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Structure of wild annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) accessions based on agro-morphological traits
Abstract
Seventy-seven wild sunflower accessions from USA were compared in France (Mauguio) for 13 quantitative characters using multivariate
methods, including clustering, principal component and canonical discriminate analyzes to assess the patterns of morphological
and climatic variation. Geographic and climatic data from their sampled sites such as latitude, longitude, elevation, rain
fall, temperature, number of rain fall days, temperature range, and sunniness were also analyzed and we sought for correlations
of climatic variables and morphological traits. Climatic data clustered the accessions into four groups. Principal component
analysis was used to summarize the characteristic habits of annual wild sunflower sampled sites in terms of geography and
climates, thus we characterized the ecogeographical profiles of wild sunflowers. As we studied the traits in a common environment
we speculated whether local adaptation patterns are sustained by our data. Indeed traits shared by accessions that belong
to climatic clusters are suggested to be due to local adaptation.
... Al-Hajaj et al. (2022) evaluated the phenotypic evolution of the wild progenitor of cultivated barley in response to climate warming across its geographic range. Nooryazdan et al. (2010) and Enkhbat et al. (2021) investigated genetic differentiation in functional traits and related them to ecogeographic adaptation in wild annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and ecotypes of Trifolium subterraneum, respectively. ...
... Accordingly, these results extend our knowledge about the phenotypic diversity in populations of quinoa's wild ancestor and point to the value of some phenological traits in determining local adaptation to specific climatic conditions. Furthermore, results from the present study parallel those observed in other wild relative species of several crops such as sunflower (Nooryazdan et al. 2010), chickpea , narrow-leafed lupin (Mousavi-Derazmahalleh et al. 2018), common bean (Porch et al. 2013), subterranean clover (Enkhbat et al. 2021), and cereals including wheat and barley (Nevo et al. 2012). ...
... central and southern Chilean sea level type) (Bertero et al. 1999(Bertero et al. , 2000Curti et al. 2012Curti et al. , 2016. Here, there is an interesting parallel with intraspecific phenological variation observed in wild populations of common bean collected along an altitudinal gradient in Northwest Argentina, or wild annual sunflower populations across their geographical range in the USA (Galván et al. 2006;Nooryazdan et al. 2010). In both species, populations that originated from sites at high altitude showed shorter flowering times than populations from lower altitudes. ...
Quinoa cultivation is expanding fast all over the world. The characterization of Chenopodium hircinum populations, its wild ancestor, is highly relevant as they could provide adaptations to new environments. This study evaluated the developmental patterns on populations of C. hircinum, collected from a range of agroecological environments in Argentina, to quantify developmental variable’s variability between origins and to explore the association between climatic data from the environments of provenance and variation in development. Thirty-three populations from contrasting origins were multiplied in a common garden experiment under non-limiting conditions of water and nutrient availability. Plants were sampled once or twice a week according to variables to estimate the duration of developmental phases, leaf number and dates of initiation of branching on the main stem. Significant variation for all phenological traits was detected, and populations were grouped into six groups with similar patterns of variation. A positive association between the duration of phases of development and main stem leaf number and maximum temperature during the growing season was found and a negative one with altitude of origin consistent with variation in growing season duration. The finding that late flowering populations are associated with the warmest climates reveals how a longer vegetative growth is an adaptive strategy to cope with heat stress in quinoa. Time to flowering should be considered in order to improve quinoa performance under heat stress conditions. Further work is needed to understand the genetic basis controlling this response in wild populations.
... Los factores que afectan la distribución y abundancia de las poblaciones a escala geográfica incluye la manera en que los organismos se relacionan con el ambiente. El clima es considerado uno de los principales factores que explican los patrones de distribución y variación de muchas especies vegetales, ya sea que actúe directamente sobre los procesos fisiológicos durante el crecimiento y la reproducción o indirectamente a través de otros factores ecológicos tales como la competencia por recursos (Nooryazdan et al., 2010). ...
... Otros investigadores han considerado que CV superiores a 20% indican la presencia de variación elevada dentro de poblaciones o especies vegetales útiles para la agricultura y la alimentación. Adebola y Morakinyo (2006), Lewu et al. (2007) y Nooryazdan et al. (2010 interpretaron los CV mayores a 20% como la presencia de una amplia variación dentro de poblaciones y especies de los géneros Cola, Polorgonium y Heliantus, respectivamente. ...
... En este estudio la temperatura media anual y López-España RG et al., FYTON 85 (2016) la precipitación media anual disminuyeron aproximadamente de manera lineal con el aumento de la latitud (Fig. 2), sugiriendo que el patrón de diferenciación geográfico observado es una expresión indirecta de un gradiente climático de los sitios de origen de las poblaciones de C. annuum silvestre. Otros investigadores han propuesto que las diferencias fenotípicas entre poblaciones de plantas de la misma especie que crecen en un ambiente uniforme y muestran patrones clinales de diferenciación geográfica, se deben a la selección natural que actúa a lo largo de gradientes ambientales (Hall, et al., 2007;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). En un experimento de invernadero, Hall et al. (2007) encontraron que la diferenciación en varias características fenotípicas de 12 poblaciones de Populus tremula siguieron un patrón clinal latitudinal. ...
... Los factores que afectan la distribución y abundancia de las poblaciones a escala geográfica incluye la manera en que los organismos se relacionan con el ambiente. El clima es considerado uno de los principales factores que explican los patrones de distribución y variación de muchas especies vegetales, ya sea que actúe directamente sobre los procesos fisiológicos durante el crecimiento y la reproducción o indirectamente a través de otros factores ecológicos tales como la competencia por recursos (Nooryazdan et al., 2010). ...
... Otros investigadores han considerado que CV superiores a 20% indican la presencia de variación elevada dentro de poblaciones o especies vegetales útiles para la agricultura y la alimentación. Adebola y Morakinyo (2006), Lewu et al. (2007) y Nooryazdan et al. (2010 interpretaron los CV mayores a 20% como la presencia de una amplia variación dentro de poblaciones y especies de los géneros Cola, Polorgonium y Heliantus, respectivamente. ...
... En este estudio la temperatura media anual y López-España RG et al., FYTON 85 (2016) la precipitación media anual disminuyeron aproximadamente de manera lineal con el aumento de la latitud (Fig. 2), sugiriendo que el patrón de diferenciación geográfico observado es una expresión indirecta de un gradiente climático de los sitios de origen de las poblaciones de C. annuum silvestre. Otros investigadores han propuesto que las diferencias fenotípicas entre poblaciones de plantas de la misma especie que crecen en un ambiente uniforme y muestran patrones clinales de diferenciación geográfica, se deben a la selección natural que actúa a lo largo de gradientes ambientales (Hall, et al., 2007;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). En un experimento de invernadero, Hall et al. (2007) encontraron que la diferenciación en varias características fenotípicas de 12 poblaciones de Populus tremula siguieron un patrón clinal latitudinal. ...
Wild pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) is a valuable genetic resource for food and agriculture. The patterns of variation of 12 morphological traits of 17 populations of wild pepper collected across a latitudinal and climate gradients in northwestern Mexico were analyzed in a uniform greenhouse experiment. The morphological traits data were axamined by univariate and multivarite analysis. The relationship between phenotypic variation and latitude of population origen was tested using linear regression analysis. We found high variation within and among populations for most of the measured traits. Populations were clearly differentiated by univariate analysis of variance and principal component analysis. Because plants grew in a uniform environment, these results indicate that the differences among the populations were due to genetic differences among them. Plant height, number of fruits, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, number of seeds per plant showed a clinal pattern of variation across latitudinal gradients. Plants from northern populations were shorter, produced more fruits, fruits were heavier, more seeds per fruit and more seeds per plant than plants from southern populations. The variation pattern observed in these traits suggests adaptation to local climate conditions. The variation of the other traits (stem diameter, leaf length and width, number of branches, fruit length and width and seed weight) was not significantly related to latitude de origin. It is possible that the observed differentiation in these traits was the result of different regimens of selection (and nonclinal) in each population, or a consequence of genetic drift.
... K. Koch (pecan), Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. (saltgrass) and S. portulacastrum (Hester et al., 1996;Lokhande et al., 2009;Nooryazdan et al., 2010;Wood et al. 1998). ...
... Scotts Co., Marysville, OH). On 10 July 2010 plant height, leaf lamina length, leaf width, internode length, stem diameter, and flower diameter were recorded for each as was done with other species in prior studies (Hester et al., 1996;Nooryazdan et al., 2010;Wood et al., 1998). Leaf and internode measurements were taken from three fully expanded leaves per plant. ...
... Flower counts, growth index (height x width in the widest direction x width perpendicular to the widest direction), and an ornamental rating were taken at the end of the growing season (1 November 2010). End of the season plant height, leaf lamina length, leaf width, internode length, and flower diameter were recorded for each genotype (Hester et al., 1996;Nooryazdan et al., 2010;Wood et al., 1998). Leaf and internode measurements were taken on three fully expanded leaves on each plant. ...
With increasing demand for high quality irrigation water and active regional coastal development, new plants need to be developed that thrive with the use of saline irrigation and provide an alternative to invasive exotic landscape plants. Regionally native coastal species offer a potential solution. Accessions of Erigeron procumbens (Houst. ex Mill.) G.L. Nesom, Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC., Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L., and Oenothera drummondii Hook. were collected along the Texas coast from Port Isabel to Port Arthur. Then taxa were screened for phenotypic variability in morphological traits that may benefit the landscape industry. There were differences among accessions for all four species and there were regional differences in flowering and height for B. frutescens and O. drummondii. Mean height for O. drummondii accessions ranged from 8 to 68 cm. Flower count varied among O. drummundii accessions, with those collected from the southern region tending to only flower in the fall. Flower size and color were not variable for O. drummondii, however foliage color was variable among accessions. Plant height for B. frutescens accessions ranged from 17 to 78 cm. Phenotypic variability appeared most promising in O. drummondii and B. frutescens for future breeding efforts. Regional trends were identified in many traits within each species. Published on-line www.phytologia.org Phytologia 98(4): 250-276 (Oct 6, 2016). ISSN 030319430.
... It is cultivated in all parts of the country especially in Northwest regions. Exhaustive literature relating to genetic diversity, character association, heterosis and combining ability has been generated for oilseed sunflower type (Fick et al., 1974;Škorić, 1974;Seetharam et al., 1977;Kovačik and Škaloud, 1978;Giriraj et al., 1979;Giriraj et al., 1986;Muppidathi et al., 1995;Alvarez et al., 1996;Chungui et al., 1996;Joshi et al., 1997;Rama et al., 2003;Mohan and Seetharam, 2005;Presotto et al., 2009;Canatamutto et al., 2010, Nooryazdan et al., 2010, while confectionary sunflower has received limited research. ...
