No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Study of Ammonium Contamination in Leachates from an Ultisol Following Application of Various Types of Amendment
Abstract
The composition of leachates from an Ultisol reconstructed inlysimeters and amended with limestone, sugar foam waste and gypsum rock was studied. The typical rainfall of the area fromwhich the soil was collected was simulated under laboratory conditions over a five-month period. The soil samples treated with gypsum behaved markedly differently from the rest. Thus, the samples amended with gypsum gave leachates with substantially increased ammonium contents that might result in contamination of aquifers. The gypsum-treated samples alsoexhibited marked differences in pH, EC and the Ca, Mg, Na andK contents from the rest.
... • Gypsum can increase leaching of aluminum and lead (McBride et al. 2013), which detoxifies soils but contaminates nearby watersheds (Lopez and Espejo 2002). • Gypsum can increase leaching of potassium (Zoca and Penn 2017), iron and manganese (Vidal et al. 2003), and magnesium (Ritchey and Snuffer 2002;Warren and Shelton 1993;Zoca and Penn 2017) leading to deficiencies of these nutrients in plants on site and contaminating nearby watersheds. ...
... • Gypsum can increase leaching of aluminum and lead (McBride et al. 2013), which detoxifies soils but contaminates nearby watersheds (Lopez and Espejo 2002). • Gypsum can increase leaching of potassium (Zoca and Penn 2017), iron and manganese (Vidal et al. 2003), and magnesium (Ritchey and Snuffer 2002;Warren and Shelton 1993;Zoca and Penn 2017) leading to deficiencies of these nutrients in plants on site and contaminating nearby watersheds. ...
... Changes occurred mainly in exchangeable bases, which decreased in a gradual manner with increasing leaching; losses were always greater in the Ap than in the AB horizon. These changes were concomitant with a slight decrease in pH that can be ascribed to the nutrients released and leached in the mineralization of organic matter-a result of microbial activity, which was favored by optimal temperature and moisture conditions during the incubation and laboratory leaching cycles (López et al., 2002). Under field conditions, organic matter is more slowly mineralized; moreover, most of the nutrients thus released are used by plants, which return them to the ecosystem via the new organic matter they produce each year; in addition, the rain water supplies some bases to soil. ...
A laboratory experiment with leaching columns reproducing the topmost portion (Ap and AB horizons) of a Palexerult from western Spain was conducted to compare the efficiency of limestone (L), gypsum (G), and various lime and gypsum by-products (sugar foam waste, phosphogypsum [PG], and red gypsum [RG]) to alleviate Al toxicity and improve soil productivity. The effect of the previous five amendments on composition changes in the exchange complex and the soil saturation extract was examined after one or two leaching cycles (equivalent to as many years of field precipitation). The productivity of the Ap horizon after the first leaching cycle was assessed by growing wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Jabato) in a greenhouse. The lime by-products increased the pH of the Ap horizon and the Ca content of the exchange complex to a greater extent than the gypsum amendments; in addition, the former minimized the Al content of the exchange complex and the saturation extract. Changes in the AB horizon were much less marked, and the sugar foam waste was a better liming material than limestone. The changes in the exchange complex and saturation extract from gypsum amendments followed a more complex pattern and affected both horizons (Ap and AB). The pH of the soil was initially decreased relative to the controls through a "salt effect" and then increased after the second leaching cycle, when most of the gypsum was leached from the soil. In both horizons, the Ca content was increased, and the Al content of the exchange complex decreased-albeit to a lesser extent than with the lime amendments in Ap; by contrast, exchangeable Mg and Na were lost in substantial amounts in the first leaching cycle; K losses were comparatively smaller. After the first leaching cycle, aluminum-fluoride ion pairs were the most active Al species in the extracts from Ap and AB in PG amended columns; on the other hand, the aluminum sulfate ion pairs were the most active in the extracts from the G- and RG-amended columns. After the second leaching cycle, the activity of Al3+-the most phytotoxic ionic species of Al-in the Ap extracts from all calcium carbonate-amended columns decreased, whereas that in the gypsum-amended soil only decreased in the PG-treated columns; in the AB horizon, however, the extracts from all gypsic amendments decreased the Al3+ activity, with respect to control and lime amendments. The calcium aluminum balance (Noble et al., 1988) was increased by all treatments. All lime and gypsum amendments-particularly sugar foam waste-increased productivity relative to the controls. Of the three gypsum amendments, RG had the greatest impact on productivity; this can be ascribed to its Zn content, which was very low in the natural soil.
