No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Traumata, traumatogene Faktoren und pathologisches Glücksspielen
Abstract
Im Hinblick auf soziodemografische Daten, anamnestische Traumata und potenziell traumatogene Faktoren wurden 100 männliche
mit 100 weiblichen pathologischen Glücksspielern verglichen. Beide Populationen befanden sich zur spezifischen stationären
Therapie in der AHG Klinik Münchwies. Die weibliche Stichprobe fiel durch einen späteren Glücksspielbeginn, eine raschere
Progression des Krankheitsverlaufs sowie durch eine wesentlich höhere Traumatisierungsquote (Vernachlässigung, körperliche
Misshandlungen, sexueller Missbrauch und andere Traumata in Kindheit und Erwachsenenalter) auf. Körperliche Gewalttätigkeiten
der Mütter, ein jüngeres Alter bei den Scheidungen der Eltern sowie eine erhöhte Quote an erlittener Gewalt in der Partnerschaft
und an Suchterkrankungen der Partner unterschieden weiterhin die weibliche von der männlichen Stichprobe signifikant.
This study compared 100 female pathological gamblers with 100 male pathological gamblers with respect to sociological data,
previous trauma and potential traumatogenic factors. All pathological gamblers were inpatients of the German clinic of Muenchwies.
The female sample showed later onset of gambling, faster progression into a pathological disorder and higher rates of traumatisation
in childhood as well as in adult age (e.g. parental neglect, physical and sexual abuse). Furthermore, significantly higher
rates of maternal violence, younger age at the time of parental divorce, higher rates of violence in a partnership and addiction
of the partner also differentiated the female sample from the male sample.
... We identified 11 studies providing information on sex differences for sociodemographic variables (Blanco et al., 2006;Bonnaire et al., 2016Bonnaire et al., , 2017Castrén, Kontto, Alho, & Salonen, 2018;Granero et al., 2009;Grant, Chamberlain, Schreiber, & Odlaug, 2012;Guillou-Landreat et al., 2016;Hing, Russell, Tolchard, & Nower, 2016;Jiménez-Murcia et al., 2020;Ronzitti, Lutri, Smith, Clerici, & Bowden-Jones, 2016;Vogelgesang, 2009). Education, income, employment status, and household composition were defined as variables of interest. ...
... Concerning unemployment, two of three studies found women more likely to be unemployed Ronzitti et al., 2016). Only Vogelgesang (2009) reported equivalent unemployment levels for men and women with PG, which, however, refer to a small sample size. Four studies on general population samples reported differences in household composition (Blanco et al., 2006;Bonnaire et al., 2016Bonnaire et al., , 2017Hing et al., 2016), whereas one study among a clinical sample found no differences (Grant, Chamberlain, et al., 2012). ...
... We found 16 studies that explored the relationship between sex, gambling, and violence (Andronicos et al., 2015;Afifi, Brownridge, MacMillan, & Sareen, 2010;Cunningham-Williams, Abdallah, Callahan, & Cottler, 2007;Dowling et al., 2014Dowling et al., , 2016Dowling et al., , 2018Dowling et al., , 2019Echeburúa et al., 2011;Fröberg et al., 2013;Kausch et al., 2006;Korman et al., 2008;Lee, Storr, Ialongo, & Martins, 2012;Roberts et al., 2016;Suomi et al., 2019;Vogelgesang, 2009Vogelgesang, , 2013. Pathological gambling was found to be associated with a higher likelihood of being the victim and the perpetrator of violence (psychological, physical, and sexual violence) (Afifi et al., 2010;Roberts et al., 2016;Suomi et al., 2019). ...
Background and aim
A wide range of studies indicates that men and women with Problem (PrG) and Pathological Gambling (PG) differ in several clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. However, evidence for sex differences, such as the telescoping effect, is contradictory, and it is still unclear whether sex differences observed in offline gambling can also be found for online gambling. Furthermore, reviews have so far focused on binary sex differences but neglect gender aspects. In this study, an updated literature survey of sex- and gender-related differences in PrG and PG was conducted.
Methods
We searched PsyInfo, Medline/Pubmed, and the Web of Science databases from 2005 to 2020 for studies investigating sex and gender differences in gambling. A total of 126 papers were included in the literature survey.
