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Inhibitory Effect of Fenugreek Galactomannan on Digestive Enzymes Related to Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, and Liver-kidney Dysfunctions
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of fenugreek galactomannan on intestinal glucose uptake in surviving
diabetic rats. It explored their potential action with respect to lowering maltase, lactase, and sucrase activities in the
small intestine of galactomannan-treated diabetic group compared to the diabetic control group. The findings indicate that
the increase of blood glucose levels was significantly suppressed in the galactomannan-treated group than those in the diabetic
rats. Moreover, the galactomannan isolated from fenugreek exhibited a prominent selective inhibitory effect against intestinal
lipase activity. It was found to significantly delay the absorption of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and the increase
in HDL-cholesterol. In addition, fenugreek galactomannan efficiently protect the hepatic function observed by the considerable
decrease of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) contents in the serum of diabetic
rats. The beneficial effects of fenugreek galactomannan were also evidenc-ed by their capacity to inhibit diabetes-induced
kidney injury through lowering the urea and creatinine content in plasma. Overall, the conclusion of the present study indicate
that fenugreek galactomannan displays a number of promising properties and attributes for future applications as therapeutic
agents in biotechnological and bioprocess-based technologies, particularly those interested in the development of anti-diabetic
and hypolipidemic drugs.
Keywordsfenugreek galactomannan-diabetes-lipase-disaccharidases-drugs
... They are generally carbohydrates that are sometimes also referred to as 'dietary fiber' or water-soluble oligosaccharide polymers and hydrogels. Examples of these in plants include β-glucan recovered from wheat germ [79], fructooligosaccharide from yacon [80], glucomannan from konjac [81], galactomannan from fenugreek [82] and acemannan from Aloe vera [44,83]. ...
... As mentioned earlier, dietary fibre is a good prebiotic; however, dietary fibre also modulates the glycaemic index of starchy foods, which helps to stabilize blood sugar levels [149]. This occurs by slowing gastric emptying and delaying the action of digestive enzymes, so that the glucose released in starch digestion is at a moderate pace, giving the pancreatic insulin release time to respond [82,150]. Thus, foods that are either fortified with or contain fructooligosaccharide [80], galactomannan [82], glucomannan [81], acemannan [83] or β-glucan [79] are better for health by reducing chances of diabetic complaints, which is a comorbidity and potential risk factor of CVD. ...
... This occurs by slowing gastric emptying and delaying the action of digestive enzymes, so that the glucose released in starch digestion is at a moderate pace, giving the pancreatic insulin release time to respond [82,150]. Thus, foods that are either fortified with or contain fructooligosaccharide [80], galactomannan [82], glucomannan [81], acemannan [83] or β-glucan [79] are better for health by reducing chances of diabetic complaints, which is a comorbidity and potential risk factor of CVD. ...
The rising burden of cardiovascular disease in South Africa gives impetus to managerial
changes, particularly to the available foods in the market. Since there are many economically disadvantaged groups in urban societies who are at the forefront of the CVD burden, initiatives to make healthier foods available should focus on affordability in conjunction with improved phytochemical diversity to incentivize change. The modern obesogenic diet is deficient in phytochemicals that are protective against the metabolic products of sugar metabolism, i.e., inflammation, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial fatigue, whereas traditional southern African food species have high
phytochemical diversity and are also higher in soluble dietary fibres that modulate the release of sugars from starches, nurture the microbiome and produce digestive artefacts that are prophylactic against cardiovascular disease. The examples of indigenous southern African food species with high horticultural potential that can be harvested sustainably to feed a large market of consumers include: Aloe marlothii, Acanthosicyos horridus, Adansonia digitata, Aloe ferox, Amaranthus hybridus, Annesorhiza nuda, Aponogeton distachyos, Bulbine frutescens, Carpobrotus edulis, Citrullus lanatus, Dioscorea bulbifera, Dovyalis caffra, Eleusine coracana, Lagenaria siceraria, Mentha longifolia, Momordica balsamina, Pelargonium crispum, Pelargonium sidoides, Pennisetum glaucum, Plectranthus esculentus, Schinziophyton rautanenii, Sclerocarya birrea, Solenostemon rotundifolius, Talinum caffrum, Tylosema esculentum, Vigna unguiculata and Vigna subterranea. The current review explains the importance of phytochemical diversity in the human diet, it gives a lucid explanation of phytochemical groups and links the phytochemical profiles of these indigenous southern African foods to their protective effects against cardiovascular disease.
... Water-soluble carbohydrate polymers are commonly referred to as 'dietary fibre' and have many chemical versions, such as fructooligosacharide from yacon (Padilla-González et al., 2020b), galactomannan from fenugreek (Hamden et al., 2010), glucomannan from konjac (Al-Chazzewi and Tester, 2010), acemannan from Aloe vera (Quezada et al., 2017), or β-glucan recovered from wheat germ (Aktas et al., 2015). ...
... However, they are also modulators of the glycaemic index of foods, stabilising blood sugar levels (Scazzina et al., 2013). They do this by delaying gastric emptying, inhibiting the action of digestive enzymes, and slowing the rate of digestion of starch (Hamden et al., 2010;Jayachandran et al., 2018). As previously mentioned, the most common soluble fibres include fructooligosaccharide (Padilla-González et al., 2020b), galactomannan (Hamden et al., 2010), glucomannan (Al-Chazzewi and Tester, 2010), acemannan (Quezada et al., 2017), or β-glucan (Aktas et al., 2015. ...
... They do this by delaying gastric emptying, inhibiting the action of digestive enzymes, and slowing the rate of digestion of starch (Hamden et al., 2010;Jayachandran et al., 2018). As previously mentioned, the most common soluble fibres include fructooligosaccharide (Padilla-González et al., 2020b), galactomannan (Hamden et al., 2010), glucomannan (Al-Chazzewi and Tester, 2010), acemannan (Quezada et al., 2017), or β-glucan (Aktas et al., 2015. ...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of illness and death globally. Its incidence has been closely linked to diet. This chapter reviews the complex nature of CVD and its comorbidities. It then assesses the current state of research on the protective and therapeutic effects of a range of plant phytochemicals in relation to CVD. It also addresses the range of initiatives to enhance phytochemicals in the diet to prevent or treat CVD.
... The term 'gum' refers to polysaccharide hydrocolloids, which do not form a part of cell wall, but are exudates or slims and are pathological products . Plant gums are defined as those substances of plant origin that are obtained as exudations from the fruits, trunks, or branches of trees spontaneously after the mechanical injury of the plant by the incision of the barks or by the removal of a branch or after invasion by bacteria or fungi (Hamden et al., 2010;Jones and Smith, 1949). The plant gums are amorphous substances containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and they are members of the carbohydrate group. ...
... For Non-Commercial Use and are characterized by dissolving in cold water or taking up water to form mucilage (Hamden et al., 2010). ...
... FSG (galactomannan) has already been reported for its inhibitory effect on the digestive enzymes related to diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and liver-kidney dysfunctions (Hamden et al., 2010). Hamden et al., (2010) performed the experiments on diabetic rats (glycemia ≥ 2 g/L). ...
... Blocking the mechanisms of dietary fat digestion and absorption has been utilized in management of obesity (Hamden, Jaouadi, Carreau, Bejar, & Elfeki, 2010). Inhibition of lipase activity with has been widely used in the pharmacotherapy of obesity (Hamden et al., 2010). ...
... Blocking the mechanisms of dietary fat digestion and absorption has been utilized in management of obesity (Hamden, Jaouadi, Carreau, Bejar, & Elfeki, 2010). Inhibition of lipase activity with has been widely used in the pharmacotherapy of obesity (Hamden et al., 2010). The in vitro study evaluated that SUFDP and SFDP inhibited pancreatic lipase activity and the more activity against lipase was pronounced in SFDP with IC50 = 268 µg/mL as compared to SUFDP with IC50 = 544 (Fig. 1). ...
Consumption of a high fat and sugar diets induced serious disorders and diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia and type2 diabetes. Food fiber exerts various beneficial effects in health. The present study evaluate the effect of Soluble Fermentable Dietary Pectin (SFDP) in high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. The findings indicate that administration of SFDP to HFFD rats improved body weight by decreasing lipase activity in intestine and pancreas by 34% and 22% respectively as compared to untreated HFFD rats; consequently decrease in body weight by 19%; and also decrease in TC and LDL-c and TG rates by 15%, 14%, and 32% and increase in HDL-c by 32%. In addition, consumption of SFDP significantly suppressed α-amylase activity (key enzyme related to hyperglycemia) and this leads to decrease in blood glucose level by 24% than those in the diabetic rats. In addition, SFDP efficiently protected the hepatic and kidney functions observed by the considerable decrease of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (Creat) and urea contents in the serum of diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of SFDP were also evidenced histological study of liver, kidney and heart tissues. Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that SFDP displays a number of promising properties and can used as therapeutic agents in for amelioration of obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.
... Fenugreek seeds contained a large amount of soluble dietary fiber (galactomannan), diosgenin, trigonelline, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, flavone C-glycosides and other ingredients that showed hypoglycemic activity on animals. The soluble dietary fiber, namely galactomannan, reduced the blood sugar level in diabetic objectives by delaying gastric emptying of carbohydrates, inhibiting digestive enzymes, increasing bowel movements and regulating intestinal flora (Hamden et al. 2010;Zentek et al. 2013). Diosgenin can protect pancreatic islet b-cells, up-regulate hepatic glucose kinase, down-regulate hepatic glucose heteroplasia, and enhance the anti-oxidase activity (Fuller and Stephen 2015). ...
... The dietary fibers such as galactomannan from fenugreek seeds appear significant anti-obesity function by forming a viscous gel in the intestine and inhibiting glucose and lipid absorption (Hamden et al. 2010). The water extract of fenugreek seeds (20:1) reduced fat accumulation induced by high-fat diet and improved dyslipidemia in rats via inhibiting fat digestion and absorption, improving metabolism of glucose and fat, enhancing insulin sensitivity, improving antioxidant capacity and reducing lipase (Kumar et al. 2014). ...
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is one of the oldest applied medicinal herbs. Significant pharmacological and clinical evidence have highlighted the medicinal application of fenugreek. Explore the current knowledge regarding the bioactivity (animal aspects) and clinical application of fenugreek and its bioactive components, as well as the products, markets and patents related to fenugreek. This review highlights the phytochemicals, bioactivity (animal aspects) and clinical application of fenugreek from recent literatures and products, markets and patents from database. Until now, more than 100 phytochemicals have been isolated from fenugreek seeds, mainly including polysaccharides, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Fenugreek extract and its bioactive compounds showed excellent antidiabetic activity and anti-obesity activity in animal and human study. Although the fenugreek seed has been used as TCM raw materials for a long time of period in China, China is lacking the research of fenugreek in both depth and width.
... [27] Inhibition of lipolytic enzyme activity: The decrease in lipase activity after several weeks of treatment with AqE-TFG showed that AqE-TFG inhibited the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine, and decreased the accumulation of triglycerides in various tissues of liver and WAT. [27,28] Another study reported that fenugreek galactomannan, could form a viscous gel in the intestine, inhibiting the absorption of glucose and lipids, ultimately improved dyslipidemia in HFD obese rats. [28] Ginger Ginger was the underground rhizome of the Zingier officinal plant belonging to the Zingibeaceae family. ...
... [27,28] Another study reported that fenugreek galactomannan, could form a viscous gel in the intestine, inhibiting the absorption of glucose and lipids, ultimately improved dyslipidemia in HFD obese rats. [28] Ginger Ginger was the underground rhizome of the Zingier officinal plant belonging to the Zingibeaceae family. It had been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda and Unani-Tibb since ancient times. ...