... The highest coefficient of variation correspond to harvest index, seed yield, petiole length, number of unfilled seeds per head and number of filled seeds per head (Table 2). Nooryazdan et al. (2010) reported the highest coefficient of variation for seed weight, leaf and petiole length, plant height, head diameter and sowing-flowering in oily sunflower types. Descriptive statistics analysis such as mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation, has also been used for the study of genetic diversity in some crops such as garlic (Allium sativum L.) (Panthee et al., 2006), groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) (Ntundu et al., 2006) and melon (Cucumis melo L.) (Lotti et al., 2008). ...
... J. Biotechnol. Nooryazdan et al., 2010). ...
Characterization of confectionary sunflower germplasm resources is critical to their efficient collection
and management as well as for breeding programs. Thirty six (36) confectionary sunflower populations
originating from different regions of Northwest Iran were characterized using 15 agro-morphological
traits. Among the studied traits, high coefficients of variation were observed for harvest index (48.36),
seed yield (42.07) and petiole length (41.63). Cluster analysis using Ward's method classified the 36
populations into four groups. A large number of genotypes was placed in cluster III (16 genotypes)
followed by cluster I (13), cluster IV (4) and cluster II (3). Clusters I, III and VI include genotypes from
different sources indicating no association between clustering pattern and eco-geographical
distribution of genotypes. The maximum inter-cluster distance of 9.03 was observed between clusters II
and VI indicating the possibility of high heterosis if individuals from these two clusters are cross-bred.
Principal component analysis resulted in the first four components with Eigen value greater than one
accounting for 78% of the total variation. The results of PCA were closely in line with those of cluster
analysis. These results can now be used by breeders to develop high yielding sunflower hybrids.
... Most of the agro-morphological traits analysed here have been routinely included in many diversity surveys (i.e. Seiler, 1984; Alvarez et al., 1992a, b; Belhassen et al., 1994, Nooryazdan et al., 2010, Kholghi et al., 2011 ). In agreement with previous reports for wild sunflower populations (Seiler, 1984; Nooryazdan et al., 2010 ), LA, 100-SW and HD exhibited the highest coefficients of variation. ...
... Seiler, 1984; Alvarez et al., 1992a, b; Belhassen et al., 1994, Nooryazdan et al., 2010, Kholghi et al., 2011 ). In agreement with previous reports for wild sunflower populations (Seiler, 1984; Nooryazdan et al., 2010 ), LA, 100-SW and HD exhibited the highest coefficients of variation. Accordingly, Nooryazdan et al. (2010) also found LL and HD to be among the main determinants of the distribution of accessions along the first and second PCs, respectively, with similar levels of variability accounted for by the first three components (ca. ...
... In agreement with previous reports for wild sunflower populations (Seiler, 1984; Nooryazdan et al., 2010 ), LA, 100-SW and HD exhibited the highest coefficients of variation. Accordingly, Nooryazdan et al. (2010) also found LL and HD to be among the main determinants of the distribution of accessions along the first and second PCs, respectively, with similar levels of variability accounted for by the first three components (ca. 80%). ...
Open-pollinated (OPs) and composite populations (CPs) represent a valuable resource for sunflower breeding programmes. However, little is known about the levels and distribution of genetic variation within each of these populations. In this study, quantitative and qualitative traits along with molecular markers were used to evaluate 14 populations from the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) sunflower germplasm collection. These populations were chosen to represent historically important accessions that still play a central role within the INTA sunflower breeding programme due to their extensive variation in diverse agronomically important traits. Nine quantitative and eight qualitative agro-morphological descriptors were recorded and compared with those of a larger set of accessions representative of the phenotypic diversity of the sunflower collection. Molecular characterization was conducted on a total of 311 individuals using 16 microsatellite markers. Overall, the average gene diversity was 0.56 and the average number of alleles per locus was 6.25. No statistically significant differences in genetic diversity were detected between the OPs and CPs. Global estimates of F
ST revealed very high levels of differentiation among accessions (F
ST= 0.413, P< 0.05). Population structure analyses were consistent with the observed levels of differentiation and identified two major groups. The results of this work show that high global diversity is preserved within the accessions analysed here. Additionally, this study provides a set of reliable and discriminant markers for the cost-effective molecular characterization of sunflower accessions, along with the guidelines for the delineation of sampling strategies for OPs and CPs, thus aiding the efficient management and exploitation of sunflower germplasm collections.
... In 1995, we sampled this collection to build a sub-collection, representative of the different natural environments (based on latitude, longitude and elevation) and of the different morphotypes (based on seed size, seed oil content, duration from sowing to flowering, branching types). For the present work, we retained progenies from 73 wild sunflower populations from 17 USA States, which can be grouped into four main eco-climatic clusters (Nooryazdan et al. 2009). For each accession (hereafter referred as ''#number'' ), ten seeds were sown in 1997 in the nursery of the INRA station of Melgueil (Mauguio, France), in one row plots, 4 m long with 75 9 35 cm planting density and were manually crossed as females with the pollen of 3 cultivated lines (testers), to construct the first generation of intermixing (pseudo F1 hybrid) (Table 1,Fig. ...
... For example, accessions # 209, 647 and 734 have the same origin (Texas) but they had a significantly positive, a significantly negative and a non-significant effect of GCA for Flowering, respectively (Table 4). Accessions from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming (see Climatic cluster_1, Nooryazdan et al. 2009) displayed GCA that decreased sowing to flowering duration and plant height (Fig. 2). All other accessions have more or less effect to lengthen sowing to flowering duration and to increase plant height, whatever their climatic clusters (see Nooryazdan et al. 2009 for details). ...
... Accessions from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming (see Climatic cluster_1, Nooryazdan et al. 2009) displayed GCA that decreased sowing to flowering duration and plant height (Fig. 2). All other accessions have more or less effect to lengthen sowing to flowering duration and to increase plant height, whatever their climatic clusters (see Nooryazdan et al. 2009 for details). The ratio GCA/mean value of the trait, has the advantage to normalize the data since plant height and sowing flowering duration both decrease with latitude from North to South. ...
... In 1995, we sampled this collection to build a sub-collection, representative of the different natural environments (based on latitude, longitude and elevation) and of the different morphotypes (based on seed size, seed oil content, duration from sowing to flowering, branching types). For the present work, we retained progenies from 73 wild sunflower populations from 17 USA States, which can be grouped into four main eco-climatic clusters (Nooryazdan et al. 2009). For each accession (hereafter referred as ''#number'' ), ten seeds were sown in 1997 in the nursery of the INRA station of Melgueil (Mauguio, France), in one row plots, 4 m long with 75 9 35 cm planting density and were manually crossed as females with the pollen of 3 cultivated lines (testers), to construct the first generation of intermixing (pseudo F1 hybrid) (Table 1,Fig. ...
... For example, accessions # 209, 647 and 734 have the same origin (Texas) but they had a significantly positive, a significantly negative and a non-significant effect of GCA for Flowering, respectively (Table 4). Accessions from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming (see Climatic cluster_1, Nooryazdan et al. 2009) displayed GCA that decreased sowing to flowering duration and plant height (Fig. 2). All other accessions have more or less effect to lengthen sowing to flowering duration and to increase plant height, whatever their climatic clusters (see Nooryazdan et al. 2009 for details). ...
... Accessions from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming (see Climatic cluster_1, Nooryazdan et al. 2009) displayed GCA that decreased sowing to flowering duration and plant height (Fig. 2). All other accessions have more or less effect to lengthen sowing to flowering duration and to increase plant height, whatever their climatic clusters (see Nooryazdan et al. 2009 for details). The ratio GCA/mean value of the trait, has the advantage to normalize the data since plant height and sowing flowering duration both decrease with latitude from North to South. ...
The genetic base of sunflower elite lines is very narrow, due to many years of selection and breeding. To broaden the genetic
diversity of the cultivated sunflower, in 1995 73 wild sunflower populations were crossed with 3 cultivated lines (Testers),
and 219 hybrid offspring’s were evaluated in the field. GCA and SCA effects were computed suggesting for all traits a genetic
potential for improvement through selection. Study of the hybrids revealed that the wild accessions bear different genetic
abilities to combine with the testers for traits of morphological architecture, phenology and yield (seed weight and seed
oil). The variance due to GCA and SCA showed that gene action was additive for days to flowering, branching and plant height.
Genotypes derived from the same geographic origin may have either good or poor general combing ability. The correlation between
GCA and per se genotype performance was positive for all traits except for seed oil content. This was the first attempt to evaluate wild-cultivated
hybrids in sunflower on a large scale and will be the starting point for the management of hybrid Helianthus annuus populations for breeding. GCA and SCA estimations will facilitate the definition of strategies to manage and exploit the
natural diversity for this crop.
KeywordsBase broadening–Branching–Combining ability–Neodomestication–Seed oil content–Sunflower
... El clima es considerado uno de los principales factores que afectan la distribución y variación de las especies vegetales debido a que puede actuar directamente sobre los procesos fi siológicos del crecimiento y reproducción o indirectamente a través interacciones ecológicas, tales como la competencia por recursos (Shao y Halpin, 1995). Varios estudios han mostrado que la precipitación y la temperatura infl uyen sobre los patrones geográfi cos de variación morfológica (Solís-Neffa, 2010;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). Particularmente, la producción de frutos y semillas puede depender de la cantidad de agua disponible y la temperatura durante la etapa reproductiva (Graham 2003;Souza et al., 2010). ...
... Otros investigadores han considerado que CV superiores a 20% indican la presencia de variación elevada dentro de poblaciones o especies vegetales útiles para la agricultura y la alimentación. Adebola y Morakinyo (2006), Nooryazdan et al. (2010) y Lewu et al. (2007) interpretaron los CV mayores a 20% como la presencia de una amplia variación dentro de poblaciones y especies de los géneros Cola, Heliantus y Polorgonium, respectivamente. ...
RESUMEN Se analizó la variación geográfica en caracteres morfológicos de 19 poblaciones de chile silvestre (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) en sus hábitats naturales en el noroeste de México. Los caracteres medidos fueron: altura de planta, longitud de rama, diámetro de tallo, longitud de pedúnculo, longitud de fruto, anchura de fruto, peso de fruto, número de semillas por fruto y peso de semilla. Los datos de las características morfológicas se examinaron mediante análisis univariados y de componentes principales (CP). Los datos geográficos y climáticos de los sitios de origen de las poblaciones fueron analizados mediante análisis de CP y se correlacionaron con las medias de las características morfológicas. Se encontró amplia variabilidad en la mayoría de las características medidas. Los análisis univariados y de CP diferenciaron claramente a las poblaciones, indicando una elevada variación entre ellas. Las medias de las poblaciones para la longitud, anchura y peso de fruto y número de semillas por fruto se correlacionaron positiva y signifi cativamente con el segundo CP de las variables geográfi cas y climáticas de los sitios de origen de las poblaciones. Este segundo CP fue defi nido principalmente por la temperatura, la altitud y la precipitación media anual. Estos resultados indican que la temperatura y la cantidad de agua disponible durante el crecimiento y reproducción de las plantas son factores importantes para la diferenciación de las poblaciones C. annuum silvestre que crecen en condiciones naturales.