Results
We are presenting our findings according to the categories ‘prevalence’ (offline, online, LGBTQI*), ‘sociodemographic factors’, ‘preferred gambling type’, ‘gambling motives’, ‘severity’, ‘progression of gambling problems’, ‘use of professional help/motivation for treatment’, ‘comorbidity’, ‘trauma’, ‘violence and criminality/delinquency’. The studies indicate that, despite some robust sex differences (e.g., concerning prevalence rates), results for most areas were mixed or suggest no sex differences (e.g., violence, gambling motives).
Discussion and conclusion
To date, there is a lack of studies assessing gender, and not only sex, warranting further research in this area.
... We identified seven cohort studies that did not include a comparison group of non-gamblers (Bland, Newman, Orn, & Stebelsky, 1993;Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez, Blanco, Moreryra, & Sáiz-Ruiz, 2003;Johnson, Nora, & Bustos, 1992;Lesieur & Rothschild, 1989;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). Five of the seven examined gambler's own history of maltreatment (Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez et al., 2003;Johnson et al., 1992;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). ...
... We identified seven cohort studies that did not include a comparison group of non-gamblers (Bland, Newman, Orn, & Stebelsky, 1993;Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez, Blanco, Moreryra, & Sáiz-Ruiz, 2003;Johnson, Nora, & Bustos, 1992;Lesieur & Rothschild, 1989;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). Five of the seven examined gambler's own history of maltreatment (Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez et al., 2003;Johnson et al., 1992;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). Participants from all five of these studies were enrolled from problem gambling treatment programs (Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez et al., 2003;Johnson et al., 1992;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). ...
... Five of the seven examined gambler's own history of maltreatment (Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez et al., 2003;Johnson et al., 1992;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). Participants from all five of these studies were enrolled from problem gambling treatment programs (Ciarrocchi & Richardson, 1989;Ibáñez et al., 2003;Johnson et al., 1992;Petry & Steinberg, 2005;Vogelgesang, 2010). Rates of childhood physical abuse in these samples ranged from 13 to 27%. ...
This study systematically reviews research on child maltreatment and risk of gambling problems in adulthood. It also reviews adult problem gamblers' risk of abusing or neglecting their own children. Multiple database searches were conducted using pre-defined search terms related to gambling and child abuse and neglect. We identified 601 unique references and excluded studies if they did not report original research, or did not specifically measure child maltreatment or gambling. Twelve studies that included multivariable analysis of childhood maltreatment exposure and problem gambling were identified. Six of seven studies examining childhood sexual abuse and four of five examining physical abuse showed a significant positive association between abuse and later gambling problems (odds ratios for sexual abuse 2.01-3.65; physical abuse 2.3-2.8). Both studies examining psychological maltreatment and two of three examining neglect identified positive associations with problem gambling. In most studies, risks were reduced or eliminated when controlling for other mental health disorders. The three studies measuring risk of child abuse and neglect among current problem gamblers suggest an increased risk for child physical abuse and medical conditions indicative of neglect although there is a considerable amount of variation among studies. Child abuse is associated with increased risk of gambling problems - gambling treatment providers should ask about maltreatment history as part of their clinical assessment. Problem gamblers may be more likely to physically abuse or neglect their children, but data here are more limited. Child welfare professionals should consider asking questions about parental gambling when assessing family risk.
... Lane et al., 2016). Conversely, among gamblers seeking treatment, high rates of ACEs are reported: 46-57% report childhood emotional abuse (Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006); 17-67% report neglect (Scherrer et al., 2007;Vogelgesang, 2010); 13-41% report physical abuse (Ibáñez, Blanco, Moreryra, & Sáiz-Ruiz, 2003;Kausch et al., 2006;Scherrer et al., 2007); and 17-25% report sexual abuse (Kausch et al., 2006;Scherrer et al., 2007;Vogelgesang, 2010). ...
... Lane et al., 2016). Conversely, among gamblers seeking treatment, high rates of ACEs are reported: 46-57% report childhood emotional abuse (Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006); 17-67% report neglect (Scherrer et al., 2007;Vogelgesang, 2010); 13-41% report physical abuse (Ibáñez, Blanco, Moreryra, & Sáiz-Ruiz, 2003;Kausch et al., 2006;Scherrer et al., 2007); and 17-25% report sexual abuse (Kausch et al., 2006;Scherrer et al., 2007;Vogelgesang, 2010). ...