Hyperlipidemia is a disease of fat metabolism or abnormal operation in healthcare, characterized by one or more of high total cholesterol (TC), high triglycerides (TG), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in blood. Hyperlipidemia is prone to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, hyperinsulinemia and other diseases, posing a serious threat to human health. However, the commonly used chemical synthetic lipid-lowering drugs have obvious clinical effects, but the effect is biased to single and adverse reactions, such as adverse reactions of the nervous system, gastrointestinal reactions and liver damage. In recent years, a large number of literatures had reported that various medicinal plants or their active ingredients had lipid-lowering effects. Thus, finding safe and effective lipid-lowering components from natural medicines has a broad development prospects in research. In this review, I tried to explore the information of several active components of lipid-lowering plants and their lipid-lowering mechanisms, which may help future researchers develop new natural lipid-lowering drugs to treat hyperlipidemia.
... Blocking the mechanisms of dietary fat digestion and absorption has been utilized in management of obesity (Hamden, Jaouadi, Carreau, Bejar, & Elfeki, 2010). Inhibition of lipase activity with has been widely used in the pharmacotherapy of obesity (Hamden et al., 2010). ...
... Blocking the mechanisms of dietary fat digestion and absorption has been utilized in management of obesity (Hamden, Jaouadi, Carreau, Bejar, & Elfeki, 2010). Inhibition of lipase activity with has been widely used in the pharmacotherapy of obesity (Hamden et al., 2010). The in vitro study evaluated that SUFDP and SFDP inhibited pancreatic lipase activity and the more activity against lipase was pronounced in SFDP with IC50 = 268 µg/mL as compared to SUFDP with IC50 = 544 (Fig. 1). ...
Consumption of a high fat and sugar diets induced serious disorders and diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia and type2 diabetes. Food fiber exerts various beneficial effects in health. The present study evaluate the effect of Soluble Fermentable Dietary Pectin (SFDP) in high-fat/fructose diet (HFFD) induced obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. The findings indicate that administration of SFDP to HFFD rats improved body weight by decreasing lipase activity in intestine and pancreas by 34% and 22% respectively as compared to untreated HFFD rats; consequently decrease in body weight by 19%; and also decrease in TC and LDL-c and TG rates by 15%, 14%, and 32% and increase in HDL-c by 32%. In addition, consumption of SFDP significantly suppressed α-amylase activity (key enzyme related to hyperglycemia) and this leads to decrease in blood glucose level by 24% than those in the diabetic rats. In addition, SFDP efficiently protected the hepatic and kidney functions observed by the considerable decrease of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH), creatinine (Creat) and urea contents in the serum of diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of SFDP were also evidenced histological study of liver, kidney and heart tissues. Overall, the findings of the present study indicate that SFDP displays a number of promising properties and can used as therapeutic agents in for amelioration of obesity, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia.
... levels were reported in goats when fed on with fenugreek seeds (Alamer andBasiouni 2005, Al-Janabi 2012). Fenugreek seeds have also been reported to lower the urea and creatinine content in plasma (Hamden et al. 2010). Blood plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, glucose and total lipids were found to have no significant difference on fenugreek supplementation in a study conducted on dairy goats (Al-Shaikh et al. 1999). ...
... Contrarily, Abo El-Nor et al. (2007) reported an increase in blood glucose levels in fenugreek fed buffaloes. Vijayakumar et al. (2005) and Hamden et al. (2010) documented a decline in blood glucose levels on fenugreek extract administration in lab animal studies. Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) is a documented herbal galactogogue (Mallick andPrakash 2011, Mir et al. 2014). ...
The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) and Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) supplementation on blood biochemical parameters. The lactating cows were randomly divided into four groups, each group having six animals. T 1 , T 2 and T 3 group cows received Giloy stem powder (150 g), Fenugreek seed powder (150 g), and a combination of both the herbs (75 g of each) respectively, mixed with the concentrate feed for 60 days while the control group (T 0) received only the concentrate. Blood sampling was done fortnightly, from Day 0 to Day 75. Blood plasma samples were analyzed for biochemical parameters viz. glucose, protein profile (Total protein, albumin, globulin and A: G ratio) and renal profile (urea nitrogen and creatinine).). It was found that the feeding of Giloy stem powder lead to significantly lower levels (p ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ 0.05) of blood glucose in the blood of lactating dairy cows. Most of the other blood biochemical parameters remained unchanged in control and treated animals.
... Stevia glycosides have been shown to optimize blood sugar and insulin levels in diabetics [5]. Foods high in fibre, such as galactomannan, have been demonstrated to delay gastric emptying, and to inhibit diabetes-related digestive enzymes [6,7], which may influence the feeling of fullness and enhance postprandial hyperglycaemia. Dietary fibre is known to play a key role in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes [8,9]. ...
... The α-glucosidase is a membrane-bound intestinal enzyme, essential for degrading oligosaccharides to monosaccharides [10]. Food constituents such as dietary fibre, stevia and coffee phenols have been shown to act as glucosidase inhibitors [5,7,11], and to reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia. However, results on these compounds present in complex food matrices are missing. ...
This study assessed the in vitro effects of the bioaccessible food components released during the simulated human digestion of a coffee fibre-containing biscuit (CFB) on α-glucosidase activity, antioxidant capacity and satiety hormones. Digest of CFB presented a significantly (p < 0.05) lower amount of sugar (68.6 mg/g) and a higher antioxidant capacity (15.1 mg chlorogenic acid eq./g) than that of a sucrose-containing biscuit (SCB). The CFB significantly reduced (p < 0.05) α-glucosidase activity (IC50 = 3.3 mg/mL) compared to the SCB (IC50 = 6.2 mg/mL). Serotonin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release by differentiated Caco-2 and HuTu-80 cells, respectively, was stimulated by the CFB (355% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL and 278% at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL) to the same order of magnitude as those of the SCB. To summarize, the CFB was demonstrated to reduce monosaccharide bioaccessibility, to inhibit a diabetes-related digestive enzyme, and to improve the release of satiety hormones.
... In accordance, several researches have proven the potent capacity of fenugreek seed extract and its isolated bioactive compounds to treat diabetes. In fact, the administration of fenugreek galactomannan to diabetic rats reduced glucose concentration in plasma as compared to M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT diabetic untreated [80]. Similarly, the administration of fenugreek saponin to diabetic rats increased the hepatic glycogen content and suppressed the increase of blood glucose level [80]. ...
... In fact, the administration of fenugreek galactomannan to diabetic rats reduced glucose concentration in plasma as compared to M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT diabetic untreated [80]. Similarly, the administration of fenugreek saponin to diabetic rats increased the hepatic glycogen content and suppressed the increase of blood glucose level [80]. Hamden et al. [81] also administrated the formulation omega-3 fatty acid rich fenugreek essential oil (5% in food) for eight weeks and they noted a considerable inhibition of key enzymes-related to diabetes such as α-amylase and maltase activities in pancreas and plasma with a significant decrease of the glucose in the plasma and liver of diabetic rats. ...
The use of the medicinal plants in treating diabetes is frequent in Africa, especially in
Tunisia, and it is ritually transmitted from generation to generation within cultures. Many
of Tunisian medicinal plants have been experimentally validated. A comprehensive review was conducted to pile up information from scientific journal articles, including
indigenous knowledge researches, about Tunisian medicinal plants used for the treatment
of diabetes. The aim of this review article is to provide the reader with information
concerning the importance of Tunisian medicinal plants in the treatment of diabetes and
to draw attention of the health professionals and scientists working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop new drug formulations to cure different kinds of
diabetes.
... Fenugreek seeds are thought to have pharmacological effects such as antiviral, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activities. The seeds contain proteins rich in lysine and L-tryptophan, galactomannan that forms mucilaginous fiber, saponins, and sapogenins such as diosgenin and trigonelline, which are responsible for therapeutic effects such as inhibiting cholesterol and lowering sugar levels (Hamden et al., 2010;Kumar et al., 2014;Smith, 2003). However, one drawback of fenugreek seeds is their bitter taste and unpleasant odor, which limits their use in food formulations. ...
Fenugreek is one of the well‐known legumes, used for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, nutritional, and pharmaceutical properties. It was aimed to obtain coffee by blending microwave (600 W)‐roasted fenugreek with coffee arabica and to determine the best roasting conditions (2 and 4 min), and blending ratios (20% and 50%) for fenugreek seeds by consumer sensory analysis. A voluntary, minimal‐trained consumer panel of 80 panelists was conducted. Coffee from roasted Arabica beans (100%) was used as a control. Cronbach's alpha values of 67.2% and 90.9% were obtained for the reliability of the first and second parts of the survey, respectively. The attributes “brown” color, “burnt,” and “bitter” taste, and “astringent” texture were significantly different between samples (p < 0.05), whereas oily appearance, green color, coffee, green/vegan, fruity, sour, sweet, nutty, caramel, cacao, caffeine and creamy flavor, and viscosity sensation were statistically the same. The Tamhane T2 post hoc test showed that the color of the control sample was more brownish, whereas the 50% blend of 4 min roasted fenugreek had a more burnt, bitter, and astringent taste. Appreciation scores for taste/aroma, appearance, and mouthfeel also differed significantly between samples, whereas odor was rated as the same by panelists. This study shows that sample with 20% mixture of fenugreek roasted for 4 min at 600 W had statistically the same scores as the control sample in terms of odor, appearance, aroma, taste, and mouthfeel. These findings were also supported by physical and antioxidative quality measurements such as color, pH, moisture content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity.
... The inhibition of this enzyme in the small intestine is of key interest for blocking the absorption of lipids from the diet and preventing excessive body weight gain [42]. In this regard, the inhibition of the pancreatic lipase by fenugreek and its derived bioactive compounds, including saponins, either isolated or contained in extracts has been well described both in vitro and in vivo [35,[43][44][45][46][47][48]. ...
The acid hydrolysis of saponins is commonly performed by conventional heating to produce sapogenin-rich products of bioactive interest, but alternative hydrolysis methods and their impact on bioactivity have been unexplored. We compared the conventional method with microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis (MAAH) of a commercial saponin-rich extract from a typical saponin source, fenugreek, focusing on the study of temperature (100, 120, 130, 140, 150 °C) and time (10, 20, 30, 40 min) of hydrolysis. The impact of these factors was assayed on both the sapogenin yield and the bioactivity of the hydrolyzed products, specifically their antioxidant and lipase inhibitory activities. The highest sapogenin content (34 g/100 g extract) was achieved by MAAH at 140 °C and 30 min, which was higher than conventional hydrolysis at both reference conditions (100 °C, 60 min, 24.6 g/100 g extract) and comparative conditions (140 °C, 30 min, 17 g/100 g extract) (p < 0.001). Typical steroid artifacts from sapogenins were observed in very small amounts, regardless of the method of hydrolysis. Antioxidant activity of MAAH hydrolyzed extracts (around 80% DPPH inhibition) was barely affected by time and temperature, but pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity was higher (>65%) at lower MAAH temperature (
... Pancreatic islet β-cells could be protected by diosgenin, as well as downregulating hepatic glucose heteroplasia, upregulating hepatic glucose kinase, and the antioxidase activity also could be enhanced by diosgenin (Fuller and Stephen, 2015). Named galactomannan, the soluble dietary fiber could reduce the blood sugar level in diabetic adult male Wistar rats which were induced by nicotinamide and STZ solution through inhibiting digestive enzymes existing in the small intestine to make the gastric emptying of carbohydrates delayed (Hamden et al., 2010). To flavone C-glycosides, digestive enzymes and the formation of advanced glycation end products could be inhibited, activating insulin signaling (Xiao et al., 2016). ...
Natural flavonoids as the glycoside forms in vegetables and fruits are the most important phytochemicals in diets. Flavonoid glycosides are hydrolyzed both in the oral cavity and intestine to produce more bioactive and absorbable aglycones, which is meaningful to the health benefits of flavonoids. Here the structure-stability relationship/structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids were summarized. Although natural flavonoids displayed various bioactivities in cell and animal levels; however, their clinical outcomes are still limited. Isoquercetin, quercetin, EGCG, and genistein are hot molecules in clinical trials. It is really important to carry out large scale clinical and human studies in order to evaluate flavonoids benefits.