... Principal component analysis (PCA) is a method of data reduction that original variables decreased to a limited number of uncorrelated new variables. This has been widely used in the studies of variability in germplasm collections of many species (Julier et al., 1995;Veasey et al., 2001;Naghavi and Jahansouz, 2005;Bhargava et al., 2007;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). The aims of the present study were to assess the genetic diversity present at the morphological and agronomical traits in 12 Iranian castor bean accessions. ...
... According to breeding goal, castor bean breeders can select accessions by considering appropriate PCs values. Principal component analysis has been widely used in studying genetic variability in germplasm collections of many species (Julier et al., 1995;Veasey et al., 2001;Naghavi and Jahansouz, 2005;Bhargava et al., 2007;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). ...
Genetic diversity on 12 accessions of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) collected from different origins of Iran was assessed under filed conditions. Accessions were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three blocks. The data on 5 individuals in each block were recorded for 32 agro-morphological traits. The descriptive statistics for each one of 32 studied traits were calculated. Clustering of accessions into similarity groups was performed using Ward's hierarchical algorithm based on squared Euclidean distances. Discriminant function analysis used to confirm the accuracy of grouping that produced by cluster analysis. In order to identify the patterns of morphological variation, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted. Studied accessions showed high coefficient of variation for hollow seed number on primary raceme, secondary and tertiary branch fresh weight, secondary and tertiary branch dry weight, lamina leaf length and leaf length traits. The accessions based on studied traits were classified in 3 groups. Our results showed that, the most of studied accessions (75%) have been clustered together in group 2 indicating relatively low genetic variability in castor bean germplasm. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first six principal components accounted for 93% of the total variation. Among the studied traits, seed number on primary raceme as a yield component in castor bean showed positive correlation with the first component (PC1). Hollow seed number on primary raceme showed positive correlation with the second component (PC2). Oil percent presented negative correlation with PC2. According to breeding goal, breeders can chose accessions by considering appropriate PCs values.
... 30 accession À1 ) of WILD. Wild phenotypic characterization was based on 45 descriptors, 22 qualitative and 23 quantitative characters and general observations of plant structure and branching (Hockett and Knowles, 1970; Heiser, 1978; Rosenthal et al., 2002; Nooryazdan et al., 2009). Quantitative traits of individual plants included: mature plant height (cm), stem diameter at mid-height (cm), head position-angle ( ), leaf number, total number of heads, leaf width (cm) and length (cm), leaf length/width ratio, and petiole length (cm) determined on first order leaves at the flowering stage. ...
... 30 accession À1 ) of WILD. Wild phenotypic characterization was based on 45 descriptors, 22 qualitative and 23 quantitative characters and general observations of plant structure and branching ( Hockett and Knowles, 1970;Heiser, 1978;Rosenthal et al., 2002;Nooryazdan et al., 2009). Quantitative traits of individual plants included: mature plant height (cm), stem diameter at mid-height (cm), head position-angle ( ), leaf number, total number of heads, leaf width (cm) and length (cm), leaf length/width ratio, and petiole length (cm) determined on first order leaves at the flowering stage. ...
Wild sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is an open-pollinated species that can be a major weed in several crops. If it hybridizes with cultivated sunflower the following generations can generate crop-wild hybrids that could evolve into invasive populations. The objective of this study was to morphologically characterize F1 hybrids between inbred lines and wild sunflower, their F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies with domestic sunflower to assess the risk of these plants evolving into invasive biotypes. Crop-wild hybrids were easily identified as off-type plants. F1 plants were taller, branched with several heads, smaller disks and phyllaries, stigma and pale anthocyanins, and a longer flowering period compared to cultivated sunflower. None of the F2 plants were similar to wild sunflower plants, but morphologically closer to the cultivated materials. These results showed the improbability that crop-wild off-type plants give rise to plants morphologically similar to wild sunflowers and therefore the risk of developing invasive populations by their introduction.
... It is considered that a CV higher than 20% means the presence of high variation in plant populations or species useful for agriculture and food [21][22]. In this sense, it has been interpreted that a CV above 20% as the presence of a wide variation within populations and species of the Cola [21], Pelargonium [22], Helianthus [23] genera. In Capsicum, has been reported a CV higher than 20% in six of nine quantitative characteristics measured in 19 wild populations of pepper in the Northwest of Mexico [24]. ...
The phenotypic variation and its distribution among species, morpho-types, and among and within populations was estimated in 71 populations pertaining to 15 morphotypes of three domesticated species of Capsicum from Mexico. Collections were made in the states of Sinaloa, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Yucatán in two agroecosystems: Backyard-garden and monoculture. Fifteen phe-notypic characteristics were analyzed through one-way variance analysis and mul-tivariate analyses of principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering using Ward's method. The study was performed in a uniform greenhouse experiment. A high variation was found among and within populations in all the measured characteristics. Of the total variation, 13.0% was distributed among species, 27.9% among morphotypes, 8.1% among populations, and 51.0% within populations. Because plants grew in a uniform environment, these results indicate that the differences observed among and within species, morpho-types, and populations have a genetic basis. Univariate and multivariate analyses clearly differentiated morphotypes, suggesting that the category of morphotypes must be used to nominate the infraspecific variation in the domesticated Capsi-cum. The principal components analysis identified a total of 15 principal components that contributed to explain the total variation. The first two components explained 59.64% of the total variation and seven components explained more than 90% of the total variation. Among the measured characteristics, number of seed per fruit, weight of the fruit, width of the fruit, length of the fruit, stem diameter , days to flowering, and height of the plant contributed to component 1 variation , whereas width of the leaf, length of the leaf, and number of locules, number of fruits and number of seeds per plant contributed to component 2. The hierarchical clustering separated the populations and the morphotypes in two large different groups. One group consisted of populations collected in mono-culture conditions and the other group corresponded to population collected from backyard-garden conditions. The monoculture populations were characterized mainly by their longer, wider, and higher weight fruits, plants were of less height, had smaller stem diameters, and lower number of fruits than the populations This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article ech T Press Science collected from the backyard-garden conditions. The backyard-garden populations of the Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens species, considered wild or semi-domesticated, constituted a non-differentiated phenotypic group that does not allow dividing them in different species.
... It may have genes to adapt to contrasting climatic conditions. 11 The present work compares the zymograms of leaves peroxidases, esterases, and activity of peroxidases extracted from hybrid sunflower leaves and population in the anti oxidative defence during ageing and during saline stress of cultivated sunflower. This work provides the genetic resources needed for the breeder to create new varieties of saline-tolerant sunflower. ...
Water deficit stress is one of the main problems determining the yield of many crop plants. The study of the effects of salinity on plant growth and development and the search for biochemical stress markers are of great importance in the selection of resistant species. Accumulation and antioxidant activities in response to salinity at different sunflower varieties constitute markers for genetic selection and improvement of plants in the face of tolerance to salinity. Electrophoretic analysis of zymograms of different sunflower varieties grown in a saline environment for 40 days revealed zymograms of peroxidases and esterases specific to varieties tolerant to the saline environment. Peroxidases activity extracted from leaves is augmented in relation to their involvement in the physiological process related to salinity tolerance. In susceptible varieties, peroxidases activity is decreased compared to normal conditions. Variability of activity and polymorphism of isozyme peroxidases and esterases in response to salinity at different sunflower varieties constitute markers for genetic selection and plant improvement in the face of salinity tolerance.
... It was readily apparent that various cytoplasmic sources influenced traits under both the environments under consideration. Similarly, previous studies in sunflower have proved that the wild cytoplasmic sources significantly affect the qualitative and quantitative traits [38]. In this extensive study, the cytoplasmic effect on heterosis along with water stress tolerance was identified using the different wild species. ...
The sunflower hybrids hold a narrow cytoplasmic diversity. Besides, the heterotic effect of wild cytoplasmic combinations of sunflower on important traits under water stress has not been explored in detail. Here, we evaluated the different sunflower cytoplasmic combinations in sunflower hybrids using cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) sources as female parents. We used a total of sixteen sunflower genotypes representing twelve CMS lines from wild and conventional sources along with four restorer lines. Twelve CMS lines were crossed with four restorer lines to develop a total of 48 F 1 hybrid combinations. The hybrids were evaluated under two different environments (i.e., regular irrigation and water stress) for morphophysiological, yield, and biochemical traits over two years. Heterotic effect for various CMS sources was evaluated on all of the three possible scales, namely, better-parent heterosis (BPH), mid-parent heterosis (MPH), and heterosis as percent of check (PSH-996). For better-parent and mid-parent heterosis, the CMS sources Helianthus annuus, Helianthus argophyllus, and Helianthus debilis demonstrated positive better-parent heterosis for seed yield, oil content, and oleic acid irrespective of the environment. However, the hybrid combinations of different sources when using the genotype RCR8297 as the restorer parent recorded maximum average returns. Furthermore, chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading positively correlated with days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and number of leaves per plant in both the environments. Overall, this study identified and compared the heterotic effect of the different cytoplasmic combinations in sunflower under water stress as well as under normal irrigation environments.
... The maximum number of sunflower genotypes (26) were recommended in cluster I followed by cluster III (12) and cluster II (11) contributing 65.30%, 10.20% and 24.48% of total genotypic strength, respectively (Supplementary Table S1). Similarly, thirteen morphological traits were divided into four clusters using hierarchical clustering in sunflower (Nooryazdan et al. 2010). ...
To increase seed yield and oil contents, variability in breeding material is a pre-requisite. Plant material was comprised of forty-nine sunflower genotypes to investigate the variability and identification of superior genotypes by multivariate analysis. The data were recorded for ten quantitative traits; days to maturity (DM), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), head diameter (HD), number of leaves (NOL), achene per head (APH), achene yield per plant (AYP), 100- achene weight (100AW), filled achene percentage (FA) and oil contents (OC). The genotypes revealed significant variation for all traits except OC. A highly significant association of achene yield was observed with 100AW. Principal component analysis (PCA) separated into four components (PC-I, II, III, IV) with Eigenvalue greater than one accounting for 62.63% of the total variation. Total variance percentage was maximum in PC-I (24.4%) followed by PC-II (14.70%). Cluster analysis further classified the sunflower genotypes in three clusters based on seed yield and its related traits. A maximum number of genotypes were included in cluster I (26 genotypes) followed by cluster III (11 genotypes) contributing 65.30%, 24.48% respectively of total genotypic strength. In addition, maximum number of traits were included in cluster III followed by cluster II. PH and NOL were closest of all the ten traits suggesting their strong correlation. Taken together, these results can be useful for breeders to develop high yielding sunflower hybrids.
... Seed morphology traits can also play a role in the ease of threshing (Fuller, 2007). In the contribal relative wild sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) as well as wild relatives of the confamilial safflower (Carthamus oxyacanthus Bieb.), heritable variation in seed size correlated with the geographical region of origin of the plants (Cantamutto et al., 2008;Sabzalian et al., 2009;Nooryazdan et al., 2010;Majidi and Zadhoush, 2014). The differences in seed size among accessions seem to be the effect of local adaptation to different environments to increase survival of seedlings (Metz et al., 2010). ...