Despite of high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in pathological gamblers, researchers have rarely studied which types of ACEs often co-occur and how these profiles of ACEs are related to current psychopathology. We aimed to identify profiles of ACEs in pathological gamblers and examined how these profiles were related to gambling-related characteristics and current general psychopathology. In 329 current or lifetime pathological gamblers, diagnosed with the Composite Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV, 10 types of ACEs were measured using the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire. Global psychopathology was assessed using the Symptom Checklist SCL-27. ACE profiles were identified using latent class analysis. Differences between ACE profiles in gambling-related characteristics and global psychopathology were analyzed using MANOVA. We found that four out of five gamblers (n=257, 78.1%) reported at least one ACE. Four distinct ACE profiles were identified: 'Low ACE', 'High ACE', 'Physical and emotional abuse', and 'Neglect'. The number of the fulfilled pathological gambling criteria and the severity of current global psychopathology differed between the ACE profiles: Gamblers with a 'High ACE' profile fulfilled more pathological gambling criteria and showed a more severe current psychopathology than gamblers of the 'Low ACE' profile. Gamblers with a 'Physical and emotional abuse' or an 'Emotion neglect' profile showed an intermediate severity of psychopathology. Our findings indicate that four different ACE profiles can be distinguished in pathological gamblers that differed in their gambling-related characteristics and current psychopathology. Systematic assessment of profiles of ACEs in pathological gamblers may inform about the severity of current global psychopathology that might be important to be addressed in addition to gambling-specific treatment.
... Previous studies characterised people with gambling disorder as a clientele with high psychiatric comorbidity burden and substantial co-consumption of psychotropic substances (Mann et al., 2017;Premper & Schulz, 2008;Vogelgesang, 2010). These co-issues might introduce additional complexity into gambling-related addiction care and presumably affect its effectiveness: less than 50% of patients with gambling disorder stay abstinent during the first year after inpatient rehabilitation (Bundesverband für stationäre Suchtkrankenhilfe e.V (buss), 2015; Muller et al., 2017;Premper et al., 2014). ...
Objective
The prospective naturalistic study ‘Katamnese‐Studie’ conducted between 2014 and 2019 gathers evidence on the course of gambling disorder in German routine outpatient addiction care. This study elucidates design and methodological advantages and caveats of the study.
Methods
Participants of the multi‐centre cohort received written questionnaires at admission and at 6‐, 12‐, 24‐ and 36‐month follow‐up to assess socio‐demographic data, gambling behaviour, gambling‐related consequences and care offers sought. Subsequently, self‐reports were linked to client‐individual routine documentation for the German Addiction Care Statistical Service. Furthermore, employees of participating outpatient addiction care facilities were surveyed regarding experiences with and attitudes towards gambling disorder. Multivariate longitudinal regression models will portray changes in the severity of gambling disorder and gambling behaviour and explore associated client‐ and care‐related factors.
Conclusion
The ‘Katamnese‐Studie’ covers the whole spectrum of outpatient gambling care. Keeping the design‐related caveats in mind (reliability of self‐reports, loss‐to‐follow‐up and issues regarding causal inference), the study is anticipated to draw a comprehensive picture of routine outpatient gambling care and key factors related to sustained remission. In the medium term, this information might support the development and subpopulation‐specific adaptation of recommendations on how to structure process and content of outpatient gambling care.
... Previous studies characterised people with gambling disorder as a clientele with high psychiatric comorbidity burden and substantial co-consumption of psychotropic substances (Mann et al., 2017;Premper & Schulz, 2008;Vogelgesang, 2010). These co-issues might introduce additional complexity into gambling-related addiction care and presumably affect its effectiveness: less than 50% of patients with gambling disorder stay abstinent during the first year after inpatient rehabilitation (Bundesverband für stationäre Suchtkrankenhilfe e.V (buss), 2015; Muller et al., 2017;Premper et al., 2014). ...
