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Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor
Abstract
The acetone extract of the roots ofRhodiola sachalinensis has furnished six phenolic compounds which exhibited significant scavenging effects against DPPH free radical. The structures
of these compounds were identified and determined as gallic acid (1), (−)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (2), kaempferol (3), kaempferol 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (4), herbacetin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, (5) and rhodiolinin (6) by physico-chemical and spectral evidences.
... Ten flavans and proanthocyanidins such as epigallocatechin 3-gallate, catechin, epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, catechin 3-gallate, epicatechin 3-gallate, epigallocatechin 3-gallate-(4→8)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, and (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate-(4β→S)-benzylthioether were reported from the roots and rhizomes of the species (e.g. Lee et al. 2000;Yousef et al. 2006;van Diermen et al. 2009;Zhou et al. 2014;Alperth et al. 2019). In this survey, twelve flavonoids including a new compound, ten galloylglucoses, and three phenolic acids were isolated and identified from the aerial parts of Rhodiola rosea growing in Japan. ...
... Although some flavan and proanthocyanidins have been reported from R. rosea (e.g. Lee et al. 2000;Yousef et al. 2006;van Diermen et al. 2009;Zhou et al. 2014;Alperth et al. 2019), they were not found in this survey. Among galloylglucoses and phenolic acids, 1-galloylglucose (13) (Olennikov and Chirikova 2022), 1,2,6-galloylglucose (17) (Zakharenko et al. 2021), 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (19) (Olennikov and Chirikova 2022), 1,2,3,4,6pentagalloylglucose (21) (Olennikov and Chirikova 2022), and gallic acid (23) (Lee et al. 2000;Olennikov and Chirikova 2022) and E-caffeoylmalic acid (25) (Zakharenko et al. 2021) have been found in the species. ...
... Although some flavan and proanthocyanidins have been reported from R. rosea (e.g. Lee et al. 2000;Yousef et al. 2006;van Diermen et al. 2009;Zhou et al. 2014;Alperth et al. 2019), they were not found in this survey. Among galloylglucoses and phenolic acids, 1-galloylglucose (13) (Olennikov and Chirikova 2022), 1,2,6-galloylglucose (17) (Zakharenko et al. 2021), 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (19) (Olennikov and Chirikova 2022), 1,2,3,4,6pentagalloylglucose (21) (Olennikov and Chirikova 2022), and gallic acid (23) (Lee et al. 2000;Olennikov and Chirikova 2022) and E-caffeoylmalic acid (25) (Zakharenko et al. 2021) have been found in the species. Other 14-16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 were reported from R. rosea for the first time. ...
Twelve flavonoids (1-12) including a new flavonol glycoside, hibiscetin 3-O-glucopyranoside-8-O-glucuronopyranoside, ten known galloylglucoses (13-22) and three known phenolic acids (23-25) were isolated from the aerial parts of Rhodiola rosea growing in Japan. Their chemical structures were elucidated by UV-vis spectra, LC-MS, HR-MS, acid hydrolysis, NMR, and/or HPLC, and TLC comparisons with authentic samples. Antioxidant activity of major 14 compounds was measured by H-ORAC method, and two flavonols, herbacetin 3-O-glucoside-8-O-glucuronide, and gossypetin 3-O-glucuronide-8-O-glucoside, showed the strongest activity. Moreover, chemical adaptation to severe alpine environment of R. rosea was discussed.
... Several adaptogens have been studied pharmacologically, and many of their effects have been explained by using physiological mechanisms at the molecular level as well [24]. Traditional medicines in the northeast Asian region use the root of root Rhodiola species (Crassulaceae) as an anti-asthmatic, as a hemorrhage remedy, and as an anti-aging remedy [25,26]. Previous studies have shown that water extracts of Rhodiola root elicit positive effects on the human central nervous system and improve brain function [27,28]. ...
... The condition has no known cure as of yet, and affected people are completely reliant on their caretakers as the disease advances. As a result, a treatment regimen can improve quality of life while reducing problems associated with HD [4,25,26]. Studies have also explored clinical manifestations of HD, including motor, cognitive, and psychological impairments. These manifestations are more commonly observed at an early age and could lead to the death of the individual [46]. ...
Background: Rosiridin is a compound extracted from Rhodiola sachalinensis; water extracts of Rhodiola root elicit positive effects on the human central nervous system and improve brain function. They are also thought to be beneficial to one’s health, in addition to being antioxidants. The present study aims to evaluate the anti-Huntington’s effect of rosiridin against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced Huntington’s disease (HD)-like effects in rats. Materials and Methods: The acute toxicity in rats was elucidated to track the conceivable toxicities in the rats. The effectiveness of rosiridin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg was evaluated against several dose administrations of 3-NPA-induced HD-like symptoms in the rats for 22 days. At the end of the study, behavioral parameters were assessed as a hallmark for the cognitive and motor functions in the rats. Similarly, after the behavioral assessment, the animals were sacrificed to obtain a brain tissue homogenate. The prepared homogenate was utilized for the estimation of several biochemical parameters, including oxidative stress (glutathione, catalase, and malondialdehyde), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and succinate dehydrogenase activity, and the glutamate and acetylcholinesterase levels in the brain. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators linked to the occurrence of neuroinflammation in rats were evaluated in the perfused brain tissues. Results: The rosiridin-treated group exhibited a significant restoration of behavioral parameters, including in the beam-walk test, latency in falling during the hanging wire test, and percentage of memory retention during the elevated plus-maze test. Further, rosiridin modulated several biochemical parameters, including oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory activity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nitrite, and acetylcholinesterase as compared to disease control group that was treated with 3-NPA. Conclusions: The current study exhibits the anti-Huntington’s effects of rosiridin in experimental animal models.
... Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae), an herbaceous plant, is used in Asian and Eastern European traditional medicines for its pressure-reducing [4], neurosystem-stimulating [5], fatigue-removing [6], hypobaropathy-preventing [7], antidepressive [7], anticancer [8], antiaging [9], cardiovascular-protective [10], and hepatoprotective effects [11]. Chemical investigations on this plant have revealed many chemical entities, including phenolic acids [12], phenolethanoids [13], phenylpropenoids [14], flavonoids [15], monoterpenes [4], and glycosides [16]. In a preliminary biological evaluation, crude extracts of R. rosea roots exhibited inhibitory activities toward MMP-2 and collagenase at a concentration of 100 µg/mL [17]. ...
... Flash column separation of this layer over silica gel afforded three previously unreported chemical entities (1-3) along with twentyfour known compounds. The known compounds were identified to be methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (4) [18], β-sitosterol (5) [19], (Z)-2-methyl-6-oxo-2-hepten-1-ol (6) [20], gallic acid (7) [21], 4-hydroxyphenyl-2-ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside (8) [22], tyrosol (9) [23], methyl gallate (10) [24], p-coumaric acid (11) [25], caffeic acid (12) [25], aspergillol B (13) [26], 2R,3R-dihydrokaempferol (14) [27], (E)-2-methyl-6-oxo-2-hepten-1-ol (15) (C-5), δ H 2.12 (H 3 -7)/δ C 211.4 (C-6) and 43.7 (C-5) and δ H 4.22 (H-1′)/δ C 75.6 (C-1) indicated that the aglycone of 2 was connected with the C-1′ of β-D-glucopyranoside via an ether linkage to form creoside I. The configuration of Δ 2 was determined to be in E form owing to the δ C 14.1 of C-8 in 2 in contrast with δ C 21.9 of C-8 in (Z)-creoside I (25). ...