Silphium spp. have garnered interest in Europe as a bioenergy crop and in North America as a perennial oilseed crop. However, very little has been done at this early stage of domestication to characterize wild collections for many key characteristics, including important oilseed traits. The objective of this work was to develop a basic understanding of how biogeography and associated population genetic forces have shaped seed phenotypes in plant collections across the native range of Silphium integrifolium Michx. (Asteraceae: Heliantheae), the primary domestication candidate for oilseed use. A collection of 53 accessions was grown in a common environment in Salina, KS, which is a location well within the native range of the species in central North America. Plants from each collection site were randomly mated by hand to produce seed representative of each accession, and the seeds subjected to seed dimensional trait, oil content and oil composition analyses. Kernel width varied along a latitudinal cline of collection site, while kernel length varied across a longitudinal cline. Palmitic and linoleic acids were inversely correlated with each other and varied along a longitudinal cline of the collection site. The results indicate that accessions collected from more southwesterly sites tended to have larger seed and those from more westerly sites had higher linoleic acid content and lower palmitic and myristic acids, which are all desirable phenotypes for an oilseed Silphium .
... Además, este ecotipo presentó mayor AP (46.5 %) oxycoccus) cultivation increases flowering, fruit weight and yield, in contrast to open field production. On the other hand, Nooryazdan, Serieys, Baciliéri, David, and Bervillé (2010) report that differences in morphological traits, when evaluating 77 populations of wild Helianthus annuus collected in the United States, were correlated with the climatic variables of the sites of origin of the populations, which suggests adaptation to the local conditions of the evaluated species. ...
Introduction:
The use of colored shading nets and greenhouses is a strategy to improve the use of solar radiation and regulate temperature, in addition to increasing productivity in horticultural crops.
Objective:
To evaluate the effect of different photoselective covers on agronomic variables in wild piquin pepper ecotypes.
Methodology:
Microclimatic variables and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured from transplanting seedlings, and agronomic variables at 40 days after transplant and at the last cut of the cycle (160 days).
Results:
Temperature, relative humidity and PAR changed with the use of the different covers. Blue netting reduced PAR by 50.10 % compared to the open field. Principal component analysis grouped the uncovered cultivated plants with the lowest results in the evaluated variables, and the RTZ ecotype revealed the greatest tendency towards quadrant 1, with most of the variables. The yield in the white netting increased 1 290.9 % compared to that obtained in the field.
Study limitations:
The study generated information only for the plant genetic resources of the Northeast Region of Mexico.
Originality:
The crop is not domesticated, so this work was done under different shade netting covers and a greenhouse.
Conclusions:
White netting favored the development of the ecotypes, with RTZ being the one that presented the best values, which is why this combination is considered viable for the preservation and production of this species on a large scale.
... Sunflower seeds are mainly used for oil extraction, which is predominantly used for human nutrition. The populations of wild H. annuus usually contain below 30% of oil in seed [17,28]. The first sunflower varieties with increased oil content such as Peredovik, VNIIMK 8931, Smena, and others that were created at sunflower breeding centers in the former Soviet Union had 40-45% oil content [29]. ...
Domestication and the first steps of sunflower breeding date back more than 4000 years. As an interesting crop to humans, sunflower underwent significant changes in the past to finally find its place as one of the most significant oil crops today. Substantial progress has already been made in understanding how sunflower was domesticated. Recent advances in molecular techniques with improved experimental designs contributed to further understanding of the genetic and molecular basis underlying the architectural and phenotypic changes that occurred during domestication and improvements in sunflower breeding. Understanding the domestication process and assessing the current situation concerning available genotypic variations are essential in order for breeders to face future challenges. A review of the tools that are used for exploring the genetic and genome changes associated with sunflower domestication is given in the paper, along with a discussion of their possible implications on classical sunflower breeding techniques and goals.
... The success in breeding mostly depends on available genetic collection. There are many available collections concerning wild sunflower species (MAREK et al., 2008;ATLAGIĆ et al., 2006;NOORYAZDAN et al., 2010;SEILER, 2011) as well as cultivated (COQUE et al., 2008;ŠKORIĆ, 2008;MANDEL et al., 2011;MORENO et al., 2013). The sunflowers display an amazing variety of morphological variation, ranging in height from less than 1m to over 4 m, and, having highly branched to unbranched stems, opposite to alternate leaf arrangements, and ray florets ranging in color from yellow to red. ...
The research describes the field comparison of 81 decorative sunflower
genotypes. In order to assess genetic diversity of sunflower genotypes the
studies were conducted in the field conditions during 2010-2015 at the
Institute of Field and Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. The genetic diversity of
species Helianthus annuus L. has enabled the breeding work in the direction
of the decorating and plant landscaping. Depending on the qualitative and
quantitative characteristics, production of decorative sunflowers can be
divided into three directions. The first line is for the production of cut
flowers, the second one is for garden production and the third line is for
the production of pot plants. The direction of production dictates the main
breeding objectives, which may include: plant architecture, the color of ray
and disc flowers and duration of flowering. Investigation of the genetic
variability of ornamental sunflowers relies on quantitative traits of which
the greatest variability was observed in branching and plant height, which
are also the most important qualities for production. The quantitative
characteristics of decorative sunflowers have been examined on the basis of
81samples. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR-31025]
... Finally, Saumitou-Laprade et al. (2017) found differences between pollen germination tests (data are qualitative, all or nothing) leading to all their inferences, and the bag method, which provided fruit set quantitative data leading to other inferences (Table 1). This is sustained in senecio (Brennan, Harris, Tabah, & Hiscock, 2002), chicory (Gonthier et al., 2013), in sunflower (Nooryazdan, Serieys, David, Baciliéri, & Bervillé, 2010), and here for the olive. Consequently, inferences from pollination germination tests remain to be conciliated with those from fruit set data under bags. ...
The new self-incompatibility system (SI) was presented by Saumitou-Laprade, Vernet, Vekemans et al. (2017). Evolutionary Applications based on 89 crosses between varieties in the olive tree. Four main points are not clear. We are examining here as follows: (i) the assertion that the self-incompatibility system is sporophytic was not sustained by pollen germination data; (ii) surprisingly, the new model does not explain that about one-third of pairwise combinations of olive varieties leads to asymmetric fruit setting; (iii) DNA preparation from one seed may contain two embryos, and thus, embryos should be separated before seed extraction; (iv) although effective self-fertility in olive varieties was reported by many studies, the DSI model fails to explain self-fertility in some olive varieties. Moreover, we cannot discuss result data, as science cannot be verified because variety names were encoded, this does not allow comparison of data with previous works. The DSI model on olive self-incompatibility should explain more features than the model based on four dominance levels shared by six S-alleles. Perspectives for orchard management based on this model may face serious limitations. An olive variety does not have a fifty percent chance of cross-incompatibility, but surely fewer, and thus, the sporophytic system limits fruit production. Evolutionary perspectives of self-incompatibility in Oleaceae should include data from the Jasmineae tribe that displays heterostyly SI.
... Elle y existe a l' etat sauvage sur une large zone g eographique allant du nord du Mexique au sud du Canada. Pr esente dans une grande diversit e d'habitats et de conditions climatiques (Nooryazdan et al., 2010), elle se d eveloppe pr ef erentiellement au sein de milieux perturb es par l'Homme (Seiler, Rieseberg, 1997), y compris dans les champs cultiv es o u elle est consid er ee comme une mauvaise herbe tr es nuisible (Encadr e 1, Kane, Rieseberg, 2008). ...
Weedy sunflowers have been officially reported in South-Western France in 2004. They display a combination of phenotypic traits of the wild and domesticated forms of the species and infest between 15 and 20% of fields of sunflower crop in this area, although at variable levels. When the infestation is strong, it affects seed yield and oil quality. Molecular studies showed that weedy sunflowers most probably resulted from accidental crop-wild hybridization during the seed production process and from the introduction of the resulting hybrids into commercial seed lots. Multiple independent introductions were at the source of the number of infested fields observed nowadays. The temporal dynamics of the infestation of a field and the detailed conditions for its success remain largely unknown. The flowering synchrony between crops and weeds is substantial, even if a variable fraction of the weeds (15-55%) flower completely outside the crop flowering period. Molecular survey of adult weedy plants and their progenies showed that crop-toweed gene flow occurs, at a rate that can reach 35%on average, at the peak of the crop flowering period. We draw perspectives on the durability of herbicide-tolerant sunflower varieties as a solution to control these weeds, and call for more studies tackling weed management from an evolutionary lens.
... According to Camussi et al. (1985), Cowen and Frey, (1987), Peeters and Martinelli (1989) PCA can be used to obtain ideas about how to identify groups of accessions that have desirable traits for breeding and enlightening the pattern of variation in a germplasm collection, to identify relationships among accessions and possible gaps. The use of PCA to study variability in germplasm collections of many species have been reported (Julier et al., 1995;Veassy et al., 2001;Naghavi and Jahensouz, 2005;Bharagava et al., 2007;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). It is a method of data reduction where the original variables decreased to a limited number of uncorrelated new variables. ...
Genetic variability in fifty three accessions of West African Okra [Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) Stevels] were evaluated using morphological traits. These accessions were collected from home gardens, seed stores and distant farms in South Western Nigeria and trials carried out in the experimental garden, University of Benin, Nigeria. The primary data on quantitative and qualitative characters collected were subjected to multivariate analyses to determine their relationship and distinctiveness. At P < 0.05, 14 quantitative characters were significant. Two principal component analyses were conducted. Eighteen of the total characters accounted for 90.2 % of the total variability on Principal Component (PC) axes 1 - 5 and the other, sixteen characters showed 70.1 % as the minimum descriptor for distinguishing A. caillei. The traits expressed by these descriptors are reflected in pigmentation of various organs; fruit characteristics and plant architecture on the crop plants. The sixteen characters suggested for core determination of this species were used for cluster analysis. All accessions clustered into seven distinct groups at Euclidean distance 8 - 10. This suggests relatively high genetic variability among the germplasm. The clustering is ecologically independent and the number of accession(s) in each cluster suggests A. caillei as a continuous complex of varieties. This collection requires more evidence probably molecular evaluation for taxonomic treatment of thetaxon.
... Early species accessions can start to bloom 40 days after sowing, while later ones start after 90 days. Following a large number of traits including the length of the vegetative period, Nooryazdan et al. (2010) provided an example of local adaptation in ex situ collections among accessions of H. annuus in France. They concluded that the vegetative period ranged from 49 to 120 days with an average of 70 days and a coefficient of variation of 18.85 %. ...