Einleitung: In ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen steigt die Zahl der Klienten mit Glucksspielproblemen (Braun et al., 2014, Sleczka et al., 2014, Meyer, 2014). So hat sich die durchschnittliche Anzahl betreuter Glucksspieler von 3,2 im Jahr 2000 auf 14,7 im Jahr 2012 erhoht (Meyer, 2014). Allerdings gibt es in Deutschland nur sehr wenige allgemeingultige Leitlinien fur die ambulante Versorgung von Personen mit Glucksspielproblemen (Braun et al., 2013), sodass Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Inhalte und angewandten Methoden innerhalb der Beratung/Behandlung zu erwarten sind. Nur wenige Studien untersuchten die ambulante Beratung/Behandlung von Personen mit Glucksspielproblemen prospektiv (vgl. Ramos-Grille et al., 2013). Fur die Weiterentwicklung der ambulanten Versorgungsstrukturen ist es wichtig, Erkenntnisse uber Faktoren zu gewinnen, die mit dem Storungsverlauf und Behandlungsergebnis assoziiert sind. Hierzu zahlen neben klientenbezogenen Faktoren auch beratungs-/behandlungs- und beraterbezogene Faktoren. Methoden: Katamnese Studie an 29 ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen in Bayern. Auswertungen zu Beratungs-/Behandlungs- und Beratermerkmalen anhand einer Mitarbeiterbefragung mit einem Stichprobenumfang von n = 45. Schriftliche Befragung zu Qualifikationen, Erfahrungen und Einstellungen sowie zu den Leistungen der Einrichtung. Ergebnisse: Mitarbeiter ambulanter Suchthilfeeinrichtungen unterscheiden sich bezuglich ihrer Qualifikationen und Erfahrungen in der Beratung/Behandlung von Personen mit Glucksspielproblemen. Die Mitarbeiter arbeiten durchschnittlich 6,6 Jahre (SD = 5,9) in der Beratung von Glucksspielern und betreuten im Durchschnitt 109 Klienten (SD = 154,7) mit Glucksspielproblemen. Zwei Drittel der Mitarbeiter sehen Unterschiede in der Beratung/Behandlung von Glucksspielern im Vergleich zu Personen mit substanzgebundenen Storungen. Als zentrale Unterschiede wurden u.a. eine hohere Abbruchquote, grosere Schwierigkeiten eine therapeutische Beziehung aufzubauen, fehlende Krankheitseinsicht und erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Existenz und das soziale Umfeld benannt. Diskussion: Es bestehen grose Unterschiede zwischen Mitarbeitern ambulanter Suchthilfereinrichtungen hinsichtlich ihrer Erfahrungen und Einstellungen in der Beratung/Behandlung von Personen mit Glucksspielproblemen. Auserdem bewertet die Mehrheit der Mitarbeiter die Beratung/Behandlung von Personen mit Glucksspielproblemen als schwierig. Es ist notwendig, den Einfluss von Berater- und Beratungs-/Behandlungsmerkmalen auf den Storungsverlauf und das Behandlungsergebnis zu untersuchen. Gemeinsam mit Erkenntnissen uber klientenrelevante Einflussfaktoren auf den Storungsverlauf und das Behandlungsergebnis sollen Best-Practice-Empfehlungen fur die ambulante Beratung und Behandlung von Personen mit Glucksspielproblemen entwickelt werden.
Zusammenfassung. Ziel: Beim pathologischen Glücksspielen wurden vereinzelt Einbußen in der Partnerschaftszufriedenheit und Geschlechterunterschiede gefunden. Im deutschsprachigen Raum fehlt eine zusammenführende Studie beider Variablen bisher. Daher soll die Rolle von Partnerschaftsstatus und Geschlecht für die psychische Belastung und die Partnerschaftszufriedenheit untersucht werden, um einen empirischen Beitrag zur bedarfsorientierten Behandlung zu leisten. Methodik: Es wurden routinemäßig erhobene Daten einer stationären Rehabilitationsklinik genutzt. Patientinnen und Patienten mit pathologischem Glücksspielen als Hauptdiagnose (N = 392; Ausschöpfungsquote 75 %) machten Angaben zur Soziodemografie, störungsspezifischer und -unspezifischer psychischer Belastung und Partnerschaftszufriedenheit. Ergebnisse: In der Partnerschaftszufriedenheit wurden leichte Einbußen gefunden, besonders im Streitverhalten. Das Geschlecht erklärte einen bedeutsamen Anteil der psychischen störungsunspezifischen Belastung, Frauen zeigten höhere Werte. Partnerschaftsstatus und die Interaktion aus Partnerschaftsstatus und Geschlecht erklärten keinen bedeutsamen Anteil an der psychischen Belastung. Schlussfolgerungen: Bei Betroffenen in Partnerschaft sollte die Dimension „Streitverhalten“ auf Relevanz für die Therapieindikation geprüft und ggf. in die Behandlung mit aufgenommen werden. Der relevante Beitrag des Geschlechts zur psychischen Belastung sollte für die Behandlungsplanung pathologischer Glücksspielerinnen berücksichtig werden.
