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Doppellagige Kronenplatten: Ein neues anatomisches Merkmal paläozoischer Crinoiden und Revision der Familie Cupressocrinitidae (Devon)
Abstract and Figures
Based on material from the Middle Devonian of Germany (Eifel, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge), a clearly
separated skeletal layer covering the plates of cup and arms is described in the crinoid family Cupressocrinitidae C.F. ROEMER, 1854. It is termed exoplacoid layer. Morphology, microstructure and geochemical signal of the layer are described, its functional morphology is discussed. Due to the structure of the exoplacoid layer, the new genera Robustocrinites n. gen. and Abbreviatocrinites n. gen. are erected within the hitherto monotypic family Cupressocrinitidae C.F. ROEMER, 1854. Robustocrinites n. gen. and Cupressocrinites GOLDFUSS, 1831, show a monolamellar exoplacoid layer and differ by additional morphological features from the new genus Abbreviatocrinites n. gen., which is characterised by a multilamellar exoplacoid layer. Several species of Cupressocrinites with developed multilamellar
exoplacoid layer are transferred into the new genus. Abbreviatocrinites geminatus n. gen. n. sp. with an extensively developed multilamellar exoplacoid layer is new.
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... The early writing on these crinoids occurs primarily in literature that may be difficult to borrow, which has hampered understanding the details of these taxa. Further, the recent history of names applied to many of these crinoids, including the Cupressocrinidae treated herein, has been confused (e.g., Bohatý, 2005aBohatý, , 2006Bohatý and Herbig, 2010), as discussed in the following in detail. ...
... Ludwig Johann Theodor Schultze has been well known among paleontologists and, especially, among echinoderm researchers. This fame applies mainly to upper to middle Eifelian and lower Givetian crinoids from the Rhenish Massif, for which there is almost no German-language treatise without citations from the Schultze monograph (see Bohatý, 2005aBohatý, , b, 2006Bohatý, , 2009Bohatý and Herbig, 2010, and literature cited therein). ...
... Photographs of NH 4 Cl-whitened crinoids were arranged using digital image editing software. The characterization of anatomical features of the cupressocrinitids follows Bohatý (2005a), and the classification and differentiation follow Bohatý and Herbig (2010). In the present work, species established on the basis of isolated columnals are not considered. ...
Abstract.—Two cupressocrinitids (Crinoidea, Eucladida) from the famous crinoid collection of Dr. Ludwig J.T. Schultze deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) are revised in the present study: Cupressocrinites
hybridus n. comb. and Halocrinites minor n. comb. The rare C. hybridus has a stratigraphically and regionally restricted occurrence at the Eifelian–Givetian boundary of the Hillesheim Syncline (Eifel, Rhenish Massif, Germany), but the more common H. minor occurs supraregionally from the Eifelian to the Frasnian (Middle to Upper Devonian). Both cupressocrinitids are redescribed on the basis of the type material stored in the MCZ. In addition, the rare Halocrinites heinorum n. sp. from the Eifelian–Givetian boundary beds and lower Givetian of the Eifel (Rhenish Massif, Germany) is described, and Encrinus townsendi (König, 1825) is questionably reassigned to Robustocrinites: R.(?) townsendi n. comb. Pre- and postmortem ossicular modifications of the studied cupressocrinitid skeletons are also discussed.
... T HE FAMOUS Devonian crinoid genus Cupressocrinites Goldfuss, 1831 was revised based on the identification of a new anatomical structure, the mono or multilamellar exoplacoid layer sensu Bohatý (2005a). Further distinguishing features between the different morphologies of the cupressocrinitid crowns corroborates the generic differentiation of the Cupressocrinitidae Roemer, 1854 by Bohatý (2005a, p. 212, tab. ...
... 5a) [Fig. 2.3,2.4] is distinguished from the holotype by the development of a wider and lower cup with a larger stem-insertion and is questionably assigned to A. geminatus Bohatý, 2005a. Isolated skeletal plates of two species discussed by Bohatý (2006) were listed in open nomenclature. ...