Based on the significant inhibitory activity toward matrix metalloproteinase-2 and collagenase noticed in preliminary studies, crude extracts of Rhodiola rosea were partitioned and chromatographed sequentially to afford three new compounds, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-4-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (E)-creoside I (2), and (R,Z)-2-methylhept-2-ene-1,6-diol (3), along with twenty-four known compounds (4-27). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data analyses. All isolated compounds were subjected to bioactivity assays. In these, 1 specifically inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity with an IC50 value of 16.3 ± 1.6 µM, while its analogue 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranonoside (17) inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-2 with an IC50 value of 23.0 ± 4.8 µM. In the collagenase activity assay, the inhibitory effects of 1 and 17 at concentrations of both 20 and 40 µM were more potent than those of the positive control, 1,10-phenanthroline. In order to realize whether 17 could penetrate from the epidermal layer into the basal and dermal layers of the human skin to inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and collagenase or not, a transdermal penetration test in nude and white mice skins was performed. Penetration percentages of 17 quantified by LC-MS were 27.8 % and 74.8 % in 24 hours, respectively.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
... In addition, the other 12 known phenolic compounds were identified as 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxydihydroflavone (3) [22], kaempferol (4) [23], luteolin (5) [24], kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (6) [23], rhodionin (7) [6], rhodiosin (8) [6], ternatumoside II (9) [25], crenuloside (10) [6], (+)-isolarisiresinol (14) [26], (+)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (15) [27], methyl gallate (16) ...
... In addition, the other 12 known phenolic compounds were identified as 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxydihydroflavone (3) [22], kaempferol (4) [23], luteolin (5) [24], kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (6) [23], rhodionin (7) [6], rhodiosin (8) [6], ternatumoside II (9) [25], crenuloside (10) [6], (+)-isolarisiresinol (14) [26], (+)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (15) [27], methyl gallate (16) ...
In the present study, two new phenolic compounds 1 and 11, a pair of lignan isomers 12 and 13 with their absolute configurations established for the first time, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots of Rhodiola crenulata, together with 13 known phenolic compounds, and their structures were elucidated via NMR, HRESIMS, UV, IR and CD analyses. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Ten of them exhibited significant antioxidant activities compared to ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the inducibilities of the isolated compounds to IFN-γ production were also assessed. Compounds 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 15 could moderately stimulate IFN-γ expression.
... In addition, the other 12 known phenolic compounds were identified as 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxydihydroflavone (3) [22], kaempferol (4) [23], luteolin (5) [24], kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (6) [23], rhodionin (7) [6], rhodiosin (8) [6], ternatumoside II (9) [25], crenuloside (10) [6], (+)-isolarisiresinol (14) [26], (+)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (15) [27], methyl gallate (16) ...
... In addition, the other 12 known phenolic compounds were identified as 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxydihydroflavone (3) [22], kaempferol (4) [23], luteolin (5) [24], kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (6) [23], rhodionin (7) [6], rhodiosin (8) [6], ternatumoside II (9) [25], crenuloside (10) [6], (+)-isolarisiresinol (14) [26], (+)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol (15) [27], methyl gallate (16) ...
... The herb Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea) contains rosiridin, a monoterpene with outstanding monoamine inhibitory activity that is useful for treating depressive episodes and dementia with sudden development (Zhuang et al. 2019;Panossian and Wikman 2010;Van Diermen et al. 2009). In northeast Asian traditional medicine, the root of Rhodiola species (Crassulaceae) is utilized as antiasthmatic, bleeding treatment, and antiaging treatment (Lee et al. 2000;Linh et al. 2000). Rhodiola root water preparations have been shown in prior studies to have positive impacts on the human central nervous system and improve cognition (Bol'shakova et al. 1997;Lazarova et al. 1986). ...
The present investigation determines the effects of rosiridin in cisplatin (CP)-induced renal toxicity in rats. The experimental animals were used and divided into four groups. Experimental rats were randomly divided into group-I normal control, group-II CP group (8 mg/kg i.p.), group-III CP + rosiridin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and group-IV rosiridin (10 mg/kg p.o.). Various biochemical parameters, i.e., creatinine, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, antioxidant levels, inflammatory markers such as interleukins-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), apoptosis markers including B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), caspase-3 and histopathological investigations were evaluated. Additionally, molecular docking and dynamics were performed to assess the interaction of rosiridin with target proteins. Rosiridin significantly minimized alteration in creatinine, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, antioxidant levels, and inflammatory, i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 which CP induced in rats. The interaction of rosiridin showed a favorable docking energy. The MD simulation results showed the higher stability of the complex generated from rosiridin. The current study exhibited rosiridin having a protective effect on CP-induced renal toxicity.
Graphical abstract
... Rosiridin, a monoterpene found in Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea), exhibits strong monoamine inhibitory activity and has been used for rapid-onset treatment of depression and dementia [33][34][35]. In northeast Asian traditional medicine, the root of Rhodiola species (Crassulaceae) is utilized as an antiasthmatic, bleeding treatment, and antiaging therapy [36,37]. Previous studies have shown that Rhodiola root preparations positively impact cognitive function and act as antioxidants [38]. ...
Background and Objectives: Rosiridin is a monoterpene with outstanding monoamine inhibitory activity that is useful to treat depressive episodes and rapid-onset dementia. The current investigation aims to evaluate the neurologically protective impact of rosiridin, which opposes aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and causes memory dysfunction in rats. Materials and Methods: Memory impairment was developed in Wistar rats by administering AlCl3 (100 mg/kg p.o.) orally for 42 days and then supplemented with rosiridin at 10 and 20 mg/kg/p.o. Upon completion of the investigation, the behavior factor was performed utilizing the Y-maze, Morris Water Maze, and open field tests. Estimating numerous biological factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase levels (BuChE), antioxidants (glutathione GSH, catalase CAT, and superoxide dismutases SODs) and neurotransmitter (serotonin-5HT, dopamine-DA, acetylcholine-Ach) in the brain. Furthermore, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF), nuclear factor kappa B (NFᴋB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and pAkt were assessed in the diffused brain cells. Results: The rosiridin-treated group significantly improved in terms of behavioral parameters, including in the Y-maze, Morris Water Maze, and open field tests. Further, rosiridin restored biochemical parameters, including NO, oxidative stress AChE, BuChE, antioxidants, neurotransmitters, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, BNDF, NFᴋB, PI3K, and pAkt compared to AlCl3. Conclusions:The current investigation reveals that rosiridin could ameliorate the impairment of memory that AlCl3 causes in rats via improvements in behavioral and restored biochemical parameters.
... R. rosea contains rosin, rosaline, salidroside, flavonoids, 12 amino acids, 20 minerals, multivitamins, and tannins (Fig. 6). Rhodiola's antioxidant properties make it particularly effective in fighting aging [36]. ...
There are many different types of traditional medicinal plants that are commonly used to enhance memory. One of these plants is Bacopa monnieri, Rhodiola rosea, Ginkgo biloba, with aniasomnifera, etc. The memory enhancing effects of these plants are exclusive attributed to their active botanical constituents. These ingredients are also called smart drugs. these are capable Passes through the blood-brain barrier. It also improves the cognitive capacity of the brain by acting on memory Much more attentive and focused. They have memory-enhancing properties to improve coordination between neurons and brain. Current work attempts to cover pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, and clinical applications. A traditional medicinal plant as a memory enhancer.
... Compounds 3, 4, and 5 have been previously reported from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor, Farsetia aegyptia Turra., and Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl., respectively, and were identified as kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 3 (Lee et al. 2000), kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 4 (Marzouk et al. 2009), and quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside 5 (El-Toumy et al. 2010). ...
... Compounds 3, 4, and 5 have been previously reported from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor, Farsetia aegyptia Turra., and Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl., respectively, and were identified as kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 3 (Lee et al. 2000), kaempferol-3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside 4 (Marzouk et al. 2009), and quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside 5 (El-Toumy et al. 2010). ...
Antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet leaves was performed in-vitro using α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition methods. Phytochemical study of the ethyl acetate fraction which possessed the highest antidiabetic activity led to isolation of five flavonoids for the first time from this plant, including two rare flavonoid sulphates, ombuin-3-sulphate [1] and rhamnetin-3-sul-phate [2] and three flavonoid glycosides, kaempferol 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside [3], kaempferol 3,7-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside [4] and quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside [5]. The 1 H and 13 C NMR of 1 and 13 C NMR of 2, were reported here for the first time. Compounds [1-4] showed a concentration-dependent in-vitro inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Furthermore, in-silico study predicted that compounds (1-5) showed good interactions with α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and protein tyrosine phos-phatase 1b.