Zusammenfassung. Inwiefern spiegeln sich geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte in der aktuellen psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Forschung in Deutschland wider? Analyse aller in den Jahren 2009 und 2010 in den Zeitschriften Psychotherapeut, Psychiatrische Praxis sowie Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie erschienenen Originalarbeiten. In 16 der 191 Originalarbeiten wurden geschlechtsspezifische Fragestellungen als primarer Forschungsgegenstand untersucht. Nur 3 davon befassten sich mit einer geschlechtsspezifischen/Gender-Analyse in die beide Geschlechter einbezogen wurden. Wahrend insgesamt die Zahl der Erstautoren und Erstautorinnen nahezu gleich war, wurden mehr als 2 Drittel (69%) der Arbeiten mit geschlechtspezifischem Forschungsgegenstand von Frauen in Erstautorenschaft publiziert. In nur einem Viertel (25%) aller Originalarbeiten wurde das Geschlecht als soziodemographische Variable in die Auswertung einbezogen. Die Betrachtung beider Geschlechter und ihrer Spezifika erweist sich ...
The number of pathological gamblers seeking treatment has risen continuously till the present, and the trend shows no sign of reversal. Estimates of the number of pathological gamblers in Germany range from 103,000 to 290,000, corresponding to 0.2% to 0.6% of the population. Pathological gambling often accompanies other mental disturbances. Doctors who learn that their patients suffer from such disturbances should ask targeted questions about gambling behavior to increase the chance that this problem will be detected early on.
This article is based on an analysis of secondary data obtained from the German Statutory Pension Insurance Scheme and the Federal Statistical Office and on a selective review of the literature on comorbidities and available interventions.
The rate of inpatient treatment for pathological gambling tripled from 2000 to 2010. Most pathological gamblers are men (70%-80%). More than 90% of the patients suffer from more than one mental disturbance; 40% of them carry five different psychiatric diagnoses. Simple screening instruments for pathological gambling are easy to use in routine practice and facilitate the diagnosis.
As with alcoholics, only a small fraction of pathological gamblers receives the appropriate support and treatment. Educational seminars to raise awareness among physicians and targeted measures for early detection might result in more of the affected persons getting suitable help.
This study investigated gender differences among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. During treatment intake, 115 pathological gamblers completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI; A. T. McLellan et al., 1985), including a section on gambling severity, as well as the South Oaks Gambling Screen (H. R. Lesieur & S. B. Blume, 1987). When age and income were controlled, gender differences emerged in ASI gambling, alcohol, and legal scores. Men initiated gambling, began gambling regularly, tried to stop gambling, and first entered gambling treatment at a younger age than women. Women were more likely to be living with someone with a gambling or drinking problem but themselves had fewer alcohol and legal problems. Results suggest that gender differences exist in the initiation of gambling dysfunction and its psychosocial correlates. Understanding these differences may assist in developing treatments that address differential needs of male and female pathological gamblers.
pathological gamblers are persons who have a chronic and progressive failure to resist impulses to gamble, a failure that compromises, disrupts and damages personal, family and/or vocational pursuits / the principal features are emotional dependence on gambling, loss of control and interference with normal functioning
recently established inpatient and outpatient programs have followed an addictions treatment model, including use of the Twelve Step programs
women who have gambling problems are an underserved group / part of the reason for the underrepresentation of women in treatment and self-help is society's stereotype of the gambler
reviews the findings of Lesieur's study of 50 women pathological gamblers / the study . . . was based on intensive interviews with female GA [gamblers anonymous] members from across the US / probed for information about their gambling histories, the intersection of family, work, financial, emotional and other factors, and the relation between gambling and other addictions
epidemiological surveys / background characteristics / phases in the career of the female pathological gambler / help seeking behavior / feminist perspectives on women and compulsive gambling / screening the female pathological gambler / treatment of compulsive gambling in women (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Recent research has found that men and women who end up in gambling treatment tend to follow different trajectories to that endpoint: women generally begin gambling later in life, but progress to problems and seek treatment more quickly. With women's prevalence rates of gambling and disordered gambling increasing, it has become important to identify the causes and consequences of these trajectory differences. The current study used a sample of 2,256 gamblers enrolled in the Iowa Gambling Treatment Program to examine the relationship of gender and other demographic, economic and health-related (i.e., psychosocial) factors to empirically-identified gambling problem trajectories. The results indicated that gender made a statistically significant contribution to the prediction of trajectory, but increased predictive accuracy by only 1-2% beyond a model with psychosocial predictors. Gender's contribution was limited to its relationship to age of initiation; men and women's problem progression did not differ meaningfully once age of gambling initiation was taken into account. Gender is a unique contributor to the development of gambling problems among treatment seekers, but it is only one small part of the myriad psychosocial characteristics that influence gambling problem development.
