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Hybridization in the Babassu Palm Complex. II. Attalea compta x Orbignya oleifera (Palmae)
Abstract
A new hybrid palm, ×Attabignya minarum, from the Rio São Francisco Valley of Minas Gerais, Brazil is described. It is a natural hybrid betweenAttalea compta Mart. andOrbignya oleifera Burret and is quite common in the area studied. Most of the morphological characters of the hybrid are intermediate between
those of the parent species. A notable exception is the number of fruits produced; ×Attabignya minarum produces more fruits per panicle than either parent species. This is the first report of hybridization betweenOrbignya andAttalea and may shed light on the status ofOrbignya, considered by some to be synonymous withAttalea.
... ex Endl. (Balick et al. 1987; Orbignya is now included in Attalea [Zona 2002]), and Coccothrinax Sarg. and Thrinax L.f. ex Sw. (Nauman 1990). ...
In a coastal plain forest in eastern Texas, USA, occurs a population of a putative Sabal hybrid, one of few native, putative
palm hybrids in the continental USA. Robust plants with large trunks, they are morphologically dissimilar to the much
smaller and acaulescent plants of S. minor, with which they co-occur. The only other large Sabal species in the USA are
S. mexicana and S. palmetto, with S. mexicana native only to Texas. Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms
(AFLPs), we sampled several plants of the putative hybrid and its possible parents in order to evaluate its possible hybrid
origin. UPGMA, principal coordinate analysis, and Bayesian analyses indicated that it seems to be a hybrid, but an old
one, with clear genetic distinctiveness. However, these results also suggest a closer affinity of the putative hybrid with S.
minor and S. palmetto than with S. mexicana, excluding the latter species from possible parentage. Results also suggest
that S. minor, despite its wide morphological diversity, is a clearly coherent species with minimal evidence of
introgression, except for Mexican material that appears to be introgressed with S. mexicana. Sabal palmetto may also
possess a complicated genetic history not necessarily reflected in its morphology
... However, Henderson and Balick (1991) showed that there are at least eight types of staminate flowers and many intermediate forms, and they accepted only one genus, Attalea sensu lato, as had been already proposed by Wessels Boer (1965). The documented cases of hybridization in the group (e. g., Balick et al. 1987aBalick et al. , 1987b) support this view, which has been followed by other recent authors (e. g., Borchsenius et al. 1998, Moraes 1999, Stauffer 2000; but see Kahn 1997, de Granville 1999. We also recognize a single genus, and are therefore tranferring this species to Attalea sensu lato. ...
Four new species of palms from Colombia, Aiphanes graminifolia, Bactris rostrata, Geonoma santanderensis and Geonoma wilsoni, are described and illustrated. Three species, Attalea cohune, A. phalerata and A. plowmanii are recorded for the first time in Colombia; the name Attalea plowmanii is a new combination based on Scheelea plowmanii. Another species, Aiphanes simplex, is recorded from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. RESUMEN Se describen e ilustran cuatro nuevas especies de palmas de Colombia, Aiphanes graminifolia, Bactris rostrata, Geonoma santanderensis y Geonoma wilsoni. Otras tres especies, Attalea cohune, A. phalerata y A. plowmanii, se registran por prime- ra vez en Colombia; el nombre Attalea plowmanii es una nueva combinación basa- da en Scheelea plowmanii. Otra especie, Aiphanes simplex, se registra en la Cordi- llera Oriental de Colombia. Palabras clave. Aiphanes, Attalea, Bactris, Colombia, Geonoma, Palmae, Taxonomy.
... 1987; Reiseberg et al. 1988; Ness et al. 1990). Most examples of evidence for plant hybridization are based on intermediacy of characters that selectively distinguish putative parental taxa (e.g., Balick et al. 1987; Sytsma and Pippen 1985; Kephart et al. 1988). Wilson (1992) points out, however, that intermediacy , particularly multivariate intermediacy (Adams 1982), is not unique to the results of hybridization but may also occur For personal use only. ...
The aim of this study was to compare patterns of morphological variation in F1 hybrids and backcrosses obtained artifically in the greenhouse relative to the parental species Carduus acanthoides (2n = 22) and Carduus nutans (2n = 16), which form a naturally occurring hybrid complex in Grey County, Ontario. The identity of parental, hybrid, and backcross genotypes was confirmed using allozyme markers. The data were used to test for hybrid (H) intermediacy in morphological traits that differentiate the two parental taxa (acronyms A and N are used for C. acanthoides and C. nutans, respectively) and to determine patterns of variation on the same traits among the four classes of backcross plants (NH, HN, AH, and HA, seed × pollen parent, respectively). Canonical multivariate analysis indicated that in general, F1 hybrids had intermediate morphologies compared with parental genotypes, although differences were observed among characters with respect to the degree of morphological intermediacy of hybrids. The backcrosses were divided into two groups, i.e., those backcrossed with C. acanthoides (AH and HA) and those with C. nutans (NH and HN). However, backcrosses also showed considerable morphological overlap with F1 hybrids. These results exemplify the utility of joint comparisons of morphology and genotypic constitution (allozymes) in the hybridization studies, and they emphasize the limitations in describing hybrid classes solely by morphological criteria. Key words: Carduus nutans, Carduus acanthoides, hybrids, backcrosses, morphological variation.