An acid soil was treated with various calcareous amendments (viz. limestone, dolomite, gypsum and sugar foam waste) and subjected to lysimetric tests with a view to comparing the liming efficiency and discriminating the specific effects of each type of material. Tests were conducted under laboratory conditions by reconstructing in Büchner funnels the A and AB horizons of a Typic Palexerult from a rafia formation in northern Spain. Both soils and leachates were analyzed for thirteen different parameters. The results for the soils were subjected to GLMmultivariate analysis and those for the leachates to GLMrepeated measures analysis. Based on the results for the soil and the time series for the leachate parameters, the sugar foam and the dolomite were the most alkalizing treatments. The greatest Ca, Na, K, Al and Mn losses found in the leachates were caused by the sugar foam. This treatment was that ultimately exhibiting the highest soil liming efficiency as it provided the highest water pH values and percent exchangeable Ca saturation. Also, sugar foam resulted in the highest final available phosphorous concentrations. Based on the results of a categorical principal components analysis., the first two dimensions accounted for an adequate fraction of the variance (viz. 56.1% for the soils and 56.4% for the leachates) for the thirteen variables examined. In both soils and leachates, aluminum and calcium were the elements most markedly contributing to the first dimension, and pH and EC those exhibiting the largest contribution to the second. In both types of samples, the first dimension was the more discriminating as regards the scores of the sugar foam relative to the other amendments.
The composition of drainage water from an Ultisol amended with limestone, sugar foam waste, dolomite, and gypsum was studied by using the lysimetric technique. The typical rainfall regime for the area from which the soil samples were obtained was simulated in the laboratory for seven weeks. The behavior of the samples was found to vary markedly with the type of amendment applied to the soil. The structure of the time series for four of the 13 chemical parameters studied in the tests was analyzed and discriminated by using various statistic tests. Multiple linear regressions models of the autoregressive and exponential smoothing types were constructed for pH, EC, , and , and those providing the best fits selected. Finally, concentration plots for each element were constructed as a function of the concentration factor for the individual parameter that proved the best marker and was most strongly affected by the concentration–dilution effect of the electrolyte.
A Palexerult soil from the Pliocene raña formations in northern Spain was used to conduct acidity correction tests with limestone, gypsum rock and sugar foam waste under laboratory conditions. The soil was reconstructed in methacrylate columns that were studied over a five-month period. The pH and exchangeable bases in the leachates, obtained by applying an amount of water equivalent to the mean rainfall of the area from which the soil was collected, were measured under laboratory conditions along a five-month period. At the end of these tests, three different samples (one from the A horizon and two from as many different depths in the AB horizon) were used to determine the pH in water and KCl, as well as the exchangeable bases and aluminum (Al), effective cation-exchange-capacity (CECe) and available phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Data were statistically analyzed by using a multivariate linear general (MLG) model with two factors (treatment type and sampled soil sub-horizon). The results revealed limestone and sugar foam waste to be more effective than gypsum in suppressing Al3+ toxicity in the A horizon; in fact, they provided the best VeAl values and Al/Ca ratios, and also the greatest pH increases. By contrast, gypsum rock proved more efficient in the sub-surface horizons. All treatments, but particularly that with gypsum, decreased the exchangeable potassium content. This amendment caused no magnesium losses as it contained large amounts of it in its composition; however, it resulted in substantial losses of Fe and Mn (particularly through leaching from the A horizon) as a result of the increased acidity produced. Sugar foam waste performed similarly to limestone as regards corrective capacity.