In in- and outpatient therapy of pathological gamblers women are underrepresented. This is mutually effected by the traditionally masculine orientation of these programs. Up to now models of therapy for female pathological gamblers did not exist. In this article the causal factors of female pathological gambling are analysed. Here from the main topics of therapy are deduced: Problems resulting from the family of origin, deficitary, passive and inadaquate problem solving strategies, conflicts with attachment-partners, problems because of loneliness, feelings of guilt and shame, contradictionary female role demands, autoaggressive cognitive and behavioral strategies. Concentrating on these themes, a model of cognitive-behavioral oriented therapy for female pathological gamblers is described.
High rates of psychiatric symptoms have been reported in pathological gamblers. This study of psychiatric comorbidity in pathological gamblers is the first to use structured psychiatric interviews assessing DSM-III-R Axis I and II disorders. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM III-R (SCID-P, SCID-II) was administered to 40 (25 male, 15 male) pathological gamblers seeking outpatient treatment in Minnesota for gambling, and 64 (41 male, 23 female) controls. High lifetime rates of Axis I (92%) but not Axis II (25%) psychopathology were found in pathological gamblers as compared to controls. No differences between male and female gamblers were found in rates of affective, substance use or personality disorders. Females had higher rates of anxiety disorders and histories of physical/sexual abuse. Possible associations between psychiatric disorders and pathological gambling are discussed along with gambler typologies and implications for future research.
Pathological (compulsive) gambling is a serious emotional and social problem that has existed for centuries but has only recently been recognized as a distinct diagnostic entity that can be effectively treated. The development and progression of pathological gambling are outlined. The progression of the disorder through three identifiable phases leads to predictable complications. The treatment of the gambler within the framework of Gamblers Anonymous and/or by mental health professionals is described.
The characteristics of male and female gamblers utilizing a gambling helpline were examined to identify gender-related differences.
The authors performed logistic regression analyses on data obtained in 1998-1999 from callers to a gambling helpline serving southern New England.
Of the 562 phone calls used in the analyses, 349 (62.1%) were from male callers and 213 (37.9%) from female callers. Gender-related differences were observed in reported patterns of gambling, gambling-related problems, borrowing and indebtedness, legal problems, suicidality, and treatment for mental health and gambling problems. Male gamblers were more likely than female gamblers to report problems with strategic or "face-to-face" forms of gambling, e.g., blackjack or poker. Female gamblers were more likely to report problems with nonstrategic, less interpersonally interactive forms of gambling, e.g., slot machines or bingo. Female gamblers were more likely to report receiving nongambling-related mental health treatment. Male gamblers were more likely to report a drug problem or an arrest related to gambling. High rates of debt and psychiatric symptoms related to gambling, including anxiety and depression, were observed in both groups.
Individuals with gambling disorders have gender-related differences in underlying motivations to gamble and in problems generated by excessive gambling. Different strategies may be necessary to maximize treatment efficacy for men and for women with gambling problems.
Gender differences in pathological gambling disorder (PGD) have received little investigation. This study was constructed to detail the demographic and phenomenological differences in men and women with PGD. We assessed gender differences in 131 subjects with PGD who were evaluated in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical features of PGD, and treatment history. Seventy-eight (60%) subjects were women, and 53 (40%) were men. Men had an earlier age of onset of gambling behavior, while women progressed to pathological gambling sooner after beginning to gamble. In terms of gambling behavior, men were more likely to engage in blackjack, cards, sporting events, and the track, whereas women played slot machines and bingo. Women reported that loneliness was the major trigger to gambling, while men were more likely to gamble secondary to sensory stimuli. Although men were as likely as women to have filed bankruptcy because of gambling, women were more likely to have written bad checks and men were more likely to have lost significant savings. Both groups were equally likely to seek treatment, but Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and outpatient therapy were reported equally ineffective in reducing gambling symptoms. There appear to be some gender differences in the clinical features of PGD, and these differences may have treatment implications.