... Food hydrocolloids have been used as thickening, gelling, stabilizing, bulking, and emulsifying agents in food systems for many years (Giosafatto et al., 2007;Phillips and Williams, 2009). Furthermore, several studies reported that fenugreek galactomannan displays a number of promising properties and attributes for future application as therapeutic agents in biotechnology and bioprocess-based technologies, as well as a potential prebiotic that may play an important role in modulating gut flora by acting as a substrate for beneficial microbes (Hamden et al., 2010;Majeed et al., 2018). ...
Fenugreek has high fiber content and many potential uses, such as an adhesive, and a stabilizer and an emulsifying agent to change food materials. This study investigated the gum ratio and yield, emulsion capacity and stability, and diosgenin and protein content of 18 fenugreek genotypes and three cultivars cultivated under irrigated and dryland conditions. A wide range in the values of the samples traits was observed, including gum ratio (47.71-79.84%), gum yield (214.30–817.10 kg/ha), emulsion stability (84.62-100%), emulsion capacity (91.11-100%), diosgenin content (0.26-1.42%), and crude protein content (19.16-30.09%) under irrigated and dryland conditions. The PI 639185 and PI 660995 genotypes were superior, with the highest gum ratio and yield, and diosgenin content, compared with the other genotypes. In addition, the Berkem cultivar and PI 613633 genotype had the highest crude protein content. Fifteen correlations were found, positive or negative, and PCA analysis revealed 49.16% total variation. The fenugreek genotypes and cultivars were divided into two main groups; over 57% of the genotypes and 66% of the cultivars fell into the same group. The study suggested that the important genotypic variation for the properties of the examined fenugreek genotypes and cultivars may be utilized in developing new cultivars.
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... This is important as gut dysbiosis has been seen to be enough to impair metabolic and neurologic function of the mammalian host [15,[27][28][29][30][31][32]. In particular, studies have shown that fenugreek is an efficient treatment for hyperlipidemia, cholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia which maybe a result of the microbial alterations [15,[33][34][35][36]. ...
Herbal remedies are increasing in popularity as treatments for metabolic conditions such as obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. One potential therapeutic option is fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum), which have been used for treating high cholesterol and Type 2 diabetes. A proposed mechanism for these benefits is through alterations in the microbiome, which impact mammalian host metabolic function. This study used untargeted metabolomics to investigate the fenugreek-induced alterations in the intestinal, liver, and serum profiles of mice fed either a 60% high-fat or low-fat control diet each with or without fenugreek supplementation (2% w/w) for 14 weeks. Metagenomic analyses of intestinal contents found significant alterations in the relative composition of the gut microbiome resulting from fenugreek supplementation. Specifically, Verrucomicrobia, a phylum containing beneficial bacteria which are correlated with health benefits, increased in relative abundance with fenugreek. Metabolomics partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed substantial fenugreek-induced changes in the large intestines. However, it was observed that while the magnitude of changes was less, significant modifications were present in the liver tissues resulting from fenugreek supplementation. Further analyses revealed metabolic processes affected by fenugreek and showed broad ranging impacts in multiple pathways, including carnitine biosynthesis, cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. These pathways may play important roles in the beneficial effects of fenugreek.
... Recent research result highlighted the role of 4-OH isoleucine or galactomannan in the glucose tolerance improving and insulin sensitizing effect of fenugreek seeds. [20,102,181,263] The impact of fenugreek on body weight growth may be connected to the well-known fact that TFG is able to operate on central nervous system hormones involved in food intake control, such as melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) in other words ...
This is my Habilitation thesis, in order to have the right to coordinate PhD students.
... Dixit et al. (2005) showed that fenugreek seed powder improved the metabolism of broilers. The results of this trial are consistent with the findings of Hamden et al. (2010) and Yassin et al. (2020) who reported that the inclusion of fenugreek seed powder improved the feed conversion efficiency of broilers. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two medicinal plants, fenugreek and sagebrush, on the performance (growth, slaughter parameters and meat quality, biochemical and blood lipid parameters, bacteriological, virological and parasitological analyses) of broiler chickens. 300 Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used. On the 11th day of age, they were weighed and distributed in three lots of 100 chicks at a rate of 04 replicates of 25 chicks. The chickens in the control lot consumed pure water, those in the two experimental lots water, one with fenugreek infusion and the other with sagebrush infusion. The experiment finished when the chickens reached 6 weeks of age, i.e. 42 days. Supplementation with fenugreek and sagebrush infusions significantly affected final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and water consumption. However, no significant difference was noted for slaughter parameters except for liver weight which was higher in the sagebrush lot. The blood biochemical parameters of the chickens in the two experimental lots were not affected. In addition, the meat of the chickens in the sagebrush and control lots was noted to be very tender and juicier than the meat of the chickens in the fenugreek lot. Mortality was significantly similar in the two experimental lots and the control lot.
... In the first instance, β-glucan can lower cholesterol by acting as a prebiotic that is metabolized into short chain fatty acids (Jayachandran, Chen, Chung, & Xu, 2018). In the second, β-glucans and other all-natural non-starch soluble fibers that are present in wholegrains deactivate digestive enzymes and slow the rate of digestion (Hamden, Jaouadi, Carreau, Bejar, & Elfeki, 2010;Jayachandran et al., 2018), attenuating the rate of monosaccharide release from starches. ...
Background
The success of 5α-reductase inhibitors in the 1990s vindicated the role of androgens and cast doubt on the role of diet in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). However, poor glucose control and high cholesterol are now recognised as comorbidities, which are salient characters of the ‘western diet’.
Scope and approach
In glucose potentiated hair loss, continuous monosaccharide flux to the liver promotes the polyol pathway, causing fatty liver and attenuating synthesis of sex hormone binding globulin, accommodating the increased ratio of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to testosterone. The scalp of the balding phenotype is characterised by overactive PPAR-γ receptors, increased fatty acid synthesis, enlarged sebaceous glands and sebum secretions. Sebum feeds lipophilic bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes, which augment the expression of prostaglandin-type (PGD2 & 15d-PGJ2) ligands of PPAR-γ and increase local insulin sensitivity via Akt/mTOR pathways. In hyperglycaemic events the androgen dependent polyol pathway depletes glucose and generates purine by-products that antagonise adenosine receptors. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulate, and ATP levels reduce, slowing gluconeogenesis in the outer root sheath keratinocytes of the hair follicle. Furthermore, the current commentary suggests that an important mineral in hair health is magnesium, which is relevant to both glucose and cholesterol potentiated hair loss. Magnesium deficiency not only reinforces insulin resistance, but in cholesterol potentiated hair loss, local magnesium dependent monooxygenase enzymes that metabolise cholesterol and vitamin D are impaired. Furthermore, magnesium deficient muscles at the occipital and temporal region of the skull create mechanical strain against the galea aponeurotica.
Key findings and conclusions
Taking all of this into consideration, treatment options for androgenetic alopecia should include a low cholesterol and low glycaemic index diet, improved glucose control, and fortification with magnesium. Furthermore, the current narrative does not endorse severe caloric restriction for obvious health reasons.
... Kamble et al. 19 discovered that the low molecular weight galactomannans (GAL) fraction from fenugreek seeds (LMWGAL-TF) had promising dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effects in animal chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus (DM) models. Hamden et al. 20 indicated that fenugreek galactomannan displays a number of promising properties and attributes for future application as therapeutic agents in biotechnology and bioprocess-based technologies. Majeed et al. ...
Introduction: Galactomannas are polysaccharides similar to cellulose and starch. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar databases. The keywords were fenugreek, health benefits, bioactive components, galactomannans, diosgenin and pharmaceutical science. Results: Fenugreek galactomannan is a heteropolysaccharide which reduces blood glucose level as normalize the surface activities inside the small intestine. They are also used in food products in order to increase the thickness of the water content. The most important health benefits of galactomanna are reduction in LDL cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic, blood lipids, as well as to reduce blood pressure and fibrinolysis. Diosgenin is an isospirostane derivative and the product of acids or enzymes hydrolysis process of dioscin and protodioscin.
... Kamble et al. (2013) discovered that low molecular weight galactomannans (GAL) fraction from fenugreek seeds (LMWGAL-TF) showed promising and dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effects in animal model chronic metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus (DM). Hamden et al. (2010) indicated that fenugreek galactomannan displays a number of promising properties and attributes for future application as therapeutic agents in biotechnology and bioprocess-based technologies. Majeed et al. (2018) noted that galactomannan from fenugreek seed showed prebiotic potential which may play an important role in modulating gut flora by acting as substrate to beneficial microbes. ...
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual, self pollinating, legume crop believed to be native in the Mediterranean region and India. Major chemical constituents of fenugreek are polysaccharides, steroidal sapogenins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and etc. Among them, galactomannas and diosgenins are two important bio-actives. This study aimed to review the importance and health benefits of galactomannas and diosgenin in Fenugreek. Galactomannas are industrial polysaccharides next to cellulose and starch. Fenugreek galactomannan is a heteropolysaccharide which reduce level of blood glucose level, normalize the surface activities inside the small intestine; they are also used in food products in order to increase the thickness of the water content. The most important health benefits of galactomanna are reduction in LDL cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic, blood lipids, blood pressure and fibrinolysis. It displays a number of promising properties and attributes for future application as therapeutic agents in biotechnology and other pharmaceutical sciences. Diosgenin is an isospirostane derivative, it is a steroidal sapogenin and the product of acids or enzymes hydrolysis process of dioscin and protodioscin. Diosgenin shows different biological activity like anti-oxidant, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-adipogenic. Considering tremendous health benefits and pharmaceutical properties of fenugreek in modern and traditional science, fenugreek as one of the oldest is recommend for future studies.
... Changes in body and kidney weights in the five groups of rats are shown in Table 1. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS), developed in response to increase in blood glucose and lipid levels, are the main causative agents for liver damage [24]. The findings of the present study also demonstrated that the serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were remarkably increased in high cholesterol diet (HCD) than normal and fermented lovastatin (PL & ML) diet. ...
The aim of this project was to improve the Aspergillus terreus strain and pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse as carrier substrate for bulk production of lovastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, in solid state fermentation. Sugarcane bagasse was treated with alkali (1-3% NaOH) for the conversion of complex polysaccharides into simple sugars for better utilization of carrier substrate by microorganism for maximum lovastatin production. Ethidium bromide (time of exposure 30-180 min) was used to induce mutation in Aspergillus terreus and the best mutant was selected on the basis of inhibition zone appeared on petri plates. Fermented lovastatin was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The fermented lovastatin, produced by parent and mutant Aspergillus terreus strain, was checked on body weight, blood glucose and serum cholesterol, ALT, AST, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG and TC levels of rats for their cholesterol lowering capacity. Our results indicate that selected strain along with 2% NaOH treated sugar cane bagasse was best suitable for bulk production of lovastatin by fermentation and fermented lovastatin effectively lower the cholesterol level of rats.
... In fact, obesity is able to cause several health problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes. It is reported to constitute the 16th leading cause of global mortality (Hamden, Jaouadi, Carreau, Bejar, & Elfeki, 2010). Physiologically, obesity is an imbalance between energy intake and consumption that determines an excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue (Jung & Choi, 2014;Meier & Bonadonna, 2013;Strissel et al., 2007). ...
In vitro, this study showed that unfermented soy milk (USM) and kefir fermented soy milk (FSM) inhibited pancreas lipase with (IC50 = 52.17 and 39.37 μg/mL) and α-amylase activities with (IC50 = 72.60 and 52.71 μg/mL respectively). The most powerful lipase and α -amylase inhibitory activity was observed around 16 h of fermentation.
