An Architectural Approach Towards the Future Internet of Things

Abstract

Many of the initial developments towards the Internet of Things have focused on the combination of Auto-ID and networked infrastructures
in businessto- business logistics and product life cycle applications. However, a future Internet of Things can provide a
broader vision and also enable everyone to access and contribute rich information about things and locations. The success
of social networks to share experience and personalised insights shows also great potential for integration with business-centric
applications. The integration and interoperability with mainstream business software platforms can be enhanced and extended
by real-time analytics, business intelligence and agent-based autonomous services. Information sharing may be rewarded through
incentives, thus transforming the Internet of Things from a cost-focused experiment to a revenue-generating infrastructure
to enable trading of enriched information and accelerate business innovation. Mash-ups and end-user programming will enable
people to contribute to the Internet of Things with data, presentation and functionality. Things-generated physical world
content and events from Auto-ID, sensors, actuators or meshed networks will be aggregated and combined with information from
virtual worlds, such as business databases and Web 2.0 applications, and processed based on new business intelligence concepts.
Direct action on the physical world will be supported through machine-interfaces and introduction of agile strategies. This
chapter aims to provide a concept for a future architecture of the Internet of Things, including a definition, a review of
developments, a list of key requirements and a technical design for possible implementation of the future Internet of Things.
As open issues, the evaluation of usability by stakeholders in user-centric as well as business-centric scenarios is discussed
and the need for quantifying costs and benefits for businesses, consumers, society and the environment is emphasised. Finally,
guidelines are derived, for use by researchers as well as practitioners.

Full text

Contents
1 An Architectural Approach Towards the Future Internet of Things ............ 1
Dieter Uckelmann, Mark Harrison, Florian Michahelles
1.1 Introduction, Background and Initial Visions ..............................................2
1.2 Definitions and Functional Requirements .................................................... 4
1.3 A European Perspective on Funded Projects, Technologies and State of
the Art in Relation to the Internet of Things ......................................................9
1.4 Opportunities and Motivation..................................................................... 12
1.5 Outlook to Future Developments ...............................................................13
1.6 A Possible Architecture for the Future Internet of Things......................... 16
1.7 Conclusion and Outlook ............................................................................. 22
References......................................................................................................... 22
2 About the “Idea of Man” in System Design – An Enlightened Version of
the Internet of Things?......................................................................................... 25
Sarah Spiekermann
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 25
2.2 About the Idea of Man: Definition and Relation to System Design .......... 27
2.3 The Idea of Man as Opposed to the Nature of a Computer System...........28
2.4 Social Interaction and Norms at the Human/Machine Interface ................ 29
2.5 The Impact of the Programmer’s Idea of Man ........................................... 30
Foreword ................................................................................................................ V
Contents.................................................................................................................IX
Figures ................................................................................................................XIX
Tables............................................................................................................... XXIII
Abbreviations................................................................................................... XXV

X Contents
2.6 The Idea of Man: Steps and Challenges for its Recognition in System
Design............................................................................................................... 32
2.7 Conclusion.................................................................................................. 34
References ........................................................................................................ 34
3 Enabling the Masses to Become Creative in Smart Spaces........................... 37
Marc Roelands, Laurence Claeys, Marc Godon, Marjan Geerts, Mohamed
Ali Feki, Lieven Trappeniers
3.1 The Meaning of DiY in the Network Society ............................................ 37
3.1.1 DiY as Socio-Cultural Practice........................................................... 38
3.1.2 DiY in Software Application Creation ............................................... 41
3.1.3 DiY in Smart Spaces........................................................................... 41
3.2 Research Orientation towards Tangible Creation in Smart Spaces............ 42
3.3 Candidate Enabling Concept 1: The Call-out Internet of Things............... 43
3.3.1 Location-based Call-outs ....................................................................44
3.3.2 Tag-based Call-outs ............................................................................45
3.3.3 Image-based Call-outs ........................................................................ 46
3.3.4 The Future of Call-outs....................................................................... 46
3.4 Candidate Enabling Concept 2: The Smart Composables Internet of
Things ............................................................................................................... 47
3.4.1 Object Classification According to Creator and Purpose ................... 48
3.4.2 Grounding via Experimentation.......................................................... 50
3.5 Candidate Enabling Concept 3: The Phenomena Internet of Things ......... 52
3.5.1 Ingredients of the Phenomena Internet of Things............................... 53
3.5.2 Links to Current and Historical State of the Art................................. 55
3.5.3 Potential Application Domains........................................................... 57
3.5.4 Grounding via Experimentation.......................................................... 58
3.6 Conclusion.................................................................................................. 61
References ........................................................................................................ 62

