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Preliminary study of application effect of bamboo vinegar on vegetable growth
Abstract
This paper reports the effects of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescense) vinegar, with different diluents, on the growth of lettuce, cole and cucumber based on field tests. The results show that
moso bamboo vinegar with 500–800 times dilution had good effect on the growth of tested vegetables. The harvest of vegetables
increased from 18.8%–20.2% compared with a control. The height and the weight of the average single vegetable tested also
increased. The main components of moso bamboo vinegar were analyzed by GC-MS and the positive effect on the growth was, in
the first instance, attributed to a synergistic effect of trace amounts of the main components of bamboo vinegar.
... PL has been widely used in medicine, food and agriculture (Cai et al., 2012;Dissatian et al., 2018). In agriculture, PL specifically from bamboo has been used in controlling insects pests such as termites, flies, ticks and fleas (Yatagai, 2004;Hagner et al., 2018); ameliorate soil, aids crop germination, used as fertilizer (Mohan et al., 2006;Jung, 2007;Wei et al., 2009Wei et al., , 2010; feed additive to improve animal performance (Samanya and Yamauchi, 2001;Yoo et al., 2007;Watarai and Koiwa, 2008;Choi et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2012); antibacterial, antifungal and antivirus for eliminating non-beneficial soil microbes (Mu et al., 2004(Mu et al., , 2006, Herbicide (Tworkoski, 2002;Salonen et al., 2008;Ruuttunen, 2007); simulate plant growth (Mu et al., 2004(Mu et al., , 2006; mushroom fruitbody formation stimulant (Yoshimura et al., 1995) and many more. Bamboo has been one of the popular sources of PL, however, there are still limited studies available on the bioactivities of PL obtained from bamboo against nematode pests. ...
... PL has been widely used in medicine, food and agriculture (Cai et al., 2012;Dissatian et al., 2018). In agriculture, PL specifically from bamboo has been used in controlling insects pests such as termites, flies, ticks and fleas (Yatagai, 2004;Hagner et al., 2018); ameliorate soil, aids crop germination, used as fertilizer (Mohan et al., 2006;Jung, 2007;Wei et al., 2009Wei et al., , 2010; feed additive to improve animal performance (Samanya and Yamauchi, 2001;Yoo et al., 2007;Watarai and Koiwa, 2008;Choi et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2012); antibacterial, antifungal and antivirus for eliminating non-beneficial soil microbes (Mu et al., 2004(Mu et al., , 2006, Herbicide (Tworkoski, 2002;Salonen et al., 2008;Ruuttunen, 2007); simulate plant growth (Mu et al., 2004(Mu et al., , 2006; mushroom fruitbody formation stimulant (Yoshimura et al., 1995) and many more. Bamboo has been one of the popular sources of PL, however, there are still limited studies available on the bioactivities of PL obtained from bamboo against nematode pests. ...
... Furthermore, the presence of some alcohols, aldehydes and acids has made BPL a viable energy and carbon substrate for some soil microbial agents that help to promote crop growth . Our findings agree with the previous reports of Mahmud et al. (2016) where 2% (v/v) pyroligneous acid used to fertilize okra (Abelmuscus esculentus) resulted in the highest mean number of fruits and leaves as well as studies of Mu et al. (2004Mu et al. ( , 2006, where bamboo vinegar showed an increase in vegetative growth, germination and radicle growth for several seeds. Thus, this study successfully demonstrated that BPL has great potential as an organic plant growth promoter with no detrimental effect on the environment. ...
... Currently, this product is effectively used in field conditions by soil fertigation (where plants absorb molecules only by roots) and foliar spraying (where plant absorb molecules mainly from the leaves, but also from the roots) (Fedeli et al., 2022;Mungkunkamchao et al., 2013). The beneficial effects on plants are mainly attributable to the presence of antioxidants and growth-stimulating phytochemicals with hormone-like action (e.g., polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, organic acids, alkanes, alcohols, and esters) able to improve nutrient assimilation (Mu et al., 2006;Wei et al., 2010aWei et al., , 2010bZulkarami et al., 2011). Furthermore, these molecules also play an important role in preserving cultivated plant health by protecting them from pathogen attack and suppressing weeds (Mourant et al., 2005;Ratanapisit et al., 2009). ...
... Our results clearly corroborate the well-known biostimulatory action of WD on vegetable growth and development. Indeed, numerous pieces of scientific evidence widely discussed the beneficial effects of WD on the growth of various crop plants, such as, for example, rice (Berahim et al., 2014), tomato (Mungkunkamchao et al., 2013), lettuce, rapeseed, and cucumber (Mu et al., 2006). Furthermore, our results support some very recent scientific research concerning the impact of bioplastics on crop growth (Abe et al., 2022;Celletti et al., 2023;Huerta-Lwanga et al., 2021;Meng et al., 2021;Qi et al., 2018). ...
... Furthermore, our results support some very recent scientific research concerning the impact of bioplastics on crop growth (Abe et al., 2022;Celletti et al., 2023;Huerta-Lwanga et al., 2021;Meng et al., 2021;Qi et al., 2018). The beneficial effects of WD are largely attributable to its richness in organic molecules (especially organic acids and polyphenols) promoting various plant development processes, including the induction of the plant hormone network and photosynthesis (Mu et al., 2006). On the contrary, the specific compounds within bioplastic responsible for the observed negative effects on plant growth are still unknown, as well as how they interfere with plant functions. ...
The growing interest in bioplastics and bio-based crop management products in agriculture is driven by the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. However, recent research has raised concerns about the sustainability of bioplastics due to their potential negative impact on crop growth and yield, with implications for the environment and human health. In this study, wood distillate (WD) was evaluated as a natural enhancer of plant growth and defence system to mitigate the negative impact of a starch-based bioplastic on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. The study analyzed physiological and biochemical changes in basil plants subjected for 35 days to single or combined treatments of WD and bioplastic by measuring biomarkers of healthy growth, such as soluble proteins, sugars, vitamin C, and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that WD promoted basil development, whereas the presence of bioplastic hindered it. Interestingly, WD did not affect sugars but increased vitamin C by 12 %, which is considered a positive effect as changes in sugar levels could indicate plant stress. In contrast, bioplastic resulted in reduced sugars (-41 %) and increased (+17 %) MDA level, while vitamin C content remained unchanged. However, when WD was added to plants grown with bioplastic, it elevated the levels of all examined parameters, except for sugars and vitamin C, which experienced reductions (-66 % and 33 %, respectively). Intriguingly, despite this reduction, the observed direct correlation between sugar and vitamin C contents was maintained, indicating that the decrease in sugar content may have reached a critical threshold. This study suggests that the use of WD has the potential to alleviate the adverse effects of bioplastic on basil growth and development and highlights the importance of adopting sustainable practices in agriculture, as well as the need for a critical assessment of the environmental impact of new technologies and products.
... WD is composed of 80-90% water and 10-20% of over 200 water-soluble chemical compounds, including organic acids, alkane, phenolic, alcohol, and ester [18]. It is used in agriculture since such compounds have a stimulating action on plant growth and yield [19][20][21][22][23]. Moreover, it can protect plants exposed to high levels of ozone [24]. ...
... While there is evidence that WD promotes growth and yield in cultivated plants [19][20][21][22][23], to the best of our knowledge, nothing is known about its possible effects on the spontaneous plant diversity of crop fields. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that WD does not have any negative effect on the plants spontaneously developing among crops during emergence and first-stage growth, which are the main critical stages of a plant's life cycle [31,32]. ...
... We selected the following five species from the list of the rarest/most threatened European arable plants [7]: Bromus secalinus L., Centaurea cyanus L., Lathyrus aphaca L., Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix, and Scandix pecten-veneris L. These species are all annuals and related to winter cereal crops or allied crop types, thus having a winter-spring life cycle [20]. We obtained the propagules (seeds for B. secalinus, L. aphaca, and L. speculum-veneris; achenes for C. cyanus and S. pecten-veneris) by requesting them via the "Botanic Gardens Conservation International" network [33]. ...
Wood distillate (WD) is an environmentally safe bio-based product stimulating plant growth and yield and allowed in Italy in organic farming. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the effects of WD on spontaneous plants growing among crops, including their functional traits such as biomass. To test such effects, we carried out a lab experiment on artificially reconstructed arable plant communities composed of five species of conservation interest, which are specialist winter cereal crops: Bromus secalinus L., Centaurea cyanus L., Lathyrus aphaca L., Legousia speculum-veneris (L.) Chaix, and Scandix pecten-veneris L. After sowing 45 pots under controlled conditions, we applied WD at three concentrations (0%, 0.2%, and 0.5%) six times over 7 weeks. The number of emerged plants in each pot was counted every two weeks. Finally, we harvested all plants and measured the fresh and dry above-ground weight of each species in each pot. The resulting data were analyzed by Permutational Analysis of Variance. The application of 0.2% and 0.5% WD modified the community composition after two weeks, but such differences later disappeared. Both 0.2% and 0.5% WD had a positive effect on the dry weight of S. pecten-veneris and a negative effect on that of L. speculum-veneris. Moreover, 0.2% and 0.5% WD increased seedling emergence in L. aphaca, and 0.5% WD increased seedling emergence in S. pecten-veneris. Both 0.2% and 0.5% WD enhanced seedling emergence in the entire community. We suggest that the use of WD at low concentrations in winter cereals may be a sustainable agricultural practice that benefits crops without harming the associated plant diversity.