In HFFD rats, the supplement of FSM increased locomotor performance; and decreased intestinal and pancreas lipase activity by 34 and 35% as compared to untreated HDF-rats. This leads to decrease in TC and LDL-c by 24 and 66%; and increase in HDL-c rates of HFFD-rats by 32%, which helped to decrease in body weight by 20%. Moreover administration of FSM to HFFD-rats inhibited intestinal and pancreas α-amylase activity by 26 and 31% as compared to untreated HFFD-rats, and consequently decrease of blood glucose by 36%. In addition, FSM efficiently was protected from hepatic and kidney tissues toxicities.
... 30,31 Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of FS are exerted through bioactive chemical compounds found in FS such as diosgenin -a steroidal saponin -, 32,33 4-hydroxy isoleucine (4−OH-Ile) -a novel branched-chain amino acid-34,35 and galactomannan -a soluble dietary fiber. 36 Moreover, the improvement in FPG and blood pressure following FS supplementation in this study may be involved in renal function modification. 1 However, in the study of Lu et al. 15 on T2DM patients, 6.3 g/d FS consumption in a 12-week study did not have any effect on ALT, AST, BUN, and Cr. ...
Objectives
This study was designed to determine the effects of fenugreek seed (FS) on serum irisin levels, blood pressure, and liver and kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
In an 8-week randomized controlled clinical trial, T2DM patients (n = 50) were assigned to the intervention (5 g FS powder, 3 times a day) or control group. Both groups received anti-diabetic drugs and nutritional consults. Serum samples were collected and blood pressure was measured at baseline and end of the trial. Data on dietary intake and physical activity was determined using the questionnaires.
Results
Compared to the control group, FS consumption resulted in a significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (p = 0.024), as well as a significant change in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.02) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.001). Within-group analysis showed a significant decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p = 0.014), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.001), and irisin (p = 0.001) in the FS group, and a significant increase in creatinine (Cr) (p = 0.001) and decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = 0.001) in the control group. FS consumption did not have any significant effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
Conclusion
FS intake has some beneficial effects on FPG, SBP, and some liver and kidney function tests in patients with T2DM. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of FS on irisin levels. Trial registration number http://www.irct.ir, code: IRCT20190618043924N1
... Galactomannans are structurally 97 composed of a 1,4-β-D-mannosyl backbone substituted by a single galactose unit ᾳ-linked at the C-6 oxygen.Polysaccharides form the mucilage (galactomannan) present in the plant, and are finding wider applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, paint and paper industries following the more commonly used locust bean and guar gums, all of which possess high viscosity and neutral ionic properties (Rathore et al., 2013) .Fenugreek galactomannans contain a galactose to mannose ratio of 1:1.This high degree of galactose substitution renders the molecule relatively more soluble compared to galactomannans from guar or locust bean, which has a galactose to mannose ratio of 1:2 and 1:4, respectively(Quintans-Junior et al., 2013;Dionisio and Grenha, 2012).Presence of galactomannan in fenugreek seed is recognized as the principal source of soluble dietary fiber in the plant.. The soluble nature of galactomannan fiber from fenugreek has been linked to numerous human health benefits, mainly in the reduction of plasma glucose levels which has an antidiabetic effect.Dietary fiber is also known to have the potential to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, hepatoprotective and to protect against some cancers through the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and considerable decrease of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) contents in the serum of diabetic rats(Hamden et al., 2010). A study conducted byHannan et al (2007)demonstrated that the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) portion of fenugreek can significantly improve glucose homeostasis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption.They have also suggested that the SDF fraction may enhance insulin 98 action in type 2 diabetes as indicated by the improvement of oral glucose tolerance in these test subjects.2.8.4.5. ...
... Presence of galactomannan in fenugreek seed is recognized as the principal source of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) in the plant.The soluble nature of galactomannan fiber from fenugreek has been linked to numerous human health benefits, mainly in the reduction of plasma glucose levels and thus possess an antidiabetic effect (Arti Gupta, 2014). It is also known to be hepatoprotective and have the potential to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, and to protect against some cancers through the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol, and considerably decrease aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) and lactate deshydrogenase (LDH) contents in the serum of diabetic rats (Hamden et al., 2010). A study conducted by Hannan et al (2007) demonstrated that the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) portion of fenugreek can significantly improve glucose homeostasis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption. ...
Diabetes is a major health problem predisposing to markedly increased complications. Despite the numerous preventative strategies and armoires of medication, the management of diabetes remains grossly unsatisfactory. Diabetes is an oxidative stress related disorder and is emerging as a pandemic. The immediate need is to identify novel food based bioactive agents or drugs for curing or preventing diabetes, with comparatively fewer side effects. Plant secondary metabolites have long been known to have health benefits against various oxidative stress related diseases including diabetes. One of the most promising vegetable providing treasures of such secondary metabolites is fenugreek. This paper presents information on bioactive compounds of fenugreek and its strong anti-diabetic power. The herb have an enormous potential to prevent or cure diabetes more than other plant species especially due to the presence of unique chemical constituents including quercetin, diosgenin, trignolline, galactomanin and unusual amino acid 4 hydroxy isolucine. However, due to lack of enough scientific or clinical studies the use of fenugreek as hypoglycaemic official'drug remains to be explored. It is proposed that a close attention be paid for preventive and curative properties of this potent herb against diabetes and its complications.
... In turn, our data pointed out that chronic treatment with fenugreek seed worsened the aforementioned parameters, which suggests that it is not diosgenin, but other bioactive compounds present in TFG that are responsible for the metabolic alterations. Recent research result highlighted the role of 4-OH isoleucine or galactomannan in the glucose tolerance improving and insulin sensitizing effect of fenugreek seeds [5,12,20,30]. The effect of fenugreek in body weight gain might be related to the wellestablished fact that TFG is able to act on hormones in the central nervous system involved in the regulation food intake such as melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). ...
In the present study we investigated the effects of chronic oral treatment with fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum, TFG) and diosgenin (DG), one of its saponins, on diet induced obese (DIO) rats. Under the six weeks long treatment period metabolic parameters such as body weight, food and water intake were daily measured. At the end of the 6 weeks we performed insulin tolerance test (ITT). After 6 weeks of high fat diet the animals developed obesity. TFG treatment worsened the effects of diet induced obesity on body weight, abdominal adiposity and energy intake, but it had no effect on insulin sensitivity. Diosgenin alone did not show significant effects on the examined parameters. We conclude that diosgenin alone did not cause any particular body weight or fat gain, but is likely to interact in a complex manner with the other ingredients of the fenugreek seeds.. © 2019, Romanian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences. All rights reserved.
... Dietary inclusion of galactomannan (2.5 and 5% w/w) attenuated post-prandial hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and abdominal fat deposit in high sucrose-fed rats (Srichamroen et al., 2008). Oral administration of galactomannan to STZ-induced diabetic rats inhibited maltase, lactase and sucrase activities in the small intestine of treated rats (Hamden et al., 2010). These studies support the in vitro data and further confirm the amelioration of post-prandial hyperglycemia by the galactomannan. ...
Spices possess tremendous therapeutic potential including antidiabetic action, attributed to their bioactive ingredients. However, there is no study that critically reviewed the antidiabetic potency, safety and the bioavailability of the spice-derived bioactive ingredients (SDBI). Therefore, the aim of the study was to comprehensively review all published studies regarding the antidiabetic action of SDBI with the purpose to assess whether the ingredients are potential antidiabetic agents or adjuvant. Factors considered were concentration/dosages used, the extent of blood glucose reduction, the IC50 values, and the safety concern of the SDBI. From the results, cinnamaldehyde, curcumin, diosgenin, thymoquinone (TQ) and trigonelline were showed the most promising effects and hold future potentials as antidiabetic agents. Conclusively, future studies should focus on improving the tissue and cellular bioavailability of the promising SDBI to achieve greater potency. Additionally, clinical trials and toxicity studies are with these SDBI are warranted.
... Commonly used spices in Indian cuisine such as fenugreek, fennel powder, cardamom powder, mustard, ginger, cinnamon, and turmeric have been explored for anti-diabetic activity [95]. Fenugreek galactomannan lowers the level of maltase, lactase, and sucrase activities in diabetic experimental rats [96]. The ?- amylase inhibitory activities of different common Cameroonian spices concluded that the aqueous extracts had more than 75% inhibitory activity [97]. ...
... Recent study showed that curcumin-loaded nanoparticles reduced the MDA levels compared to curcumin in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (Xiaoling et al. 2017) protruding that formulations of curcumin is more effective compared to free curcumin. Glactomannans from fenugreek was found to delay the absorption of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, whereas they promote the uptake of HDL-cholesterol (Khaled et al. 2010) inturn enhance the protective action of curcumin-galactomannoside complex against inflammatory cascade induced by oxidised LDL. Ox-LDL plays an important role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis, and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) is one of the major lipid peroxidation breakdown products involved in this process. ...
Oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a pro-atherogenic molecule, which induces inflammatory response and contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction to atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of a novel bioavailable formulation of curcumin as ‘curcumagalactomannosides’ (CGM) against ox-LDL-induced inflammatory responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Curcumagalactomannosides was made from natural curcumin using the soluble dietary fibre (galactomannans) derived from fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenumgracum) and the hPBMCs were isolated from healthy human volunteers. The cells were cultured in collagen-coated plates at 37 °C and grouped as Group I (Control), Group II (ox-LDL treated) and Group III (ox-LDL + CGM treated). Further analysis of inflammatory markers, reactive oxygen species and mRNA expression levels indicated significantly increased expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and VCAM-1 in ox-LDL-treated group along with the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Other inflammatory markers such as LOX, PGE2, total COX and lipid peroxidation level were also found to be significantly (p < 0.05) increased upon ox-LDL treatment. The treatment with CGM on the other hand was found to down-regulate and reverse the ox-LDL-induced alterations indicating its potential anti-inflammatory effect on hPBMCs via. NF-κB signalling pathway.
... Moreover, 4-OH-Ile also exerts anti-inflammatory action via reducing TNF-α mRNA expression [57,58]. Galactomannan, another component of fenugreek, inhibits some lipid-and carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-glucosidase, that leads to decreased lipid and glucose absorption [59][60][61]. These properties of fenugreek compounds have been commercialized in products for general use, such as Fenfuro TM , a patented dietary supplement containing fenugreek seed extract that has proven to be useful in the therapy of T2DM [62]. ...
Fenugreek is a common herb possessing several bioactive components including diosgenin. Here, dietary fenugreek seed flour and diosgenin were evaluated on a model of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by abdominal aortas isolated from rats receiving high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFHSD). 60 male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups: (i) negative control getting conventional rat feed regimen; (ii) positive control receiving HFHSD; (iii) a test group fed 2 g/kg bw/day fenugreek seed flour (containing 10 mg/kg bw/day diosgenin) + HFHSD; (iv) three test groups fed 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg bw/day diosgenin + HFHSD. Alimentary treatments were carried out for six weeks. The abdominal aortas were isolated, and 2 mm wide rings were sectioned off and mounted at a resting tension of 10 mN in organ baths containing Krebs solution (36 °C) exposed to 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂. After 60-min incubation, a norepinephrine concentration-response (E/c) curve was generated to determine their half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) value. After 60-min wash-out, a pre-contraction with norepinephrine EC50was made, followed by an acetylcholine E/c curve. Plasma glutathione levels, glutathione-handling enzyme activities and blood antioxidant capacities were also determined. HFHSD significantly decreased the dilatory response to acetylcholine and increased plasma glutathione levels and these effects were significantly reversed by fenugreek seed flour, 10 and 50 mg/kg bw/day diosgenin. Both fenugreek and diosgenin treatments prevent HFHSD-induced endothelial dysfunction and redox changes. As fenugreek treatment was more effective at lower acetylcholine concentrations than diosgenin treatments, components of fenugreek other than diosgenin may contribute to the beneficial effects of dietary fenugreek seed flour.
... Many studies have suggested the hepatoprotective role for fenugreek [4][5][6][7]. This could be due to the antioxidant activity of seeds, in addition to their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties. ...