... Flavonoids belong to the class of plant phenols. More than 4000 flavonoids have been found, and these flavonoids have a number of biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor (Ionov et al. 2021;Silva et al. 2016), anti-inflammatory (Choe et al. 2012) (Seo et al. 2001) and antioxidant effects (Lee et al. 2000;Ross and Kasum 2002). In the process of searching for SrtA inhibitors in traditional Chinese herbal plants, we found that rhodionin, isolated from the root of Rhodiola crenulate, exhibited strong SrtA-inhibitory activity. ...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a zoonotic antibiotic-resistant pathogen that negatively impacts society from medical, veterinary, and societal standpoints. The search for alternative therapeutic strategies and innovative anti-infective agents is urgently needed. Among the pathogenic mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), sortase A is a virulence factor of great concern because it is highly linked with the ability of MRSA to invade the host. In this study, we identified that rhodionin, a natural compound of flavonoid glucosides, effectively inhibited the activity of SrtA without affecting the survival and growth of bacteria, and its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 22.85 μg/mL. In vitro, rhodionin prominently attenuated the virulence-related phenotype of SrtA by reducing the adhesion of S. aureus to fibrinogen, reducing the capacity of protein A (SpA) on the bacterial surface and biofilm formation. Subsequently, fluorescence quenching and molecular docking were performed to verify that rhodionin directly bonded to SrtA molecule with KA value of 6.22 × 10⁵ L/mol. More importantly, rhodionin showed a significant protective effect on mice pneumonia model and improved the survival rate of mice. According to the above findings, rhodionin achieved efficacy in the treatment of MRSA-induced infections, which holds promising potential to be developed into a candidate used for MRSA-related infections.
Graphical abstract
... R. rosea is essentially composed of rosine, rosarin, salidroside, flavonoids, 12 amino acids, 20 minerals, multivitamins, and tannins (Fig. 8). The antioxidant properties of Rhodiola are especially powerful for combating aging [39]. ...
There are varieties of traditional medicinal plants widely used for boosting of memory. These plants include Bacopa monnieri, Rhodiola rosea, Ginkgo biloba, Withania somnifera, etc. Memory boosting effect of such plants is solely attributed to their active phytoconstituents. These constituents are also referred to as smart drugs. These are capable of crossing blood brain barriers. They also enhance the cognitive performance in the brain by acting on memory to make it much alert and focused. They are having memory boosting properties to boost the coordination between the neurons and brain. In present paper, attempts were made to cover pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and clinical applications of traditional medicinal plants as memory booster.
... Several constituents of R. sacra and R. sachalinensis showed protective effects against beta-amyloid toxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis [184]. Phenolic compounds exhibited significant scavenging effects against DPPH free radicals [185]. R. sachalinensis treatment reduced infarct volume and attenuated COX-2 induction and microglial activation after tMCAo in rats [186]. ...
Cerebrovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. These diseases pose many clinical challenges and even experienced clinicians can arrive at the point where work-up, treatment, or prognostic thinking falters. This book will highlight the latest trends in preventive and treatment measures regarding patients prone to or suffering from stroke, embolism, thrombosis, hemorrhage, and other critical cerebrovascular ailments. While progress has been made in prevention and supportive care, efforts to protect the brain from cell death have not succeeded completely hence, no new treatment has made it from bench to bedside since tissue plasminogen activator was introduced some 18 years ago. Thus there is urgent challenge before the scientific fraternity to come up with new ideas and ways to treat stroke and protect brain from cell death. Most therapeutic approaches developed in the laboratory have focused on protecting neurons from the main pathogenic mechanisms causing ischemic injury, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation or apoptosis. These experimental treatments have shown some progress in large clinical trials, an outcome that has
sparked a lively debate about the promise of neuroprotection in stroke therapy. Unlike
traditional therapeutic approaches based on counteracting selected pathways of the ischemic cascade, endogenous neuroprotection relies on coordinated neurovascular programs that support cerebral perfusion, mitigate the harmful effects of cerebral ischemia and promote tissue restoration. Understanding how the brain triggers and implements these protective measures may advance our quest to treat stroke and open a new era in stroke therapeutics.
Here in this book we will describe different modalities by which the brain protects itself,
aiming to provide a synthesis of the different mechanisms and highlighting their potential
relevance for the future of stroke therapy. Leading-edge scientific research from across the globe and the possible mechanisms involved in treatment of stroke will be presented in this book to the audience. Finally we will focus on the role of different medicines and the natural herbs in the prevention and treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases with focus on stroke. Further the book will highlight the recent trends in the ongoing research in stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The book will highlight the latest trends observed in the Immunobiology of cerebrovascular diseases and Stroke. The recent advancements in
understanding the inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in stroke and other
cerebrovascular diseases. Here we will discuss the currently available medicines with
importance and side effects. Recent advancements in the Stroke therapy and finally the natural herbs in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases of Stroke and how we can prevent the cerebrovascular diseases and stroke from occurring by using these herbs in food and as a preventive medicine. Moreover upto date latest trends in the research will be included in the book with many flowcharts and diagrams to make it a success.
... The C3-OH group in flavonoids might also improve their hydrosolubility, enhancing the electron transfer reaction, while the C2 = C3 double bonds might contribute to electron delocalization, allowing stabilization of the phenoxy radical and decreasing the oxidation peak potential. This explains the slight positive shift and low oxidation peak potential observed for morin and kaempferol (Lee et al., 2000), both lacking the catechol moiety on the B-ring. ...
Natural phenolic compounds are abundant in the vegetable kingdom, occurring mainly as secondary metabolites in a wide variety of chemical structures. Around 10,000 different plant phenolic derivatives have been isolated and identified. This review provides an exhaustive overview concerning the electron transfer reactions in natural polyphenols, from the point of view of their in vitro antioxidant and/or pro‐oxidant mode of action, as well as their identification in highly complex matrixes, for example, fruits, vegetables, wine, food supplements, relevant for food quality control, nutrition, and health research. The accurate assessment of polyphenols’ redox behavior is essential, and the application of the electrochemical methods in routine quality control of natural products and foods, where the polyphenols antioxidant activity needs to be quantified in vitro, is of the utmost importance. The phenol moiety oxidation pathways and the effect of substituents and experimental conditions on their electrochemical behavior will be reviewed. The fundamental principles concerning the redox behavior of natural polyphenols, specifically flavonoids and other benzopyran derivatives, phenolic acids and ester derivatives, quinones, lignins, tannins, lignans, essential oils, stilbenes, curcuminoids, and chalcones, will be described. The final sections will focus on the electroanalysis of phenolic antioxidants in natural products and the electroanalytical evaluation of in vitro total antioxidant capacity.
... Three luteolin-type flavones have been found in R. crenulata. They are luteolin (Compound 218), 56 crenulata, R. rosea, R. sachalinensis, R. sacra, and R. kirilowii, 57,69,70,76,80,97,104,127 indicating its potential as a common chemical marker for Rhodiola plants. ...
Rhodiola species, belonging to the family Crassulaceae, have long been used as an adaptogen, tonic, antidepressant, and antistress medicine or functional food in Asia and Europe. Due to the valuable application, the growing demand of Rhodiola species has led to a rapid decrease in resource content. This review aims to summarize the integrated research progress of seven mainstream Rhodiola species. We first outline both traditional and current use of Rhodiola for the treatment of various diseases. A detailed summary and comparison of chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies of various Rhodiola species highlight recent scientific advances and gaps, which gives insights into the understanding of Rhodiola application and would be helpful to improve the situation of biological resources and diversities of Rhodiola plants.
... Significant ROS scavenging activity has been shown for both R. rosea alcoholic and water extracts having different fractions of antioxidant compounds (Lee, Lee, & Park, 2000). However, the direct antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extracts of R. rosea on cultured muscle cells has not been studied in detail. ...
