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Chemical composition of extracts from shungite and "Shungite water"

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A chemical analysis of aqueous extracts from shungite-III from the Zazhogino deposit (Republic of Karelia) and of natural water contacting with shungite rocks was made. The chemical composition and bactericide properties of “shungite water” were studied.
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... The mineral adsorbent based on the rock shungite is of particular interest for investigation because it is a resource in the USA (Dead River Basin, Marquette Co., New Hampshire, MI, USA) [39], Austria (four deposit districts: Tyrol; Salzburg; Styria) [40], Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kambove District, Upper Katanga)b [41], India (Kadapa District, Rayalasima Region, Andhra Pradesh) [42], Ukraine (Mlynkovskoye iron ore district, Krivoi Rog-Kremenchug zone, Ukrainian shield) [43], Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty region) [44], and Russia (Republic of Karelia) [45][46][47], where it occurs in a large volume. It is known that there are quite a lot of ways to use it in various sectors of the national economy, such as creating water filters, used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in veterinary medicine, and as a sorbent and feed additive. ...
... It is known that there are quite a lot of ways to use it in various sectors of the national economy, such as creating water filters, used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in veterinary medicine, and as a sorbent and feed additive. However, a very small number of works are devoted [46][47][48][49][50][51]. ...
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Citation: Buryakov, N.P.; Sycheva, L.V.; Trukhachev, V.I.; Zaikina, A.S.; Buryakova, M.A.; Nikonov, I.N.; Petrov, A.S.; Kravchenko, A.V.; Fathala, M.M.; Medvedev, I.K.; et al. Role of Dietary Inclusion of Phytobiotics and Mineral Adsorbent Combination on Dairy Cows Milk Production, Nutrient Digestibility, Nitrogen Utilization, and Biochemical Parameters. Vet. Sci. Simple Summary: The development of dairy cattle breeding is impossible without improving the technologies of raising, feeding, and high-quality breeding work. An important role in the development of cattle milk production is played by local breeds of cows, which have a sufficiently high genetic variability necessary for adaptations to future climate changes, consumer demand, and improvement of economically important traits. Low productivity is a crucial factor in the loss of local livestock breeds, as they are replaced by highly productive foreign cross breeds, which makes many countries, for example, Russia, Serbia, etc., dependent on imported breeds. This study investigated the effect of the inclusion of natural dry grits from Fucus vesiculosus and mineral adsorbent from the heat-treated mineral shungite extracted only in Russia in feeding native Suksun breed, and their effect on milk yield, the use of nutrients and nitrogen balance in the diet, and biochemical parameters of the blood. Abstract: Our research purpose was to study the effect of the inclusion of a combination of phytobi-otics in the form of dry Fucus vesiculosus grits (FG) and a mineral adsorbent from the heat-treated mineral shungite (TMS) on milk productivity, nutrient digestibility, and biochemical parameters of the Suksun dairy cows. A total of 80 dry-hardy cows of the Suksun breed were divided into four groups (20 heads each), balanced primarily by breed, age, body weight, body condition score, and indicators of milk yield for the previous lactation. The selected cows were with an average live body weight of 512.0 ± 1.28 kg, BCS 3.0-3.5, and parities of 6250 kg milk. The control group (CON) were fed the basic ration only; the second (TMS), third (FG), and fourth (TMS + FG) groups were fed the basic ration provided by 50 g of the mineral adsorbent from heat-treated shungite, 100 g of Fucus grits (Fucus vesiculosus), 50 g of the mineral adsorbent from heat-treated shungite, and 100 g of dry grits from Fucus vesiculosus, respectively. The total protein content in milk was significantly higher in the group receiving Fucus vesiculosus by 0.05% and the group receiving a combination of mineral adsorbent and Fucus vesiculosus by 0.03%. The percentage of milk fat content recorded the highest significant value in (TMS) group when compared to the control and represented (4.37 vs. 3.95). The group of cows that received (TMS + FG) revealed a significant difference in the digestibility of both ether extract and crude fiber when compared to the control group and represented (54.74 Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 238. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10030238 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/vetsci Vet. Sci. 2023, 10, 238 2 of 18 vs. 51.71 and 60.68 vs. 55.15%), respectively. The cows supplemented with a mineral adsorbent or a combination of mineral adsorbent and Fucus vesiculosus revealed a significant difference in the digestibility of ether extract and crude fiber in the group receiving TMS + FG by 3.0% (p < 0.05) and 5.5% (p < 0.05), respectively. The intake of nitrogen with the diet increased in (FG) and (TMS + FG) groups by 11.3 g (p < 0.05) and 13.4 g (p < 0.05) of nitrogen. There was an increase (p < 0.05) in the concentration of rumen ammonia in the control group compared to the other groups. The glucose content of those cows that received FG and TMS + FG combination increased (p < 0.05) by 0.76 mmol/L and 0.90 mmol/l in relation to the control group. The globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, and the level of triglycerides revealed a significant difference between the different experimental groups. In brief, the inclusion of a combination of phytobiotics in the form of dry Fucus vesiculosus grits and a mineral adsorbent from the heat-treated mineral shungite in Suksun dairy cows' diets improved milk composition, digestibility of nutrients, utilization of nitrogen, and did not cause deleterious effects on blood biochemical indicators.
