MAOIs, SSRIs, and BDZs), psychological therapies (behaviour therapy, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), relaxation training, hypnotherapy, and dynamic therapy), and control conditions (pill placebo, wait-list controls, supportive psychotherapies, and non-saccade EMDR control). Psychological therapies had significantly lower drop-out rates than pharmacotherapies (14% versus 32%), with attrition being uniformly low across all psychological therapies. In terms of symptom reduction, psychological therapies were more effective than drug therapies, and both were more effective than controls. Among the drug therapies, the SSRIs and carbamazepine had the greatest effect sizes, although the latter was based upon a single trial. Among the psychological therapies, behaviour therapy and EMDR were most effective, and generally equally so. The most effective psychological therapies and drug therapies were generally equally effective. Differences across treatment conditions were generally evident across symptom domains, with little matching of symptom domain to treatment type. However, SSRIs had some advantage over psychological therapies in treating depression. Follow-up results were not available for most treatments, but available data indicates that treatment effects for behaviour therapy and EMDR are maintained at 15-week follow-up. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/35192/1/153_ftp.pdf
Contrary to Singer's contention that the features of depressive disorders do not exhibit significant cross-cultural differences, the author uses material from field research in Taiwan and data from recent anthropological and clinical investigations to support the opposite view that such differences exist and are a function of the cultural shaping of normative and deviant behavior. Somatization amongst Chinese depressives is used as an illustration. This discrepancy reflects substantial changes in the nature of more recent cross-cultural studies by anthropologists and psychiatrists, changes which are giving rise to a new cross-cultural approach to psychiatric issues. Some features and implications of that approach are described.
Functional somatic symptoms (FSS) are bodily sensations which do not result from physical disease, but which the patient responds to as if they did. Such symptoms are common and usually transient. In some patients they become persistent and associated with distress and disability. In such cases specific treatment is indicated. A cognitive-behavioural model of the aetiology of FSS and a psychological treatment approach based on the model, are outlined. The practical details of treatment are described.
Patients commonly present to general practitioners with somatic symptoms for which no adequate physical cause can be found, which are accompanied by the symptoms of an anxiety state or a depressive illness. These illnesses pose a major public health problem, but little is known about optimal management. A three stage model is proposed to encourage patients to reattribute these symptoms, and relate them to psychosocial problems. These stages are; feeling understood; changing the agenda; and making the link. A videotaped learning package is described suitable for use with vocational trainees in general practice, consisting of demonstrations of component parts of the model followed by micro-teaching, as a preliminary to video-feedback of actual interviews with such patients.
The author's goal was to discover strategies used by psychotherapy supervisors judged to be excellent teachers.
In an earlier study, experienced teachers of psychotherapy rated the level of excellence of 34 different supervisors in 53 videotaped supervision sessions. In this study, the authors examined the transcripts of the nine videotapes assigned the highest ratings as well as three videotapes assigned mid-level ratings and three videotapes assigned low ratings in the previous study. In analyzing these transcripts, the authors drew from their experience with the complete set of videotapes.
Supervisors with high ratings allowed the resident's story about the encounter with the patient to develop. They consistently tracked the most immediate aspects of the resident's affectively charged concerns. Most of their comments were directed toward helping the resident further understand the patient and were specific to the material presented in the session. The resident was invited to speculate about the material, and technical words were used sparsely. Discussions about the relationships between resident and patient and between supervisor and resident were in the context of the resident's concerns. Supervisors with mid-level ratings were less disciplined in tracking the resident's concerns and inhibited the development of the resident's story. Supervisors with low ratings paid little or no attention to the resident's issues.
The ability to track residents' concerns is at the center of supervisory activities rated as excellent. The resident provides data about what occurred, and new knowledge is constructed in the supervisory interaction. These findings provide an empirical basis for orienting supervisors to supervision.
Most of the world's refugees are displaced within the developing world. The impact of torture on such refugees is unknown.
To examine the impact of torture on Bhutanese refugees in Nepal.
Case-control survey. Interviews were conducted by local physicians and included demographics, questions related to the torture experienced, a checklist of 40 medical complaints, and measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression.
Bhutanese refugee community in the United Nations refugee camps in the Terai in eastern Nepal.
A random sample of 526 tortured refugees and a control group of 526 nontortured refugees matched for age and sex.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria for PTSD and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) for depression and anxiety.
The 2 groups were similar on most demographic variables. The tortured refugees, as a group, suffered more on 15 of 17 DSM-III-RPTSD symptoms (P<.005) and had higher HSCL-25 anxiety and depression scores (P<.001) than nontortured refugees. Logistic regression analysis showed that history of torture predicted PTSD symptoms (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.7-8.0), depression symptoms (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4-2.6), and anxiety symptoms (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9). Torture survivors who were Buddhist were less likely to be depressed (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9) or anxious (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.4-1.0). Those who were male were less likely to experience anxiety (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-1.00). Tortured refugees also presented more musculoskeletal system- and respiratory system-related complaints (P<.001 for both).
Torture plays a significant role in the development of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms among refugees from Bhutan living in the developing world.
Impact of torture: A pilot study of stigma and illness experience in Nepal
- K Besch
- M Van Ommeren
- B N Poudyal
- R Jha
- R Kc
- C Loksham
- H Pradhan
- S Regmi
- S Shrestha
- B Sharma
Besch, K., Van Ommeren, M., Poudyal, B. N., Jha, R., KC, R., Loksham, C., Pradhan, H., Regmi, S.,
Shrestha, S., & Sharma, B. (2000). Impact of torture: A pilot study of stigma and illness experience in Nepal.