Plant traits are critical to plant form and function —including growth, survival and reproduction— and therefore shape fundamental aspects of population and ecosystem dynamics as well as ecosystem services. Here, we present a global species-level compilation of key functional traits for palms (Arecaceae), a plant family with keystone importance in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. We derived measurements of essential functional traits for all (>2500) palm species from key sources such as monographs, books, other scientific publications, as well as herbarium collections. This includes traits related to growth form, stems, armature, leaves and fruits. Although many species are still lacking trait information, the standardized and global coverage of the data set will be important for supporting future studies in tropical ecology, rainforest evolution, paleoecology, biogeography, macroecology, macroevolution, global change biology and conservation. Potential uses are comparative eco-evolutionary studies, ecological research on community dynamics, plant-animal interactions and ecosystem functioning, studies on plant-based ecosystem services, as well as conservation science concerned with the loss and restoration of functional diversity in a changing world. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9766919
The objectives of this study were to morphologically characterize fruits of the babassu palm tree (Attalea vitrivir) and to estimate their productivity in the north of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Twenty mature fruits were collected from 10 plants in three different areas in Januária, Minas Gerais. Eighteen biometric parameters of the fruits were measured, the oil contents of the seeds was determined, the adherence to normal distribution was evaluated, distribution frequencies were evaluated and the effects of individuals and areas on the variables and the correlations between them were analyzed. The production of fruit bunches per plant and the number of fruits per bunch from 10 plants were quantified in three areas and the potential production under both natural harvesting and cultivation conditions were estimated. Significant differences were found among all of the biometric parameters examined between the different individuals and the different areas, which shows wide morphological variability in the fruits. The average oil content was 45.7%, but with significant differences among individuals. The observed variability favors the selection of productive individuals in genetic improvement programs. The potential productivity of endocarps and oil based on a density of 400/plants per hectare would be respectively 6.4 and 1.2 tons/ha, which indicates the possibility of using A. vitrivir for producing charcoal, bio fuels, and for carbon fixation. © 2015, Sociedade de Investigacoes Florestais. All rights reserved.
Wilson, P.: On inferring hybridity from morphological intermediacy. ‐ Taxon 41: 11–23. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.
The type of intermediacy that separates hybridity from divergence is not multivariate intermediacy; it is the coincidence of intermediate character states. For the purpose of showing hybridity, analyses should distinguish between the two types of intermediacy. (1) Hybrid indices fail to do so. (2) Principal components analysis does so only in an ambiguous way. (3) Pictorialized scatter diagrams properly present the evidence for an interpretation that is intuitive. (4) Counting characters as intermediate or not‐intermediate is an explicit approach that allows for statistical evaluation given that certain assumptions are made. Simulated data representing hybridity and divergence are presented to illustrate each method and to provide a prototype of how to document hybridity using the favored methods.
The variation pattern of a large population ofTocoyena formosa in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil, and of other samples throughout the species area was analysed by morphometrical, statistical, ecological, and phytogeographical methods. Excessive variation and the remarkable coherence of two different character syndromes within this species strongly suggest that it has originated as a homogamic (diploid) hybrid complex. Possible parental species areT. brasiliensis, mainly from the Amazon region, andT. viscidula from the dry caatinga region of NE. Brazil.T. formosa has a much more extensive geographical range and greater ecological plasticity, ranging from the Amazon basin and the Guyanas throughout the Central Brazilian Plateau and from NE. to S. Brazil and Paraguay. Three (partly sympatric) varieties are distinguished withinT. formosa, i.e. var.formosa, var.pseudobrasiliensis (var. nov.), and var.microdon (comb. et stat. nov.). A provisional taxonomic revision, key, and conspectus covers the 12 accepted species ofTocoyena with blunt flower buds and ovate obtuse corolla lobes (group A, includingT. formosa); their distribution is shown in a map.
Stands of babassu palms (Orbignya martiana) occupy an area of Brazil estimated at nearly 200,000 km2, concentrated in the states of Maranhão, Piauí and Goiás. Babassu’s cryptogeal germination, establishing the apical meristem
of the plant below ground for its early growth and development, enables it to survive human disturbance, making the palm an
integral part of shifting cultivation and pastoral farming systems. People obtain a multitude of products from babassu throughout
the palm’s life cycle: leaves are used widely for thatch, basketry, and construction; trunks for palmito and bridges; the
fruit for feed, oil and, charcoal. As many as 450,000 subsistence-level households rely on the sale of babassu kernels, used
in a regional vegetable oil industry, for an important share of their cash incomes. Deforestation pressures and technological
innovation toward an industry based on mechanical processing of whole babassu fruit threaten to reduce benefits the palm provides
to the region’s rural poor. Understanding how babassu is used by rural families who depend upon it will help to make current
efforts at “domesticating” the palm and whole-fruit processing more responsive to human needs.
The indigenous palms of Suriname
- J G Wessels Boer