This study investigated gender differences among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers. During treatment intake, 115 pathological gamblers completed the Addiction Severity Index (ASI; A. T. McLellan et al., 1985), including a section on gambling severity, as well as the South Oaks Gambling Screen (H. R. Lesieur & S. B. Blume, 1987). When age and income were controlled, gender differences emerged in ASI gambling, alcohol, and legal scores. Men initiated gambling, began gambling regularly, tried to stop gambling, and first entered gambling treatment at a younger age than women. Women were more likely to be living with someone with a gambling or drinking problem but themselves had fewer alcohol and legal problems. Results suggest that gender differences exist in the initiation of gambling dysfunction and its psychosocial correlates. Understanding these differences may assist in developing treatments that address differential needs of male and female pathological gamblers.
To determine the differences in clinical presentation, gambling behavior, and psychiatric comorbidity of male and female treatment-seeking pathological gamblers.
Sixty-nine consecutive individuals with DSM-IV pathological gambling (47 men and 22 women) applying to a specialized out-patient treatment program were evaluated with structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and psychological scales.
Sixty-seven percent of men (N = 26) versus 25% of women (N = 5) had been exposed to gambling in adolescence. Women had a later age at first bet and a faster evolution of the disorder. Female pathological gamblers were more likely to play bingo, whereas men tended to prefer slot machines. Male and female pathological gamblers had similar gambling severity and overall rates of psychiatric comorbidity. However, male pathological gamblers had higher rates of alcohol abuse/dependence and antisocial personality disorder, whereas women had higher rates of affective disorders and history of physical abuse.
There are substantial gender differences in the clinical presentation and comorbidity of pathological gambling. These gender differences should be incorporated in the selection and planning of treatment for pathological gamblers.
Depression and maladaptive coping styles are important components of theories of pathological gambling and are frequently foci of treatment with individuals with gambling problems. The present study aimed to improve understanding and treatment of pathological gambling by comparing levels of depression and styles of coping in male and female members of Gamblers Anonymous (GA) to a group of non-pathological gambling controls matched according to gender, age, education, and income. Pathological gambling was measured by the South Oaks Gambling Scale, depression by the Beck Depression Inventory, and coping styles by the Problem-Focused Styles of Coping inventory. Results showed that GA members reported significantly higher levels of depression and more maladaptive styles of coping than controls. Pathological gamblers' greater use of maladaptive coping was evident even when variance attributable to depression was removed, suggesting that their coping deficits may be pervasive. Female subjects reported significantly greater levels of depression and maladaptive coping than their male counterparts. Implications for treating depression and coping styles in pathological gamblers are discussed.
Previous studies of problem gamblers portray this group as being almost exclusively male. However, this study demonstrates that females comprised 46% of the population ( n = 1,520) of persons who sought assistance due to concerns about their gambling from the publicly-funded BreakEven counselling services in the state of Victoria, Australia, in one 12-month period. This suggests that the model of service delivery which is community based counselling on a non-residential basis may be better able to attract female clients than treatment centres where males predominate such as veterans centres. A comparative analysis of the social and demographic characteristics of female and male gamblers within the study population was undertaken. As with previous studies, we have found significant differences between males and females who have sought help for problems associated with their gambling. Gender differences revealed in this study include females being far more likely to use electronic gaming machines (91.1% vs. 61.4%), older (39.6 years vs. 36.1 years), more likely to be born in Australia (79.4% vs. 74.7%), to be married (42.8% vs. 30.2%), living with family (78.9% vs. 61.5%) and to have dependent children (48.4% vs. 35.7%), than males who present at these services. Female gamblers (A19,091). These gender differences have implications for the development and conduct of problem gambling counselling services as it cannot be assumed that models of service which have demonstrated effectiveness with males will be similarly effective with females.
A total of 952 (841 men and 111 women) Chinese treatment-seeking problem gamblers completed self-report assessment forms. Female in contrast to male gamblers were more likely to be older, married, less educated, and without employment. Female gamblers also started gambling at an older age, had a shorter gambling history, preferred casino and mahjong gambling, and reported more somatic complaints and suicidal thoughts. Male and female gamblers accumulated similar amount of gambling debt and reported an average of 12 gambling-related problems on the Chinese version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen [Lesieur and Blume (Am J Psychiatry 144:1184-1188, 1987)]. Both groups were similarly troubled by their indebtedness, inability to control gambling, and gambling-related interpersonal problems. However, female gamblers had fewer means to pay their gambling debt. Given that significant gender-related differences were observed in Chinese problem gamblers, prevention and treatment services should attend to specific needs of male and female gamblers.