... Shungite water extracts and natural shungite water have been researched previously (Charykova et al. 2006). In the water of a river flowing along shungite bedrocks, the ion levels were found not to exceed the criteria for potable water: 0.430 mg/mL Fe, 0.036 mg/mL Al, 0.004 mg/mL Zn, 20 mg/mL Mg, 0.001 mg/mL Ni, 1.9 mg/mL Si, 50 mg/mL Ca, < 0.001 mg/mL Cu, < 0.0001 mg/mL Cd, and < 0.001 mg/mL Co. ...
... It has been previously shown (Mosin and Ignatov 2013) that a shungite filter can adsorb E. coli contamination from water. Incubating 25 mL of water with more than 10 6 CFU/mL on 15 g of shungite for three days made the water microbiologically clean (Charykova et al. 2006). This has been put into practice: relevant water filters are available in the European Union and Russia. ...
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Shungite is used in water filters that remove Escherichia coli from water. The mechanism and spectrum of the antibacterial activity of shungite are not precisely known. In this study, shungite and its dried water extract were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and iodometry. The dried residue of the water extract of shungite was relatively poor in carbon (28.1% in the rock vs 0.5% in the residue), silica (23.9% in the rock vs 0.3% in the residue) and potassium (1.14% vs 0.05%), but rich in sulfur (1.6% vs 21.6%) and some metals, including iron (1.4% vs 10%), aluminum (2.1% vs 5%) and nickel (0.02% vs 1.14%). The survival of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Streptococcus uberis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in shungite water was measured. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus uberis did not survive for 24 hours in 3:7 shungite water extract, while Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae survived as well as in distilled water. Neutralization of pH did not abolish the bactericidal effect. However, in the presence of nutrients, shungite water did not show bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects.
... The antioxidant activity of shungite may be due to the presence of various components in its composition. Previously, it was shown that the composition of shungite includes carbon, including in the form of fullerenes [22], silicates, as well as trace elements Fe, Ti, V, Ni, Cu, and Zn, represented mainly by sulfides (pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite), and oxides (rutile) [23]. The antioxidant properties of fullerenes have been established both in in vitro and in vivo experiments [24]. ...
... In [27], it was shown that antitumor drugs could be designed on the basis of endometallofullerenes. Thus, polyhydroxylated endohedral fullerene CdC 82 (OH) 22 forms particles about 22 nm in size in a physiological solution. Such particles at a dose of 10-7 mol/kg exhibit high antineoplastic activity in mice. ...
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This study reveals that fossil shungite samples exhibit antioxidant activity, can reduce oxidized components, and bind to free radicals. A sample of Sh20 (size fraction—20 µm) (1.30 mg equivalents of ascorbic acid/g of shungite; 3.46 mg equivalents of trolox/g of shungite; 0.99 mg equivalents of quercetin/g of shungite) had the maximal activity according to the amperometric method. The obtained data indicate that shungite has antioxidant properties, but these are approximately 1000 times less pronounced than those of quercetin. A ShT20 sample (size fraction—20 µm + heat treatment) was found to have the highest antioxidant activity against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and cytotoxicity. Further studies, including the optimization of the antioxidant extraction conditions of shungite, and the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the obtained extracts, are required for a more accurate interpretation of the results. Shungite can be applied as an alternative to activated carbon in water purification, due to its absorption, catalytic, antioxidant, regenerating, and antibacterial properties, as well as its high environmental safety and relatively low cost. It is possible to identify new structural forms of carbon within, and other valuable properties of, shungite substance, which will make it possible to create effective technologies for the practical use of shungite rocks, particularly in the production of fullerenes and other carbon nanoclusters.