Contents XI
4 The Toolkit Approach for End-user Participation in the Internet of
Things .................................................................................................................... 65
Irena Pletikosa Cvijikj, Florian Michahelles
4.1 From Internet to Internet of Things ............................................................ 65
4.2 Problems and Challenges............................................................................ 67
4.3 Towards a Participatory Approach ............................................................. 68
4.3.1 User-centered Design.......................................................................... 68
4.3.2 Open-source Development.................................................................. 70
4.3.3 End-user Programming .......................................................................71
4.3.4 Crowdsourcing .................................................................................... 72
4.3.5 Living Labs .........................................................................................73
4.4 Innovations to Users via Toolkits...............................................................75
4.5 Existing Toolkits......................................................................................... 76
4.5.1 I/O Boards and HW Based Systems ................................................... 77
4.5.2 SW Based Solutions............................................................................85
4.6 Discussion................................................................................................... 90
4.7 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 92
References......................................................................................................... 93
5 From the Internet of Things to the Web of Things: Resource-oriented
Architecture and Best Practices..........................................................................97
5.1 From the Internet of Things to the Web of Things..................................... 97
5.2 Designing RESTful Smart Things............................................................100
5.2.1 Modeling Functionality as Linked Resources................................... 100
5.2.2 Representing Resources .................................................................... 101
5.2.3 Servicing Through a Uniform Interface............................................ 103
5.2.4 Syndicating Things............................................................................ 105
5.2.5 Things Calling Back: Web Hooks ....................................................106
5.3 Web-enabling Constrained Devices .........................................................107
5.4 Physical Mashups: Recomposing the Physical World .............................112
Dominique Guinard, Vlad Trifa, Friedemann Mattern, Erik Wilde

XII Contents
5.4.1 Energy Aware Mashup: “Energie Visible”....................................... 113
5.4.2 Business Intelligence Mashup: RESTful EPCIS .............................. 114
5.4.3 A Mashup Editor for the Smart Home.............................................. 116
5.5 Advanced Concepts: The Future Web of Things ..................................... 118
5.5.1 Real-time Web of Things.................................................................. 119
5.5.2 Finding and Describing Smart Things .............................................. 121
5.5.3 Sharing Smart Things ....................................................................... 123
5.6 Discussing the Future Web of Things ...................................................... 126
5.7 Conclusion................................................................................................ 127
References ...................................................................................................... 128
6 A Service-oriented, Semantic Approach to Data Integration for an
Internet of Things Supporting Autonomous Cooperating Logistics
Processes.............................................................................................................. 131
Karl A. Hribernik, Carl hans, Christoph Kramer, Klaus-Dieter Thoben
6.1 Introduction and Background............................................................... 131
6.2 State of the Art ..................................................................................... 134
6.2.1 The Internet of Things.................................................................. 134
6.2.2 Autonomous Cooperating Logistics Processes............................ 136
6.2.3 Item-level Information Management Approaches ....................... 137
6.2.4 Enterprise Application Integration Approaches........................... 141
6.3 Problem Analysis...................................................................................... 143
6.3.1 Logistics Systems Integration Targets ......................................... 143
6.3.2 Integrating Intelligent Logistics Objects...................................... 144
6.3.3 Summary of Data Integration Requirements ............................... 146
6.4 Solution Concept – A Service-oriented, Ontology-based Mediator .... 149
6.4.1 Ontology-based Mediator............................................................. 149
6.4.2 Service Interface Layer for Logical Views .................................. 152
6.5 Conclusions and Outlook ..................................................................... 154
References ...................................................................................................... 155