The inorganic forms of Al in the soil solution that decrease plant growth in acid soils have not been clearly identified. Therefore, we examined the effects of Al and its complexes with F- and SO42- on the root elongation of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in nutrient solutions containing 3333 μmol Ca L-1 and 6 μmol B L-1 at pH 4.5. The anions were chosen because of their presence in the soil solution at levels sufficient to complex Al. The toxicity of 0 to 100 μmol Al L-1 was studied in the presence of 0 to 10 /μmol F L ' or 0-3300 μmol SO42 L-1. The elongation of roots of barley seedlings was correlated with Al3+ concentrations but not with total soluble Al or Al complexed with F and SO42-. This could be one of the reasons why measurements of labile Al using complexing agents have not always been successful at distinguishing between Al-toxic and nontoxic soils.
pdf
, The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:
ID - 316
Forty acid surface soils of pH 4.0–5.6 were incubated with and without lime, and the amounts of N that were mineralized or nitrified were statistically compared with several soil acidity characteristics. In addition, three field experiments were used to find the effect of liming on N mineralization. There was no relation between the amounts of mineral N released per unit of organic N in 120 days of incubation and soil pH, base saturation or soluble Fe, Al or Mn. Despite this, liming the soils to about pH 6.7 approximately doubled the amounts of N mineralized during incubation. In the field experiments, lime increased uptake of soil N by 15–42 kg/ha in the 1st yr but only 7–10 kg/ha in the 3rd yr. Thus these laboratory and field experiments indicate that soil acidity does not restrict mineralization of organic N and although liming increases mineralization of N, it is generally a temporary effect. Nitrification in the 40 incubated soils occurred much more rapidly in cultivated soils than in virgin soils. For both the virgin and cultivated soils, nitrification decreased with decreasing soil pH. However, nitrification was not statistically related to base saturation or soluble Fe, Al or Mn. Liming established good nitrification in most of the soils and this effect did not diminish with time.
The aim of this study was to identify, in situ, some of the microbial responses to environmental conditions previously noted in experiments in the laboratory and field. Soil samples were taken from a Brown Chernozem under a wheat-fallow rotation at 2-wk intervals during spring and autumn and at 4-wk intervals in winter and summer for a 2-yr period. Nitrate-N and exchangeable NH4-N, and numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes by plate count, were measured in 0- to 2.5-cm, 2.5- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm soil layers. Changes in microbial numbers and mineral N were correlated with soil depth, available carbon and environmental conditions. Bacterial numbers ranged between 14 and 119 million per gram of soil in the 0- to 2.5-cm layer, between 9 and 47 million in the 2.5-to 15-cm layer and were 4 million in the 15- to 30-cm soil layer. Bacteria:actinomycetes ratios were 3:1 in the 0- to 2.5-cm layer, 2:1 in the 2.5- to 15-cm layer and 1:1 in the 15- to 30-cm layer. Exchangeable NH4- and NO3-N as high as 20 and 280 ppm, respectively, were found in the top 2.5 cm. Different processes with similar or opposing effects often occurred simultaneously, thus making interpretation difficult. However, we identified (i) the stepwise nature of the ammonification-nitrification process; (ii) the importance of crop residues in microbial growth, and denitrification; (iii) the flush in microbial growth when a dry soil is moistened; (iv) the importance of the tilled layer as the prime site of soil microbial activity; and (v) the rapid decrease in microbial population and activity below the tilled soil layer. There was also evidence of possible upward movement of NO3 due to temperature gradient (as soil froze), and due to evaporation.