Thirty-eight species of the genus Helianthus L. were evaluated for methods of sowing, cultivation, seed germination, length of the vegetative period, self-fertility, and seed production for traits important for genebank maintenance. Direct sowing gave poor results, while germination of seeds, growing plantlets in the greenhouse, and transplanting them to the field was more appropriate. Cultivation as a living collection in the field was found to be a convenient way to maintain perennial species because of their high self-sterility. Seed germination was very low, with an average of 26.3 % in the annual species. By removing the seed hull and coat (dehulling), it increased germination to 64.4 %. Seeds of most of the perennial species did not germinate, while the average germination with the use of dehulling was 23.9 %. The number of days to flowering in the annual species averaged 76 days, while in the perennial species it was much longer, averaging 121 days. For some species, photoperiod manipulation is recommended to get them to flower before first frost. Self-fertility in the majority of tested species was close to zero so that self-pollination is not a useful seed regeneration method. Sibbing in isolation cages proved to be most efficient method for seed production, but with mandatory pollen movement or the use of bees for pollination. Information about curation of wild sunflower genebanks should be useful for increasing efficiency in collection maintenance of Helianthus genetic resources which are increasingly being used for sunflower pre-breeding.
... The maximum coefficient of variation was obtained for seed yield (12.18%), followed by 1,000 seed weight (12.08%). According to Kholghi et al. (2011) the coefficient of variation for seed yield was higher (42.07%), while Nooryazdan et al. (2010) reported the highest coefficient of variation for 1,000 seed weight. Oil content showed the lowest coefficient of variation (3.73%). ...
This study was carried out to determine the correlation between agronomic traits and seed yield of sunflower hybrids and also to determine the direct and indirect effects of analyzed traits on seed yield. The primary task in sunflower breeding programs is to increase the seed yield, as well as create new hybrids with high potential for seed and oil yield. The experiment was set up according to randomized block design during two growing seasons (2013 and 2014), on research area of the Faculty of Agriculture, “Goce Delchev” University – Shtip, in Ovche Pole locality, Republic of Macedonia. As an experimental material 20 sunflower hybrids were used. 1,000 seed weight, seed length and width, oil content, oleic acid content and seed yield were analyzed. 1,000 seed weight showed positive and significant correlation with seed width, seed length and seed yield. On the other hand, negative and significant correlation was obtained between 1,000 seed weight and oil content. 1,000 seed weight expressed the highest positive direct effect on seed yield. The results obtained from correlation and path analysis showed that the efficiency in the selection of seed yield in sunflower hybrids should increased through the selection of 1,000 seed weight.
... In our study the highest coefficient of variation was obtained for 1 000 seed weight (12.08 %). Nooryazdan et al. (2010) reported also the highest coefficient of variation for this trait, but also for head diameter and plant height. According to Encheva et al. (2012), the average values for grain length was between 9.98 mm to 11.10 mm. ...
Evaluation and characterization of sunflower hybrids using morphological, physiological and biochemical data are necessary and essential in sunflower breeding programs. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the productive possibilities of some sunflower hybrids grown in Macedonian environmental conditions. The experiment was carried out during the period 2013 and 2014 on the research field of the Faculty of Agriculture, “Goce Delchev” University – Shtip, in Ovche Pole locality, Republic of Macedonia. Total 20 sunflower hybrids were used as an experimental material. The trial was arranged as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The average content of oil and oleic acid were 45.6 and 65.2%, respectively. The highest seed yield from all sunflower hybrids was obtained for the hybrid NLK12M144 (3,344 kg ha
... Consequently, the formation of incipient species is the result of reproductive isolation, as one species cannot survive in the habitat of the other. Recent studies have reported the influence of climate in diversification processes (Kozak & Wiens, 2006;Nooryazdan et al., 2010;Pringle et al., 2012;Fregonezi et al., 2013;Pyakurel & Wang, 2013). Accordingly, ecology and speciation have given rise to a new hypothesis in the evolution of species that are separated by differences in climatic niche characteristics, known as niche conservatism (Wiens & Graham, 2005), which has an important role in allopatric speciation because it limits adaptation to ecological conditions. ...
Two variants of the Neotropical mangrove species Pelliciera rhizophorae distributed along both sides of the Isthmus of Panama were detected by different colouration of the floral bracts and the size of the floral and vegetative structures. These findings raised questions concerning a possible speciation event in P. rhizophorae, for which a series of macro- and microscopic morphological traits (reproductive and vegetative structures), molecular markers from plastid DNA and climatic profiles were analyzed. Samples of P. rhizophorae were collected in three localities from the Panamanian Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The data obtained from molecular markers and morphological traits showed significant differences between the variants. The climatic profiles showed contrasting characteristics of rainfall and temperature in their habitats: variant A is found in wetter zones and variant B occupies drier zones. Evidence suggesting that a process of incipient speciation has occurred in P. rhizophorae in response to ecogeographical isolation due to climatic factors is presented. The presence of two geographically separate genetic-morphological groups, adapted to contrasting climatic conditions, will be the basis for suggesting the existence of incipient lineages in Pelliciera. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, ●●, ●●–●●.
... Phenotypic divergence is important to study several agronomic and physiological characters at a time (Peeters and Martinelli, 1989). For this purpose various analysis methods are available such as cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that can be used to identify the diverse ranges of genotypes into groups for trait of interest and to study phylogenetic relationship among different types of species and sub species (Camussi et al., 1985;Nooryazdan et al., 2010). In the present study, we investigated genetic divergence and structure of Pakistani castor bean population using agro-morphological characters and oil content in relation to its broad agro-ecological distribution across the country. ...
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an important non-edible oilseed crop containing 45-58% oil mainly used in pharmaceutical, petroleum, biofuels, chemicals and textile industry. We evaluated 63 castor beans accessions from Pakistani origin to determine population structure and extent of genetic divergence in local germplasm viz-a`-viz 14 agronomic traits and oil content. Higher phenotypic variability was reported for number of branches plantG 1 , plant height, days to germination and days to flowering. Maximum oil content 58% was found in genotype 21102 followed by 57% in 21447, 56 24828 and 54% in 24835 and 21455. The dissimilarity coefficient matrix revealed accession pairs 24816 and 24821, 24821 and 24829, 21559 and 24821 as most diverse with highest Euclidean distances i.e. 11.45, 10.49 and 9.88, respectively. Subsequent cluster analysis distributed all genotypes into six major groups on the basis of morphological characterization. In PCA analysis, 5 of the 14 PCs had Eigen value >1, which explained 66.24% of the total variation, partitioning population into four sub-populations akin to their distinctive agro-morphological attributes. These sub-populations originated from common habitat of adjacent districts i.e., Bahawalpur, Lodhran, Multan, Muzaffargarh and D.G Khan with matching ecogeographic factors signifying availability of genetic diversity in south Punjab. We suggest utilization of Pakistani castor bean germplasm diversity, while breeding for yield components like capsule size, number and size of seed and oil content. In addition, further studies are recommended, focusing on biochemical and molecular basis of variation to fully explore local genetic diversity in the crop.
... Elle y existe a l' etat sauvage sur une large zone g eographique allant du nord du Mexique au sud du Canada. Pr esente dans une grande diversit e d'habitats et de conditions climatiques (Nooryazdan et al., 2010), elle se d eveloppe pr ef erentiellement au sein de milieux perturb es par l'Homme (Seiler, Rieseberg, 1997), y compris dans les champs cultiv es o u elle est consid er ee comme une mauvaise herbe tr es nuisible (Encadr e 1, Kane, Rieseberg, 2008). ...
Evolution of a crop-related weed: Synthesis of researches conducted on weedy sunflower populations in France since 2004 Weedy sunflowers have been officially reported in South-Western France in 2004. They display a combination of phenotypic traits of the wild and domesticated forms of the species and infest between 15 and 20% of fields of sunflower crop in this area, although at variable levels. When the infestation is strong, it affects seed yield and oil quality. Molecular studies showed that weedy sunflowers most probably resulted from accidental crop-wild hybridization during the seed production process and from the introduction of the resulting hybrids into commercial seed lots. Multiple independent introductions were at the source of the number of infested fields observed nowadays. The temporal dynamics of the infestation of a field and the detailed conditions for its success remain largely unknown. The flowering synchrony between crops and weeds is substantial, even if a variable fraction of the weeds (15-55%) flower completely outside the crop flowering period. Molecular survey of adult weedy plants and their progenies showed that crop-toweed gene flow occurs, at a rate that can reach 35 %on average, at the peak of the crop flowering period. We draw perspectives on the durability of herbicide-tolerant sunflower varieties as a solution to control these weeds, and call for more studies tackling weed management from an evolutionary lens.
... Fruits with a high proportion of zero kernels were among those with highest pulp weight and lowest mean kernel weight, while those with 1 kernel were among those with highest mean kernel weight and lowest pulp weight. et al., 2008), Helianthus annuus L. (Nooryazdan et al., 2010), groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) Onwubiko et al. (2011), castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) Goodarzi et al. (2012 Kekem provenances portrayed the highest values for most of the investigated traits, especially pulp weight per fruit, they may be of particular interest for breeding with the purpose of improving pulp yield per fruit. Such candidate trees could later in seed orchard be cloned via air-layering and/or stem-cutting (Mialoundama et al., 2002). ...
Phenotypic variation on 26 well-known accessions of African plum collected from four provenances established as genebanks was assessed under controlled-field conditions using a full nested mating design. Data were recorded for 12 agro-morphological fruit traits using multivariate statistical techniques. Descriptive statistics for each studied trait were calculated. In addition, patterns of morphological variation were assessed using principal component analysis (PCA). Studied accessions showed considerable variation in fruit length, fruit width, fruit and pulp weight, pulp thickness and fruit:kernel weight ratio. Clustering of accessions into similarity groups was performed using Ward's hierarchical algorithm based on squared Euclidean distances. The accessions based on studied traits were classified in 03 groups. Results showed that, fruits from accessions within Boumnyebel and Kekem provenances constitute cluster 1. Accessions in this cluster had better fruits traits and could be selected as raw material for breeding purposes or clonal multiplication. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the first two principal components (fruit length, fruit width) accounted for 87.01% of the total variation. Among the studied traits, fruit length, fruit width, fruit and pulp weight, pulp thickness and fruit:kernel weight ratio showed strong and high positive link with the first component (PC1) whereas kernel weight and fruit length:width ratio showed positive link with the second component (PC2). These results suggest that fruit weight is a good predictor of pulp yield, although its predicting power differed among clusters.
Çalışma Görükle/Bursa koşullarında yetiştirilen farklı yabani ayçiçeği genotiplerinin (Helianthus spp.) morfolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında iki yıl süreyle Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Uygulama ve Araştırma arazi, sera ve laboratuvar koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Bitki materyali olarak USDA-Amerika‘dan temin edilen 20 yabani ayçiçeği genotipi [H. annuus (1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28), H. argophyllus (34 ve 35), H. maximiliani (45), H. petiolaris subsp. fallax (50), H. petiolaris subsp. petiolaris (54) ve H. annuus subsp. lenticularis (61)] kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında ölçülen bazı morfolojik özelliklerin en yüksek ve en düşük ortalama bitki boyu, tabla çapı, dal sayısı, sap kalınlığı, petiol uzunluğu ve 1000 tane ağırlığı değerleri sırası ile 235,0-252,5 cm ve 64,0-63,0 cm, 7,1-6,5 cm ve 1,9-1,9 cm, 30,8-29,8 adet ve 11,8-8,1 adet, 2,9-3,3 cm ve 0,8 0,7 cm, 11,8-11,1 cm ve 3,1-0,4 cm, 14,8-14,6 g ve 5,6-0,8 g arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Yıllar, genotiplerin ölçülen özellikleri üzerinde değişiklik yapmamıştır. Steril çiçek rengi, fertil çiçek rengi, tabla açısı ve şekli, çiçeklenme ve olgunlaşma üniformitesi, brakte yaprağı şekli, çiçek fertilitesi, bitkinin genel tüylülük derecesi, dallanma durumu ve şekli bakımından da genotipler arasında iki yıl içinde belirgin bir farklılık görülmemiştir.