Contents XIII
7 Resource Management in the Internet of Things: Clustering,
Synchronisation and Software Agents.............................................................. 159
Tomás Sánchez López, Alexandra Brintrup, Marc-André Isenberg,
Jeanette Mansfeld
7.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 159
7.2 Background and Related Work................................................................. 160
7.2.1 Clustering .......................................................................................... 160
7.2.2 Software Agents ................................................................................ 164
7.2.3 Data Synchronisation ........................................................................ 166
7.3 Assumptions and Definitions.................................................................... 168
7.4 Clustering for Scalability.......................................................................... 170
7.4.1 Clustering Principles in an Internet of Things Architecture ............. 170
7.4.2 The Role of Context.......................................................................... 172
7.4.3 Design Guidelines ............................................................................. 173
7.5 Software Agents for Object Representation ............................................. 179
7.6 Data Synchronisation................................................................................ 182
7.6.1 Types of Network Architectures ....................................................... 182
7.6.2 Requirements and Challenges...........................................................186
7.7 Summary and Conclusion......................................................................... 190
References....................................................................................................... 191
8 The Role of the Internet of Things for Increased Autonomy and Agility
in Collaborative Production Environments.....................................................195
Marc-André Isenberg, Dirk Werthmann, Ernesto Morales-Kluge,
Bernd Scholz-Reiter
8.1 Introduction............................................................................................... 195
8.2 Emerging Challenges of Networked Enterprises ..................................... 197
8.3 Fundamental Concepts of Agility and Autonomy.................................... 199
8.3.1 Agility ............................................................................................... 199
8.3.2 Autonomous Control.........................................................................202
8.4 Enabling Autonomy and Agility by the Internet of Things...................... 206

XIV Contents
8.5 Technical Requirements for Satisfying the New Demands in Production
Logistics.......................................................................................................... 209
8.5.1 The Evolution from the RFID-based EPC Network to an Agent-
based Internet of Things............................................................................. 209
8.5.2 Agents for the Behaviour of Objects ................................................ 213
8.6 Application Field: Automotive Tail-lights – Intelligent Product............. 216
8.6.1 Assembly Scenario............................................................................ 217
8.6.2 Layout ............................................................................................... 218
8.6.3 The System........................................................................................ 219
8.6.4 Technological Prerequisites.............................................................. 221
8.7 Challenges by Developing the Internet of Things.................................... 223
8.8 Conclusion and Outlook ........................................................................... 225
References ...................................................................................................... 226
9 Integrated Billing Solutions in the Internet of Things................................. 229
9.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 229
9.2 Cost of RFID and the Internet of Things.................................................. 231
9.3 Benefits of RFID and the Internet of Things............................................ 238
9.4 Cost Benefit Sharing................................................................................. 241
9.5 A Technical Framework for Integrating Billing Capabilities into the
EPCglobal Network........................................................................................ 242
9.6 Discussion and Outlook............................................................................ 249
References ...................................................................................................... 250
10 Business Models for the Internet of Things ................................................ 253
Eva Bucherer, Dieter Uckelmann
10.2.1 Business Models ............................................................................. 255
10.2.2 Business Model Innovation............................................................. 258
Dieter Uckelmann, Bernd Scholz-Reiter
10.2 Business Models and Business Model Innovation ................................. 255
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 253