... Fenugreek have great medicinal value and proved to be a good hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, galactagogue, laxative stimulant, carminative, stomachic, antacid, anti-ulcerative, anti-bacterial, anti-hypertensive, anti-thrombotic, anti-carcinogenic, antioxidant, and diuretic (Robert et al. 2016;Balaraman et al. 2006;Hamden et al. 2010;Kaviarasan et al. 2007;Kaviarasan et al. 2004;Udayasekhra et al. 1996;Srinivasan 2006). ...
Dimethoate is a widely used organophosphate insecticide known to be toxic to the pancreas. The aim of this study is to detect the possible protective effects of the fenugreek seed ethanolic extract on the biochemical, histological, and ultra-structural abnormalities induced by dimethoate chronic exposure in the pancreas of adult male rats. The study was conducted on 50 adult male albino rats that were divided equally into 5 groups: (group I) negative control, (group II) vehicle control group, (group III) fenugreek-treated group that was given 400 mg/kg ethanolic fenugreek seed extract once daily, (group IV) dimethoate group received 20 mg/kg/day dimethoate, and (group V) dimethoate- + fenugreek-treated group received a combination of dimethoate and fenugreek in the same previous doses. Dimethoate treatment caused a significant increase in serum glucose, amylase, and lipase levels and a significant decrease in serum insulin. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation and pro-fibrotic cytokine (TGF-β1) together with a significant reduction of the antioxidant {reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD)} activities and the anti-inflammatory (IL-4) in pancreatic tissues was also recorded. There was a histological and ultra-structural evidence of pancreatic acinar and islet cell injury. The recorded abnormalities were reversed in dimethoate+fenugreek treated group indicating that fenugreek ethanolic extract can serve as an antidote for dimethoate-induced pancreatic insult.
... Commonly used spices in Indian cuisine such as fenugreek, fennel powder, cardamom powder, mustard, ginger, cinnamon, and turmeric have been explored for anti-diabetic activity [95]. Fenugreek galactomannan lowers the level of maltase, lactase, and sucrase activities in diabetic experimental rats [96]. The αamylase inhibitory activities of different common Cameroonian spices concluded that the aqueous extracts had more than 75% inhibitory activity [97]. ...
Diabesity refers to the complicated conditions of diabetes and obesity occurring simultaneously within a single individual. The incidences of diabetes and obesity are growing at a rapid pace throughout the world that are mainly associated with lifestyle and dietary habits, aside from genetic vulnerability. Authors have reviewed the epidemiology and other negative aspects of diabesity followed by some of the management practices recommended. The declining of traditional lifestyles and dietary patterns is leading to a rapid increase in the prevalence of diabesity that is upcoming as a serious cause of concern world over. Diabetes, obesity, and their associated complications are without doubt a principal issue and threat in developing and under-developed nations. Diabesity has emerged as a major threat. This condition has been described as a slow poison, whose influence cannot be controlled or cured. The dietary measures offer the most viable and effective solution to diabetes onset, in addition to the obese state. The designing of a smart diet (i.e. healthy diet) and selecting gut microbiota having probiotic influence on the host can target in the weight reduction/ management, in addition to stabilizing sugar levels in the blood of an individual. Additionally, the regular physical workout can help an individual in controlling body weight and regulate other biochemical conditions which lead to various types of metabolic disorders. All of these issues are discussed in this review article which covers the causes, prevention, and control of diabesity.
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Poultry is one of the most consumed sources of animal protein around the world. To meet the global demands for poultry meat and eggs, it is necessary to improve their nutrition to sustain the poultry industry. However, the poultry industry faces several challenges, including feedstuff availability, the banning of antibiotics as growth promoters, and several environmental stressors. Therefore, there is a critical need to include available nutraceuticals in the diet to sustain the poultry industry. Nutraceuticals are natural chemical substances that positively influence animal physiological and productive traits. Botanical products (such as fenugreek seeds, ginger roots, and olive leaves) are among the most commonly used nutraceuticals and are gradually gaining popularity in the poultry industry due to their immense benefits in nutrition and therapeutic properties. They can be added to the diet separately or in combination (as a natural antioxidant and immunostimulant) to improve poultry health and production. Botanical products are rich in essential oils and essential fatty acids, which have multiple benefits on the animal's digestive system, such as activating the digestive enzymes and restoring microbiota balance, enhancing poultry health, and production. These nutraceuticals have been shown to stimulate the expression of several genes related to growth, metabolism, and immunity. In addition, the essential oil supplementation in poultry diets up-regulated the expression of some crucial genes associated with nutrient transportation (such as glucose transporter-2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1). Previous studies have suggested that supplementation of botanical compounds increased broiler body weight and hen egg production by approximately 7% and 15%, respectively. Furthermore, the supplementation of botanical compounds enhanced the reproductive efficiency of hens and the semen quality of roosters by 13%. This review article discusses the significant effects of some botanical products in the poultry industry and how they can benefit poultry, especially in light of the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an important food and spice with bioactive compounds against diabetes. In this study, fenugreek seeds germinating in darkness for 72 hours were studied using quantification of trigonelline and 4-hydroxyisoleucine and an LC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolomic approach capable of accurately estimating 237 features from various primary and specialized compound classes.
During germination, the concentrations of trigonelline and 4-hydroxyisoleucine rose by 33.5% and 33.3%, respectively. At the same time, untargeted metabolomics revealed 9 putative flavonoids increasing 1.19- to 2.77-fold compared to the dormant seeds. A set of 19 steroid saponins rose by 1.08- to 31.86-fold. Primary metabolites however showed much more variability: abundance changes in amino acid derivatives, peptides and saccharides fell in the 0.09- to 22.25-fold, 0.93- to 478.79-fold and 0.36- to 941.58-fold ranges, respectively.
To increase biosynthesis of specialized metabolites during germination, sprouts were exposed to 1-100 mM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and methyl salicylate (MeSA). The hormone treatments affected normal metabolism: 67.1–83.1% and 64.1–83.5% of compounds showed a reduction compared to the controls in 100 mM MeJA and MeSA treatments at different sampling time points. Contrary to expectations, the abundance of flavonoids decreased, compared to the control sprouts (0.75- and 0.68-fold change medians, respectively). The same was observed for most, but not all steroid saponins.
The quality-controlled untargeted metabolomics approach proved to yield excellent insight into the metabolic changes during germination of fenugreek. The results suggest that although fenugreek germination causes major shifts in plant metabolism, there are no major qualitative changes in bioactive specialized metabolites during the first three days. This stability likely translates into good bioactivity that is similar to that of the seeds. Because the large changes in the primary metabolites likely alter the nutritive value of the seed, further studies are warranted.
Fenugreek also called as Trigonella foenum graecum, belong to Fabaceae family. It is one of the most common Indian spices that are particularly recognized for its culinary, medicinal, and aromatic properties. Fenugreek is more pronounced for its health-promising properties such as antiinflammatory, antiulcer, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Fenugreek is enriched with various chemical constituents that aids in enriching its nutraceutical properties. Its chemical constituents majorly composed of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, fibers, vitamin, and fatty acids. Fenugreek is enhancing human health by providing different bioactive compounds, antioxidant compounds, and hepatoprotective capacity. Fenugreek gel formation property aids in preventing antiulcer as studied with respect to some antiulcer drugs available like omeprazole. Fenugreek is one major kitchen ingredient that controls various metabolic diseases by its different nutraceutical properties. Based on the past evidences, the present review chapter aims to elaborate the nutraceutical properties of fenugreek.
Herbs, Spices and Their Roles in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods gives an overview of the many pharmacological activities associated with herbs and spices, including detailed coverage on their mechanisms and formulations for the food industry. Chapters focus on key ingredients such as Curcuma longa, Piper Nigrum and Trigonella foenum-graecum, with contributors across the globe providing the latest research and advances for each. This is an essential read for scientists who want to understand the fundamental mechanisms behind the bioactive compounds within herbs and spices. The numerous phytochemicals present in plant extracts have multiple pharmacological activities so there is extensive research into new bioactive compounds. The pharmacological activities of herbs and spices have been thoroughly investigated, and it is crucial that the latest research is organized into a comprehensive resource.
Hypoxia is one of the main pathogenetic factors in liver, an organ that exhibits lower oxygen pressure than that in other organs. Liver hepatocytes have an approximately 10-fold higher oxygen demand than other cells for homeostatic metabolism. Moreover, several clinical studies have indicated that liver diseases might aggravate some kidney diseases. Therefore, it is critical to develop in vitro models for investigating diseases resulting from the interaction of liver and kidney under hypoxia. In this study, transwell plates were used to evaluate the interaction between proximal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes under hypoxia, which was induced using a mixture of sodium sulfite and cobalt chloride. Increased relative lactate dehydrogenase release was not observed in single cultures of proximal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes under hypoxic conditions. Compared to single cultures of proximal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes, relative lactate dehydrogenase releases were 1.70 and 1.50 times higher in co-cultures of proximal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes, respectively. Gene expressions of several markers such as serine palmitoyltransferase light chain 1 and ceramide synthetase 2 were analyzed to examine lipotoxicity under hypoxia. In addition, treatment with myriocin, a well-known ceramide inhibitor, reduced cytotoxicity in proximal tubular epithelial cells. The results of this study suggest that hypoxia might not be cytotoxic in separate monolayer cultures of proximal epithelial cells and hepatocytes. However, it might be cytotoxic due to interactions between these cell types, possibly due to an accumulation of ceramide, a result that can be described as lipotoxicity.
Most drugs are available in the market for use in diabetes management. Their side effects and high costs, however, underline the need for natural herbal medicines. Diabetes is a significant health problem that can cause substantially higher complications. The treatment of diabetes is still extremely unsatisfactory, despite numerous preventive methods and armoires of medication. The management of diabetes still remains grossly unsatisfactory. Diabetes mellitus is a critical disease with constantly increasing death rates. It is characterized by elevated level of blood glucose due to the insufficient production of insulin and insulin resistance, or both, causing abnormalities in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins metabolism. The immediate need is to identify novel food based bioactive agents or drugs for curing or preventing diabetes, with comparatively fewer side effects. Plant secondary metabolites have long been known to have health benefits against various oxidative stress related diseases including diabetes. Trigonella foenum-graecum herb has an enormous potential to prevent or cure diabetes more than other plant species especially due to the presence of unique active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. Furthermore, the use of fenugreek as a hypoglycemic official medication is still to be examined due to a lack of adequate science or clinical studies. The preventive and healing properties of this potent herb against diabetes and its complications are recommended to be carefully examined. This chapter presents information on bioactive compounds of Trigonella foenum-graecum and its strong antidiabetic power.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds are used widely in culinary preparations and in traditional medicine. The biomedical activities of fenugreek are generally attributed to its bioactive constituents such as diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine (4-HIL), trigonelline, galactomannan (GM), and polyphenols such as quercetin. Fenugreek seeds have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on several physiological markers related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and play a role as a dietary modulator on the physiology and metabolism and the effects on the biological mechanisms of action relevant in the context of diabetes mellitus and other lifestyle diseases. Its nutraceutical properties also extend to inflammation, digestive stimulation, antioxidation, immunomodulation, antimicrobial property, and as a galactagogue. Thus, fenugreek seed can be considered as a wonder spice with the greatest scope in promoting it as a notable and viable source of nutraceutical.