Commercial hybrid development is one of the most common goals in crop improvement because it allows farmers to harvest considerably higher seed yields from a uniform crop with improved characteristics and enhanced crop efficiency due to the effects of heterosis. Male sterility is a practical method of producing single-cross hybrids because it eliminates the need for time-consuming and labor-intensive hand emasculation and provides 100% male sterility, consequently eliminating the possibility of selfing. Despite the availability of a large number of male sterility systems, only single-source PET-1 has been widely used worldwide due to several advantages. The development of hybrids of sunflower has been investigated, and extensive efforts have been made to identify stable male sterility systems. Hybrids have several advantages over open-pollinated varieties, including higher seed yield (20–30%), greater uniformity in maturity and plant height, and the ability to be harvested at the same time, making them suitable for combine harvesting. They respond to high input agriculture and high autogamy, which reduces the urgency for bees for cross-pollination. F1 hybrids are more tolerant or resistant to major biotic and abiotic stresses. In this chapter, emphasis has been given to the significant achievements in the development of male sterility systems and commercial hybrid seed production in sunflower crops, and it discusses the drawbacks and perspectives of this technology. The use of biotechnological tools and highlighting the prospects of applications of molecular markers in the genetic improvement of sunflower is also discussed.KeywordsCytoplasmic male sterilityHeterosisHybrid seed productionFertility restorationMarker-assisted selection (MAS)
In order to investigate the morphological changes in 98 recombinant inbred lines population of oilseed
sunflower derived from the cross of PAC2×RHA266 under normal and 6dS/m of salinity stress
conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 3 replications
in Urmia university. In each condition, after flowering stage the characteristics including: grain yield
per plant, 100-seeds weight, leaf number, stem diameter, plant height, capitol diameter, leaf length, leaf
width, petiole length, capitol dried weight, date to flowering were measured. Based on the results of
ANOVA, salinity×genotype interaction effect was significant on plant height and petiole length
characteristics. Comparison of mean of lines in normal and salt stressed conditions indicated that the
average of lines under salinity stress conditions decreased compared to normal one. The highest
reduction was observed in grain yield (13.23) and 100-seeds weight (10.60). Based on stepwise
regression analysis, the head diameter and 100-seeds weight were entered in the model and explained
some part of yield variation in both salinity and normal conditions. So, selecting for these characteristics
will improve grain yield in both conditions. Based on the results of the first part of work, two salt tolerant
and sensitive lines (respectively C86 and C64 lines) were selected and planted at different salinity levels
(0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m) conditions and their protein electrophoresis patterns were investigated using
SDS-PAGE. Based on the results of molecular experiment, different electrophoretic patterns for C86
and C64 lines were observed at different levels of salt stress, indicating a different reaction of lines to
salt stress. Probably protein bands with molecular weights of 55 and 83.45 kDa are salt stress-related
proteins that exhibit expression changes in the tolerant line. The results of the present study can be useful
in sunflower improvement programs for developing salt tolerant cultivars.
Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses which threaten plants. In order to study the
effect of salinity stress on yield and yield components of sunflower and also genetic analysis of these
traits in relation with salt tolerance, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with
three replications was conducted. Pots were arranged outside the greenhouse in an open air area under
natural environmental conditions. The studied factors were 2 salinity stress levels (normal and 6 dS/m)
and sunflower recombinant inbred lines (102 lines derived from the cross PAC2 ×RHA266 together with
parental lines). Results showed the significant effect of salinity stress on all of studied traits except petiole
length, leaf width, leaf length, head diameter and seed weight, meanwhile, the effect of genotype was
significant on all of the studied traits. Genetic analysis of measured traits was done using a linkage map
with 221 molecular markers (210SSR/11SNP) with an average distance of 7.44 cM between markers via
composite interval mapping (CIM). 14 and 17 QTLs were detected for studied traits under normal and salt
stress conditions, respectively. The maximum amount of R2 (39.7%) was detected for QTL identified for
days to flowering in salinity stress conditions. The results showed the existence of co-localized QTLs for
some of the studied traits under normal and salt stress conditions. Using co-localized QTLs improve the
efficiency of marker-assisted selection in plant breeding programs.
Adaptive evolution enhances the fitness of populations via the natural selection of genetic variants. Phenotypic plasticity may also increase fitness but it can be neutral or even maladaptive. In natural environments, water and light are factors that generate plastic responses of plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the genetic differentiation of wild Capsicum annuum populations in northwest Mexico. 20 families from each population were subject to water-light treatments, assessing nine traits. Significant plastic responses as well as interaction of treatments by populations and treatments by families within populations were detected for almost all traits. Differences among and within populations had a genetic basis. Population trait means were not correlated to latitude. Phenotypic differentiation may be the result of different regimes of natural selection in each population (and non-clinal) or due to genetic drift. Variation in magnitude and patterns of multivariate norms of reaction was detected, pointing a potential to produce large phenotypic responses. Multivariate norms of reaction differentiated populations and treatments effects separately. Water and light drove patterns of multivariate responses, allowing to clarify the effect of each factor. Intensities of selection gradients of foliar traits were larger than vegetative traits. Magnitudes of selection differed among populations and treatments. Selection magnitudes decreased as resource availability increased and correlated negatively to population plasticity. Opposed patterns of linear selection suggested a trade-off between leaf area and specific leaf area. Results suggested that natural selection is relevant in the determination of phenotypic responses of wild Capsicum annuum in northwest Mexico.
Background and aims: Opuntia's natural distribution encompasses from Canada to Argentina and it is part of the landscape in some regions of the world. There are between 191 and 215 Opuntia species. The ex situ conservation of this phytogenetic resource has gained relevance, but the species identification using the seeds is a limitation when there is a lack of reliable morphological traits. The purpose of this research work was to characterize the seed morphology of seven Opuntia species and identify their own morphological traits, in order to establish the species' identification criteria when seeds are the only source of preserved plant material. M&M: We used the attrition and image analysis technique to measure: seed coat thickness (GT), ventral funicular coat thickness (GCFV), embryo's length, embryo's surface area, major axis length and minor axis length. The most outstanding traits were detected through exploratory ANDEVA and main components methods. The species classification and forecasting were based on a supervised multivariate analysis. Results: Differences in all the variables among species were significant. Opuntia ficus-indica had the largest seeds. GCFV and GT were the most helpful variables in terms of discrimination. The main component analysis explained 92% of the total variation. K-Nearest Neighbor method was able to forecast correctly 83% of the species classification cases. Conclusions: The assessed seed traits, mainly GCFV and GT, can help in the morphological description of prickly pear species and in the Opuntia species identification, when there are only seeds.
To study genetic diversity of some agronomic traits and the effect of salt stress on these characters, 100 oily sunflower inbred lines coming from different regions of world was investigated under normal and salt (8 dS/m) stress conditions with randomized complete block design with three replications outside the greenhouse in an open air area. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among lines for all studied traits, indicating the existence of genetic variation among genotypes. The highest coefficient of genetic variation was observed for head dried weight, seed yield per plant and the lowest one for days to flowering in both stressed and non-stressed conditions. The results of correlation analysis revealed significant and positive correlation between seed yield per plant with most of the studied traits in both stressed conditions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that under salt stress conditions, 40.3 percent of seed yield per plant variation was determined by head diameter, 100 seed weight, bottom leaf length, leaf number, bottom petiole length, upper leaf width and chlorophyll rate and in normal conditions, 30.3 of seed yield per plant variation was explained by head diameter, 100 seed weight and plant height. Cluster analysis grouped lines into 6 clusters in normal and 5 clusters in salt stress conditions but the distribution of lines within groups were different depending to stress environments that present the genetic variability for salt tolerance in sunflower lines. Lines 6, 11, 13 and 70 had the highest yield per plant under normal and salt stress conditions.
The geographic variation in morphological traits of 19 wild pepper population (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) from northwestern Mexico was analyzed in the field. The traits measured were: plant height, stem diameter, branch length, peduncle length, fruit lenght, fruit width, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, and seed weight. The morphological traits data were analyzed by univariate and principal component (PC) analysis. The geographical and climatical data of population origen were analized by PC analysis and were correlated with morphological traits means. High variability for most of traits measured was found. Populations were clearly differentiated by univariate and PC analysis indicating a high variation among them. The population means of fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight, and number of seeds per fruit were positive and signiicantly correlated with the second PC of the geographical and climatical variables from population origen sites. This second PC was deined mainly by temperature, altitude and mean annual rainfall. These results indicate that the temperature and the water amount during plant growth and reproduction are important factors in the diferentiation of wild C. annuum populations in the field.
Confectionery sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the valuable crops which less is known about its variability. Fifty sunflower populations have been gathered from different regions of Iran and evaluated for agro-morphological traits in completely randomized design with 10 repetitions under pot conditions. The twenty traits including days from planting to flowering, days from planting to physiological maturity, number of leaves, leaf length, petiole length, leaf width, plant height, stem diameter, head diameter, shoot dried weight, head dried weight, aerial part dried weight, harvest index, 100-seed weight, single seed weight, dehulled kernel weight, dehulled kernel weight to whole kernel, seed length, seed width, and seed dried weight per plant were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that there is a meaningful difference between all traits except for single seed weight and stem diameter. The highest positive correlation (0.95) was observed between single seed weight and dehulled kernel weight and the highest negative one (-0.61) was observed between number of leaves and harvest index. Principal component analysis decreased the studied variables to six components with the cumulative variance of 81%. Cluster analysis with Ward method classified them into four different groups. The maximum distance was observed between genotypes of groups 1 and 4 as well as 3 and 4. The comparison of trait means in groups resulted from cluster analysis by Tukey’s test demonstrated that the populations in the first group have the maximum values for most of the studied traits and populations in the fourth group have the minimum values and therefore they can be used for choosing appropriate parents in crossing programs.
Jatropha spp. from Mexico includes high species richness and endemism; five species inhabit in the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Biosphere Reserve (TCBR), and they are important resources as food, medicine and biofuel. The assessment of morphological and agronomic characteristics is essential to identify, use and maintain plant genetic resources. Given the lack of information on the morphological variability of Jatropha species in relation to environment, the objective was to analyze the influence of physiographic, climatic, and anthropogenic factors in the morphological variability of the species: Jatropha
neopauciflora and J. rzedowskii, both not-endangered; J. oaxacana, special protection; J. ciliata and J. rufescens, both endangered in the Reserve. Twelve quantitative morphological variables were measured in 24 populations of these species; 14 environmental variables were registered, and the disturbance index in the sites was estimated. The information was analyzed with Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). PCA detected interspecific variation: J. ciliata and J. rufescens have longer and broader leaves and longer flowers, while the other three species have smaller leaves and flowers. J. oaxacana population has intermediate size of leaves, fruits and seeds, compared with those of J. neopauciflora and J. rzedowskii. CCA detected intra-specific variation among the populations of J. neopauciflora and J. rzedowskii, which were separated in two groups due to fruit and seed size. Axis 1 of CCA correlated positively with altitude and annual temperature range, and negatively with mean annual temperature; at the intra-specific level, both species are adapted to variations of temperature and altitude.