... Wood distillate (WD), also known as pyroligneous acid, is a by-product of biomass pyrolysis for energy production [4,5] and is known to be very rich in different molecules, such as esters, alcohols, acids, sugars, and phenols [6,7]. There is convincing evidence that WD has great potential in agriculture [4,8,9] because of its ability to act as a biostimulant for crops, to increase biomass [10,11] and fruit production (quality, size, and weight) [6,12]. ...
... Our results with 0.25% WD and BF showed a chlorophyll increase by 29-49%, and similar results have also been reported for mustard and rice after foliar applications of 0.2% WD [10,28], as well as in 4-week-old rice seedlings treated with 0.33% WD [11]. The 49-73% biomass increase observed in our lettuce plants treated with 0.25% WD and BF is consistent with similar increases reported for lettuce (+42%, [7]), tomato (27%, [12]), and rice (+20-45%, [10]) following the foliar application of 0.13-0.2% WD. ...
... Nevertheless, besides acting as a bio-stimulant, WD is also known to counteract plant pathogens, such as fungi and bacteria [37,38], and antibacterial activity of wood distillate has been found at concentrations as low as 0.4% [39]. Notwithstanding the fact that low doses (high dilutions) of wood distillate can stimulate plant growth and development [6,7], there is also evidence that much higher doses (lower dilutions) can cause plant senescence, thus suggesting its potential use as an herbicide [14]. Our results for soluble sugars further suggest a hormetic-type effect of WD, and the mechanism behind this response deserves further investigation. ...
Simple Summary
Bio-stimulants are showing growing success and are gradually replacing synthetic fertilizers in agriculture. Wood distillate (WD), also known as wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid, is a by-product of biomass pyrolysis and is increasingly used as a bio-stimulant for crop production. The purpose of this work was to test two types of WD utilizations: (i) pure WD (from BioDea®) and (ii) WD combined with 3% soy lecithin and 5% flavonoid-rich wood glycolic extract (BF; BioDea Flavor®), at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.50%. Our results indicate that foliar applications of both WD and BF increased chlorophyll content, biomass, and starch content in the treated lettuce, while WD, at a concentration of 0.50%, also increased glucose and fructose content. All the treatments were found to be safe, as neither of them showed a significant increase in the content of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in lettuce.
Abstract
Bio-stimulants are showing growing success and are gradually replacing synthetic fertilizers in agriculture. Wood distillate (WD), also known as wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid, is a by-product of biomass pyrolysis and is increasingly used as a bio-stimulant for crop production. This study investigated whether weekly foliar applications of 0.25% and 0.50% WD have a differential effect on the chlorophyll and sugar content as well as biomass production in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Moreover, the additional beneficial effect from the addition of corroborants of plant origin such as 3% soy lecithin and 5% flavonoid-rich wood glycolic extract to WD (BF) was investigated. Moreover, the possible toxicological concern from some potentially toxic elements (PTEs), namely Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn, which may be abundant in WD was verified. After four weeks, we found that 0.25% WD not only increases lettuce biomass, which has an economic value, but also has beneficial effects on other qualitative parameters such as sugars and total sweetness. On the other hand, the use of 0.5% WD decreased the content of soluble sugars, suggesting a hormetic-type effect. We did not find evidence of further beneficial effects from the addition to WD of plant-derived corroborants, nor of any enrichment in the content of the investigated PTEs.
... Los procesos térmicos a partir de la biomasa son motivo de investigación e implementación de sistemas en varios lugares del mundo científico, pero sobre todo es una necesidad del creciente desarrollo. (Jun, 2006). Ecuador cuenta con una gran cantidad de residuos de biomasa provenientes principalmente de procesos de industrias de alimentos, que están siendo aprovechadas principalmente en la generación alternativa de energía, sin embargo, las tecnologías que se aplican no son lo suficientemente eficientes para competir con las fuentes tradicionales, deteniendo el crecimiento de este tipo de incitativas, por consiguiente, aumentando la cantidad de residuos. ...
... Con los análisis realizados al producto, es posible relacionarlo con el denominado vinagre de bambú, cuyos componentes identificados fueron del 70,65% en base al área del pico de espectros, en la que los componentes acéticos ocuparon el 42,32%, con el ácido acético como componente principal, los componentes fenólicos del 23,22% con fenol, guaiacol y su syringol como componentes principales, Componentes neutros del 5,11% con furfural y ciclopentanona. (Jun, 2006), El vinagre de bambú, actualmente es utilizado para potenciar el crecimiento radicular, con los porcentajes que se menciona. El análisis que arroja el FTIR, son similares al vinagre de bambú, se puede asumir, que el vinagre proveniente de P. clandestinum L, podría ser usado con éxito para crecimiento radicular entre otras aplicaciones agropecuarias que serían probadas con futuras investigaciones. ...
The large volumes of biomass generated in the maintenance of green areas are considered a focal point for the production of organic waste. In the present work, it is proposed to obtain piroleñoso acid from the precursor Pennisetum Clandestinum L (kikuyo), a very common waste product of pruning and gardening; Describes the thermochemical process for the validation of the technology for the production of the product and utilizable byproducts (coal and tar) and the evaluation of the macro elements and the structural components of the substance by means of the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) method. (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), by a direct comparison, it is shown that its properties are similar to the product from Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescense f) which has characteristics that can increase root growth in vegetables, in farm animals improves the digestibility of Nutrients and reduces harmful intestinal coliforms. The results obtained describe a yield of between 20 and 30% for the gases with a maximum delivered energy that oscillates between 150 and 1000 kcal.
... Increased leaf photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll and carotenoid) of sunflower and maize as a result of vermitea treatment can be used to indicate improved plant physiological state 53,54 . This effect was also observed in the wood vinegar treatment in the current study as well as in other experiments 55,56 , indicating that vermitea and wood vinegar components activate photosynthesis-related processes. When used as a foliar fertilizer, wood vinegar increases cucumber, lettuce, and cole yields 55,56 . ...
... This effect was also observed in the wood vinegar treatment in the current study as well as in other experiments 55,56 , indicating that vermitea and wood vinegar components activate photosynthesis-related processes. When used as a foliar fertilizer, wood vinegar increases cucumber, lettuce, and cole yields 55,56 . Tikoria et al. 57 reported that when tomato seedlings were treated with 100% vermicompost extract, root and shoot length, root and shoot fresh weights increased by 28, 36.53, ...
In Egypt, sunflower charcoal-rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and maize late-wilt caused by Magnaporthiopsis maydis are the most prevalent, and can lead to huge yield losses of both crops under epidemic conditions. In this study, the potential use of vermitea and wood vinegar for management of both diseases was investigated. Data revealed that, among the 17 bacterial strains obtained from vermitea, three strains named VCB-2, VCB-7 and VCB-11 were chosen for having the greatest in vitro inhibitory effect against M. phaseolina and M. maydis , with fungal inhibition values of 54.2; 61.7, 65.2; 74.0 and 57.1; 87.0% against both pathogens, respectively. These strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens , Serratia marcescens and Bacillus velezensis , respectively. Wood vinegar significantly reduced the colony diameter of M. phaseolina and M. maydis in in vitro trials conducted on potato dextrose agar medium amended with the desired concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5%. The efficiency increased with increasing wood vinegar concentration, and 2.0% was the most effective (100% suppression). Data from greenhouse experiments showed that the application of vermitea or wood vinegar tended to decrease the incidence (% dead plants) of sunflower charcoal-rot (by 61.1 and 66.7%) and maize late-wilt (by 70.6%). These treatments had positive impacts on the plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidative enzymes of sunflower and maize plants. Data from field experiments showed that the application of vermitea or wood vinegar decreased the incidence of charcoal-rot (by 72.8 and 72.0%) and late-wilt (by 88.7 and 87.0%) as well as increased the production sunflower and maize plants.
... However, wood vinegar remains little used, if at all, in our countries. Wood vinegar is a natural product used to improve soil quality, stimulate vegetable growth, reduce the odor of agricultural products, repel insects on plants, improve the quality of fruits and increase their sugar content, facilitate composting, and promote greater resistance to crops and adverse conditions (Uddin et al. 1995, Shibayama et al. 1998, Yatagai et al. 2002, Mu et al. 2006, Baimark and Niamsa 2009, Masum et al. 2013, Mungkunkamchao et al. 2013, Mmojieje and Hornung 2015. This review article will focus on the different ways of obtaining wood vinegars, the physicochemical properties of wood vinegars, the parameters likely to affect composition and quality of wood vinegars, and the different areas of application to date. ...
... In addition to this, wood vinegar also increased the yield of soybean (Glycine max; Travero and Mihara 2016), whereas foliar spray improved the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) crops (Mu et al. 2006). In addition, wood vinegar significantly stimulated plant growth, fruit diameter, sweetness, and fruit weight in rock melon (C. ...
Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is widely used for the production of charcoal, pyroligneous liquid, and noncondensable gases. All three are value-added products that are exploited in several fields. However, this review focuses on three main areas: wood vinegar production methods, its physicochemical properties, and the use of wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid in agriculture and the environment. Wood vinegar is a liquid derived from wood by the condensation of gases and vapors released during the carbonization process, which is the transformation of wood into charcoal. It is mainly composed of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and other oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, acids, phenols, and ethers. Wood vinegar has antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties and is used in agriculture as an antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticide, and plant germination and growth agent. It is also used in food preservation, in medicine, and in the ecological preservation of wood. This review also examines the state of the art in pyroligneous liquid production techniques and factors that could potentially affect its quality.
... Additionally, WV increases the abiotic stress tolerance [29], growth, production, and quality of a wide range of crops [30]. WV, when used as a foliar application, increases yields in cucumber, lettuce, and cole, and jasmine rice [31,32]. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of guava wood vinegar against Colletotrichum coccodes which causes black dot disease and investigate its effect on potato plant growth as well. ...
... The results of this study are in agreement with those obtained by Chuaboon et al. [23], who showed that WV treatment improved germination, seedling vigor, shoot height, root length, and fresh weight in rice plants compared to untreated controls. WV increased yield in cucumber, lettuce, and cole when used as a foliar fertilizer [31], and in jasmine rice [32]. Charcoal and WV improve the growth, branching, and survival rate of zinnia when used as a mix in planting materials [27]. ...
Wood vinegar (WV) by-product of charcoal production is considered one of the most promising alternatives to synthetic pesticide and fertilizer applications, especially for organic production. Our goal in this study is to evaluate the efficacy of guava (Psidium guajava) WV to control Colletotrichum coccodes, which causes black dot disease, and how it influences potato plant development and yield. This study tested the efficacy of guava WV against the pathogen both in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Different guava WV concentrations were tested on pathogen growth development, including 0, 0.25%, 0.50%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (v/v). Data revealed that the pathogen’s mycelial growth was significantly inhibited at all the concentrations, and the highest inhibition (100%) was obtained at 3% guava WV. In greenhouse trials conducted for two seasons (2021 and 2022), guava WV applied as a foliar spray at the concentration of 2% and 3% considerably reduced the potato black dot severity evaluated as stem colonization (average of 22.9% for 2021, average of 22.5% for 2022), root covering with sclerotia (average of 21.7% for 2021, average of 18.3% for 2022) and wilted plants percentage (average of 27.8% for 2021, average of 33.3% for 2022). Overall, guava WV also showed a positive effect on plant growth by increasing plant height, stem diameter, and tuber yield per plant of treated potato in both seasons. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed the presence in guava WV of phenols, esters, organic acids, antioxidants, and alcohols. In conclusion, guava WV could represent a viable alternative for potato black dot disease management and for plant growth promotion.
... Therefore, it can be efficiently used as an organic fertilizer with pesticide properties [7,26,32]. Several woody plant biomasses, including Japanese cedar 'Sugi' [33], walnut [34], cherry [35], halophyte tree mangrove [36], small-flower chaste tree [37], beech [38], oak [39], birch [40], rosemary [41], eucalyptus [42], and bamboo, ref. [6] have been used for production of wood vinegar, with the final aim of increasing seedling germination and the development of crops such as lettuce, cucumber, chrysanthemum, and watercress [43,44]. ...
... The pesticidal effects of wood vinegar produced with mixed material was confirmed to have a mortality rate of more than 90% for PA-treated aphid (Myzus persicae) and mite (Tetranychus urticae) [44]. In Thailand, PA was used as a repellent against two important pests, snails and slugs [45], and caused approximately 95% mortality rate in aphid populations on eggplant [46]. ...
Crop diseases and agricultural pests and pathogens are causing huge economic losses. The actual means for dealing with them involve the use of damaging chemical pesticides that harm the environment, threaten biodiversity, and undermine human health. This research was aimed at developing an environmentally friendly means to cope with emerging oomycete disease from tomato fields in the province of East-Azerbaijan. The oomycete disease causal agent was isolated and identified as Ovatisporangium sp. using a combination of morphological features and molecular methods. Six wood vinegars (pyroligneous acid) belonging to pine, pomegranate, pistachio, almond, walnut, and cypress were produced during this study and examined against Ovatisporangium sp. Their inhibition of volatile metabolites (VOCs) using different dilutions (1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/10) was assessed against the mycelial growth of Ovatisporangium sp. In vitro analysis demonstrated that pistachio, cypress, and almond dilution 1 (D 1) wood vinegar VOCs had the ability to stop the mycelial growth of Ovatisporangium sp. All other treatments including pine, walnut, and pomegranate with relevant dilutions significantly reduced the mycelial growth of Ovatisporangium sp. compared with the control (p ≤ 0.05). Wood vinegar is therefore a potent means to cope with pathogenic infections and allows plant protection against oomycete diseases.
... One of the most promising bio-based compounds currently being investigated is wood distillate (WD), also known as pyroligneous acid or wood vinegar. WD is a by-product of bio-energy production by pyrolysis of plant biomass (Grewal, Abbey, & Gunupuru, 2018) and is rich in numerous bioactive substances (i.e., polyphenols, alcohols, acids, esters) (Mu, Yu, Wu, & Wu, 2006;Zulkarami, Ashrafuzzaman, Husni, & Ismail, 2011). WD is used as a biostimulant in agriculture owing to its ability to enhance quality, size and weight of edible plant parts (Mungkunkamchao, Kesmala, Pimratch, Toomsan, & Jothityangkoon, 2013;Zulkarami et al., 2011), to increase plant biomass (Zulkarami et al., 2014;Fedeli, Vannini, Guarnieri, Monaci, & Loppi, 2022;Theerakulpisut, Kanawapee, & Panwong, 2016;Vannini, Moratelli, Monaci, & Loppi, 2021), and even to counteract the attack of plant pathogens (Mourant, Yang, Lu, & Roy, 2005;Ratanapisit, Apiraksakul, Rerngnarong, Chungsiriporn, & Bunyakarn, 2009). ...
... lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) +39% , +49% , +42% (Mu et al., 2006), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ...
In the quest for eco‐friendly products with biostimulant properties, foliar application of wood distillate (WD) was tested on the growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). WD (pyroligneous acid) is a by‐product of plant biomass pyrolysis and is rich in biologically active substances like polyphenols, alcohols, acids and esters. In this work, chickpea plants were sprayed weekly with 100 ml 0.25% (v/v) chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) WD during the whole growing period, and at the end physiological and nutritional analyses were performed both on the whole plant and on seeds. While plant height and weight did not change significantly, seeds showed an increase in diameter (+11.2%) and weight (+33.3%), and in the content of starch (+45.9%), total soluble protein (+12.9%), total polyphenol (+16.4%) and antioxidant power (+28.4%). Overall, the content of essential free amino acids increased, except for lysine (−3.4%), phenylalanine (−10.5%) and methionine (−13.7%). Among all the mineral elements analysed, only potassium and magnesium decreased in WD‐treated plants, although values were within the common range for chickpea seeds. These results are a clear demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of WD on increasing the nutritional qualities of the edible parts of crop species, thus representing a possible solution to counteract human malnutrition and famine as well as environmental concerns.
... Soy lecithin, wood distillate and especially their combination stimulated biomass production in lettuce. Consistently with our results, foliar application of 1:500 bamboo wood vinegar increased (+ 42%) the biomass of lettuce plants; treatment with different concentrations of 1:300 and 1:800 was less effective [33]. Biomass increase (+ 20-45%) following foliar application of wood distillate was also found in rice [4] and tomato plants [6]. ...
... Yield increase following wood vinegar application was suggested to be related to its ability to simulate or stimulate plant phytohormones or to increase plant photosynthesis [33], and our results are consistent with this view. Wood distillate has a very complex chemical composition, which usually includes a mixture of guaiacols, catechols, syringols, phenols, vanillins, furans, pyrans, carboxaldehydes, hydroxyketones, sugars, alkylaryl ethers, nitrogenated derivatives, alcohols, acetic acid, and other carboxylic acids [36]. ...
This study investigated the effectiveness of foliar application of sweet chestnut wood distillate on the photosynthetic performance and growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv ‘Canasta’), both alone and in combination with soybean lecithin used as biosurfactant. Seedlings of lettuce were treated with a foliar application of either mineral water (control), or 1:500 solutions of 3% soy lecithin, wood distillate and wood distillate plus 3% soy lecithin. After 1 week, the chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll reflectance and dry biomass were measured. The results showed that both wood distillate and lecithin exerted a positive effect on chlorophyll content and biomass production, but the joint use of wood distillate and lecithin quickly stimulated a ca. 50% increase in these parameters and is thus recommended.
... Los procesos térmicos a partir de la biomasa son motivo de investigación e implementación de sistemas en varios lugares del mundo científico, pero sobre todo es una necesidad del creciente desarrollo. (Jun, 2006). Ecuador cuenta con una gran cantidad de residuos de biomasa provenientes principalmente de procesos de industrias de alimentos, que están siendo aprovechadas principalmente en la generación alternativa de energía, sin embargo, las tecnologías que se aplican no son lo suficientemente eficientes para competir con las fuentes tradicionales, deteniendo el crecimiento de este tipo de incitativas, por consiguiente, aumentando la cantidad de residuos. ...