Lead is an ubiquitous element detected in all environmental media. Adult human beings and children receive lead the most from food, air and water intake. The majority of lead in the environment arises from burning of fossil fuels in automobiles and industrial emission. Lead occurs widely in the biosphere and is found to be a potent hepato-toxicant. The objective of this study was to screen the hepatoprotective role of glutamine against lead acetate intoxication in mice. For this purpose, mice were randomized into control (aquadest, lead acetate and glutamine) and experiment group. Mice of the experimental group were administered 3,2 mg glutamine orally once in a day for 7 consecutive days. Mice were then treated with lead acetate (20 mg/kg of body weight animal intraperitoneally) on 7 day, one hour after glutamine administration. Then the mice blood were taken at 2 days to examine aminotransferase enzyme activation in quantitative technique. The results indicate that administration of 20 mg Pb/kg dose significantly increased levels of transaminase enzymes, whereas prevention can reduce levels of glutamine transaminase enzymes when compared with the experimental group were given Pb. It was observed that glutamine treatment can restore ameliorated activation aminotransferase enzyme. This fact proves that glutamine is an antioxidant precursor which can reduce oxidative stress with activity parameter aminotranferase enzyme.
Scientific studies of Aloe vera have tentatively explained therapeutic claims from a mechanistic perspective. Furthermore, in vitro outcomes demonstrate that the breakage of acemannan chains into smaller fragments enhances biological effects. These fragments can intravenously boost vaccine efficacy or entrain the immune system to attack cancer cells by mannose receptor agonism of macrophage or dendritic cells. With oral consumption, epithelialisation also occurs at injured sites in the small intestine or colon. The main advantage of dietary acemannan is the attenuation of the digestive process, increasing satiety, and slowing the release of sugars from starches. In the colon, acemannan is digested by microbes into short-chain fatty acids that are absorbed and augment the sensation of satiety and confer a host of other health benefits. In topical applications, an acemannan/chitosan combination accelerates the closure of wounds by promoting granular tissue formation, which creates a barrier between macrophages or neutrophils and the wound dressing. This causes M2 polarisation, reversal of inflammation, and acceleration of the re-epithelialisation process. This review summarises and explains the current pharmacodynamic paradigm in the context of acemannan in topical, oral, and intravenous applications. However, due to contradictory results in the literature, further research is required to provide scientific evidence to confirm or nullify these claims.
BACKGROUND
Fenugreek seeds host various bioactive compounds, and galactomannan (GM) is a significant soluble fibre. In this study, selective extraction is adapted to extract fenugreek seed GM to improvise the yield recovery. The seeds are fractionated, separated and classified as husk and cotyledons. Comparative studies have been performed to evaluate the crude and pure GM yield between different groups such as the whole seed, and the classified fractions. Characterization is done using FT‐IR, DSC, SEM, monosaccharide composition, optical density, and the structure is elucidated through NMR. The GM obtained through extraction is used to study its enzyme inhibitory property associated with hyperglycemia.
RESULTS
GM yield extracted from the husk are highly significant compared to other groups. Crude GM and pure GM yielded 2 and 3.25 times higher than the yield obtained through whole seed samples. The characterization of the pure GM is on par with the existing reports. The purified GM inhibited α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzymes in vitro with IC50 of 21.08 ± 0.085 and 67.17 ± 5.15 μg/ml, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Selective extraction prompts enhancement in the recovery of the bioactive compound, minimal use of the resources, and promotes industrial viability. Characterization of the compound confirms the structure. Enzyme inhibitory property makes the GM to be a valuable compound in diabetic prevention/treatment.
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Herbal medicines have always been a form of therapy for livestock among resource-poor smallholder farmers. This article is a review of present literature data of Fenugreek and Giloy as potential nutraceuticals and galactagogue in animal husbandry. Both these herbs are known to have pharmacological effects which include hypoglycemic, hypo-lipidemic, antidiabetic, hepato-protective, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and galactagogue activity. The commercially available drugs pose health threats and prove detrimental to both human and animal health. The traditional use of herbal preparations suggests that they are safe and effective, however, scientific validation is still required for many of them especially for animal use. The phyto-pharmacological research on these two natural products show a ray of hope for the discovery of new active compounds with a novel structure that has potential to serve as a natural lead compound for the development of new nutraceuticals and galactagogue for animal health.
Culinary herbs and spices are widely used as a traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes and its complications, and there are several scientific studies in the literature supporting the use of these medicinal plants. However, there is often a lack of knowledge on the bioactive compounds of these herbs and spices and their mechanisms of action. The aim of this study was to use inverse virtual screening to provide insights into the bioactive compounds of common herbs and spices, and their potential molecular mechanisms of action in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, a library of over 2300 compounds derived from 30 common herbs and spices were screened in silico with the DIA-DB web server against 18 known diabetes drug targets. Over 900 compounds from the herbs and spices library were observed to have potential anti-diabetic activity and liquorice, hops, fennel, rosemary, and fenugreek were observed to be particularly enriched with potential anti-diabetic compounds. A large percentage of the compounds were observed to be potential polypharmacological agents regulating three or more anti-diabetic drug targets and included compounds such as achillin B from yarrow, asparasaponin I from fenugreek, bisdemethoxycurcumin from turmeric, carlinoside from lemongrass, cinnamtannin B1 from cinnamon, crocin from saffron and glabridin from liquorice. The major targets identified for the herbs and spices compounds were dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM), liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2), pancreatic alpha-amylase (AM2A), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 9 (PTPN9), and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4) with over 250 compounds observed to be potential inhibitors of these particular protein targets. Only bay leaves, liquorice and thyme were found to contain compounds that could potentially regulate all 18 protein targets followed by black pepper, cumin, dill, hops and marjoram with 17 protein targets. In most cases more than one compound within a given plant could potentially regulate a particular protein target. It was observed that through this multi-compound-multi target regulation of these specific protein targets that the major anti-diabetic effects of reduced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia of the herbs and spices could be explained. The results of this study, taken together with the known scientific literature, indicated that the anti-diabetic potential of common culinary herbs and spices was the result of the collective action of more than one bioactive compound regulating and restoring several dysregulated and interconnected diabetic biological processes.
The seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) have a long history of usage as spices and medicine that attributes to the diverse chemical composition of fragrant small molecules, amino acid derivatives (4-hydroxyisoleucine), alkaloids (trigonelline), galactomannan rich polysaccharides, phenolic compounds of both flavonoids and aromatic acids, and complex saponins. The diversity of pharmacological activities induced by the seeds powder, extracts and active components in diabetes and hyperlipidaemic models are astonishing. This chapter provides the mechanistic basis and potential applications for diabetes and a range of associated disorders by assessing data from in vitro, extensive animal models and human trials. The contribution of the active components individually and as a group in the seeds preparations is discussed. Improvement of insulin sensitivity, insulin release, regulation of lipid metabolism and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of organoprotective effects under diabetes pathology are among the discussion topics.
Fenugreek is used extensively as spice, herb, food and medicine. Its active ingredient includes galactomannan, saponins, trigonelle, diosgenin and 4-hydroxyisoleucine has pronounced effect in controlling diabetes. The effect of galactomannan derived from fenugreek on fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile was observed in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetics. The study was conducted as a 12-week interventional randomized, single blind control study with 4-week washout period on newly diagnosed type-2 diabetics (n = 64). After systematic randomization study, the group (n = 32) received 1 gm/day galactomannan and a control group (n = 32) received placebo. Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and lipid profile were measured thrice i.e. at baseline, 12-weeks and finally after washout period of 4-weeks. Mean and SD were calculated for each variable. The study group showed significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein. Although, there was improvement in high density lipoprotein but was not significantly raised. The results suggest that galactomannan in low dose can be used as alternative therapy for management of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetics.
This volume of the International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine shows the latest scientific researches concerned with analyses of the hypolipidemic activities of the tea extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and their blend at different concentrations, using experimental animal model; examination of the antileishmanial potential of Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby to reduce the parasitic burden of macrophages infected with Leishmania sp. in vitro; evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) A. Juss. ex Spreng. extracts; determination of the effect of fermentation and germination, and the addition of sweet potato tuber paste on the chemical composition and bioavailability of Zn and Fe in kunu-zaki, a Nigerian traditional beverage; assessment of the phytochemical and antifungal efficacy in vitro of leaf and stem bark extracts of Parkia
biglobosa Benth. on the fungal pathogens isolated from infected green bean seeds obtained from the field in Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria; investigation of the new bioactive substances isolated from aqueous methanolic extract of Calendula officinalis L.; identification of the antimicrobial activity of chloroform and methanolic extracts of Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.
There are also presented several reviews which devoted to comprises scientific data concerning morphological, distribution and phytochemical characters of the genus Astragalus; discussion of the effects of most common plants (foenugreek, nigella and termis) used in Saudi Arabia and some other Arab countries as antidiabetic agents; observation from a critical point of view recent investigations in relation to islet transplantation performed upon primate, porcine, murine and rabbit models.
Fenugreek is a traditional plant for the treatment of diabetes. Galactomannan, an active major component in fenugreek seeds, has shown hypoglycemic activity. The present study was performed to investigate the therapeutic mechanism underlying fenugreek galactomannan (F-GAL) in treating diabetes, using a metabonomics approach based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS). The F-GAL used for study was highly purified, and its yield, purity, and galactose/mannose ratio were characterized by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and a modified phenol-sulfuric acid method. After treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with F-GAL for 28days, urine and serum samples were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Multivariate statistical approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to distinguish the non-diabetic/untreated, diabetic/untreated, and diabetic/F-GAL-treated groups. Then, potential biomarkers were identified that may help elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanism of F-GAL in diabetes. The results demonstrated that there was a clear separation among the three groups in the PCA model. Fourteen potential biomarkers were identified by OPLS-DA, and they were determined to be produced in response to the therapeutic effects of F-GAL. These biomarkers were involved in histidine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, energy metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that a metabonomics approach is a powerful, novel tool that can be used to evaluate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of herb extracts.
In this study, the potential therapeutic benefits of galactomannan from Caesalpinia ferrea (juca) seeds on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Wistar rats were evaluated. After purification procedure, the purified juca seed galactomannan (JSG) was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface tension, atomic force microscopy (AFM), zeta potential and particle size, gel permeation chromatography(GPC), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H and ¹³C NMR), rheology and assessment of toxicity compared to human neutrophils, measured through lactated hydrogenase (LDH) activity. Our experiments indicated that JSG lowered hyperglycemia in diabetic rats and significantly decreased serum TAG (mediated effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism). These results suggest the potential use of JSB as a functional food for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
The polysaccharide (BB-pol) extracted from Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 showed growth inhibitory effects on
several colon cancer cell lines such as HT-29 and HCT-116. To increase the yield of polysaccharide, B. bifidum BGN4 wascultured in various culture media with different compositions. When B. bifidum BGN4 was cultured in modified MRS broth containing phytic acid, the cells showed increased branch formation and enlarged morphology. The content of total carbohydrate and the ability of adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells were also increased by phytic acid. The polysaccharide obtained from the cells grown in the presence of phytic acid inhibited the proliferation of cancer cell lines such as HT-29 and MCF-7 cells but not normal colon cell line, FHC. Taken together, Bifidobacterium grown in the presence of phytic acid may confer enhanced beneficial function for the host.
Pine needle (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) extract has been used to improve cardiovascular disorders, detoxification of nicotine, the infirmities of
age and curing diseases of unidentified symptoms in folk medicine. To determine the facts behind the traditional belief, we
tried to investigate the effects of fresh and self-fermented pine needle extracts of different aging. Fibrinolytic activities
of the extract indicated that activity depends on time and also with aging of the product. It was also found that the extract
can lower the blood plasma cholesterol and triglyceride in cholesterol fed rat. Also, Self-Fermented Pine Needle Extracts
7 years old (SFPE 7) (200 μg/mL) reduce the frequency and amplitude of pacemaker currents in Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC)
of murine small intestine by modulating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Therefore, the investigation indicated that self-fermentation
improves efficacy of the pine needle extracts reducing risk of cardio-vascular related disorders and would be an important
source in nutraceutics.