Sunflower (2n = 17) belongs to the genus Helianthus (Asteraceae) which consists of 52 species and 19 subspecies with 14 annual and 38 perennial species. Wild Helianthus species display large morphological variations and have valuable genes for several traits including high seed and oil yield, oil quality, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. It is easier to cross the annual species than the perennial ones because perennial species are much more diverse and their genomes display different ploidy levels. The difficulty of crossing in wild perennial Helianthus species can be overcome by the novel molecular breeding techniques which have made these species available for breeding purposes and alien gene transfer into cultivated background. The beneficial genes from wild species have broadened the genetic base of cultivated sunflower providing valuable sources for many agronomic traits. Consequently, significant progress has been made in transferring resistance to new races of downy mildew, rust, broomrape, and other diseases such as Phoma, Phomopsis and Sclerotinia. Sources for cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration genes have been identified besides new genes for improving oil quality, herbicide resistance, and salt tolerance. However, only a small portion of the available genetic diversity of the wild Helianthus species has been utilized until now, and therefore quest for search of more alien genes is likely to continue in sunflower. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. All rights are reserved.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a crop used as food and feed. An investigation was carried out to select the most successful faba bean genotype(s) and to assess the genetic diversity present in the morphological and agronomic traits. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated significance of genotypic effect. A principal component analysis indicated two first axes explained the maximum simple variation. The dendrogram according to the cluster analysis separated G1 and G10 from the other genotypes. This first cluster includes autochthonous landrace from Guilan province and breeding variety (Barrakat), belonging to the major faba bean type; these populations in the first cluster had high to moderate means for all of the traits. The factor analysis indicated that five factors were associated with 85.62% of the total variability. The high yielding genotypes, such as G1 and G10 could be used to improve faba beans and facilitate the potential increase of production of the crop. Moreover, the traits that exhibited strong and positive association with yield include days to pod initiation, days to harvesting, plant height, pod length, hundred seed weight, ratio of seed length to width, stem number per plant and seed number per stem could be used as selection criteria for improving faba bean.
The morphological variation of 81 garden cress including 77 accessions of Genebank Department of Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben, Germany and four ancient varieties collected from different geographical and bioclimatic areas of Iran were assessed based on 19 morphological traits. The genotypes were grown according to simple lattice design with four replications across 2 years (2012 and 2013). Significant differences among accessions were revealed for the majority of traits. The coefficient of variation varied from 18.05 (number of seeds per silique of lateral branches) to 52.79 % (biological yield) in the first year and varied from 9.12 (number of seeds of silique per plant) to 36.05 % (biological yield) in the second year. The first four factors explained 83.92 % of the total variation at year 2012 while the first four factors explained 76.93 % of the total variation at year 2013 among 81 of garden cress accessions. At both years, days to flowering, days to maturing, height of first branch and height of first silique, number of silique per lateral branches and number of siliques per plant were the most important traits contributing to the first two factors. This indicates that breeding programs should be based on these traits for improvement of garden cress. The regions of origin of the accessions were dispersed in ten sub-units which the first factor axis was much more important than the second one in separating the regions of origin of the accessions and separated sub-units five from four other sub-units, but this factor axis could not separate accessions of sub-unit I. Based on the observed structures of variation, it is concluded that the magnitude of morphological variation in the material studied is high and the implications of the results for plant breeding programs are discussed. The results of the present study can be used for breeding and improvement of garden cress for various desired traits through hybridization in future.
Common sunflower (i.e., Helianthus annuus) is occasionally crossed with other Helianthus species to gain favourable agronomic traits. An interspecific cross between H. annuus and Helianthus mollis was used to examine events that occurred during the five first generations. First generation hybrid plants were verified using GISH, and F1 hybrid (#17) was back-crossed to common sunflower to obtain BC1 (#4) and BC2 (#21). Some BC2 progeny possessed new traits, i.e., compact (Compact plant architecture is due to short inter-node length, short petiole length and short leaf lamina length) architecture without and with corrugated leaves, which were not observed in the parents. These traits were selected for and fixed after the BC2-S3 (#18) to produce a H. mollis introgression line (namely HM374). Although the size of the population was small, we tentatively construct a genetic map using data from the BC2 generation. Two linkage groups were identified carrying H. mollis specific AFLP markers that were associated with compact plant architecture, and one unlinked marker was shown to explain variation for the corrugated leaves. Introgression line HM374 was used to test the inheritance of compact plant architecture in a cross with an elite high oleic line, OL75HO. Microsatellite (SSR) markers were used to genotype F1 and F2 offspring’s. Our data suggested that the line HM374 was still heterozygous for introgression after eight generations. HM374 displays new architecture traits (i.e. compact architecture with or without corrugated leaves) and carries H. mollis fragments anchored on LG1 and LG11 of sunflower public map.
New sources of major gene resistance to sunflower downy mildew were compared with known resistance genes. All genes appear to come from crosses with wild Helianthus, and most frequently from wild H.annuus. The gene Pl6 has been found in many different ecotypes but resistances which segregate independently from this gene have also been obtained. Genes considered as different may be the result of intra-cluster recombinations. Only 1 or perhaps 2 genes have been obtained from H.argophyllus. Identification of genes from H.tubersosus, is not complete, possibly because these sources show downy mildew sporulation on cotyledons. Some other annual species also show major gene type resistances. It is concluded that knowledge of these sources is important, both for their use in breeding and also to distinguish between major gene and quantitative resistance.
Knowledge of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) development can support integrated pest management and cultural practices to achieve crop yield potential while reducing production costs. The objective of this research was to establish continuous, quantitative relationships among thermal time (two computation methods), photoperiod, and the progression of vegetative leaf appearance and reproductive development in sunflower. Empirical models were fit to phenostage observations for an oilseed hybrid during five planting periods; two analogous sets of coefficients corresponded to calculations of thermal time that assumed linear or optimized developmental responses to temperature. The resulting relationships were tested for predictive value by using similar observations for another oilseed and for a confection hybrid. Predictive accuracy ranged from 67 to 91% for leaf appearance and from 90 to 95% for reproductive phenostage. Field observations confirm earlier reports of long-day photoperiod response for thermal time requirements to bud-visible phenostage. Evidence for short-day response for thermal time to maturity was also detected. The relationships are consistent with recent published reports of sunflower development and are suitable for forecasting sunflower phenostages, given knowledge of thermal time requirements to R1 and R9 phenostages and photoperiod sensitivity.
Several independent molecular genetic linkage maps of varying density and completeness have been constructed for cultivated
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Because of the dearth of sequence and probe-specific DNA markers in the public domain, the various genetic maps of sunflower
have not been integrated and a single reference map has not emerged. Moreover, comparisons between maps have been confounded
by multiple linkage group nomenclatures and the lack of common DNA markers. The goal of the present research was to construct
a dense molecular genetic linkage map for sunflower using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. First, 879 SSR markers were
developed by identifying 1,093 unique SSR sequences in the DNA sequences of 2,033 clones isolated from genomic DNA libraries
enriched for (AC)n or (AG)n and screening 1,000 SSR primer pairs; 579 of the newly developed SSR markers (65.9% of the total) were polymorphic among
four elite inbred lines (RHA280, RHA801, PHA and PHB). The genetic map was constructed using 94 RHA280 × RHA801 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and 408 polymorphic SSR markers (462 SSR marker loci segregated in the mapping population).
Of the latter, 459 coalesced into 17 linkage groups presumably corresponding to the 17 chromosomes in the haploid sunflower
genome (x = 17). The map was 1,368.3-cM long and had a mean density of 3.1cM per locus. The SSR markers described herein supply a
critical mass of DNA markers for constructing genetic maps of sunflower and create the basis for unifying and cross-referencing
the multitude of genetic maps developed for wild and cultivated sunflowers.
Microsatellite Simple sequence repeat Helianthus Sunflower
The annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a morphologically and genetically variable species composed of wild, weedy, and domesticated forms that are used for
ornament, oilseed, and edible seeds. In this study, we evaluated genetic variation in 146 germplasm accessions of wild and
domesticated sunflowers using allozyme analysis. Results from this survey showed that wild sunflower exhibits geographically
structured genetic variation, as samples from the Great Plains region of the central United States were genetically divergent
from accessions from California and the southwestern United States. Sunflower populations from the Great Plains harbored greater
allelic diversity than did wild sunflower from the western United States. Comparison of genetic variability in wild and domesticated
sunflower by principal coordinate analysis showed these groups to be genetically divergent, in large part due to differences
in the frequency of common alleles. Neighbor-Joining analyses of domesticated H. annuus, wild H. annuus and two closely related wild species (H. argophyllus T. & G. and H. petiolaris Nutt.) showed that domesticated sunflowers form a genetically coherent group and that wild sunflowers from the Great Plains
may include the most likely progenitor of domesticated sunflowers.
We investigated phenotypic variation in 15 traits in greenhouse-grown plants from 16 populations of Clarkia unguiculata from three elevational habitats and six latitudinal transects. Populations from the lowest and highest elevations were geographically and ecologically marginal within the species' range. We (1) describe patterns of trait variation with elevation and latitude; (2) compare latitutidinal variation between marginal and central areas of the species' range; and (3) compare patterns of variation within C. unguiculata to interspecific patterns within the genus. Although there was some evidence that traits varied clinally (i.e., increased/decreased monotonically) along environmental gradients, interaction effects between altitude and latitude dominated patterns of variation. For most traits, latitudinal trends at the low-elevation margin of the species' range differed from trends at mid- and high-elevation areas. Based on interspecific comparisons, populations at the hotter, more arid ends of both environmental gradients were expected to have rapid development, small flowers and vegetative size, low levels of herkogamy and protandry, and high rates of gas exchange. Instead, we found that while some traits were correlated with one gradient in the expected way (e.g., development time with elevation, gas-exchange physiology with latitude), all traits were not consistently associated with each other along both gradients, and intraspecific patterns of variation differed from interspecific patterns.