In physiological conditions, the response to oxidative stress induced by strenuous physical training, is not always efficient. Furthermore, a weak muscle fiber antioxidant system can contribute to muscle wasting during ageing and pathological conditions. Natural antioxidant supplements could counteract the effects of oxidative stress. An in vitro model of exercise allowed us to mimic intense or moderate exercise by electrically stimulating cultured mouse myotubes with high- and/or low-frequency pulses; the resulting ROS production was then monitored. The herbal supplement Rhodiola rosea aqueous extract was characterized in terms of its polyphenol content and used to test for antioxidant activity against ROS, produced during muscle contraction. Our results showed that Rhodiola rosea extract reduced the oxidative stress produced by muscle contraction and brought values of ROS production back to physiological levels. We suggest that Rhodiola rosea root extract could exert a protective antioxidant role during intense physical exercise.
... The major active constituent of Rhodiola sachalinensis is salidroside (Li and Chen 2001). Several other bioactive compounds are glycosides such as rhodiocyanosides (Yoshikawa et al. 1995), sacranosides (Yoshikawa et al. 1997), and phenolic components ( Fig. 22) (Lee et al. 2000). Kaempferol, cinnamyl alcohol, and daucosterol (Song et al. 2003). ...
Rhodiola is one of the important plants studied for its medicinal properties in ancient time. Some of the well-known and mostly evaluated species of genus Rhodiola are Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola imbricata, Rhodiola heterodonta, Rhodiola quadrifida, etc. These species are known to possess potent biological/pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, leprosy, anti-inflammatory, antistress, etc. These plants grow at a height of around 4000–5000 m above the sea level with a low temperature of around −10 °C, thus surviving in very harsh conditions. Their survival in such harsh conditions is due to their adaptation in that environment as well as the kind of compounds these plants produce in their biological mechanism. The present chapter deals with the phytochemical composition, bioactivity, and in vitro analysis of some important Rhodiola species.
... Rhodiola rosea. is characterized as an adaptogen, this feature is attributed mainly to its two compounds p-tyrosol and the phenolic glycoside, salidroside ( Figure 1) [12]. A variety of antioxidant compounds have been identified in Rhodiola rosea including p-tyrosol, organic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (catechins and proanthocyanidins [13]. It has been also observed to have antiinflammatory, neuroprotective and antiviral properties [14,15]. ...
... Rhodiola rosea. is characterized as an adaptogen, this feature is attributed mainly to its two compounds p-tyrosol and the phenolic glycoside, salidroside ( Figure 1) [12]. A variety of antioxidant compounds have been identified in Rhodiola rosea including p-tyrosol, organic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (catechins and proanthocyanidins [13]. It has been also observed to have antiinflammatory, neuroprotective and antiviral properties [14,15]. ...
... Rhodiola rosea. is characterized as an adaptogen, this feature is attributed mainly to its two compounds p-tyrosol and the phenolic glycoside, salidroside ( Figure 1) [12]. A variety of antioxidant compounds have been identified in Rhodiola rosea including p-tyrosol, organic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (catechins and proanthocyanidins [13]. It has been also observed to have antiinflammatory, neuroprotective and antiviral properties [14,15]. ...
Objective: Chronic inflammation is an underlying cause of wide variety of human pathologies. In the present study we evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of salidroside, a major bioactive component of Rhodiola rosea and possible underlying mechanisms related to its anti-inflammatory activity.
Materials and methods: We investigated the effect of salidroside on nuclear markers, iNOS, NFκB, IκB and pIκB. LPS induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells and primary mixed glial cells and expression of inflammatory cytokines measured by ELISA. In addition the action of salidroside on adjuvant induced paw edema, a mouse model of arthritis was also determined.
Results: Our results showed that salidroside significantly decreased the expression of NFκB and pIκB in LPS induced peritoneal macrophages from mice. It also significantly decreased NO and iNOS production in peritoneal macrophages, RAW 264.7 and primary mixed glial cells after LPS treatment. Salidroside was found to decrease production of pro-inflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. In vivo, salidroside significantly decreased paw-edema in a mouse model of arthritis.
Conclusion: The significant decrease in LPS induced NFκB, pIκB, iNOS, NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines by salidroside indicated that salidroside exhibits activities consistent with anti-inflammatory mechanisms and may have utility as a therapeutic agent in treating or managing inflammatory diseases.
... The root of the Rhodiola sachalinensis is used in the traditional treatment in Siberia and Asia. The therapeutic compounds isolated from this plant have anti-diabetic (Cheng et al., 1993), sedative, hypnotic, anti inflammatory, anti-oxidant potential (Choe et al., 2012;Lee et al., 2000) and hepatoprotective effects (Nan et al., 2003b). The root extract has protective effect in the liver injury of rat model induced by continuous administration of CCl4. ...
p class="Abstract">The aim of this review is to report the medicinal plants which have anti- fibrotic effect characterized in different studies. They are summarized which include name of the plants, part used, liver fibrosis model, fraction of plant used and observations. The medicinal plants play an important role in treatment and prevention of liver fibrosis through different physiological mechanism. The effects of medicinal plant may delay the development of liver fibrosis and have potential to reverse or degrade the accumulation of extra cellular matrix. Four different databases are used and 18 plants are included which have the potential for reversal of liver fibrosis. There are also few more plants but they are not characterized well in literature.</p
... In rats with chronic hypoxia-induced PH, Mimosa pigra extract induced endotheliumdependent, nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of [38] Decreases PAP and PA remodeling, and increases PA relaxation Mimosa pigra [39] Decreases PAP and PA remodeling, increases PA relaxation, and reduces RV remodeling Kelussia odoratissima [40] the pulmonary artery, reduced pulmonary artery pressure, and decreased cardiac and pulmonary remodeling [39] (Table 1). Other extracts include Kelussia odoratissima Mozzaf, a type of wild celery [68][69][70], and the root of Rhodiola sachalinensis, a plant popular in traditional medicine of Siberia and Asia, used for the prevention of high altitude sickness [71][72][73][74][75] (Table 1). Rhodiola sachalinensis reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, in rats with high altitude-induced PH [76]. ...
Plasma and serum samples, and lung/heart tissue of pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients and animal models of PH display elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, the severity of PH and levels of oxidative stress increase concurrently, which suggests that oxidative stress could be utilized as a biomarker for PH progression. Accumulating evidence has well established that oxidative stress is also key role player in the development of PH. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that natural antioxidants improved PH condition, and, therefore, antioxidant therapy has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy against PH. These natural antioxidants include medicinal plant extracts and compounds such as resveratrol and melatonin. Recent studies suggest that melatonin provides health benefit against PH, by enhancing antioxidant capacity, increasing vasodilation, counteracting lung and cardiac fibrosis, and stunting right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy/failure. This chapter comprehensively reviews and discusses a variety of natural antioxidants and their efficacy in modulating experimental PH. This chapter also demonstrates that antioxidant therapy remains a therapeutic strategy for PH, and particularly identifies melatonin as a safe, cost-effective, and promising antioxidant therapy.
... In rats with chronic hypoxia-induced PH, Mimosa pigra extract induced endotheliumdependent, nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of [38] Decreases PAP and PA remodeling, and increases PA relaxation Mimosa pigra [39] Decreases PAP and PA remodeling, increases PA relaxation, and reduces RV remodeling Kelussia odoratissima [40] the pulmonary artery, reduced pulmonary artery pressure, and decreased cardiac and pulmonary remodeling [39] (Table 1). Other extracts include Kelussia odoratissima Mozzaf, a type of wild celery [68][69][70], and the root of Rhodiola sachalinensis, a plant popular in traditional medicine of Siberia and Asia, used for the prevention of high altitude sickness [71][72][73][74][75] (Table 1). Rhodiola sachalinensis reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, in rats with high altitude-induced PH [76]. ...