At a given pH and Al concentration, an increase in the level of CaSO4 resulted in a decrease in the activities of Al3+, AlOH2+, and Al(OH)2+ while the activity of AlSO4+ increased. Among the individual Al monomers, relative root length was most highly correlated with the calculated activity of Al3+ followed by AlOH2+ while AlSO4+ gave the poorest correlation. Relative tap root length was poorly correlated with the concentration of monomeric Al determined by the modified Aluminon method, which also assays the less phytotoxic AlSO4+ species under the prevailing conditions. An expression termed CAB (Calcium aluminum balance) enabled the most precise assessment to be made of the effects of soluble Ca and Al, together, on root growth.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted with six acid soils from southern Brazil to investigate the effect of available Al on growth and mineral nutrition of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seedlings. Coffee seedlings were grown for 7 months in pots containing soil treated with varying amounts of CaCOâ up to twice the lime equivalent, and amounts of MgCOâ and CaSOâ x 2HâO equal to the lime equivalent. Leaf samples were collected immediately before harvesting the seedlings and analyzed for Ca and Al. At this time, soil was collected from each pot and analyzed for exchangeable cations and soluble ions. The chemical composition of the soil solution was used as input data for a computer program (GEOCHEM) to chemically speciate Al in the soil solutions. Shoot and root weights were correlated with KCl-exchangeable Al of soil, percent Al saturation of soil, the concentrations of total Al (Al/sub t/) and Al/sup 3 +/ (calculated), and the activity of Al/sup 3 +/ (calculated) in the soil solution. Growth reductions of the seedlings correlated best with the Al/sup 3 +/ activity value. The toxicity threshold for the Al/sup 3 +/ activity was approximately 4.0 x 10â»â¶. Leaf Al concentrations likewise correlated best with Al/sup 3 +/ activity. Threshold leaf Al concentrations of approximately 62 and 100 ..mu..g/g, respectively, were observed for reduction in root and shoot growth.
Soluble aluminum (Al) exists in a variety of forms in the soil system and is responsible for limiting plant growth in many areas of the world. Some phytotoxic forms of soluble Al have been identified in solution culture experiments, but current soil test methods do not effectively discriminate between toxic and nontoxic forms of Al. Large differences in Al tolerance exist within and among plant species. Efforts to select or breed plants for Al toxic soils have been somewhat successful, but accelerated progress will occur when plant Al tolerance mechanisms are more fully understood.
The beneficial action of gypsum in suppressing aluminum (Al) toxicity in Bt horizons of Ultisols is related to the self‐liming effect of the adsorption of sulphate (SO4 ) ion. The relationship between SO4 adsorption by gypsum‐amended soils and some components and properties of 38 surface and subsurface horizons from seven Palexerults in western and central Spain was analyzed. The highest correlations of maximal SO4 adsorption as determined from langmuir isotherms were with clay, free iron oxyhydroxides (Fedcb), and exchangeable Al contents, and pH. Liming reduces SO4 ’ ion adsorption; consequently, the joint application of limestone and gypsum to the surface of these soils results in increased availability of gypsum for the subsurface horizons.
A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the influence of organic matter and lime application on the recovery of added boron (B) by four different extractants (hot‐CaCl2, mannitol‐CaCl2, tartaric acid, and ammonium acetate) in two B‐deficient acid alluvial soils. Soils were brought to four relatively constant pHs and three organic matter levels before application of B. Recovery percentages of 23.9 to 60.9 of added B by the four extractants indicate a soil fixation of B. This is more so in fine‐than in coarse‐textured soils. Both liming (from pH 4.8 to 6.8) below neutrality and organic matter application increased such recovery of added B in all the extractable forms, the effect being more pronounced in fine‐than in coarse‐textured soils. A positive interaction between liming and organic matter particularly at the latter's higher level was observed. Complexation of added B and coating of the surfaces of Fe‐and Al‐oxides by soluble organic compounds are suggested as the possible reasons for such increased recovery of added B in soils.
Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of a wood‐derived ash as a lime replacement. Treatments included wood ash, wood ash and lime admixtures, and lime amendments (ash amendment ranged from 0 to 20.17 and lime amendment from 0 to 4.06 g/kg soil on a dry weight basis). Treatments were compared for influence on soil pH, capacity to supply mineral nutrients to spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. ‘America'), and for effects on soil nutrient retention, leaching and electrical conductivity (EC). Plant dry weight did not differ within lime alone or wood ash alone treatments. However, in admixtures of the two, plant dry weight increased with increasing rate of wood ash addition. Wood ash containing amendments had a greater positive effect on soil pH than did lime only treatments. Wood ash treatments increased soil EC, while lime only treatments had no effect. Losses of mineral elements decreased with successive leachings for treated and control soils. Calcium, K, and Na were leached from the soil in greater amounts from wood‐ash treated soil. Leached Mg, however, was attributed to the soil and not to the amendment. Soil K and Ca at harvest increased linearly with increasing wood‐ash rate, whereas Mg decreased linearly with decreasing lime rate. Extractable soil P, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn increased with wood ash amendment. Soil Al decreased linearly with wood ash amendment in the wood ash‐lime admixtures. Plant Mg uptake was proportional to extractable soil Mg content. Plant K followed the same trend but reached a maximum at 150 mg/kg plant dry weight. Mn and P increased linearly as wood ash amendment increased. Plant Al, Cu, Fe, and Zn increased only in the wood ash‐lime admixtures. The results of this study suggest that wood ash might be more appropriately used as a liming complement rather than as a replacement.
The salt sorption effect was used to develop a method for estimating the maximum adsorption of sulfate from the decrease in electrical conductivity of a series of gypsum solutions brought into contact with soil samples. The samples used were from uncultivated Palexerults from western Spain.
The soils of “raña” surfaces related to the “Sierra de las Villuercas” and the “Sierra de Altamira” (Western Spain) were studied with reference to vegetation cover and geomorphic position. These soils were highly weathered, with kaolinite dominant in the clay fraction and almost no weatherable minerals in the sand fraction. Iron oxides were segregated in some of the horizons giving a formation of “pseudoplinthite”. This high degree of weathering and the patina of their quartzite stones are comparable to those of soils developed on the oldest ran˜a surfaces studied in Central Spain. The soils classified as Palehumults and Palexerults are given, tentatively, a Middle-Upper Pliocene age.
Immobilization of nitrogen has been studied in soils treated with starch and sucrose. The conversion of inorganic nitrogen into organic form reached its maximum on incubation at 23.5° for approximately two days. The organisms concerned in the immobilization of nitrogen showed a marked preference for ammonia rather than nitrate, although some nitrate was invariably assimilated at the higher levels of added carbon compounds. The assimilation of ammonia lowered the pH of the soil, whereas assimilation of nitrate increased it markedly.
Influence of Applied Water Treatment Lime Sludge on Crop Yields and Soil pH
- R Gelderman
- J Gerwing
Toxicity of Aluminum to Coffee in Ultisols and Oxisols Amended with CO3Ca, MgCO3 and SO4Ca.2H2O', Soil Sc
- M Pavan
- F Bingham
- P F Prat
La edad de la superficie de erosión de Toledo y el problema de sus Montes Islas. Estudio geomorfológico comparado con el de los relieves del Sahara español
- C Vidal
Usefulness and Efficiency of the Waste of the Sugar Foam Used as Liming Matter
- M Vidal
- A López
Die Rañas Eine Spanische Schuttlandschaften
- R Oehme
Incidencia de la aplicación de diferentes enmiendas calizas y yesíferas sobre la dinámica del aluminio y disponibilidad de algunos nutrientes en un Palexerult de la Raña de Cañamero (Cáceres)
- J Santano
Nouvelles applications et perpectives pour les ecumes de sucrerie
- J P Vandergeten