Artificial crosses between Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris using 1:9, 1:1, and 9:1 mixtures of intraspecific: interspecific pollen were conducted to determine the role of interspecific pollen competition as a reproductive barrier in Helianthus. Of 1,245 achenes analyzed from the pollen competition experiments, only 49 were hybrids. The number of hybrids observed was significantly less than expectations for all three pollen mixtures, regardless of the identity of maternal parent (P < 0.01). Stigma age and pollen ratio had no significant impact on hybrid frequency. However, hybrids were significantly more frequent with H. annuus than with H. petiolaris as the maternal parent (P < 0.01). Analysis of pollen tube growth rates revealed no differences in the rate of growth of intraspecific vs. interspecific pollen. Likewise, pollinations with either intraspecific or interspecific pollen or with different pollen ratios did not affect the percentage of filled achenes. Thus, the mechanism responsible for selective fertilization by intraspecific pollen in mixed pollen loads remains unclear. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that interspecific pollen competition plays an important role in controlling the formation of hybrids between H. annuus and H. petiolaris and may partially account for patterns or differential cytoplasmic vs. nuclear introgression in Helianthus.
Helianthus annuus is a widely distributed and highly variable species comprising both cultivated and wild or weedy forms. Primarily through the culture of plants from many different areas in the experimental garden, variation of certain characters has been studied. Purple anther color is found throughout the entire range of the species; red anther color is seen in plants from the west; black anther color is found in the cultivated sunflower and occasionally in plants in nature from the central and eastern United States. Great variation is found to exist in ray number and disk diameter. Plants with small disks and few rays occur in the west and Texas whereas the more eastwardly plants have more numerous rays and larger disks. The plants from Texas are found to have the smallest achenes and the achene length is quite variable in the west and east, although there is a tendency for the eastern plants to have larger achenes. Certain exceptional western populations have been grown which have large heads and achenes, numerous rays, and occasionally black anthers and it is suggested that they have arisen through hybridization of the native sunflowers of the region with the cultivated sunflower. There is also some evidence of hybridization of the cultivated sunflowers with the wild "races" in the east. All "races" of the sunflower thus far known are homoploid and the hybrids between races are vigorous and fertile. Three subspecies, lenticularis, texanus, and annuus, and one variety, macrocarpus, are recognized and described. Some speculation is entertained in regard to the relationships of H. annuus and the origin of its subspecies. Subspecies lenticularis is probably the most similar to the original form of the species, subspecies annuus arose from lenticularis, and in turn gave rise to variety macrocarpus. Subspecies texanus is thought to have arisen as the result of the introduction of either lenticularis or annuus into Texas with the subsequent introgression of genes from H. debilis var. cucumerifolius. It is probable that the complicated variation pattern exhibited by H. annuus can be explained largely by the weedy nature of the species and the extensive hybridization within the species and with the other annual sunflowers.
A formal infrageneric classification for the genus Helianthus is presented. The classification was derived using phenetic, cladistic and biosystematic procedures. The 49 species of Helianthus are placed into four sections and seven series.
Artificial crosses between Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris using 1:9, 1:1, and 9:1 mixtures of intraspecific : interspecific pollen were conducted to determine the role of interspecific pollen competition as a reproductive barrier in Helianthus. Of 1,245 achenes analyzed from the pollen competition experiments, only 49 were hybrids. The number of hybrids observed was significantly less than expectations for all three pollen mixtures, regardless of the identity of maternal parent (P < 0.01). Stigma age and pollen ratio had no significant impact on hybrid frequency. However, hybrids were significantly more frequent with H. annuus than with H. petiolaris as the maternal parent (P < 0.01). Analysis of pollen tube growth rates revealed no differences in the rate of growth of intraspecific vs. interspecific pollen. Likewise, pollinations with either intraspecific or interspecific pollen or with different pollen ratios did not affect the percentage of filled achenes. Thus, the mechanism responsible for selective fertilization by intraspecific pollen in mixed pollen loads remains unclear. Nonetheless, these findings suggest that interspecific pollen competition plays an important role in controlling the formation of hybrids between H. annuus and H. petiolaris and may partially account for patterns or differential cytoplasmic vs. nuclear introgression in Helianthus.
A partir de travaux et observations menés depuis 1966 sur tournesol, nous avons mis en évidence l’existence de 2 stérilités mâles cytoplasmiques instables (type coriace et type curvonev) et de 3 stérilités mâles cytoplasmiques stables (type français ou classique, type ANASHENKO type petiolaris bis). Les analyses génétiques nous donnent à penser que le type français et le type petiolaris bis sont identiques, alors que le type ANASHENKO est différent. Il n’y aurait donc, à l’heure actuelle que 2 stérilités mâles cytoplasmiques stables : le type français et le type ANASHENKO
Samples from 11 populations of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, from Israel, were examined for morphological variation in a common garden plot design. Earliness traits had the highest between population variation of all traits studied. No relationship was found between dimensions of leaves and size of seeds.—Using numerical taxonomy methods, four races were found, which correspond to the geographical and environmental range of the species in Israel. It is concluded thatH. spontaneum shows a well developed tendency toward formation of highly adaptive races rather than exhibiting clinical variation.
Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci were used to investigate the origin and genetic relationships of the domesticated sunflower and its wild relatives. A total of 13 primers was employed for the PCR amplifications, from which 68 polymorphic loci were scored. Analysis of RAPD data supports the origin of the domesticated sunflower from wild H. annuus. The high RAPD identity between wild and domesticated H. annuus (I = 0.976 to I = 0.997) is concordant with a progenitor-derivative relationship. However, the identities are very high and therefore provide little information regarding the geographic origin of the domesticated sunflower. Nonetheless, some inferences concerning relationships among domesticated sunflower accessions can be made. The native American varieties and aid landraces form a genetically cohesive group based on RAPD evidence, probably due to their origin prior to the use of interspecific hybridization in the development of sunflower cultivars. In contrast, the modern cultivars are not genetically cohesive perhaps due to the extensive use of intraspecific and interspecific hybridization in the development of modern sunflower varieties. Likewise, little concordance was observed between the geographical origin and genetic clustering of wild populations-an observation probably best explained by the weedy, human dispersed nature of wild H. annuus populations. The information presented here may be a reliable indicator of genetic relationships among wild and domesticated sunflower accessions. However, the processes generating the observed relationships are complex, and the occurrence of unexpected groupings or absence of predicted ones will probably remain difficult to understand.
We investigate the properties of several significance tests for distinguishing between the hypothesisH of a homogeneous population and an alternativeA involving clustering or heterogeneity, with emphasis on the case of multidimensional observationsx
1, ...,x
n
p
. Four types of test statistics are considered: the (s-th) largest gap between observations, their mean distance (or similarity), the minimum within-cluster sum of squares resulting from a k-means algorithm, and the resulting maximum F statistic. The asymptotic distributions underH are given forn and the asymptotic power of the tests is derived for neighboring alternatives.
The domesticated sunflower,Helianthus annuus, is an important economic crop, yet molecular data regarding its evolution are limited. Here we review morphological, geographical,
archaeological, and molecular evidence pertaining to its origin and development. New isozyme and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) evidence
is also presented.
Morphological, geographical, and archaeological evidence has led to the hypothesis that the domesticated sunflower was derived
from a wild/weedy form ofH. annuus possibly in the Midwest. Molecular evidence was concordant with this hypothesis. A high degree of enzymatic and cpDNA sequence
similarity was observed between wild and domesticatedH. annuus, and domesticatedH. annuus contained a subset of the alleles and cpDNAs found in wildH. annuus. The extensive polymorphism in the wild plants and the virtual monomorphism in cultivated lines for both isozyme and cpDNA
phenotypes further suggest a single origin of the domesticated sunflower from a very limited gene pool. In addition, Native
American varieties of the domesticated sunflower were genetically more variable than other cultivated lines, possibly indicating
that they gave rise to the other cultivated stocks. Molecular evidence did not, however, allow conclusions as to the exact
geographic origin of the domesticated sunflower.
A procedure for forming hierarchical groups of mutually exclusive subsets, each of which has members that are maximally similar with respect to specified characteristics, is suggested for use in large-scale (n > 100) studies when a precise optimal solution for a specified number of groups is not practical. Given n sets, this procedure permits their reduction to n − 1 mutually exclusive sets by considering the union of all possible n(n − 1)/2 pairs and selecting a union having a maximal value for the functional relation, or objective function, that reflects the criterion chosen by the investigator. By repeating this process until only one group remains, the complete hierarchical structure and a quantitative estimate of the loss associated with each stage in the grouping can be obtained. A general flowchart helpful in computer programming and a numerical example are included.
For the Time-Use survey conducted by Insee in 1999 data was gathered from seven-day diaries in which working people noted their working hours for one week. Different types of working weeks were categorized by applying a two-stage optimal matching method, firstly for working days, then for simplified weeks using day types. The days differ greatly according to socio-professional category, the type of job, sector, but also gender. Pronounced regularities also emerge at a weekly level. Generally speaking, the better ones position in the economic system, the more independent time-management one has and the more working weeks are standard or long. Meanwhile, less skilled workers have working weeks which are shorter on average, but have staggered and fragmented schedules and a very low degree of control over their working time. For couples less independent time-management leads to their work schedules becoming more desynchronized and this creates new inequalities between households.
Étude de la variabilité d’Helianthus annuus sauvages. Chapitre D4
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L, Body T (1984) Genetic variation of Hordeum spon-taneum: eco-geographical races detected by trait mea-surement. Plant Syst Evol 145:15–28 Tang SJ, Yu K, Slabaugh M, Shintaniand D, Knapp S (2002) Simple sequence repeat map of the sunflower genome. Theor Appl Genet 105:1124–1136
Molecular evidence and the origin and development of the domesticated sunflower (H. annuus L.)
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Multivariate analysis: methods and applications Inheritance of the resistance to Orobanche cumana Wallr Resistance to Broomrape: The State of the Art Congresos y jornadas 51
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Interspecific pollen competition as a reproductive barrier between sympatric species of Helianthus (Asteraceae) SAS/STAT user's guide An infrageneric classification of Helianthus compositae
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LH, Desrochers A, Youn SJ (1995) Interspecific pollen competition as a reproductive barrier between sympatric species of Helianthus (Asteraceae). Am J Bot 82:515–519 SAS Institute (2000) SAS/STAT user's guide, Release 603 ed SAS Inst, Cary, NC Schilling EE, Heiser CB (1981) An infrageneric classification of Helianthus compositae. Taxon 30:393–403 Schneiter AA (1997) Sunflower technology and production.
Climate database version 2.1. Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
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Application of molecular biology and genomics to genetics enhancement of crop tolerance to abiotic stress - a discussion document. Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations FAO
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Taxonomy of Helianthus and origin of domesticated sunflower Sunflower science and technology
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Genetics resources in breeding for adaptation in plant breeding Adaptation in plant breeding. Kluwer, The Netherlands
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Inheritance of the resistance to Orobanche cumana Wallr
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Cropping practices: southern great plains
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Variation in agronomic and morphologic characteristics of several population of wild annual sunflower
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Wild Helianthus species a potential source of androsterilities
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Étude de la variabilité d’Helianthus annuus sauvages
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SAS/STAT user’s guide, Release 603 ed SAS Inst
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Stages of sunflower development
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Sunflower technology and production
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H. annuus natural populations to increase the whole genetic diversity of domesticated sunflower: the concept of neodomestication
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Evaluation of responses of interspecific and cultivated sunflower hybrids to water stress
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Taxonomy of Helianthus and origin of domesticated sunflower
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