The main goal of this book is to form a high-quality platform in which well-known and emerging pioneering basic, translational and clinical scientists can present their latest, exciting findings in the studies of redox signaling in the pulmonary vasculature. Content from outstanding investigators with unique expertise and skills of molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, biophysics, biotechnology and medicine will update our current out-of-date concepts with new knowledge. Rapidly increasing scientific studies have gathered a large volume of novel and important information on redox signaling in healthy and diseased pulmonary vasculature. This volume covers the need for a cohesive book to display state-of-the-art advances in the field.
The second major aim of this book is to help direct future research. Redox signaling is a major molecular process involved in almost every physiologic cellular response in the pulmonary vasculature including energy metabolism, host defense, gene expression, contraction, proliferation, and migration. Aberrancy in this important signaling pathway leads to a critical role in the development of nearly all pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, pulmonary edema, and vasculitis, among others.
... In rats with chronic hypoxia-induced PH, Mimosa pigra extract induced endotheliumdependent, nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of [38] Decreases PAP and PA remodeling, and increases PA relaxation Mimosa pigra [39] Decreases PAP and PA remodeling, increases PA relaxation, and reduces RV remodeling Kelussia odoratissima [40] the pulmonary artery, reduced pulmonary artery pressure, and decreased cardiac and pulmonary remodeling [39] (Table 1). Other extracts include Kelussia odoratissima Mozzaf, a type of wild celery [68][69][70], and the root of Rhodiola sachalinensis, a plant popular in traditional medicine of Siberia and Asia, used for the prevention of high altitude sickness [71][72][73][74][75] (Table 1). Rhodiola sachalinensis reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, in rats with high altitude-induced PH [76]. ...
A number of cardioprotective interventions have been identified throughout the years, and these include the
use of natural antioxidants in sources like rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea. Recent studies have demonstrated
that rooibos (either its isolated components or the crude rooibos extract/tea) confers cardioprotection in
diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial ischaemic injury. In addition, a clinical study has shown that regular
rooibos consumption reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease in adults. However, rooibos is currently
not considered an official treatment against cardiac disease, mainly because the underlying mechanisms
for rooibos-induced cardioprotection are not fully elucidated. Physiological actions of rooibos must be well
investigated before rooibos can be used in a clinical setting as adjunct treatment for patients with heart
disease. Thus, research to delineate the underlying mechanisms of rooibos-induced cardioprotection is key.
In the light of the aforementioned, the available literature on rooibos-induced cardioprotection is reviewed
here, highlighting the fact that rooibos preserves and maintains cardiac energy homeostasis. It is postulated
that rooibos activates an AMPK-GLUT-4 glucose oxidation (cardiac energy-shortage sensing) pathway to
shift cardiac energy usage, thereby conferring cardioprotection.
... Gallic acid (GA)-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, and its derivatives are biologically active compounds (Kahkonen et al. 1999;Lee et al. 2000). These are widely present in plants for their defensive actions against herbivores and pathogens and collectively known as tannins. ...
Gallic acid acts as a precursor molecule to synthesize various tannin molecules. These are plant polyphenols and were proved to be good anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial compounds. In order to fully exploit prominent biological activities of specific tannins and to develop tannin-based new medicines, it is necessary to obtain their pure preparations with an aim of high yield and specificity. In the present study, gallic acid is synthesized by the hydrolysis of tannic acid using a microbial based transformation process. The microorganism was isolated and identified. The ability of the isolated microorganism to covert tannic acid into gallic acid was determined by HPLC and enzyme production.
• Highlights
• The present investigation signifies the role of Enterobacter spp. in various processes:
• • To synthesize gallic acid (a precursor for food oxidant such as propyl gallate) and a bacteriostatic antibiotic (trimethoprim).
• • To protect the environment from tannery’s discharge through the process of biodegradation.
• • To reduce the toxicity of tannins in animal feed.
... Fraction G-1 (CHCl 3 :MeOH, 100:8) (3.3 g) was separated via HPLC with MeOH:H 2 O (35:65, v/v) as the mobile phase to produce compound 2 (82 mg). The structures of compounds 1-7 were identified by comparing their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature [33][34][35][36][37]. The relevant chromatograms and mass spectral data of the active compounds are as follows. ...
Rhodiola rosea L. (RRL) possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including lung-protective activity, and has been utilized in folk medicine for several 100 years. However, the lung-protective mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the possible lung-protective activity mechanism of RRL in a pulmonary fibrosis (PF) rat model. Lung fibrotic injury was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by single intratracheal instillation of saline containing bleomycin (BLM; 5 mg/kg). The rats were administered 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of a 95% ethanol extract of RRL for 28 days. The animals were killed to detect changes in body weight, serum levels of glutathione (GSH) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), as well as lung tissue hydroxyproline (HYP) content. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemical staining were performed to observe the histopathological changes in lung tissues. Additionally, target-related proteins were measured by Western blotting. RRL alleviated the loss of body weight induced by instilling BLM in PF rats, particularly at the 500 mg/kg per day dose. RRL reduced HYP (p < 0.01) and increased GSH and T-SOD contents. BALF levels of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and IL-6 decreased significantly in the RRL-treated groups. Expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and α-smooth muscle actin decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in response to RRL. Moreover, the levels of TGF-β1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in lung tissues also decreased in the RRL-treated groups. RRL alleviated BLM-induced PF in rats. Our results reveal that the protective effects of RRL against fibrotic lung injury in rats are correlated with its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-fibrotic properties. MMP-9 may play important roles in BLM-induced PF.
... Gallic acid (GA), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, Fig. 1, and its derivatives are biologically active compounds which are widely present in plants (Kahkonen, Hopia, Vourela, Rauha, Philaja, Kujala & Heinonen, 1999;Lee, Lee, Park, Toh, Lee, Jang & Kim, 2000). The chemical and biochemical properties of GA are well described in the literature. ...
... 14 ptyrosol, phenolic acids such as gallic acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids were reported to have antioxidant properties. 15,16 With this evidence the neuroprotective action of Rhodiola rosea was investigated on MPTP rat model. Antioxidant compounds isolated from Rhodiola rosea are p-tyrosol, organic acids such as gallic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid and flavanoids such as catechins and proanthocyanidins. ...
Background:
Ageing and age-related neurodegenerative changes including Parkinson's disease are characterized by an important role of reactive oxygen species. It is characterized by signs of major oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in the pars compacta of substantia nigra.
Purpose:
Present study was designed to investigate whether Rhodiola rosea extract would prevent MPTP induced neurotoxicity in Male wistar rats.
Methods:
Male Wistar rats were divided into following five groups: Group I received vehicle (saline (10 ml/kg for 21 days) orally); Group II received Rhodiola rosea extract (250 mg/kg for 21 days) orally; Group III was treated with 20 mg/kg MPTP i.p. for 21 days; Group IV received 20 mg/kg MPTP, i.p. along with 100 mg/kg Rhodiola rosea orally for 21 days. Group V received 20 mg/kg MPTP i.p. along with 250 mg/kg Rhodiola rosea orally for 21 days.
Results:
MPTP induced rats showed behavioral alterations in elevated plus maze testing. Group III rats elicited significant increase in lipid hydroperoxide along with reduction in level of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidants. Histological evidence revealed that MPTP treated rats shown pathological changes like cellular inflammation and vascular degeneration in brain tissue.
Conclusion:
The oxidative stress and related biochemical alteration by MPTP were attenuated by Rhodiola rosea treatment. However, further studies may be necessary to elucidate the precise mechanism to support the clinical use of a plant source as antiparkinsonism drug.