... Furthermore, included the superfamily Cupressocrinitoidea Roemer, 1854 in the Gasterocomoidea Roemer, 1854, for reasons of phylogenetic relationship. Bohatý (2005a) subdivided the family Cupressocrinitidae Roemer, 1854 into three genera: Cupressocrinites [with type species C. crassus Goldfuss (1831, p. 212)]; Abbreviatocrinites [with type species C. abbreviatus Goldfuss (1839, p. 333)]; and Robustocrinites [with type species C. scaber Schultze (1866, p. 25, 26)]. These three genera were assigned to the subfamily Cupressocrininae Bohatý, 2006, who recognized two subfamilies within the Cupressocrinitidae. ...
The discovery of new specimens and restudy of known collections resulted in revision of some members of the cladid crinoid family Cupressocrinitidae. “ Cupressocrinites gracilis ” is generically separated from Cupressocrinites whereby “ Procupressocrinus ” is resurrected from synonomy and assigned to the Cupressocrinitidae with C . gracilis Goldfuss, 1831 as the type species. Studies of the Sandberger collection presuppose the revision of “ Abbreviatocrinites abbreviates altus ” ( =A. altus n. comb.) and A. nodosus. Furthermore, the hitherto undetermined cupressocrinitids are described as Cupressocrinites ahuettensis n. sp. and Robustocrinites cataphractus n. sp. The event-controlled distribution of Robustocrinites is discussed and shows similarities to other crinoid genera within the Eifel region. Observed arm-regeneration in Robustocrinites , as well as the postmortem incurred ossicular-boring of an indeterminable organism and the skeletal-colonization by a trepostome bryozoan, are further observations of other pre- and postmortem ossicular modifications in cupressocrinitid skeletons.
... Only four of the 21 gasterocomoid genera are reported from North America, 17 of the 21 genera were described prior to 1950, and four genera have been described in the past ten years ( Table X.1). The more recent literature (Hauser 1997(Hauser , 2001(Hauser , 2007(Hauser , 2008Bohat ‡ 2001Bohat ‡ , 2005Bohat ‡ , 2006aBohat ‡ , 2006bBohat ‡ , 2009 reemphasizes the common occurrence of this superfamily in Europe. ...
... Halocrinites and Robustocrinites are probably derived from Cupressocrinites in the late Pragian or early Eifelian. Halocrinites developed a mutilamellar exoplacoid layer (Bohat ‡ 2005, 2006b, 2009) and the brachials of Robustocrinites extended into a U-shaped cross section transversely. Both are unknown after the Givetian. ...
New discoveries and systematic revisions since the 1978 publication of the crinoid volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology provide new information about Devonian cladid crinoid evolution, diversity, and first and last occurrences. Summarizing these previous studies resulted in numerous conclusions, including the following. The overall diversity of the Devonian cladids does not reflect the diversity acmes and extinction patterns of the individual superfamilies within the Cyathocrinida and Dendrocrinida. Cyathocrinoidea and Codiacrinoida genera were minor elements in the diversity of Devonian Cyathocrinida that were dominated by Gasterocomoidea (acme in the Eifelian) genera. The Gasterocomidae and Cupressocrinitidae are a clade restricted to the Devonian and Early Mississippian. Primitive Dendrocrinids were replaced in the Devonian by the Glossocrinoidea (referred to as Transitional Dendrocrinids); the Advanced Dendrocrinids and articulates first occurred in the Devonian. Morphologic and stratigraphic differences justify systematic differentiation between these groups. The last occurrences of cladid genera were greater in the Emsian and Givetian than they were in the Frasnian with the exception of the gasterocomids. Advanced cladids with plesiomorphic conical cups are thought to be derived from the Transitional Dendrocrinids, whereas the evolution of those with bowl-shaped cups is uncertain, but may be from the cyathocrinids. Time gaps in the ranges of carry-through genera and the sparse record in the Lochkovian and Pragian suggest stratigraphic intervals for future research to help resolve evolutionary and taxonomic questions in the cladids.