... Con los análisis realizados al producto, es posible relacionarlo con el denominado vinagre de bambú, cuyos componentes identificados fueron del 70,65% en base al área del pico de espectros, en la que los componentes acéticos ocuparon el 42,32%, con el ácido acético como componente principal, los componentes fenólicos del 23,22% con fenol, guaiacol y su syringol como componentes principales, Componentes neutros del 5,11% con furfural y ciclopentanona. (Jun, 2006), El vinagre de bambú, actualmente es utilizado para potenciar el crecimiento radicular, con los porcentajes que se menciona. El análisis que arroja el FTIR, son similares al vinagre de bambú, se puede asumir, que el vinagre proveniente de P. clandestinum L, podría ser usado con éxito para crecimiento radicular entre otras aplicaciones agropecuarias que serían probadas con futuras investigaciones. ...
Los grandes volúmenes de biomasa generados en el mantenimiento de áreas verdes se los considera un punto focal de producción de desechos orgánicos. En el presente trabajo, se propone la obtención del ácido piroleñoso a partir del precursor Pennisetum Clandestinum L (kikuyo), residuo muy común producto de las podas y de adecentamiento de jardines; se describe todo el proceso termoquímico de validación de la tecnología para obtención del producto y subproductos aprovechables (carbón, alquitrán) y la evaluación de los macro elementos y los componentes estructurales de la sustancia mediante el método de Espectrometría Infrarroja con Transformada de Fourier (FTIR del inglés Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), por una comparativa directa, se demuestra que sus propiedades son similares al producto proveniente del Bambú (Phyllostachys pubescens f) el cual posee características que pueden incrementar el crecimiento radicular en vegetales, en animales de granja mejora la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y reduce los coliformes intestinales perjudiciales. Los resultados obtenidos describen un rendimiento de entre 20 y 30 % para los gases con una energía máxima entregada que oscila entre 150 y 1000 kcal.
... According to Baimark and Niamsa [33], revealed that bamboo vinegar exhibited better rubber-coagulating and antifungal agents than acetic and formic acids which are traditionally used in the rubber industry. Mu and co-workers [34] reported that bamboo vinegar with 500 to 800 dilutions had significant effect on growth, development and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and cole crops. Overall, bamboo vinegar has stimulatory effect on seed germination and radicle growth of lettuce, honeworth (Cryptotaenia canadiensis), watercress (Nasturtium officinale) and chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandifolia) [31]. ...
... This has been attributed to an increase in tillers per hill, 1000 grain weight and filled grains per panicle. In addition to this, PA also enhanced the yield of soybean (Glycine max; [52]) while foliar spray improved growth and yield of lettuce, cucumber and cole crops [34]. Moreover, PA significantly stimulated plant growth, fruit diameter, sweetness and weight of fruit in rock melon (Cucumis melo var. ...
Pyrolysis of plant biomass is a promising way to produce charcoal (solid), tar and pyroligneous acid, and other gaseous products. These products are of great import as they are alternative to traditional fuels and inorganic chemicals. In this review, main emphasis has been given to properties of pyroligneous acid and its potential benefits in agriculture. Pyroligneous acid is a crude condensed, highly oxygenated organic liquid which is a by-product of pyrolysis of plant biomass. It mainly consisted of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and other oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, acids, phenols and ethers. Pyroligneous acid exhibits antioxidant and scavenger properties and has been used in agriculture as antimicrobial agent, insecticide, and for the promotion of seed germination and plant growth. This review takes a critical look at some of the production principles, roles of pyroligneous acid in plant growth, development and defense, and the prospects and broader application of pyroligneous acid in agriculture. It is envisaged that this review will generate global discussion and create awareness for the numerous opportunities in pyroligneous acid research and global use.
... 14,19−21 For instance, PA at 30% improved soybean (Glycine max) yield, 22 applying a 20% PA solution as a drench improved the performance of rockmelon (Cucumis melo) 23 and its foliar application improved growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and cole (Brassica oleracea). 24 It could be deduced from the various studies that PA effectiveness depends on the mode of application such as concentration, the frequency of application, and plant species. 14,25 Concentrations of PA used in current studies vary from 0.01 to 30% and frequencies of application can be 7-, 14-, 21-, or 28-day intervals. ...
... It has a distinct smoky aroma and a pale yellow to brown tint. Bamboo vinegar contains over 200 chemical components, such as organic acids, phenolic, alkane, alcohol, and ester compounds (Mu et al., 2006). ...
Chemical pesticides have been widely used in plantations, and their effects have more disadvantages to the environment as well as to humans. Therefore, this study tries to implement organic pesticides using bamboo vinegar. Bamboo vinegar is one of the organic pesticides to control insect pests in plantation crops. The role of this organic pesticide on the insect pests of Harumanis mango is still unknown. Hence, this study aims to determine the impact of applying bamboo vinegar on the insect pests, quality, and nutrient content of Harumanis mango (MA128). Bamboo vinegar was applied in February 2021 during the flowering phase at the Harumanis plot in the Plantation Unit, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis. This study used a randomized complete block design with three treatments (spraying intervals) and three replications: T1 (3-day interval), T2 (5-day interval), and T3 (no bamboo vinegar). Sticky traps were installed to determine the population of insect pests in Harumanis mango. Matured fruits have been harvested, and the standard procedure of Harumanis mango postharvest handling has been followed. Then, the fruits were determined for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), vitamin C, and sugar content. Bamboo vinegar significantly reduced the abundance of insects in Harumanis mango. Additionally, the highest TPC was observed from a 3-day interval of bamboo vinegar application. A similar trend was indicated for improving TFC with bamboo vinegar application. Similarly, there was a significantly higher vitamin C and sugar content after bamboo vinegar application compared to the control group. In conclusion, applying bamboo vinegar to Harumanis mango reduced insect pests and increased the quality and nutrient content of the Harumanis mango.
... While the specific mechanisms of action of WD are still not fully understood, the main part of the scientific literature consistently supports the idea that WD yields beneficial effects due to its richness in organic molecules such as polyphenols and organic acids, which are able to promote plant development processes such as phytohormones/signaling molecules network and photosynthesis [49]. In our case, WD application induced Chl loss and lipid peroxidation throughout the whole period of the experiment, as documented by the significant increase in MDA and JA content. ...
Ozone (O3) pollution is a critical issue for human health, crop yield, vegetation growth biodiversity, and food safety. Several protection strategies from O3-induced injuries have been proposed for crops. Here, we investigated if the foliar application of wood distillate (WD), a plant-based biostimulant applied once a week (0.2%, v/v) for four consecutive weeks, could have a protective effect against the damage caused by chronic O3 concentrations (80 ppb O3, 5 h day⁻¹ for 28 days) in basil plants (chosen as model horticultural plant). The results revealed that plants exposed to O3 showed severe chlorotic spots localized in the interveinal adaxial surface, chlorophyll loss (−25% compared to controls maintained in filtered air), and membrane impairment as indicated by the significant increase in malondialdehyde content (+62%). Conversely, plants exposed to O3 and treated with WD exhibited a reduction in visible injuries, preservation of membrane integrity, and production of antioxidant compounds such as abscisic and salicylic acids (+21 and +62%, respectively), suggesting a protective effect of WD. This research highlights new results regarding the efficacy of WD in mitigating the negative effects of O3-induced oxidative pressure in basil plants.
... WD has a pungent smell and a color ranging from yellow to reddish-brown with a chemical composition that varies upon the operations and parameters that are set up during the pyrolysis process (Theapparat et al., 2014). More than 200 biologically organic active water-soluble compounds have been detected in WD, including phenols, organic acids, alcohols, and esters (Mu et al., 2006). Due to the presence of these molecules, WD is used in agriculture mainly as a bio-stimulant, though recent studies have shown that it can be used also to increase both biomass and fruit productivity and quality Fedeli, Vannini, Grattacaso, et al., 2023;Zulkarami et al., 2011). ...
Bio‐based products are nowadays useful tools able to affect the productivity and quality of conventionally cultivated crops. Several bio‐based products are currently on the market; one of the newest and most promising is the wood distillate (WD) derived from the pyrolysis process of waste biomass after timber. Its foliar application has been widely investigated and shown to promote the antioxidant profile of cultivated crops. WD was used here as additive for the cultivation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. The application improved quality (chemical) parameters, minerals, polyphenols, and lycopene contents of tomato fruits. The extracts of WD‐treated and untreated tomatoes have been chemically and biologically characterized. The ¹H‐NMR and ESI‐mass spectrometry analyses of the extracts revealed the presence of different fatty acids, amino acids and sugars. In particular, the WD‐treated tomatoes showed the presence of pyroglutamic acid and phloridzin derivatives, but also dihydrokaempferol, naringenin glucoside, cinnamic acid, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucoside. When tested in cells, the extracts showed a promising anti‐inflammatory profile in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the extracts displayed a slight vasorelaxant activity on rat aorta rings (either endothelium‐denuded or endothelium‐intact) pre‐contracted with phenylephrine or potassium chloride.
Practical Application
Wood distillate has been used for tomato plant growth. Tomatoes showed improved nutritional parameters, and their extracts displayed antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities.
... O extrato pirolenhoso funciona como controlador de pragas e doenças (TRINDADE et al., 2014), e pode ser usado como adubo orgânico, o que faz com que a germinação, emergência, comprimento de plântula e índice de crescimento tenham ganhos significativos (TOGORO, 2012). Mu et al. (2006), usando o EP em altas taxas de diluição, obtiveram crescimentos significativos nas culturas da alface e do pepino. ...