Huntington's Disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a mutation in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Clinically progressive motor dysfunction with cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric disorders like mood and behavioural abnormalities, and choreiform movements are its hallmarks. To lessen 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced HD-like pathology in a rodent model, this study sought to assess the neuroprotective pharmacological effects of vortioxetine, a primarily antidepressant drug that exhibits agonistic activity on the 5-HT1A receptor and antagonizes the serotonin transporter (SERT). The mitochondrial complex II inhibitor 3-NPA disrupts aerobic metabolism of cellular energy, induces oxidative stress, and causes neuronal damage like the pathophysiology of HD. To induce HD-like symptoms, 3-NPA (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) was administered to male Wistar rats every other day for 28 days. Vortioxetine was subsequently administered orally at 5 and 10 mg/kg every day. Cognitive function was measured using the Morris Water Maze and Elevated Plus Maze, while the Rota rod test was used to measure motor coordination, and the Actophotometer was used to measure locomotor activity. Biochemical analyses measured striatal neurotransmitters, mitochondrial enzyme activity, and oxidative/nitrosative stress-related markers. Histopathological analysis of the cortex and hippocampal regions was performed to determine its impact on neuronal integrity. Vortioxetine treatment reduced oxidative stress, preserved the expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes I, II, and IV, restored neurotransmitter equilibrium, and significantly ameliorated motor and cognitive deficits. Histopathology results showed a dose-dependent reduction in the evidence of neuronal degeneration, suggesting a neuroprotective effect. Thus, our findings suggest that Vortioxetine may exert its therapeutic effects in Huntington's disease by improving mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress, and acting on the serotonin pathways. Thereby, vortioxetine, in addition to its known antidepressant properties, may emerge as possible treatment options in HD management. One might note limitations such as the need for validation in genetic HD models and long-term studies. Future studies should explore its therapeutic potential and molecular targets. The study emphasizes how Vortioxetine, including its role as a pharmacological agent, can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Huntington's disease (HD), alleviating neuropsychiatric disorders. Additional clinical trials should determine the long-term safety and efficacy of vortioxetine for humans.
Flavonoids represent a large group of aromatic amino acids that are extensively disseminated in plants. More than six thousand different flavonoids have been isolated and identified. They are important components of the human diet, presenting a broad spectrum of health benefits, including antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory, vasodilatory and cardioprotective properties. They are now considered indispensable compounds in the healthcare, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biotechnology industries. All flavonoids are electroactive, and a relationship between their electron-transfer properties and radical-scavenging activity has been highlighted. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview concerning the electron-transfer reactions in flavonoids, from the point of view of their in-vitro antioxidant mode of action. Flavonoid redox behavior is related to the oxidation of the phenolic hydroxy groups present in their structures. The fundamental principles concerning the redox behavior of flavonoids will be described, and the phenol moiety oxidation pathways and the effect of substituents and experimental conditions on flavonoid electrochemical behavior will be discussed. The final sections will focus on the electroanalysis of flavonoids in natural products and their identification in highly complex matrixes, such as fruits, vegetables, beverages, food supplements, pharmaceutical compounds and human body fluids, relevant for food quality control, nutrition, and healthcare research.
Chromolaena odorata (C. odorata) (L.) R. King & H. Robinson is a perennial flowering shrub with diverse habitats, including crops, grasslands, and roadsides. This plant has been widely used in Vietnamese folk medicine for gastric ulcer treatment. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and the anti-ulcer effect of the ethanol crude extract of C. odorata leaves and its fractions against the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model in mice, and investigate the chemical constituents of the most active fraction. According to in vivo results, the ethyl acetate residue with the highest anti-ulcer activity significantly reduced gastric lesions in the experimental mice model with an ulcer index of 0.73 ± 0.39 and a percentage inhibition of 26.92%. Thus, this fraction was chosen for further chemical investigation. Four pure compounds (1-4) were extracted and isolated by using chromatographic methods. Based on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, melting temperature, mass spectrometry analysis, and compared with the published literature, their structures were elucidated as 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane- 1,2-diol (1), kaempferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), naringenin-5,7-di-O-β-Dglucopyranoside (3), and rubrosterone (4). To our best knowledge, all of these compounds were isolated for the first time from C. odorata leaves. These findings contribute to providing scientific evidence for the traditional use and phytochemicals of C. odorata leaves.
Rhodiola belongs to the family Crassulaceae and found in high-altitude areas of Asia, Europe, and Northern Hemisphere. Several Rhodiola species are widely exploited in traditional remedies and showed an enormous number of pharmacological properties. Phytochemical research of Rhodiola spp. revealed the existence of numerous phytoconstituents like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, diterpenes, and triterpenes. The pharmacologically important bioactive components of Rhodiola spp. are rosin, tyrosol, rosarin, rhodionin, catechin, salidroside, and gallic acid. Traditionally, Rhodiola plants are exploited as anti-inflammatory, adaptogens, anti-stress, and remedies. Moreover, this plant is being valued for its extensive number of pharmaceutical applications like cardioprotective, anti-fatigue, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-hypoxia, anti-cancer, anti-stress, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, Rhodiola spp. can be appraised as a promising therapeutic approach against fatal immunosuppressive with negligible side effects. This review article summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, clinical studies, cultivation, and conservation of Rhodiola species including R. imbricata, R. crenulata, R. tibetica, and R. heterodonta.Keywords
Rhodiola
PhytochemistrySalidrosidePharmacologyToxicology
Aim: A monoterpene and bioactive component of the plant Rhodiola rosea (R. rosea), rosiridin has beneficial effects on the human central nervous system and enhances brain function. The goal of this scientific study was to determine if rosiridin might shield rats from neurocognitive problems induced by scopolamine. Methods: To track the potential toxicities in rats, the acute toxicity in rats was clarified. Rosiridin at a dose of 10 mg/kg was tested in rats for 14 days. At the conclusion of the investigation, behavioral parameters that were used to identify the rats’ cognitive and motor abilities were evaluated. Several biochemical parameters were estimated using the prepared homogenate, including acetylcholine esterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), radical scavengers produced by the body (Catalase-CAT, superoxide dismutase-SOD, and reduced glutathione-GSH), indicators of oxidative and nitrative burnout, pro-inflammatory (Interleukins- IL-1β, IL-6, interferon gamma IFN-ꝩ, and tumor necrosis factor-TNF-α), and cell apoptosis caspases 3 and 9. Results and Conclusion: A significant behavioral parameter restoration was seen in the rosiridin-treated group, including reduction in latency time during acquisition and retention trial in the Morris water maze test, and percentage of spontaneous alterations in the y-maze test, when compared to the disease control group that received scopolamine; rosiridin also altered the oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory markers, as well as restoring Ach and ChAT activities and normalizing GSH, SOD, MDA, TNF-α, nitrate, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-ꝩ, caspases 3 and 9 levels. The results imply that rosiridin limits the effect of scopolamine on rat cognitive function.
Laportea bulbifera (Sieb. et. Zucc.) Wedd has long been utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the study of systematic anti-inflammatory chemical constituents in L. bulbifera has never been reported. Thus, bioassay-guided isolation for its roots part led to 46 compounds, including 38 phenolic derivatives. Their structures were determined on the basis of ¹ H and ¹³C NMR and MS spectra. All compounds were isolated from L. bulbifera for the first time except for 13 compounds. Most of the compounds showed good COX-2 inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.13-3.94 μM) and DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50: 1.57-9.55 μM). Four compounds (4, 17, 35, and 43) with different skeletons showed preferential COX-2 over COX-1 inhibition with selective indices ranging from 12 to 171. High content active compounds are important for elucidating the basis of the active substance of TCM. Compound 4 (COX-2, IC50 0.24 μM), a high content compound, represented one of the best selective COX-2 inhibitors. Another high content active compound (35) with a different skeleton might have different mechanism. Further study for the inhibition kinetics against COX-2 indicated compounds 4 and 35 were noncompetitive and competitive COX-2 inhibitors, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation data further indicated that compound 4 could bind in the cavity of COX-2 and interacted with key residues VAL-538, PHE-142, and GLY-225 of COX-2 through hydrogen bonds. The results indicated that L. bulbifera roots could be applied as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents due to their potent selective COX-2 inhibitory and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds.