... With regard to cupressocrinitid revisions based on calyces (e.g. Bohatý 2005), it is preferred to assign our specimens solely at the family level. Our specimens are assigned in open nomenclature as Morphotype A (rounded shape of articular facet) and Morphotype B (slightly tetragonal shape of articular facet). ...
The Hagen-Balve Reef Complex of the northern Rhenish Massif, Germany, is one of the best examples for the globally widespread Givetian to Frasnian reefs. At its eastern end, in the Hönne Valley, it reaches up to 1000 metres in thickness. In general, there is limited knowledge concerning the faunas and palaeoecology of Rhenish initial reef phases. A unique section at Binolen exposes the sharp boundary between the underlying, siliciclastic Upper Honsel Formation and the lower part of the reefal Hagen-Balve Formation. A ca. 14 m thick succession is assigned to the new Binolen Member and investigated in terms of carbonate microfacies, micro-, and macrofaunas. Seven Microfacies types (MF) characterise a crinoidal coral-stromatoporoid garden setting (MF-2 to MF-6) or allobiostrome of an initial open platform turning upsection into a coral parabiostrome (MF-7/8). The base of the Asbeck Member is locally defined by the appearance of back-reef facies types, such as fenestral limestones (MF9), which indicate the transformation into a bioherm. Low-diversity conodont faunas prove an influx of open shelf organisms for the Binolen Member and suggest a lower Givetian age (probably Polygnathus timorensis Zone). There are two new Givetian conodont biofacies types characteristic for open biostrome settings, the Bipennatus Biofacies and a Simple Cone Biofacies. Thin sections reveal over 40 different reef builders (rugose and tabulate corals, stromatoporoids, and chaetetid sponges). Around 4200 microfossils from conodont residues consist of agglutinating foraminifers, calcareous sponge spicules (e.g. Heteractinida), scolecodonts, echinoderms (mostly crinoid ossicles and holothurian sclerites), pyritised benthic ostracods, assumed calcified moulds of chitinozoans, subordinate microvertebrates, and other groups. They were analysed quantitatively in order to document changing distribution patterns and environments through time. We distinguish six microfossil-based biofacies types (BF), namely the Ostracoda Biofacies (BF-O), Foraminifera Biofacies (BF-F), Scolecodont Biofacies (BF-S), Chitinozoa Biofacies (BF-C), Porifera-Scolecodont Biofacies (BF-PS), and Porifera-Echinodermata Biofacies (BF-PE). Microfacies and microfossil assemblages led to a reconstruction of the local facies development, consisting of seven successive depophases with further subdivisions. At the base, the sudden termination of siliciclastic influx enabled a proliferation of reef builders and microfaunas (Depophase I), followed by a longer deepening phase characterised by exclusive bioclastic wackestones (Depophase II).
Depophase III is a short regressive phase with crinoidal coral-stromatoporoid floatstones. Depophase IV is characterised by fluctuations in facies and relative sea-level, which results in three subphases. Depophase V resembles Depophase III, but with argillaceous interbeds and more abundant scolecodonts. It is followed by an interval with coral-stromatoporoid rudstones, which grade into coral-dominated bafflestones of an (auto)parabiostrome (both Depophase VI). Depophase VII represent the back-reef
facies, including fenestral pack-bindstones of the basal Asbeck Member. The systematic analysis of reefal microfaunas represents pioneer work that should be tested and expanded to other reefs of the Rhenish Massif and beyond.
... As elsewhere in the Rhenish-Bohemian Province, the Cupressocrinidae are common and diverse. This well-known group has recently been revised by Bohatý (2005Bohatý ( , 2009) and Bohatý and Herbig (2010). Givetian crinoid faunas of Spain are substantially more cosmopolitan than older faunas. ...
A new Lower Devonian fauna from the Iberian Chains (NE Spain) is described. Specimens have been collected from the shaley intervals of the Mariposas Formation dated as early Emsian. These include the camerates Acanthocrinus carsli n. sp., Platyhexacrinus santacruzensis n. sp., Culicocrinus breimeri n. sp., Camerata indeterminate, and an indeterminate eucladid. Compared with other faunas from Spain, this represents a low diversity crinoid assemblage that was probably concentrated in shallow, turbid environments. A summary of crinoids previously described from the Spanish Devonian is reported, which indicates that crinoid faunas become progressively more cosmopolitan during the Devonian.