O tratamento de sementes com extratos naturais é uma alternativa viável ao uso de produtos sintéticos que não afetam a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão-caupi. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão-caupi submetidas à aplicação de doses de produtos que apresentam potencial fungicida. Para o tratamento de sementes foram utilizados dois produtos sintéticos (maxim XL e captan – dose recomendada) e cinco extratos naturais (alfavaca, arruda, canela, cidreira e pirolenhoso), aplicando-se doses de 0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 mL Kg-1 de sementes. Os produtos naturais apresentaram alto efeito fungicida, inibindo patógenos que afetam a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão-caupi, em especial o gênero Penicillium. Elevada concentração de aleloquímicos na composição de extratos naturais reduz a germinação e o vigor de sementes. O extrato de alfavaca propicia resultados positivos na germinação e vigor de feijão-caupi.
... For example, rice plants sprayed with 1/100 diluted WD both onto their leaves and onto the soil demonstrated an increased plant height and tiller production [30]. In addition, lettuce, cabbage, and cucumber plants that were leaf-sprayed with 500-fold diluted WD accumulated more vitamin C and demonstrated improved productivity [31]. More recently, Ref. [32] showed that rapeseed plants foliar sprayed with 1/400-fold diluted WD displayed a significantly increased seed yield, leaf area index, and number of pods. ...
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is increasing the demand for novel products to improve the quality of crops in a more sustainable way. Wood distillate (WD, pyroligneous acid) is a by-product obtained during the pyrolysis of plant biomass that can be successfully applied in agriculture due to its ability to enhance the growth, size, and weight of edible plant parts. However, there is little information concerning its plant yield-promoting effects on leguminous crops. The present work investigated the effects of WD on the yield, protein content and mineral composition of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants grown in field conditions. The application of WD showed remarkable yield-promoting effects mostly in lentil plants, which significantly increased plant and shoot biomass, the number and weight of both pods and seeds, as well as the total seed protein content. Furthermore, seeds from WD-treated plants differentially increased the concentration of elements with high nutritional value for human health, including Fe, Ca, Mg and K. These results suggest that the effects of WD among the legumes tested are species-specific and that WD could be an optimal candidate to grow high-yielding legumes with improved seed nutritional quality.
... Plant biomass components bio-oil is a complex material that is produced through the condensation of vapors raised from the pyrolysis of plant biomass components (Grewal et al., 2018) and consists of several compounds, which are mainly phenolic compounds, benzene derivatives, and organic acids (Mathew and Zakaria, 2015). Several studies have been conducted on the insecticidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal activities of bio-oil (Chalermsan and Peeran, 2009;Wititsiri, 2011;Ferreira et al., 2013), its repellency effect on some insect species (Kiarie-makara et al., 2010), and how it acts as a plant growth enhancer (Mu et al., 2006). Numerous studies have discussed the insecticidal efficacy of bio-oil, but the effect of preventing the feeding of bio-oil on insects has been little explored. ...
... Ginger plant height, leaf length, and root/shoot growth were all strongly impacted by wood vinegar made from Acacia mangium plants (Nurhayati et al., 2005). Wood vinegar application had an impact on root development, leaf area, and biological yield in rapeseed (Gu et al., 2020), vegetables (Mu et al., 2006), potatoes (Shibayama et al., 1998), wheat (Wang et al., 2019b), melon growth (Zulkarami et al., 2011), leaf and fruit number, and plant height in pineapples (Mahmud et al., 2016). The effects of applying wood vinegar to bacillus on chlorophyll fluorescence, SPAD, ion leakage, and chlorophyll concentration and in growth were all favorable (Abdolahipour and Haghighi, 2019). ...
... The research in China also showed that bamboo liquid smoke with low dilution/concentration could increase root growth and seed germination [27,28]. [29] stated that the growth, quality and production of lettuce, radish and cucumber were increased by the application of bamboo liquid smoke with the dilution of 500 times which was applied by spraying. The appearance of caisim plants in various treatments can be seen in Figures 2 and 3. From table 3 we got that the application of bamboo vinegar either by pouring or spraying with different concentrations did not increase the wet and dry weight of the caisim roots. ...
The liquid smoke that potentially controls the attacks of leaf-eating caterpillars on caisim is bamboo liquid smoke. PT. Bukit Asam Tbk-Pelabuhan Tarahan, through their CSR program, produces liquid smoke from bamboo plant waste known as bamboo vinegar with the dominant compound component are 31.28% acetic acid; phenol 2-methoxy-guaiacol (12.95%); carbamic acid (11.23%); 2-heptanamine (6.75%) and phenol 4-methoxy-p-cresol (5.56%). This study aims to determine the effect of the application method and concentration of bamboo vinegar on the attack of leaf-eating caterpillars and plant yields of caisim (Brassica juncea L.). This study is a 2 x 4 factorial experiment using a randomized block design with three replications. The first factor is the method of application; pour and spray. The second factor was the concentration of bamboo vinegar; 0 (control); 5 ml/1; 10 ml/1 and 15 ml/1. Data analysis used the F test and LSD test at 5%. The results showed that applying bamboo vinegar by pouring it cannot reduce the level and intensity of attacks by leaf-eating caterpillars on caisim. While the application of bamboo vinegar by spraying can reduce the level and attack intensity of leaf-eating caterpillars on caisim. Bamboo vinegar which is sprayed in concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 ml/1, can reduce the attack rate of a leaf-eating caterpillars by 31.65%, 31.65% and 37.62%, respectively and reduce the intensity of leaf damage symptoms by 43.60%, 52.56% and 55.13% respectively. The application of bamboo vinegar with the concentration of 15 ml/1 either by pouring or spraying resulted in the highest wet weight and dry weight of the caisim crown, 114.67 g and 119.67 g, respectively. In comparison, the application of bamboo vinegar either by pouring or spraying with different concentrations did not affect the roots’ wet weight and the caisim roots’ dry weight.
... Pyroligneous acid (PA), wood vinegar, is produced by the condensation of vapors generated from the slow thermochemical pyrolysis of plant biomass components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin (Grewal et al., 2018). PA is a complex mixture including guaiacols, catechols, phenols, furans, pyrans, carboxaldehydes, alcohols, acetic acid, and carboxylic acids (Mathew and Zakaria 2015) that possesses fungicidal, bactericidal, antitermitic, and insecticidal activities (Chalermsan and Peerapan 2009;Wititsiri 2011;Ferreira et al., 2013), induces repellency in some insect species (Kiarie-Makara et al., 2010), and also acts as a plant growth stimulator (Mu et al., 2006). Specifically, Mmojieje and Hornung (2015) reported that PA has insecticidal effects against green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus uriticae), as PA obtained from mixed wood biomass caused more than 90% mortality for both pests. ...
Natural products derived from plant materials, such as wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid; PA), have shown toxicity to insects in previous studies; however, the impact of this substance on physiology and life history of stored product insects is unknown. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the effects of PA on two prominent stored product moths, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). LC50/24h values of PA were determined for both species and first instar larvae were fed on an artificial diet containing LC50 concentrations of PA for their entire life cycle. Final instar larvae were selected for biochemical analysis while life history parameters were assayed in female adults that emerged from treated larvae. In both species, significantly lower activities of digestive enzymes (α-amylase, protease, and lipase) and detoxifying enzymes (carboxylesterase, monooxygenase cytochrome P450, and glutathione S-transferase) were observed in treated larvae relative to untreated larvae. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, phenoloxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) were significantly elevated in treated larvae compare to controls in both species. Moreover, larvae of both species tended to have lower levels of energy reserves, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and adults exhibited reduced longevity, fecundity, and oviposition periods in comparison to untreated larvae. Finally, GC-MS analysis of the PA used for this study demonstrated that phenolic compounds and organic acids were the largest constituents. These results indicate that consumption of PA leads to the induction of to the antioxidant system, the inhibition of detoxification and digestion enzyme activities as well as reduced levels of energy reserves. Cumulatively, these effects resulted in reduced longevity and fecundity compared to control insects. This study expands our knowledge of the impacts of PA on physiology and life history for two prominent pests of stored products.
... Penelitian tentang potensi cuka bambu banyak diarahkan pada fungsinya sebagai pengawet makanan dan pestisida nabati, namun demikian, cuka bambu juga memiliki potensi sebagai bahan organik yang dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia pada budidaya tanaman. Hal ini telah dilaporkan Jun et al. (2006) dalam penelitiannya yang menyatakan bahwa penggunaan cuka bambu dengan konsentrasi 2ml/l yang disemprotkan pada tanaman selada, lobak, dan timun dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan, produksi dan kualitas buah. Suliswati, et al. (2020) dalam penelitiannya menyatakan bahwa cuka bambu dapat berfungsi mempercepat pertumbuhan tanaman karena mengandung asam asetat dan methanol. ...