The plant Rhodiola rosea L. of family Crassulaceae was extracted using the supercritical CO2-extraction method. Several experimental conditions were investigated in the pressure range of 200–500 bar, with the used volume of cosolvent ethanol in the amount of 1% in the liquid phase at a temperature in the range of 31–70°C. The most effective extraction conditions are pressure 350 bar and temperature 60°C. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC with MS/MS identification. 78 target analytes were isolated from Rhodiola rosea (Russia) using a series of column chromatography and mass spectrometry experiments. The results of the analysis showed a spectrum of the main active ingredients Rh. rosea: salidroside, rhodiolosides (B and C), rhodiosin, luteolin, catechin, quercetin, quercitrin, herbacetin, sacranoside A, vimalin, and others. In addition to the reported metabolites, 29 metabolites were newly annotated in Rh. rosea. There were flavonols: dihydroquercetin, acacetin, mearnsetin, and taxifolin-O-pentoside; flavones: apigenin-O-hexoside derivative, tricetin trimethyl ether 7-O-hexosyl-hexoside, tricin 7-O-glucoronyl-O-hexoside, tricin O-pentoside, and tricin-O-dihexoside; flavanones: eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside; flavan-3-ols: gallocatechin, hydroxycinnamic acid caffeoylmalic acid, and di-O-caffeoylquinic acid; coumarins: esculetin; esculin: fraxin; and lignans: hinokinin, pinoresinol, L-ascorbic acid, glucaric acid, palmitic acid, and linolenic acid. The results of supercritical CO2-extraction from roots and rhizomes of Rh. rosea, in particular, indicate that the extract contained all biologically active components of the plant, as well as inert mixtures of extracted compositions.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Herbacetin is an active constituent of traditional Chinese medicines such as Ephedra sinica Stapf (MaHuang) and Sedum roseum (L.). Scop. (Hong JingTian). MaHuang was used to treat cough, asthma, fever, and edema for more than 5000 years, while Hong JingTian was used to treat depression, fatigue, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies indicate that herbacetin and its glycosides play a critical role in the pharmacological activities of these herbs. However, currently, no comprehensive review on herbacetin has been published yet.
Aim of the study
This review aimed to summarize information on the chemistry, natural sources, and pharmacokinetic features of herbacetin, with an emphasis on its pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action.
Materials and methods
A literature search was performed on the Web of Science, PubMed, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases (CNKI) using the search term “herbacetin” (“all fields”) from 1935 to 2020. Information was also obtained from classic books of Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese pharmacopeia, and the database “The Plant List” (www.theplantlist.org). Studies have been analyzed and summarized in this review if they dealt with chemistry, taxonomy, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological activity.
Results
Herbacetin is distributed in various plants and can be extracted or synthesized. It showed diverse pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anticholinesterase. It is thought to have great potential in cancer treatment, especially colon and skin cancers. However, the bioavailability of herbacetin is low and the toxicity of herbacetin has not been studied. Thus, more studies are required to solve these problems.
Conclusions
Herbacetin shows promising pharmacological activities against multiple diseases. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability, further studying its pharmacological mechanism, evaluating its toxicity and optimal dose, and performing the clinical assessment. We hope that the present review will serve as a guideline for future research on herbacetin.
Rhodiola crenulata has recently been reported to be able to attenuate radiation induced oxidative injury and improve skin homeostasis. The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the active constituents responsible for its anti-photoaging effects. Four ingredients, Salidroside, Arbutin, Kaempferol and Rhodiolinin were purified form R. crenulata and their antioxidant effects were tested. Further, the protective effects of the four compounds against UVB irradiation on HSF and HaCaT cells were determined and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were analyzed by the ELISA kits. Results showed that the four compounds could effectively improve UVB irradiation-induced cell apoptosis and regulate the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Kaempferol and arbutin exerted more powerful repairing capacities and played more significant role in reversing the abnormity of cytokines secretion in cell supernatant, indicating that the two compounds may be the more effective ingredients from R. crenulata to exert anti-photoaging function.
Over the past three decades, the knowledge gained about the mechanisms that underpin the potential use of Rhodiola in stress- and ageing-associated disorders has increased, and provided a universal framework for studies that focused on the use of Rhodiola in preventing or curing metabolic diseases. Of particular interest is the emerging role of Rhodiola in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Moreover, over the last two decades, great efforts have been undertaken to unravel the underlying mechanisms of action of Rhodiola in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Extracts of Rhodiola and salidroside, the most abundant active compound in Rhodiola, are suggested to provide a beneficial effect in mental, behavioral, and metabolic disorders. Both in vivo and ex vivo studies, Rhodiola extracts and salidroside ameliorate metabolic disorders when administered acutely or prior to 2 experimental injury. The mechanism involved includes multi-target effects by modulating various synergistic pathways that control oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondria, autophagy, and cell death, as well as AMPK signaling that is associated with possible beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. However, evidence-based data supporting the effectiveness of Rhodiola or salidroside in treating metabolic disorders is limited. Therefore, a comprehensive review of available trials showing putative treatment strategies of metabolic disorders that include both clinical effective perspectives and fundamental molecular mechanisms is warranted. This review highlights studies that focus on the potential role of Rhodiola extracts and salidroside in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, the two most common metabolic diseases.
In this study, three sulfated polysaccharides (S-RSP1-2, S-RSP1-4 and S-RSP1-8) from Rhodiola sachalinensis were produced by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. d-gal was used to develop an oxidative stress model in the mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3. Effects of the three sulfated polysaccharides on d-gal-induced oxidative stress were investigated. The results showed that S-RSP1-4 improved the viability of the d-gal-induced oxidative stress in NIH 3T3 cells. The sulfated polysaccharides were found to have a better protective effect against d-gal-induced oxidative stress as compared to the native polysaccharide. Scanning electronmicroscopy also showed a significant change in the surface morphology of sulfated polysaccharides. In addition, the sulfated polysaccharides had noticeable DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In summary, our results demonstrated that d-gal was able to induce oxidative stress in NIH 3T3 cells, and sulfated group might play an important role in resistance to d-gal-induced oxidative damage.
This is basically an editorial about launching a new journal. it was planned to write for very first launching of our journal named as Pakistan Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences from the platform of Directorate of Medical Sciences, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Hopefully this journal will attain high peaks of success in research sector and will be included in good book of PMDC, HEC and other authorities.
Background: Medicinal plants are becoming popular as anti-oxidant agents. The present review has been prepared with an objective to compile exhaustive literature on pharmacological reports on anti-oxidant plants. An attempt has been made to incorporate different plants responsible for anti-oxidant activity. Methods: The review has been compiled using references from major databases like Chemical Abstracts, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, PubMed, Scirus, Google scholar, Open J Gate, Scopus, Science Direct and Online Journals. Results: A survey of literature revealed that extracts/fractions/isolates from medicinal plants from various systems of medicine have been reported to possess anti-oxidant activity. Medicinal plants having antioxidant activity have been documented. Conclusion: Such plants need to be explored properly with a view to isolate anti-oxidant constituents, and to evaluate their possible mode of actions so that these plant drugs could be exploited properly as potential anti-oxidant agent.
A new ferulic acid ester, 6-feruloyloxyhexanoic acid (1), was isolated along with 10 known ones (2–11), from the concentrated water extract of Rhodiola wallichiana var. cholaensis. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods including Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) experiments. Compound 3 was isolated from this plant for the first time. The protective effects against H2O2-induced myocardial cell injury in cultured H9c2 cells were also evaluated. Compounds 1, 5 and 7–11 provided significant protective effects on H2O2-induced H9c2 cells injury at the concentration of 25 μg/mL. And the protective effects of compound 1 was also investigated by the oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) tests.
Callus of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor were induced from leaf explant on l/2MS solid supplemented with combination of auxin (2.4-D, NAA: 0.1?2mg/L) and cytokinin (BA: 0.1?0.2mg/L). The effects of various medium, culture conditions and phytohormones on the growth of callus were investigated. MS, WPM, B_{5} medium and diluted or concentrated media (1/2X, 2X, 3X) were used to investigate the growth of callus on each media. Among these, the highest growth was observed when cultured in in 2B_{5} medium containing 0.5mg/L NAA and 1mg/L BA, 3? sucrose and 49.6 mM KNO_3 as nitrogen source, and 2.16mM NaH_2PO_4 as phoshate source at 25^{\circ}C in the dark. The calli cultured with 5? sucrose produced high salidroside content (0.41? on the basis of dry wt) than normal root (0.17?).