This study helps to address a deficiency of gender-specific research into problem gambling. It focuses on the gambling behaviors, family and personal histories and comorbid psychological disorders of 365 female gamblers from across Ontario, Canada, who responded to a mail-in survey. Specifically, this study looks at rates of depression and anxiety, concurrent struggles with other behaviors (such as alcohol and drug use, disordered eating, overspending and criminal activity) and abuse history reported by female gamblers. The reported rates are considerably higher than for the general female population. The findings of this study agree with previous research. They suggest that prevention strategies and treatment practices for female problem gamblers should take into account women's mental health, addiction and trauma history as contributing factors in the development of problematic gambling.
Das alltägliche Delikt: Sexuelle Gewalt gegen Mädchen und Jungen Zum aktuellen Forschungsstand In: Enders U (Hrsg) Zart war ich, bitter war’s. Handbuch gegen sexuellen Missbrauch
- Bange
Gender differences in gambling behaviors and social costs of gambling disorders
- J Westphal
- Johnson
The female pathological gambler In: Eadington WR (ed) Gambling research: procedings of the Seventh International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking
- Lesieur
Frauenspezifische Be-handlung bei pathologischem Glücksspielverhal-ten
- M Petry
M, Petry J (1996) Frauenspezifische Be-handlung bei pathologischem Glücksspielverhal-ten. Sucht 42(6):428–437
Hrsg) Perspektiven für Suchtkranke – Teilhabe fördern, fordern, sichern, Bd 28 Gender differences in gambling behaviors and social costs of gamb-ling disorders
- Geesthacht Neuland
- J Westphal
- Johnson
In: Fachverband Sucht e.V. (Hrsg) Perspektiven für Suchtkranke – Teilhabe fördern, fordern, sichern, Bd 28. Neuland, Geesthacht Westphal J, Johnson L (2000) Gender differences in gambling behaviors and social costs of gamb-ling disorders. Vortrag: 11. National Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking, Las Vegas, Nevada World Health Organisation (1993) International classi-fication of mental disorders. WHO, Genf
Psychopathology in pathological gamblers seeking treatment
- S Specker
- G Carlson
- K Edmonson
- Specker
S, Carlson G, Edmonson K et al (1996) Psycho-pathology in pathological gamblers seeking treat-ment. J Gambl Stud 12(1):67–81
A survey of pathological gamblers in the state of Ohio
- R P Culleton
Culleton RP (1985) A survey of pathological gamblers
in the state of Ohio. Transition Planning Associates,
Philadelphia
Frank R (1993), Kinderärztliche/Kinderpsychiatrische
Untersuchungen an misshandelten und vernachlässigten Kindern und deren Familien. Eine prospektive Untersuchung an einer Kinderklinik, Habilitationsschrift. Institut für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Mün-
chen
When lady luck loses: women and compulsive gambling In: van den Burgh N (ed) Feminist perspectives on treating addictions The proxy effect: gender and gambling problem trajectories of Iowa gambling treatment program participants
- H Lesieur
- S La Blume
- D Plante
- R Labrie
- H Shaffer
Lesieur H, Blume S (1991) When lady luck loses: women and compulsive gambling. In: van den Burgh
N (ed) Feminist perspectives on treating addictions. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokio
Nelson S, La Plante D, LaBrie R, Shaffer H (2006) The
proxy effect: gender and gambling problem trajectories of Iowa gambling treatment program
participants. J Gambl Stud 22:221–240
When lady luck loses: women and compulsive gambling (ed) Feminist perspectives on treating addictions
- H Lesieur
- S Blume
Frauenspezifische Behandlung bei pathologischem Glücksspielverhalten
- M Vogelgesang
- J Petry
- Vogelgesang
Kinderärztliche/Kinderpsychiatrische Untersuchungen an misshandelten und vernachlässigten Kindern und deren Familien. Eine prospektive Untersuchung an einer Kinderklinik, Habilitationsschrift
- R Frank
Pathologisches Glücksspielen bei Frauen: Charakteristika – Ätiologie – Therapie (Hrsg) Perspektiven für Suchtkranke – Teilhabe fördern
- M Vogelgesang
Pathologisches Glücksspielen bei Frauen: Charakteristika - Ätiologie - Therapie
- M Vogelgesang