Upaya untuk memperbaiki teknik budidaya pada tanaman pakchoy salah satunya dengan cara pemupukan tanaman. Saat ini pemupukan tanaman pakchoy secara umum dilakukan dengan menggunakan pupuk kimia. Penggunaan pupuk kimia secara terus menerus dapat menurunkan tingkat kesuburan tanah dan penurunan kualitas tanaman. Untuk mempertahankan kesuburan tanah dan meningkatkan produksi tanaman dapat dilakukan dengan mengkombinasikan penggunaan pupuk kimia dengan pupuk organik, sehingga penggunaan pupuk kimia dapat dikurangi dengan disubstitusi oleh pupuk organik. Bahan alami yang berpotensi menjadi pupuk organik cair adalah asap cair (cuka bambu). Penelitian tentang potensi cuka bambu banyak diarahkan pada fungsinya sebagai pengawet makanan dan pestisida nabati, namun demikian, cuka bambu juga memiliki potensi sebagai bahan organik yang dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia pada budidaya tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi cuka bambu sebagai bahan organik yang dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia pada budidaya tanaman pakchoy. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktorial 2 x 5 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah frekuensi pemberian pupuk yaitu satu kali (F1) dan dua kali (F2). Faktor kedua adalah takaran cuka bambu dan NPK, yaitu 100% cuka bambu (N1), 75% cuka bambu + 25% NPK (N2), 50% cuka bambu + 50% NPK (N3), 25% cuka bambu + 75% NPK (N4), dan 100% NPK. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan cuka bambu dengan takaran 50% konsentrasi (5 ml/liter/tanaman) pada frekuensi pemberian pemupukan satu kali dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk NPK hingga 50 % (hanya 1 gram/tanaman). Namun demikian, jika frekuensi pemupukan dilakukan dua kali maka penggunaan cuka bambu dengan takaran 75% konsentrasi (7,5 ml/liter/tanaman) dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia NPK hingga 75% (hanya 0,5 gram/tanaman). Pemberian cuka bambu + NPK mampu mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia NPK pada budidaya tanaman pakchoy tergantung pada frekuensi pemupukannya.
... Potentially toxic substance groups are organic acids, aldehydes, ketones and furans, benzene and its derivatives, and phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds along with organic acids, ketones and furans are known to be microbial and seed germination inhibitors [49,50], nematicidal toxicants [51], and especially for polyphenols, have been observed to shift the dominant pathway of N-cycling from mineral to organic N-forms [52][53][54]. Similarly, benzene and its derivatives have been reported to display eco-toxicological effects even in the ppm range [55]. ...
This study investigated the effect of lipid extraction of microalgae feedstocks subjected to hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) with regard to the carbonization degree, chemical composition and phytotoxicity of hydrochars produced under different reaction temperatures and residence times. Special attention was given to the formation and composition of secondary char, as this part of the hydrochar may be of particular importance for environmental and technical applications. A microalgae polyculture grown in municipal wastewater was extracted to retrieve lipids, and both unextracted (MA) and extracted microalgae (EMA) were used to produce hydrochars at 180–240 °C for 1–4 h. The composition of the hydrochars was thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. MA exhibited a greater carbonization degree than EMA and contained higher amounts of secondary char under the same processing conditions. During the carbonization of EMA, more decomposition products remained in the liquid phase and less polymerization occurred than for MA, which explained the lower solid yield of EMA-derived hydrochars in comparison to MA hydrochars. Consequently, although they contained potentially toxic substances (i.e., carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones), the EMA-derived hydrochars exhibited a lower phytotoxic potential. This indicates that low-temperature hydrochars containing less than 10% of extractives might be suitable as soil amendments, whereas extractive-rich hydrochars would be more appropriate for other long-term applications, such as adsorbents for contaminant removal, energy storage and composite materials. Detailed characterization of microalgae-derived hydrochars is required to enable the most suitable application areas to be identified for these materials, and thereby make full use of their function as carbon sinks.
... In contrast, clay reduced biochar pore volume during pyrolysis at 550°C. Microbial processes could also be influenced by organic compounds available within the biochar, produced during pyrolysis, which have been shown to increase plants resistance to disease, germination rates and nutrient uptake [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Other compounds inherently present in biochars and typically isolated using organic solvent extraction or flash pyrolysis include paraffins, alkyl benzenes, phenol derivatives, furans and PAHs [16][17][18]. ...
Improved plant disease resistance, seed germination and plant productivity have recently been associated with mineral-enhanced biochars. This has generated interest in characterizing those biochar organic compounds which may contribute to their favorable properties. This study builds on recent physico-chemical characterization of a series of mineral-enhanced bamboo biochars produced between 350 and 550 °C. Here, these biochars are subjected to aqueous extraction followed by liquid chromatography organic carbon detection (LC-OCD) and thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). These techniques provide a structural insight into their more bio-available organic compounds and how they vary with pyrolysis temperature. In comparison to neat biochar, their mineral-enhanced composites produce at least three times the water-extractable organic carbon, nitrogen and VOCs, and this increase is further amplified at pyrolysis higher temperatures. However, the biochar carbon fraction that is mobile is low, with total TD-GC/MS compatible VOCs reporting approximately 0.2% and LC-OCD solubles approximately 1–2%. Prior mineral impregnation of bamboo enhances the release of oxygenated compounds including humics and phenolics from its biochars. This increase in mobile oxygenates occurs at higher pyrolysis temperatures despite these minerals catalyzing lignocellulose condensation and carbonization. This anomaly is explained by oxygenates relatively small contribution and the self inerting batch pyrolysis conditions producing different biochar surface and bulk molecular properties. By describing the impact of mineral amendments on the yield and structure of mobile organic compounds that may be released from biochar, this work contributes to our understanding of biochar efficacy in soils.
... Interestingly, PL has earlier shown to either suppress or enhance growth, depending on the dose. For instance, Jun et al. (2006) reported that spraying sufficiently diluted (500-800 times) PL (called bamboo vinegar in their study) on lettuce, cole and cucumber leaves acted as a growth promoter. Similarly, Lei et al. (2018) showed that adding 10,000 times diluted PL (termed wood vinegar) increased the root length and dry biomass of cucumber. ...
Agrochemicals and plastics represent a burden on natural ecosystems and there is an urgent need to introduce alternative plant protection measures that have fewer negative impacts on the environment. Replacement of plastic mulches and synthetic pesticides with their biodegradable alternatives offers a way to decrease chemical residues. Pyrolysis liquids (PL) have been suggested as easily degradable and residue‐free herbicides for agriculture. We tested the efficiency of PL (1%–10% of volume) containing peat mulch (PLM) in weed control under glasshouse and field conditions. We also estimated the length of the withdrawal period needed between PLM spreading and sowing/planting for crops and examined the light permeability and effects of PLM on soil temperature. In the glasshouse, the mulch amended with 5%–10% PL inhibited weed germination entirely. In the agricultural field, the number of weeds remained 44%–60% lower under PLM than under the control mulch. In a study performed in a city park, weed cover around the base of trees remained 64%–85% lower under PLM than without a mulch. However, a 7–21 d withdrawal period, depending on crop plant species, is needed to avoid injuring the crops. PLM inhibited sunlight effectively and the effects on soil heat sum across the growing season remained small. The weed‐inhibiting effect of PLM is probably a result of both the PL compounds and the solid cover, formed by the sticky PL and peat fibres, which acts as a mechanical barrier. We conclude that the PLM is a promising alternative to plastic mulches.
... The third stream mainly consisted of phenolic compounds, which could be used as wood preservatives or wood protection agents [20]. Generally, wood vinegar can be utilized as a growth-promoting agent [68,69], as a fungicide for natural rubber production (as an acetic acid replacement) [67], as a repellent [70], as an additive agent in pelletization [19], and as a wood protection agent [20]. Fagernas et al. evaluated the economic aspects of different torrefaction liquid streams. ...
... The third stream mainly consisted of phenolic compounds, which could be used as wood preservatives or wood protection agents [20]. Generally, wood vinegar can be utilized as a growth-promoting agent [68,69], as a fungicide for natural rubber production (as an acetic acid replacement) [67], as a repellent [70], as an additive agent in pelletization [19], and as a wood protection agent [20]. Fagernas et al. evaluated the economic aspects of different torrefaction liquid streams. ...
Densification of thermally treated energy crops by torrefaction is required to increase the bulk density and to reduce the handling, transport, and storage cost for bioenergy applications. In this study, we investigated the densification characteristics of thermally treated energy cane and napier grass grown on marginal lands at various applied forces and binder levels. The addition of starch (0, 10, and 15%) and lignosulfonate (0, 5, and 10%) was examined to enhance the strength and durability of raw and torrefied briquettes, respectively. Although the use of starch binder relatively increased the bulk density, it did not improve the hardness and durability of untreated energy crop briquettes. The addition of 10% lignosulfonate binder increased the torrefied briquette density of up to 11% for energy cane and up to 38% for napier grass and decreased the compression energy by up to 35% for both samples. Moreover, the hardness (compressive resistance) was tripled, and the durability was relatively improved for both torrefied briquettes. The increase in applied force not only increased the bulk density but also increased the specific energy required for densification. However, there was no substantial change in hardness and durability when the compression force was increased from 15 to 20 kN for all samples. In overall, densification of thermally treated energy crops is required, and the quality of the briquettes can be improved by the use of appropriate binders for efficient handling, transport, and storage.
... It has a special smoky odour. Bamboo vinegar has been widely used in agriculture and daily life in Japan (Mu, Yu, Wu, & Wu, 2006). Research shows that bamboo vinegar has a significant effect on the germination and radical growth of seed plants. ...