UUID: http://zoobank.org:pub/2debf9fa-11bf-46df-baf1-ab7926031051
Most previous publications on Devonian crinoids from the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland have concentrated on crinoid columns, and until now, little has been published about crinoid cups and calyxes. Herein, five crinoid taxa are described from an abundant occurrence of aboral cups and partial crowns from the Bukowa Góra Member (Emsian) in the Holy Cross Mountains of southern Poland. The following taxa are described: Bactrocrinites sp., Codiacrinus sevastopuloi sp. nov., Halocrinites geminatus (Bohatý, 2005), Halocrinites schlotheimii Steininger, 1831, and a single brachial plate from a flexible crinoid placed in Flexibilia incertae sedis . Simple discoid holdfasts are also present encrusted to cylindrical stromatoporoids. These taxa are the first crinoids described from the remains of partial crowns from Emsian strata of Poland.
Since his publication of Monographie der Echinodermen des Eifler Kalkes (Schultze, 1866), separate from the journal article of the same name (Schultze, 1867), Dr. phil. Ludwig Johann Theodor Schultze has been well known among paleontologists and, especially, echinoderm researchers. His work applies mainly to the upper to middle Eifelian and lower Givetian Crinoidea from the Rhenish Massif. Crinoids are a class of echinoderms for which almost no German language treatise exists without citing the Schultze monograph (see Bohatý, 2001, 2004a,b, 2005a,b, 2006a,b,c,d, 2007, 2008, 2009a,b,c,d, 2010a,b, 2011a,b; Bohatý and Herbig, 2007; Bohatý and Hein, 2013; Bohatý et al., 2014; Bohatý and Ausich, in press). As well known as his work is, a biography has not been written to document the size of his former fossil collection, his other areas of collection, and his commercial trade with other collectors and dealers. He collected Devonian fossils from almost all animal groups and regions, recent conch shells, and artifacts, as well as coins, medals, and banknotes. The present article sheds light on previously unknown details on the background to the whereabouts of the collection and, thus, complements the information provided by the late Bonn paleontologist Prof. Dr. Wolfhart Langer (1933–2017) in the Nachrichtenblatt zur Geschichte der Geowissenschaften (Langer, 2009: 65–68). Langer began but did not complete a biography of Schultze. The present English-language biography is based on a German-language version, for which various addresses, registry office and university registers, association and member documents, estate documents, auction catalogs, and sales lists were searched. Furthermore, a total of eight Sütterlin handwritten letters from the Bavarian State Library in Munich, the library of the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, the State Archive of Schwerin (State Office for Culture and Monument Preservation), and the Entomological Library (Senckenberg German Entomological Institute) were transcribed by Bohatý and Sander (in press).
The Eifel synclines preserve the sedimentary record of a mid-Devonian carbonate platform, situated on the southern shelf of the Old Red-Sandstone-Continent. The primary subject of this case study is the facies development during the Lower Givetian together with the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the stromatoporoids. Sedimentation during the Lower Givetian is mostly representative for carbonate platform interior settings. The described facies types are grouped into facies zones comprising a marine-subtidal, a lagoonal-restricted and a peritidal facies zone. Deposition is organized in shallowing-upward sequences. High frequency, autocyclic parasequences reflecting limited accomodation space are superposed by eustatic controlled sequences. A deepening trend in a southerly direction is recognizable by the distribution of the facies types. General facies distribution is indicative for an extensive ramp setting. Sedimentation is also affected by redistribution during major storms and modulation of terrigenous input. The most important group of reefbuilders are stromatoporoids, which predominantly occur in biostromal limestones but are also present as loosely spaced reef carpets and as more or less significant components of coral dominated patch reefs. The systematic description of the stromatoporoids includes 20 genera with 32 species. Although the occurrence of many species is reported for the first time from the Eifel Area and some species are also new for Europe, in general the occurrence is consistent with the pandemic distribution pattern of many Givetian and Frasnian stromatoporoids. Whereas coral dominated reef communities occur only in the marine-subtidal facies zone, stromatoporoid habitats comprise lagoonal settings as well as fully marine settings. However, environmental conditions exceed tolerance of single stromatoporoid species. Therefore taxonomic composition of stromatoporoidoccurrences reflect the conditions in which they thrived. The use of a semi-quantitative approach makes it possible to define characteristic stromatoporoid assemblages. The Salairella buecheliensis - Stromatopora huepschii assemblage is the most species-rich stromatoporoid assemblage established under stable marine conditions in a "low stress" environment. The stromatoporoid assemblage characterized by Hermatostroma schlueteri shows reduced diversity and occurs in lagoonal, slightly restricted settings. Indicative for pronounced environmental instability in even more restricted settings is the low diversity Actinostroma assemblage. Habrostroma laminosum, Gerronostromina cf. kitatense and some Clathrocoilona species typically occur in coral-dominated patch reefs. Occurrence of these species signifies possible mesotrophic conditions, enhanced by nutrient and organic matter influx from land and from estuarine upwelling during transgressions. Copyright © 2008 Bayerische Staassammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie.