Unlabelled:
Diabetes mellitus is a major endocrine disorder and a growing health problem in most countries which can be ameliorated by numerous bio-molecules such as 1alpha,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2VD3]. With this in mind, the current study investigated the therapeutic and preventive effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2VD3 on diabetes and its side effects: toxicity in liver, pancreas and kidneys. Our results show that administration of 1alpha,25(OH)2VD3 in diabetic rats increased the plasmatic insulin level, favored the normal blood glucose levels and normalized the hepatic glycogen concentration. In addition, 1alpha,25(OH)2VD3 enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (by 207, 52 and 72%, respectively) compared to diabetic rats. It also reduced lipid peroxidation and the indices of toxicity in liver and kidneys by significantly decreasing alkaline phosphatases (PAL), aspartate and lactate transaminase (AST and ALT) activities, total and direct bilirubin, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, creatinine, urea and iron levels in diabetic rats. Moreover, the plasmatic non-enzymatic antioxidant level of HDL-cholesterol, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and copper (Cu) increased after 1alpha,25(OH)2VD3 administration. The administration of 1alpha,25(OH)2VD3 in diabetic rats protects against alloxan-induced histological changes in pancreas.
Conclusion:
from these data, it is concluded that 1alpha,25(OH)2VD3 might be useful for the therapy and prevention of diabetes and the numerous side effects especially toxicity in liver, pancreas and kidneys and this protective effect is more obvious in our preventive experiment.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phenolic extract and purified hydroxytyrosol (HT) from olive mill waste (OMW) on oxidative stress and hyperglycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The OMW biophenols were extracted using ethyl acetate. The obtained extract was fractionated by solid phase extraction (SPE) experimentation to generate two fractions: (F1) and (F2). HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS analysis showed that (F1) was made of known OMW monomeric phenolics mainly hydroxytyrosol (HT) while (F2) contained oligomeric and polymeric phenols such as verbascosid and ligstrosid. (HT) was purified from (F1) using silica gel-column chromatography and silica gel-TLC techniques. In incubated pancreas, supplementation of OMW fractions enhanced insulin secretion. The administration of OMW extract fractions (F1) and (F2) as well as purified (HT) in diabetic rats caused a decrease in glucose level in plasma and an increase in renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in liver and kidney. Furthermore, a protective action against hepatic and renal toxicity in diabetic rats was clearly observed. Furthermore, a significant decrease in hepatic and renal indices toxicity was observed, i.e. alkalines phosphatases (ALP), aspartate and lactate transaminases (AST and ALT) activities and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs), total and direct bilirubin, creatinine and urea levels. In addition, (F1), (F2) and especially (HT) decreased triglycerides (TG), total-cholesterol (T-Ch) and higher HDL-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) in serum. These beneficial effects of OMW biophenols were confirmed by histological findings in hepatic, renal and pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats. This study demonstrates for the first time that OMW polyphenols and especially (HT) are efficient in inhibiting hyperglycemia and oxidative stress induced by diabetes and suggests that administration of HT may be helpful in the prevention of diabetic complications associated with oxidative stress.
An evidence-based systematic review including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology and dosing.
To evaluate miglitol, a new oral alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and discuss its pharmacology, therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, adverse effects, drug interactions, and clinical efficacy.
A MEDLINE English-language only database search using the keywords miglitol, glyset, and Bay m 1099 (1985 to December 1999), was completed to identify relevant articles including reviews, recent studies, and abstracts; American Diabetes Association 1999 Annual Meeting abstracts; Pharmacia & Upjohn data on file and product information.
The clinical trials that were selected to be reviewed in detail were randomized, double-blind studies with at least 100 patients in the intention-to-treat group.
All articles and abstracts were reviewed along with the product labeling from Pharmacia & Upjohn.
Miglitol is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that exerts its effect through the delayed absorption of complex carbohydrates in the small intestine, resulting in a decrease in postprandial glucose concentrations that are directly correlated with the dietary carbohydrate content. Both small, short-term trials and large, clinical trials show a decrease in postprandial glucose concentrations and a modest decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin of approximately 0.5-1.0% as a result of miglitol's action. The adverse effects of miglitol are mild and transitory and include flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. The incidence of gastrointestinal problems may be reduced with a small initial dose, which is slowly titrated as tolerated.
Miglitol is an effective and safe treatment option in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are inadequately controlled with diet or oral sulfonylurea therapy. Miglitol is a good choice of therapy in Hispanic, African-American, and elderly patients, or any patients in whom hypoglycemia, weight gain, or lactic acidosis are risks. No published studies comparing miglitol with acarbose have been published, but there appears to be no major clinical or financial advantages to using one agent over the other.
Fenugreek has a long history of medical uses in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, and has been used for numerous indications, including labor induction, aiding digestion, and as a general tonic to improve metabolism and health. Preliminary animal and human trials suggest possible hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties of oral fenugreek seed powder.
The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030.
Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations' population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries.
The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age.
These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of administration of Nigella sativa (NS) and Peganum harmala (PH) oils in diabetes and hepatic toxicity. Results show that treatment of diabetic rats with NS oil or PH oil ameliorate hyperglycaemia induced stress oxidative and hepatic dysfunction in diabetic rats. Administration of NS or PH oil to diabetic rats caused an anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities by the decrease in plasmatic glucose level and increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and glycogen contents compared to untreated diabetic rats. Besides, A'S and PH oils protect the hepatic function observed by decrease of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCh), and increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) levels in serum and hepatic tissues. Moreover, a diminution in the bilirubin, transaminase glutanic pyruvic (TGP), and transaminase pyruvic oxaloacetic (TPO) contents in serum and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (TBARs) in hepatic tissues are also detected.
Water-soluble fraction (WSF) from edible mushroom hinmogi (Tremella fuciformis) were obtained by water extraction, and polysaccharides in the WSF were separated by ethanol precipitation. The inhibitory effects of the polysaccharides on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation were evaluated by the reduction of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) translation, triglyceride accumulation, Oil Red-O staining, and expression levels of PPAR gamma, CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha), and leptin. The PPAR gamma translation in 3T3-L1 cells was inhibited by the treatment with polysaccharide precipitated by 80% ethanol (P80) which showed highest inhibitory activity among polysaccharides tested. In addition, treatment of P80 to 3T3-L1 cells significantly inhibited the triglyceride accumulation, Oil Red-O staining, and mRNA expression of PPAR gamma, C/EBP alpha, and leptin in a dose-dependent manner. Based upon these results, P80 from edible mushroom hinmogi shows the inhibitory activity on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, it might be employed as a potential anti-obesity material.
The prescriptions (DB-1 - DB-5) were prepared with the active herbal medicines, Acanthopanax senticosus, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Polygonatum odoratum, and Cichorium intybus. The most active crude polysaccharide fraction (DB-2-3), which was isolated through the fractionation of hot-water extract from DB-2, was significantly reduced by periodate oxidation (52.7 and 63.7%) on intestinal immune system modulating and anticancer activity. When DB-2-3 was further fractionated by column chromatographies, DB-2-3IIc-2 showed the most potent activities. In addition, DB-2-3IIc stimulated the proliferation of bone marrow cells via Peyer's patch in dose-dependent pattern by oral administration. The metastasis of colon 26-M3.1 lung carcinoma had significantly inhibited in mice fed DB-2-3IIc at 1 mg/mouse (43.8%). DB-2-3IIc-2 mainly contained uronic acid (46.1%) and 42.5% of neutral sugar with a small amount of protein (7.6%), and component sugar analysis also showed that DB-2-3IIc-2 was composed Ara, Gal, and GalA (molar ratio; 0.50:0.63:1.00). It may be suggested that activities of DB-2-3IIc-2 are resulted from pectic polysaccharides containing a polygalacturonan moiety with side chain of neutral sugars, such as Ara and Gal.
The effects of decoctions prepared from Antrodia camphorata on antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, and antitumor activities were investigated. Glutathione (GSH) production was 18.2 μM/g
of rat liver under the influence of a methanol extract, a result similar to with the effect of silymarin administration. GSH
peroxidase activity was about 2.0-fold higher than with silymarin administration. Superoxide dismutase activity was 18.9 U/mg
protein, about 2.5-fold higher than the control group. The hot water extract (1000 μg/mL) showed the highest nitrite scavenging
activity at 98.1%, similar to those observed with BHA and vitamin E. Among a variety of human cancer cell lines, when the
concentration of hot water extract was increased from 31 to 500 μg/mL, the viability of Hep3B cell was decreased from 100
to 60.7%. On the other hand, in the case of methanol extract, it was decreased from 98.4 to 10.0%. These results supported
the conclusion that the antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, and antitumor activities of this A. camphorata methanol extract indicate a potential source for the development of various health supplements and pharmaceutical and nutraceutical
applications.
KIOM-4 is a plant extract obtained from Magnolia officinalis, Pueraria lobata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Euphorbia pekinensis. Previously, we reported that KIOM-4 protects pancreatic β-cells against streptozotocin (STZ) induced oxidative stress. To
elucidate the cytoprotective mechanism of KIOM-4 on oxidative stress, we focused on the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),
which plays a role in cytoprotection against oxidative injury as well as providing an important function in the maintenance
of homeostasis, in rat pancreatic β-cells (RINm5F). In this study, we showed that KIOM-4 up-regulated HO-1 expression at the
mRNA and protein levels, thus resulting in increased HO-1 activity. HO-1 induction is regulated at the transcriptional level
and is mediated by a specific enhancer, the antioxidant response element (ARE), which is found in the promoter of HO-1 gene.
The transcription factor, NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), interacts with the ARE to activate HO-1 gene transcription and results
in the modulation of HO-1 expression. KIOM-4 increased the nuclear translocation, ARE binding, and transcriptional activity
of Nrf2. In addition, the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) positively contributed to ARE-driven HO-1 expression. Furthermore,
KIOM-4 elicited the activation of ERK and U0126 (inhibitor of ERK) attenuated the KIOM-4 induced activation of Nrf2, which
subsequently decreased HO-1 protein levels. These findings suggest that the induction of HO-1 by KIOM-4 is dependent on the
ERK pathway. Taken together, KIOM-4 enhances the cellular antioxidant defense system through the induction of HO-1 via the ERK-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, thereby protecting cells from streptozotocin-induced cell damage.
A simplified method for the assay of small intestine disaccharidase activity is described which is suitable for use both on the “standard” scale (final volume 3.2 ml) and on the “ultramicro” scale (final volume 320 μl).
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix and regulate many functions including cell signaling. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy, and MMP-2, the most ubiquitous member of the MMP family, is sensitive to oxidative stress. This study aimed to determine the regulation of MMP-2 by oxidative stress in the development of diabetic retinopathy and the role of MMP-2 in the apoptosis of retinal capillary cells. The effects of mitochondrial superoxide scavenger on glucose-induced alterations in MMP-2, and its proenzyme activator MT1-MMP and physiological inhibitor TIMP-2, were determined in retinal endothelial cells, and the regulation of their glucose-induced accelerated apoptosis by the inhibitors of MMP-2 was accessed. To confirm in vitro results, the effects of antioxidant supplementation on MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and TIMP-2 were investigated in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Glucose-induced activation of retinal capillary cell MMP-2 and MT1-MMP and decrease in TIMP-2 were inhibited by superoxide scavengers, and their accelerated apoptosis was prevented by the inhibitors of MMP-2. Antioxidant therapies, which have been shown to inhibit oxidative stress, capillary cell apoptosis, and retinopathy in diabetic rats, ameliorated alterations in retinal MMP-2 and its regulators. Thus, MMP-2 has a proapoptotic role in the loss of retinal capillary cells in diabetes, and the activation of MMP-2 is under the control of superoxide. This suggests a possible use of MMP-2-targeted therapy to inhibit the development of diabetic retinopathy.