Vinegars are liquid products produced from the alcoholic and subsequent acetous fermentation of carbohydrate sources. They have been used as remedies in many cultures and have been reported to provide beneficial health effects when consumed regularly. Such benefits are due to various types of polyphenols, micronutrients and other bioactive compounds found in vinegars that contribute to their pharmacological effects, among them, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiobesity and antihypertensive effects. There are many types of vinegars worldwide, including black vinegar, rice vinegar, balsamic vinegar and white wine vinegar. All these vinegars are produced using different raw materials, yeast strains and fermentation procedures, thus giving them their own unique tastes and flavours. The main volatile compound in vinegar is acetic acid, which gives vinegar its strong, sour aroma and flavour. Other volatile compounds present in vinegars are mainly alcohols, acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones. The diversity of vinegars allows extensive applications in food.
This review comprehensively explores the characteristics and applications of torrefied bamboo. Bamboo has a high volatile matter (VM) content (73.9–93.0 %), which results in substantial liquid byproducts during torrefaction. The higher heating value (HHV) of biochar produced from wet torrefaction (WT) is greater than that made from dry torrefaction (DT). When the torrefaction severity factor is 8.7, the bamboo hydrochar’s HHV from WT can achieve 29.3 MJ⋅kg−1, whereas bamboo biochar from DT only have 23.3 MJ⋅kg−1. Bamboo vinegar and tar, byproducts from bamboo torrefaction, are effective biopesticides and have diverse applications, including polyurethane coatings and insecticides. Life cycle assessments reveal that bamboo-based building materials can reduce carbon footprints by 46.2 % to 87.6 % compared to traditional construction materials. Furthermore, bamboo materials are highly beneficial for the circular economy and environmental sustainability. In summary, bamboo biochar’s applications are extensive, and its derived products are commercially competitive and environmentally friendly.
Pyroligneous acid (PA) or wood vinegar, a co-product of biomass pyrolysis, is thought to be beneficial for plant productivity and soils, with the potential to reduce otherwise harmful agrochemicals. Here, we review the evidence for the use of PA on plant growth and soil health parameters. The analysis includes 65 peer-reviewed studies with 171 (yield) and 123 (plant biomass) data sets, covering 33 different crops belonging to 6 plant groups. Significant positive, non-linear relationships between PA concentration, yield, and plant biomass were found at concentrations as low as 0.1%, with the optimum at around 0.5–1% and overall positive effects up to 6–11% (depending on the application type), but yield declines above these concentrations, suggesting herbicidal effects. Across the whole data set, yield and biomass increase by an average of 21% and 25%, respectively, and by an average of 31% at the optimum rate. The positive effect of PA is most pronounced for plant growth under sub-optimal conditions (salt, drought, and pathogens), while responses did not differ between plant groups. Soil organic matter content shows a small but significant positive response to PA application, but the amount of data is very small compared to the plant parameters. The major shortcomings identified include inconsistent measures of applied PA (amount and composition) and the short duration of experiments of typically only 1–2 growing seasons, which prevents analysis of long-term PA effects. Overall, the results of this review encourage further research on PA for sustainable agriculture.
Efforts have been directed to the development of environmentally friendly processes and manufacturing of green products, use of renewable energy and more sustainable agricultural practices. Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a byproduct of biomass pyrolysis that consists of a complex mixture of bioactive substances. The complexity and richness of PA composition have opened a window for PA application in agriculture and mitigation of environmental pollution. This review brings a brief historical on the use of PA and regulatory policies adopted in Brazil, China, Japan and Thailand for PA application in agriculture. The composition and stability of PAs of several origins are presented, together with a discussion of the use of PA to boost plant growth and crop productivity, remove toxic metals from soil, inhibit soil ureases, mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases, control phytopathogen proliferation and weed dissemination. A great variety of biomass types are reported as feedstock to produce PA with distinct chemically diverse and active substances at wide-ranging concentrations. PA has been shown to successfully improve farming practices in a more sustainable fashion. The disclosure of the mechanisms of action that drive the PA's effects, together with the pursue of safety and efficacy data in a case-by-case way to address toxicity and shelf stability, will be valuable to expand the use of PA worldwide for food production.
Tanaman selada merupakan tanaman hortikultura yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat dan bermaafaat bagi tubuh. Dengan permintaan selada yang semakin meningkat maka perlu adanya usaha untuk dapat meningkatkan produktivitas selada, salah satunya yaitu dengan pemberian pupuk organik cair cuka kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh yang timbul dari pemberian cuka kayu terhadap tanaman selada. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai bulan April 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empat perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu K0 (kontol) tanpa perlakuan cuka kayu, K1 (pemberian cuka kayu dengan konsentrasi 5 ml/1 L), K2 (pemberian cuka kayu dengan konsentrasi 10 ml/1 L), K3 (pemberian cuka kayu dengan konsentrasi 20 ml/1 L). Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, dan bobot basah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata, pada parameter tinggi tanaman perlakuan yang paling baik yaitu perlakuan K1 (pemberian cuka kayu dengan konsentrasi 5 ml/1 L) dengan rata-rata tinggi tanaman 23,72 cm, sedangkan pada parameter jumlah daun dan bobot basah perlakuan yang paling baik yaitu perlakuan K3 ( pemberian cuka kayu dengan konsentrasi 20 ml/1 L), dengan jumlah daun 12 helai dan bobot basah 26,22 gram.
Soil Cd and Zn contamination has become a serious environmental problem. This work explored the performance of wood vinegar (WV) in enhancing the phytoextraction of Cd/Zn by hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. Rhizosphere chemical properties, enzyme activities and bacterial community were analyzed to determine the mechanisms of metal accumulation in this process. Results demonstrated that, after 120 days growth, different times dilution of WV increased the shoot biomass of S. alfredii by 85.2%–148%. In addition, WV application significantly increased soil available Cd and Zn by lowing soil pH, which facilitated plant uptake. The optimal Cd and Zn phytoextraction occurred from the 100 times diluted WV (D100), which increased the Cd and Zn extraction by 188% and 164%, compared to CK. The 100 and 50 times diluted WV significantly increased soil total and available carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and enhancing enzyme activities of urease, acid phosphatase, invertase and protease by 10.1–21.4%, 29.1–42.7%,12.2–38.3% and 26.8–85.7%, respectively, compared to CK. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the D 100 significantly increased the bacterial diversity compared to CK. Soil bacterial compositions at phylum, family and genera level were changed by WV addition. Compared to CK, WV application increased the relative abundances of genus with plant growth promotion and metal mobilization function such as, Bacillus, Gemmatimonas, Streptomyces, Sphingomonas and Polycyclovorans, which was positively correlated to biomass, Cd/Zn concentrations and extractions by S. alfredii. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that, soil chemical properties, enzyme activities and bacterial abundance directly or indirectly contributed to the biomass promotion, Cd, and Zn extraction by S. alfredii. To sum up, WV improved phytoextraction efficiency by enhancing plant growth, Cd and Zn extraction and increasing soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and modifying bacterial community.
The importance of vinegars goes far beyond their merely economic aspect: they are in fact the result of environmental resources and culture, of tradition and science. The origin of vinegar is lost in the dawn of human history, together with the beginning of agriculture and the discovery of alcoholic fermentation of fruits, cereals and vegetables. This book, written by experts and scientists working in the field and enriched by several images and tables, clearly describes some of the main types of vinegar produced in the world in their peculiar aspects. In particular, vinegar technology and microbiology are dealt with extensively. The nomenclature of the microorganisms involved has been updated according to the current taxonomy.
The history of microbial biotransformation is closely associated with vinegar production, which dates back to around 2000 BC. Vinegar is a flavouring agent but also a preservative, and in some countries, it is considered a healthy drink. The FAO/WHO defines vinegar as any liquid, fit for human consumption, produced exclusively from suitable products containing starch and/or sugars by the process of double fermentation, first alcoholic and then acetous. It is made starting from almost any fermentable carbohydrate source: apples, pears, grapes, honey, syrups, cereals, beer, and wine. Production is regulated by an extensive set of statutes, and the definition of vinegar varies from one country to another. Balsamic vinegars represent a complex grouping for at least two reasons: firstly, there is no precise and legally recognised definition of “balsamic vinegar”; and secondly, products bearing the “balsamic” tag can be very different from each other.
Introduction: bamboo vinegars are used in the Asian countries for pharmaceutical applications, but the Guadua angustifolia Kunth species has not been similarly researched in this field. The assessment of the antiseptic activity of guadua vinegar would allow moving forward in this direction. Objective: to determine the antiseptic action of guadua vinegar against Pseudomona aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with several changes in concentration and the pH. Methods: the antimicrobial activity was measured through the agar diffusion in Muller Hinton medium. Guadua vinegars were tested at 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 % concentrations and the pH ranged 3 to 6. The minimum inhibitory concentration was set. Results: guadua vinegar showed antiseptic properties at concentrations over 12 mg/mL, on dry weight and pH range of 2 to 6; it reduced by 4 log the final microorganism concentration and exhibited greater antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Conclusions: comparing the antiseptic activity of bamboo vinegar with that of another species, under conditions similar to those in this study, results in greater activity for Guadua angustifolia vinegar, which can prove its great potential for the development of antiseptic formulations.