The crinoid family Gasterocomidae C. F. Roemer, 1854 is revised based on published and new material from the Middle Devonian of the Eifel (Germany). As a result, the Lecythocrinidae Kirk, 1934 are rejected due to incorrect diagnosis. The genera Lecythocrinus Müller, 1858 and Tetrapleurocrinus Wanner, 1941 are transferred to the Gasterocomidae, but Cestocrinus Kirk, 1940, Corynecrinus Kirk, 1934 and Othozecrinus Jell & Theron, 1999 are tentatively transferred to the Euspirocrinidae Bather, 1890. The holotype of Scoliocrinus eremita Jaekel, 1895 is discussed as a possible aberrant cup of Tetrapleurocrinus eifelensis Wanner, 1941. Two new species and a new subspecies of the genus Nanocrinus Müller, 1856 are described: N. scutratus n. sp., N. subvexus subvexus n. sp. n. ssp., and N. subvexus granulatus n. sp. n. ssp. Based on the first discoveries of the crowns of Nanocrinus and Tetrapleurocrinus, diagnosis of both genera are extended. From the Ahbach-Formation (Eifelian/Givetian) of the Hillesheim syncline (Eifel, Rhenish Slate Massif), the large Gasterocoma luekeni n. sp. is described.l
A stepwise approach is employed to determine the phylogeny of the initial crinoid radiation during the Arenig and Llanvirn series of the Ordovician. Parsimony-based character analysis is completed first on Arenig crinoids and then for Arenig and Llanvirn crinoids combined.
The topology from well-resolved trees of this early crinoid radiation indicates that the Crinoidea should be subdivided into six subclasses. A new subclass and new order, Aethocrinea and Aethocrinida, respectively, are proposed for crinoids with four circlets of plates in the aboral cup: lintels, infrabasals, basals, and radials. This aboral cup construction is best displayed by
Aethocrinus
, one of the oldest known crinoids (?Tremadoc-Arenig). However, this primitive aboral cup construction is also present in two Llanvirn crinoids,
Perittocrinus
and
Tetracionocrinus.
The Aethocrinea was a small, short-lived radiation of crinoids with this design that was different from those of other crinoids. Two families in the Aethocrinida are the Aethocrinidae, which includes
Aethocrinus
, and the Perittocrinidae, which includes
Perittocrinus
and
Tetracionocrinus.
In addition to the Aethocrinea, the following crinoid subclasses are recognized based on character analyses of these earliest crinoids: Cladida, Camerata, Disparida, Flexibilia, and Articulata.
Givetian and Frasnian crinoid faunas of the Holy Cross Mts and Silesia-Cracow Region are arranged in fourteen assemblages. Their diversity decreased generally from northern to southern regions reflecting crinoid habitat differentiation during either platform or reef phases of facies development. Distributional patterns are superimposed on a six-step general succession of the faunas which was mainly controlled by environmental changes related to eustatic cycles. -from Author