Manuscript in preparation.
Helping victims of torture and other violence
- De Jong
- J T V M
- J. T. V. M. Jong De
De Jong, J. T. V M. (1994). Helping victims of torture and other violence. In J. T. V M. De Jong, &
L. Clarke (Eds.), Mental health of refugees (prepublication version) (pp. 147-159). Geneva: World
Health Organization.
Functional complaints
- L Gask
- J T. V M De Jong
- H Sell
- L. Gask
Gask, L., De Jong, J. T. V M., & Sell, H. (1994). Functional complaints. In J. T. V M. De Jong &
L. Clarke (Eds.), Mental health of refugees (prepublication version) (pp. 41-48). Geneva: World
Health Organization.
Mental health of refugees (prepublication version)
- De Jong
- J T. V M Clarke
- J. T. V. M. Jong De
De Jong, J. T. V M. & Clarke, L. (1994). Mental health of refugees (prepublication version). Geneva:
World Health Organization.
Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention
- T D'zurilla
D'Zurilla, T. (1986). Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention. New York:
Springer.
Pain control with Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing: An information processing approach
- M Grant
Grant, M. (1997). Pain control with Eye Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing: An information processing approach. Sydney, NSW.
Indelible scars: A study of torture in Nepal
- G Guragain
- G. Guragain
Guragain, G. (1994). Indelible scars: A study of torture in Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal: Centre for the
Victims of Torture.
Community level dispute resolution in eastern rural Nepal
- D Prasain
Prasain, D. (2001). Community level dispute resolution in eastern rural Nepal. Manuscript in preparation.
Impact of torture: Psychiatric epidemiology among Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Doctoral dissertation, Vrije Universiteit
- M Van Ommeren
- M. Ommeren Van
Van Ommeren, M. (2000). Impact of torture: Psychiatric epidemiology among Bhutanese refugees in Nepal.
Doctoral dissertation, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention The skilled helper: A problem-management approach to helping
- D Zurilla
- T Springer
- Helping
- Torture
- In
- G Egan
D'Zurilla, T. (1986). Problem-solving therapy: A social competence approach to clinical intervention. New York:
Springer.
HELPING TORTURE SURVIVORS IN NEPAL Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper: A problem-management approach to helping (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA:
Brooks/Cole.
Centre for Victims of Annual report
Centre for Victims of Torture Nepal (2000). Annual report 1999. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Human Rights Year Book
Informal Sector Service Centre (2001). Human Rights Year Book 2000. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Community level dispute resolution in eastern rural Nepal Manuscript in preparation What do excellent psychotherapy supervisors do?
- D Prasain
- S B Shanfield
- K L Matthews
- Hetherly
Prasain, D. (2001). Community level dispute resolution in eastern rural Nepal. Manuscript in preparation.
Shanfield, S. B., Matthews K. L., & Hetherly, V (1993). What do excellent psychotherapy supervisors
do? American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1081–1084.
Psychotherapie met immigranten en vluchtelingen [Psychotherapy with immigrants and refugees
- De Jong
- V M In
- T J Heeren
- R C Van Der Mast
- P Schnabel
- R W Trijsburg
- W Vandereycken
De Jong, J. T. V M. (1999). Psychotherapie met immigranten en vluchtelingen [Psychotherapy with
immigrants and refugees.] In T. J. Heeren, R. C. Van der Mast, P. Schnabel, R. W. Trijsburg,
W. Vandereycken, K. Van der Velden & F. C. Verhulst (Eds.), faarboek voor psychiatrie en psychotherapie 1997–2000 (pp. 220–237). Houten, the Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Psychotherapie met immigranten en vluchtelingen [Psychotherapy with immigrants and refugees
- De Jong
- J T V M
- J. T. V. M. Jong De
De Jong, J. T. V M. (1999). Psychotherapie met immigranten en vluchtelingen [Psychotherapy with
immigrants and refugees.] In T. J. Heeren, R. C. Van der Mast, P. Schnabel, R. W. Trijsburg,
W. Vandereycken, K. Van der Velden & F. C. Verhulst (Eds.), faarboek voor psychiatrie en psychotherapie 1997-2000 (pp. 220-237). Houten, the Netherlands: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Forum for Protection of Human Rights
- G Egan
Egan, G. (1994). The skilled helper: A problem-management approach to helping (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA:
Brooks/Cole.
Forum for Protection of Human Rights. (1991). Dawn of democracy: People's power in Nepal. Kathmandu,
Nepal.
Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy
- J D Frank
- J B Frank
- J. D. Frank
Frank, J. D., & Frank, J. B. (1991). Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy (3rd ed.).
London: John Hopkins Press.
- N M Shrestha
- B Sharma
- M Van Ommeren
- S Regmi
- R Makaju
- I Komproe
- G B Shrestha
- J T Jong
Shrestha, N. M., Sharma, B., Van Ommeren, M., Regmi, S., Makaju, R., Komproe, I., Shrestha,
G. B., & De Jong, J. T. V M. (1998). Impact of torture on refugees displaced within the developing
world: Symptomatology among Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. JAMA, 280, 443-448.
Defining torture. Manuscript submitted for publication
- M Van Ommeren
- D Prasain
- B Sharma
Van Ommeren, M., Prasain, D., & Sharma, B. (2000). Defining torture. Manuscript submitted for
publication.