Coprinopsis cinerea and Volvariella volvacea, both fungi are worldwide used for model organisms and also their nutritional and medicinal benefits throughout the subtropical and tropical region of the world. An existing variety of lignocellulose agricultural wastes after harvesting and supply plant weeds in Thailand can be used for mushroom production. We determined suitability of solid substrates such as water hyacinths, rice straw and sunflower residues for growing these edible mushrooms. Substrate preparations were provided the fermented raw materials for 2 months. Cultivation substrates were mixed with the culture strains for cultivation in a pot shape: 11 cm in diameter, 10 cm height and 2 cm of thickness. The physical properties of all substrates were evaluated: the mean of pH, moisture content and volume of open pores. The range of suitability for both mushroom productions were determined. pH was from 7.6±0.1 to 8.9±0.3, moisture content was from 80.7± 0.5 to 82.9±0.9%, volume of open pores was between 124.6±4.0 and 223.4±5.6 cm3, growing temperatures were between 32.4±0.1 to 40.3±0.0°C, relative humidity was between 70.2±0.2 to 89.1±1.1% and light intensity was between 0.0±0.0 to 26.7±0.0 lux. A Randomized Complete Block Design experiment with 3 replicates per treatment was used to determine mushroom yield of C. cinerea and V. volvacea on the different types. The results showed that C. cinerea grew well on the containers containing a mixture of rice straw residues, and the yields were significantly higher on rice straw residues than on sunflower residues (P ≤ 0.01). The best substrate for V. volvacea was water hyacinths where the yield was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than in the other substrates.
Biomass in the form of oil palm shells (OPS) from Elaeis guineensis were pyrolysed in a small industrial scale system which was externally heated by liquefied petroleum gas while the emissions from the process were condensed. The raw OPS were characterized via proximate, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. Pyrolysis runs were performed using a heating rate of about 2 °C min-1 and at a terminal temperature of 600 °C. The OPS char with 83.30% fixed carbon and a calorific value of 30.83 MJ kg-1 was produced. The empirical formula of the OPS oil with a calorific value of 32.44 MJ kg -1 was established as CH1.32O0.24N 0.03. Functional group compositions of the OPS oil indicated that only moderate quantities of hydrocarbons were present, while oxygenated compounds dominated. A lot of chemical constituents were identified in the OPS vinegar with acetic acid and phenol being the main constituents.
This book offers a clear description of all the balsamic vinegars and/or similar products produced in the world, their differences in composition, quality and use. This encompasses all the steps for the production of Traditional Balsamic Vinegar: grape composition, crushing, concentration of the must, alcoholic and acetic fermentation, ageing, sensorial properties and quality of the final product. This book covers extensively all the balsamic vinegars, especially the industrial ones that have a really large market and diffusion.
We investigated the inhibitory effects of bamboo vinegar against bacteria and fungi by a laboratory-based assay. We chose the microorganisms for test such as Micrococcus Luleus, Bacillus Subtilis, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Aspergillus Niger, Mucor Racemosus and Rhizopus SP. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of bamboo vinegar on the growth of the microorganisms by the determination of inhibition zone diameters and the minimum inhibitory concentrations. The results show that bamboo vinegar has inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria and fungi and the degree of growth inhibition shows a dose-dependant response. The inhibitory effect of bamboo vinegar on the growth of the bacteria is found better than that of the fungi, based on the extent of inhibition zone at the same concentration of bamboo vinegar and the minimum inhibitory concentrations experiment.
Archeological studies have found that pyrolysis liquids were already used in the time of the Neanderthal. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. However, future business ideas may be the other way round as pyrolysis liquids may replace synthetic chemicals in the form of pesticides and biocides.
Directives and regulations related to the sustainable use of pesticides govern and direct plant protection strategies towards a lower use of synthetic chemicals. It is hoped that many mega trends of global policies will boost the use of plant based products given that a reduced reliance on fossil fuel is a general target in the global food and feed production economy. Pyrolysis technology has been actively studied and developed around the world and is linked to the development of the knowledge based bio-economy. The importance and social impact of pyrolysis technologies will also be enhanced because it is a practicable technique in the sustainable use of wastes and biomasses. However, very little scientific evidence is available to support efficacy claims of wood vinegar and toxicology assessments of the products used. Wood tar has been investigated a bit more thoroughly. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. In addition, some of the main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed.
The aim of this study was to determine the yields and chemical compositions of condensates formed at torrefaction conditions with different kind of feedstocks and to assess their utilization from an economic perspective. Test runs for spruce and bamboo were carried out with a slow pyrolysis test rig, and the liquids collected at 20-105 °C, 105-240 °C and 240-300 °C temperature ranges were analyzed for chemical characteristics and compositions. The results were compared with those obtained earlier for a birch condensate. The mass yields and compositions of condensates differed between the feedstocks and the temperature ranges. The amount of organic compounds in the total condensates was 12-19 wt %. The main compounds were acetic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, methanol, furfural and 2-hydroxy-acetaldehyde. Total condensates formed at ≤280 °C are promising to be utilized for different purposes, for example as a biopesticide. Higher temperatures are critical, because at 290 °C strong exothermic reactions occur, which decreases considerably the yield of torrefied material and produces tar containing condensates. It is possible to produce, in addition to biocoal, valuable liquids. Economic assessments were performed for three torrefaction cases without and with the recovery of condensates. The production costs of torrefied pellets can be lowered significantly, for example of the order of 5-10 € MWh-1 in medium scale pellet production, by recovering and selling the condensates to new applications.
Two kinds of bamboo vinegar from madake bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) were prepared to analyze their components by gas chromatography (GC). The original vinegar, distilled vinegar, ether-extracted
vinegar, and three fractions including acidic, neutral, and phenolic fractions separated from ether-extracted vinegar were
diluted with distilled water 102 to 107 times. These diluted vinegar solutions were used to investigate the effect of bamboo vinegar on the germination and radicle
growth of seed plants. High concentrations of all kinds of treated bamboo vinegars (e.g., 102 of original vinegar and 103 of ether-extracted vinegar) showed strong inhibition against germination of the seeds. However, an appropriate dilution of
bamboo vinegar showed an obvious promotional effect on germination and radicle growth for the four kinds of tested seeds (lettuce,
watercress, honewort, chrysanthemum).
一般市場に流通している各種木酢液はその製造方法・原材料の種類により品質には大きなばらつきがある。一方, 市場においては安全性および有効性が保証された木酢液が求められており, それらを保証する公的製品規格が必要とされている。この品質規格における構成成分の定量規格がない現状をふまえて, 本研究では, 蒸留によって製造管理された木酢液の構成成分の規則性と再現性を調べた。そして蒸留による製造方法が木酢液構成成分の安定規格化の可能性を持ち, それにしたがって公的品質規格策定の可能性について検討した。研究対象は551検体の蒸留木酢液とした。蒸留木酢液を構成している成分の中から15成分を選び出し, 含有率を定量分析し規則性と再現性を調べた。その結果, 次のことが明らかとなった。1) 15成分中, 13成分の含有率の偏差は正規分布をしていた。2) 酢酸濃度の変化と成分含有率の変化には規則性がみられる。3) 酢酸濃度が高くなれば構成成分の含有率の偏差が小さくなる。4) 各成分の含有率の偏差が, 一般的に管理値の目安とされる±3σの範囲に, 15成分全てが収まっている検体が93.6%であった。又, 原料木酢液中の15成分についても分析をおこない, 蒸留木酢液と偏差を比較した。その結果, 蒸留木酢液の偏差は, 原料木酢液の約1/4になっていた。よって, 蒸留によって製造管理された蒸留木酢液は, 各構成成分の定量により公的品質規格が策定されうることが示唆された。
Moso bamboo vinegar was treated with extractive and separation methods. The acidic, neutral, and phenolic fractions separated from ether-extracted vinegar were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the major components in moso bamboo vinegar. The compositions of eight moso vinegar fractions collected over different temperature ranges from 100C to 480C were also analyzed and their effects on regulation of germination and growth were studied by bioassay with seeds of watercress and chrysanthemum. The results showed that moso bamboo vinegar fractions with collection temperatures up to 250C promoted radicle and hypocotyl growth and this effect became larger with increasing collection temperature for chrysanthemum. Moso bamboo vinegar collected from 250C to 400C had a strong inhibition on germination and radicle growth for both seed types when tested at 103 dilution.
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764-1"EYE-DROPS ON THE BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CORNEAL of rare earth application on the growth of Trichoderma spp. and several plant pathogenic fungi 29. Effect of agitation speed on the morphology of Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 hyphae and its pectinase production in submerged fermentatio 30
- Preliminary Study
- The
- Of
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF"764-1"EYE-DROPS ON THE BIOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CORNEAL
of rare earth application on the growth of Trichoderma spp. and several plant pathogenic fungi
29. Effect of agitation speed on the morphology of Aspergillus niger HFD5A-1 hyphae and its pectinase production in submerged fermentatio
30. PHYSIOLOGICAL INHIBITORY EFFECT OF OCS IN ARACHIDONIC ACID-RICH PARIETOCHLORIS INCISA (TREBOUXIO
Effect of pretreatment with freezing on carbonization of sugi
- B W Lu
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- K Sugamoto
- B. W. Lu