Previous studies have shown that double-logarithmic plots of ‘zero-shear’ specific viscosity versus degree of space occupancy (c[η]) for disordered polysaccharide coils fall into two linear regions, with an abrupt change in slope from ∼1.4 to ∼3.3 at c[η] ≈ 4, due to interpenetration of neighbouring coils to form an entangled network. For guar gum and other galactomannans of higher mannose:galactose ratio, however, the transition from dilute to semi-dilute solution properties occurs at lower degree of space occupancy (typically at c[η] ≈ 2.5) and the subsequent slope is steeper (typically ∼5). These departures from “normal” concentration-dependence have been attributed to association (“hyperentanglement”) of unsubstituted mannan regions of the galactomannan chains. The purpose of the present investigation was to test this interpretation by studies of fenugreek gum, in which the mannan backbone is almost fully substituted with galactose sidechains.
The major side-effect of treatment with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, flatulence, occurs when undigested carbohydrates are fermented by colonic bacteria, resulting in gas formation. We propose that the cardiovascular benefits of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are partly attributable to their ability to neutralise oxidative stress via increased production of H(2) in the gastrointestinal tract. Acarbose, which is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, markedly increased H(2) production, with a weaker effect on methane production. Our hypothesis is based on our recent discovery that H(2) acts as a unique antioxidant, and that when inhaled or taken orally as H(2)-dissolved water it ameliorates ischaemia-reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis development.
This study was designed to investigate whether diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) may inhibit alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase activities, and alleviate postprandial hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. DPHC isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, evidenced prominent inhibitory effect against alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The IC(50) values of DPHC against alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase were 0.16 and 0.53 mM, respectively, which evidenced the higher activities than that of acarbose. DPHC did not exert any cytotoxic effect in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at various concentrations (from 0.49 to 3.91 mM). The increase of postprandial blood glucose levels were significantly suppressed in the DPHC-administered group than those in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic or normal mice. Moreover, the area under curve (AUC) was significantly reduced via DPHC administration (2022 versus 2210 mmol x min/l) in the diabetic mice as well as it delays absorption of dietary carbohydrates. Therefore, these result indicated that DPHC might be a potent inhibitor for alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase.
In the current study, the effect of Ajuga iva extract on blood glucose, lipid profile, hepatic and renal toxicity and antioxidant enzyme activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Diabetes was confirmed by measuring the glucoserua concentration 15 days after alloxan administration. Ajuga iva extract was administrated orally 3 weeks after alloxan injection. Our results investigate that Ajuga iva extract supplementation increased the levels of both enzymatic antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase and gluthation peroxidase) and metals antioxidants (iron, copper, magnesium, calcuim) and decreased lipid peroxidation level (TBARs). Besides Ajuga iva ameliorated diabetes provoked hepatic and renal toxicity appeared by a lower level in total and direct bilirubin, urea, creatinine, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol and a higher level in HDL-cholesterol. Besides, the activities of phosphatase alkalines (PAL), aspartate and lactate transaminase (AST & ALT) were decreased. The benefices effects of phytoecdysteroids of Ajuga iva confirmed by histological observation in pancreatic tissues.
In conclusion, Ajuga iva phytoecdysteroids supplements seem to be beneficial for correcting the hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications in liver, pancreas and kidneys.
Phytochemical investigation of antihyperglycemic extract of rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum led to the isolation of two new labdane type diterpenes 2, 3 along with seven known compounds (1, 4-9). Their structures were established on the basis of NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectroscopic analysis. The new compound 2 displayed strong intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Other compounds also displayed varying degree of intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitory potential.
The aim of the eurrent study is to investigate the therapeutic and preventive effects of 1α, 25dihydroxyvitaminD3 (1,25 (OH)2 D3) andAjuga iva (AI) extraet on diabetes toxicity in rats testes. Thus diabetic rats were treated with 1α, 25dihydroxyvitaminD3 orAjuga iva extract as both therapeutie and preventive treatments on diabetes toxicity in rats testes. Our results showed that diabetes
indueed a decrease in testosterone and 17β-estradiol levels in testes and plasma. Besides, a fall in testicular antioxidant
capacity appeared by a deerease in both antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD), eatalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPx) activities) and non-enzymatic antioxidant (copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) levels). All theses changes enhanced
testicular toxicity (inerease in testicular aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), laetate
dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and the lipid peroxidation and triglyeeride (TG) levels). In addition, a decrease in testicular
total cholesterol (TCh) level was observed in diabetic rats testes. All the ehanges lead to a decrease in the total number
and mobility of epididymal spermatozoa. The administration of 1α,25dihydroxyvitaminD3 andAjuga iva extract three weeks before and after diabetes induetion interfered and prevented diabetes toxicity in the reproduetive system.
1,25 (OH)2 D3 andAjuga iva extract blunted all changes observed in diabetic rats. To sum up, the data suggested that 1,25 (OH)2 D3 andAjuga iva extract have a protective effect on alloxan-induced damage in reproductive system by enhancing the testosterone and 17β-estradiol
levels, consequenty protecting from oxidative stress, cellular toxicity and maintaining the number and motility of spermatozoids.
Galactomannan, a soluble fiber, has been reported to reduce postprandial blood glucose response. Using this fiber, extracted from Canadian-grown fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum L), we conducted an in vitro study to determine if galactomannan affects intestinal glucose uptake in genetically determined lean and obese rats. The segments of jejunum and ileum from these animals were incubated with labeled glucose (2 or 32 mmol/L) in the presence of different concentrations of galactomannan ranging from 0.1% to 0.5% (wt/wt). The uptake of low or high concentration of glucose was significantly and progressively reduced by increasing concentrations of galactomannan in both lean and obese rats. No significant difference was observed in the uptake of glucose between the 2 groups. The viscosity of various concentrations of galactomannan solutions was determined after stirring for 60 minutes at a temperature-controlled (37 degrees C) fixed sheer rate of 1.29 (1/s). The inhibitory effect of galactomannan on glucose uptake was found to be in parallel with the degree of viscosity of the fiber solutions. These results suggest that the galactomannan, because of its viscous property, has the potential to reduce intestinal absorption of low or high concentrations of glucose and hence for the benefit of blood glucose management.
Several combination therapies have been investigated in an effort to achieve and maintain glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this study, we combined the novel dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-IV inhibitor ASP8497 with the antidiabetic drugs metformin, glibenclamide, voglibose, rosiglitazone, and insulin to examine the effects of each combination on glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Single treatments with ASP8497 (1 mg/kg), metformin (300 mg/kg), glibenclamide (3 mg/kg), voglibose (0.3 mg/kg), rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg), or insulin (0.2 IU/kg) significantly improved glucose tolerance during the liquid meal tolerance test. In addition, combination treatment with ASP8497 and each antidiabetic drug additively improved glucose tolerance. Among these, the combination of ASP8497 and glibenclamide or insulin additively ameliorated glucose tolerance with an additive increase in the plasma insulin level; however, it did not affect the fasting blood glucose lowering effects of glibenclamide or insulin. These profiles indicate that the combination of ASP8497 with existing antidiabetic drugs could be useful for correcting the postprandial hyperglycemia seen with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a most serious and chronic disease whose incidence rates are increasing with incidences of obesity and aging of the general population over the world. One therapeutic approach for decreasing postprandial hyperglycemia is to retard absorption of glucose by inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. Two bromophenols, 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4-dibromophenol, were purified from the red alga Grateloupia elliptica. IC(50) values of 2,4,6-tribromophenol and 2,4-dibromophenol were 60.3 and 110.4 microM against Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-glucosidase, and 130.3 and 230.3 microM against Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-glucosidase, respectively. In addition, both mildly inhibited rat-intestinal sucrase (IC(50) of 4.2 and 3.6mM) and rat-intestinal maltase (IC(50) of 5.0 and 4.8mM). Therefore, bromophenols of G. elliptica have potential as natural nutraceuticals to prevent diabetes mellitus because of their high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
A method of purifying the naturally occurring antibody to alpha-galactoside moiety (anti-alpha-Gal) in human plasma by a single-step affinity chromatography on cross-linked guar galactomannan (CLGG) or agarose (Sepharose 4B) is described. IgG nature of the two preparations, as revealed by agar gel diffusion, as well as their preference for alpha-anomer of galactose, as revealed in inhibition of their agglutination of trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes by sugars, identified them with anti-alpha-Gal. The antibody binding capacity of Sepharose 4B was only a third of that of CLGG. Both gels showed similar dependence on ionic strength for binding. The pH optimum for binding of anti-alpha-Gal to CLGG was 8.0. Significantly anti-alpha-Gal binding to Sepharose was unaffected by CNBr activation and ligand coupling to the gel, thus warning that contaminating plasma could introduce artifacts in agarose-based chromatography of human tissue biomolecules.
The transformation of fenugreek subfractions, rich in steroid saponins, was studied upon their passage through the digestive tract to determine the contribution of saponins and/or diosgenin and other steroid sapogenins to the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek seeds. Feces of alloxan diabetic dogs fed fenugreek subfractions were analyzed, and diosgenin, smilagenin and gitogenin were identified and measured using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Our results show that saponins are, in part (about 57%), hydrolyzed into sapogenins in the digestive tract. It appears that saponins may be implicated, alone or together with diosgenin, in the observed hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek seeds in diabetic dogs.
It was concluded that for serum lipase determinations a substrate with an oil-water interface, such as an olive oil emulsion, must be used.A procedure for serum lipase determinations is presented. It is specific, reproducible, and reasonably sensitive. The incubation period is 3 h (or 1 h in emergencies). Increase of the amount of substrate to 10 ml ensures saturation of the enzyme and increases the sensitivity of the method. Purification of the oil contributes also to an increase in sensitivity and improves the accuracy.Serum lipase was found to have a pH optimum curve with several peaks of activity which, however, differ slightly in various individuals. The serum of the majority of individuals had an optimum hydrolysis when using a buffer with a pH of 8.0 (at 27°).The normal values were found to be 0.05–1.0 (conventional) units or 20 to 278 international units.Serum lipase was elevated not only in patients with pancreatitis but also in patients with retention of nitrogenous compounds due to renal or pre-renal causes.
A modified and updated description of the author's method for the assay of intestinal disaccharidases. The principle of the method is the following: an intestinal homogenate is incubated with the appropriate disaccharide. The disaccharidase activity is then interrupted by the addition of TRIS, and the glucose liberated is measured with a glucose oxidase reagent.
The aim of the present study is to determine if a combination of vitamins (C and E) has any advantage over insulin therapy on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity, liver dysfunction parameters, and histological changes in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) and the lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) were measured in liver and pancreas as indicators of antioxidation in these tissues. The liver dysfunction parameters: the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), phosphatase alkalines (PAL), aspartate and lactate transaminase (AST and ALT) were measured in serum. In diabetic rats, the TBARS contents of the liver and pancreatic tissues were found to have significantly increased as compared to non-diabetic rats (P < 0.001). The SOD, CAT, and GPX activities in the liver and pancreas in diabetic rats significantly decreased as compared to normal rats (P < 0.001). AST, ALT, LDH, GGT, and PAL activities increased in the diabetic rats (p > 0.05). In diabetic rats treated with insulin or with combined vitamins (C and E), an ameliorative effect was observed. This amelioration was more pronounced in the group of rats treated with combined vitamins (C and E).
In the screening experiments for rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in 218 plants cultivated in the Japanese temperate region, potent maltase-inhibiting activity was found in the extract of flowers of Spiraea cantoniensis. The enzyme assay guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of three flavonol caffeoylglycosides, quercetin 3- O-(6- O-caffeoyl)-beta-galactoside ( 1), kaempferol 3- O-(6- O-caffeoyl)-beta-galactoside ( 2), and kaempferol 3- O-(6- O-caffeoyl)-beta-glucoside ( 3), as rat intestinal maltase inhibitors. This is the first report on the alpha-glucosidase-inhibitory activity of those flavonol caffeoylglycosides. Comparison in the activity of the isolates indicated the importance of caffeoyl substructures in the molecule for the alpha-glucosidase-inhibiting activity. The relatively high contents of the active isolates in the plant suggest that S. cantoniensis could be physiologically useful for treatment of diabetes.