Contents XV
10.3.2 Revenue Generation in the Internet of Things................................ 263
10.4.1 Scenario 1: Product as a Service (PaaS) .........................................266
10.4.3 Scenario 3: End-userInvolvement...................................................270
10.4.4 Scenario 4: Right-time Business Analysis and Decision making... 273
11 The DiY Smart Experiences Project............................................................ 279
Marc Roelands, Johan Plomp, Diego Casado Mansilla, Juan R. Velasco,
Ismail Salhi, Gyu Myoung Lee, Noel Crespi, Filipe Vinci dos Santos, Julien
Vachaudez, Frédéric Bettens, Joel Hanqc, Carlos Valderrama, Nilo Menezes,
Alexandre Girardi, Xavier Ricco, Mario Lopez-Ramos, Nicolas Dumont, Iván
Alonso, Quentin Reul, Yan Tang, Robert Meersman
11.1 Drivers, Motives and Persona in the DiY Society.................................. 280
11.1.1 Evolution of DiY............................................................................. 281
11.1.2 Why Do People Build Things Themselves? ................................... 281
11.1.3 People Motivation as Driver ...........................................................282
11.1.4 People Logics, Distinguishing Motivation Levels.......................... 282
11.1.5 Eco-awareness, an Example Application Theme in DiYSE...........284
11.2 Sensor-actuator Technologies and Middleware as a Basis for a DiY
Service Creation Framework .......................................................................... 289
11.2.1 Device Integration...........................................................................290
11.2.2 Middleware Technologies Needed for a DiY Internet of Things ... 293
11.3 Semantic Interoperability as a Requirement for DiY Creation .............. 295
11.3.1 Ontology.......................................................................................... 295
11.3.2 Ontology Engineering Methodologies............................................ 296
10.3.1 Laws of Information........................................................................ 260
10.4.2 Scenario 2: Information Service Providers ..................................... 268
De Roeck, Christof van Nimwegen, Leire Bastida, Marisa Escalante, Juncal
Corredor, Miguel S. Familiar, José F. Martínez, Vicente Hernández, Dries
10.3 Value Creation in the Internet of Things................................................ 260
10.4 Exemplary Business Model Scenarios for the Interet of Things ...........266
10.5 Conclusion............................................................................................... 275
References....................................................................................................... 276

XVI Contents
11.3.3 Application of Ontology Engineering in the Internet of Things..... 298
11.4 The DiYSE Service Framework............................................................. 302
11.4.1 Contextualisation Layer .................................................................. 303
11.4.2 Service Composition and Exposition Layer ................................... 304
11.4.3 Execution Layer .............................................................................. 305
11.4.4 DiYSE Application Creation and Deployment............................... 305
11.5 Interactions, Using and Creating in Smart Spaces ................................. 306
11.5.1 Service Interaction and Environment Configuration...................... 307
11.5.2 Ecological Design Approach .......................................................... 307
11.5.3 Architectural Support and Modelling for Interaction ..................... 308
11.5.4 Example Personalised Interaction Method: Smart Companion
Devices....................................................................................................... 309
11.5.5 Multimodal Middleware Protocol................................................... 311
11.5.6 The Ultimate Example: Simple Smart Space Interaction with
Multi-device Interfaces .............................................................................. 311
11.6 Conclusion - Future Work of the Consortium........................................ 312
References ...................................................................................................... 313
12 Intelligent Cargo – Using Internet of Things Concepts to Provide High
Interoperability for Logistics Systems ............................................................. 317
Jens Schumacher, Mathias Rieder, Manfred Gschweidl, Philip Masser
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 317
12.2 Semantic Web......................................................................................... 319
12.2.1 Semantic Web Services................................................................... 320
12.2.2 Semantic Web Services Processes and Lifecycle........................... 321
12.3 Ontology ................................................................................................. 325
12.3.1 Ontology and the Organisational Perspective................................. 326
12.3.2 Ontology and the IT-System Perspective ....................................... 327
12.3.3 Ontology and the Data Perspective................................................. 327
12.3.4 Ontologies in Multi-agent Systems................................................. 329
12.3.5 The Role of a Top-level Ontology.................................................. 331

Contents XVII
12.4 The Internet of Things in Context of EURIDICE ..................................332
12.4.1 Interoperability in EURIDICE ........................................................ 333
12.4.2 The EURIDICE Architecture.......................................................... 337
12.4.3 Integration .......................................................................................339
12.4.4 Deployment ..................................................................................... 340
12.4.5 Project Evaluation ........................................................................... 341
12.4.6 EURIDICE and the Internet of Things ...........................................341
12.5 Business Impact...................................................................................... 342
12.6 Future Developments.............................................................................. 344
12.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 345
References....................................................................................................... 346
Index .................................................................................................................... 349
About the Editors ............................................................................................... 353