... The shungite water can be classified as ferric mineral water with the average content of Fe +3 of about 76 mg/L (up to 2,600 mg/L). It also includes rather high concentrations of Al, Cu, Ni, and Zn: up to 220, 20, 48, and 230 mg/L, respectively (Tsarfis, 1991;Charykova et al., 2006). ...
... During contact with water, fullerenes together with C and trace elements pass into the water in minor doses (Rysyev, 2001). Antibacterial properties of the shungite water can be connected with the high concentrations of heavy metals (Charykova et al., 2006). ...
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Natural geochemical anomalies can both adversely and positively affect human health influencing the balance of trace elements in the organism. It is obvious that content of trace elements in a particular terrain is controlled by a combination of various climatic and landscape characteristics, which, in turn, depend on the geological, mineralogical, and geochemical features of bedrocks, as well as endogenous and exogenous geological processes. Endemic diseases usually exemplify links between human health and geological processes. On the other hand, humans have used geological products for healing since time immemorial. A major portion of both endemic-disease areas and balneological resorts are located within geodynamically active regions. This chapter consists of three parts. In the first part, we present a model for the development of geochemical halos in geodynamically active regions. We distinguished three interrelated ore-forming systems playing a crucial role in the epigenesis: catagenetic, exfiltration, and infiltration. Fluid degassing via faults is the main factor responsible for the concentration of elements, mineralization, and formation of ore deposits. In the second part, we review health effects of natural abnormal concentrations of trace elements (i.e., F, Si, Co, Zn, As, Se, Sr, I, and U), Rn, and volcanic gases in the environment. In the third part, we address healing effects of natural geological products, such as mineral and thermal waters, clays, muds, moor, sapropel, sands, flints, shungite, salt, and shilajit. An assessment of health risks or benefits caused by geological materials should be started with the study of geological settings responsible for the concentration of trace elements and their geochemical features. It is important to map territories in terms of both epidemiological and balneological states, and to model their spatio-temporal dynamics under distinct environmental scenarios.
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Shungite is a natural carbon containing material that is widely used in water treatment. Scientific research shows that shungite has good adsorption properties towards various organic compounds and heavy metals, as well as exhibiting antibacterial properties. Unfortunately, at the same time shungite releases various chemical elements into the water, including heavy metals. In this study changes in concentration of various heavy metals during drinking water treatment with one commercial and one non-commercial shungite sample were determined. Also sorption of Cu(II) with initial concentration of 2,500 μg/L onto shungite was investigated. The results showed that various heavy metals like nickel, copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, chromium and arsenic are leaching from shungite into water. Lead and cadmium exceeded the maximum acceptable concentration in drinking water for a few days, but nickel exceeded for up to 2 weeks. At the same time shungite showed good adsorption properties towards copper. Nevertheless, before using shungite in drinking water treatment, it would be advisable to assess the necessity and/or wash shungite with larger volumes of water for a longer period of time than is written in the instructions.
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Systematic and regular epidemiological studies on endemic diseases and the natural environment in Russia and NIS are scarce and sporadic. However, there have been some studies of the links between health of the population and the geological background. Information on fluorine, iodine, arsenic, selenium, and other elements’ behavior in natural environment and their effect on human health is presented in this chapter and is the first attempt to synthesize the interdisciplinary knowledge on some geological factors which affect human health in Russia and NIS. Also anthropogenic factors are mentioned, however, of geological origin. Currently, the most important areas of the study in the field of Medical Geology in Russia – NIS are • Geological and geochemical aspects of medical geology in terms of modeling and mapping of the spreading of endemic diseases, toxic elements, such as uranium, fluoride, radon, arsenic, in subsurface, geosphere, and the atmosphere, and its effect on human health. • Urban and mining medical geology. • Crystal chemistry and crystal genesis of biogenic minerals of different origin. • The therapeutic usage of the minerals in terms of biological functions of the elements metals in medicine and industry, and economic minerals in medicine. This chapter, written by leading experts of Russia and NIS, will be of interest to a wide audience of geologists, geochemists, physicians, as well as historians.
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