A glycoside hydrolase from Penicillium oxalicum BL 3005 was purified to apparent homogeneity. Its molecular mass was estimated to be 90 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme was identified to be a new member of family-3 by peptide sequence. High transglycosylation activity was found in the hydrolytic reaction of cellobiose. In the reaction, salidroside (4-hydroxyphenethyl O-β-D-glucopyranoside) was formed by adding tyrosol as the glycosyl acceptor. The optimum reaction pH and temperature were pH 6.5 and 55°C, respectively. The maximum yield of salidroside was almost 20 g/L. These results indicated that the β-glucosidase of P. oxalicum can be considered as a very promising catalyst for synthesis of salidroside. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A mixed starter, composed of high-quality Rhodiola rosea Fuqu, was developed. Compared with normal Fuqu, Rhodiola rosea Fuqu demonstrated higher spore numbers, spore germination rates, protease activity, liquefying amylase activity and total acid and amino acid nitrogen. Specifically, the spore number was 1.36 times that of regular Fuqu. Protease activity, liquefying amylase activity, total acid and amino acid nitrogen were 0.475g/100mL, 104.16 U/g dry Qu, 35.67mmol/L and 26.08g/100mL, respectively. These values were 21.48, 7.41, 6.07 and 67.82% higher than the regular Fuqu. The Rhodiola rosea soy sauce indices were also better than those for the control. The DPPH scavenging abilities of R. rosea soy sauce, control soy sauce, market soy sauce 1 and market soy sauce 2 were 74.25, 44.01, 34.73 and 11.38%, respectively. The total phenolic content in these four samples was 387.38, 309.23, 212.85 and 202.60mg GAE/g, respectively. As observed with the DPPH and total phenolic assay, the R. rosea soy sauce showed the highest antioxidant capacity. A simple, rapid, and sensitive determination method of salidroside in R. rosea Fuqu and R. rosea soy sauce using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was developed and validated with multiple reaction monitoring in the negative mode.
Genetic structure in ecologically important features of species is a crucial element in biodiversity and conservation, yet these are not clearly studied in many endangered medicinal plants, especially in some species living in high altitude zone. R. sachalinensis is an important medicinal and endangered species distributed in Changbai Mountain China with fragments habitats. In this study, we applied a genomic scan approach using RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) makers to analyze genetic variation of different population of R. sachalinensis. In addition, we analyzed relationship among genetic diversity, climate factors (annual average temperature and annual precipitation) and altitude. The results showed that the population of R. sachalinensis distributed in different altitude had a high level of genetic diversity. At the species level, the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) and Shannon's information index (I) were 100% and 0.5039, respectively. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (Gst =0.4847) and AMOVA analysis revealed that most genetic variation was distributed among populations (56.10%). The UPGMA clustering results using RAPD showed that all individuals from the same altitude were gathered together. Correlation analysis revealed close relationships among genetic diversity, annual average temperature and annual precipitation. These data highlight that environmental condition of alpine especially temperature and precipitation may play an important role in shaping the genetic diversity of R. sachalinensis.
Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents from the roots and rhizomes of Rhodiola sachalinensis. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated by repeated silica gel chromatography, medium pressure column chromatography, and semi-preparative liquid chromatography, and their structures were elucidated by chemical properties and spectroscopic analyses. Results: Eighteen compounds were isolated and identified to be gallic acid (1), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), salidroside (3), benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranodide (4), phenylethyl-8-O-β-D-glucopyranodide (5), cinnamyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), sachalinol (7), quercetin (8), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), kaempferol (10), kaemferol-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (11), kaempferol- 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), kaemnpferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (13), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (14), tricin (15), tamarixetin (16), herbacetin-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (17), and herbacetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-α-L- rhamnoside (18). Conclusion: Compounds 9, 12, and 16 are obtained from the plants in Rhodiola L. for the first time. Compounds 2, 7, 8, 14, and 18 are obtained from this plant for the first time.
A combinative method using HPLC-DAD quantitative analysis and fingerprints were developed to evaluate the quality of Rhodiola crenulata H.Ohba (R. crenulata) from different origins. In this study, three phenolic compounds were first simultaneously determined by the single standard to determine multi-components (SSDMC) method. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Merck Purospher STAR RP-18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) with a gradient-elution program within 28 min at 275 nm wavelength. The method has achieved desired specificity, linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9999), precision, accuracy (95-105%), stability and robustness. Compared with the normal external standard method (ESM), this alternative method can be used for simultaneous determination of multiple indices effectively and accurately, and can resolve the problem of inadequate chemical standards. Moreover, the herbal chromatographic fingerprint was calculated using a similarity evaluation system and SPSS 19.0 software as a result of analysing all of the R. crenulata samples. The obtained data showed good repeatability and stability of the chromatographic fingerprint. The 15 R. crenulata samples from different origins were classified by hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) according to the characteristic of common peaks. Moreover, similarity values were all more than 0.90. This study demonstrated that a combination of the chromatographic quantitative analysis and fingerprint offers an efficient way to quality consistency evaluation of R. crenulata.
Octyl gallate (OG), dodecyl gallate (DG), and hexadecyl gallate (HG) were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR, and their thermal stability was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The antioxidant effect of these derivatives in polypropylene (PP) was measured by oxidation induction temperature measurement on DSC, and by measurement of carbonyl groups in the polymer on attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy after they were aged at 120°C. The results indicated that the gallate derivatives could provide long-term stabilization to PP under conditions of oxidative degradation. The antioxidant performance of HG with longer alkyl chain was superior to the OG and DG, making the former a good candidate to be used as antioxidant additive in PP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39850.
Salidroside is a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiolarosea L., a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, and has displayed a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. In this paper, about 22 novel glycosides have been synthesized and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenge activity of each glycoside has been evaluated. 2-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethyl β-D-galactopyranoside and 3-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)propyl β-D-glucopyranoside exhibit significant activity prior to salidroside and Vitamin C with EC50 values of 35.85 μM and 36.71 μM, respectively. The results indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl group of these compounds is important for radical scavenging activity and phenyl ring substitution by electron-donating substituents lead to increased antioxidant activity.
Six flavonoids, named scutellaprostins A, B, C, D, E and F, were isolated from teh root of Scutellaria prostrata JACQ. ex BENTH. (Labiatae). Their structures were established to be (2R*, 3R*)-6-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-9-phenyl-2, 3-dihydro-7H-1, 4-dioxino[2, 3-h]chromene-7-one (I), (2R*, 3*)-6-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-7H-1, 4-dioxino[2, 3-h]-chromene-7-one (II), (2R*, 3R*)-6-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-9-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-7H-1, 4-dioxino-[2, 3-h]chromene-7-one (III), (2R*, 3R*)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-8-phenyl-2, 3-dihydro-6H-1, 4-dioxino-[2, 3-g]chromene-6-one (IV), (2R*, 3R*)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-6H-1, 4-dioxino[2, 3-g]chromene-6-one (V) and (2R*, 3R*)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-8-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2, 3-dihydro-6H-1, 4-dioxino[2, 3-g]chromene-6-one (VI), respectively, by chemical and spectral data. They were synthesized by oxidative coupling of the flavones and coniferyl alcohol in the presence of silver oxide.
Two new hydrolysable tannins, alnusjaponins A and B, were isolated from the leaves of Alnus japonica, along with 12 known hydrolysable tannins and related compounds, namely 5-O-galloyl-(−)-shikimic acid, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-d-glucose, 4,6-di-O-galloyl-d-glucose, 1,4-di-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, 4,6-(S)-valoneoyl-d-glucose, strictinin, gemin D, pedunculagin, praecoxin A, flosin A, stachyurin and casuarinin. The structures of alnusjaponins A and B were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical evidence as dimeric ellagitannins consisting of pedunculagin and strictinin moieties in which the mode of linkage is different.
Chemical examination of the leaves of Pithecellobium lobatum has led to the isolation and characterization of five flavan-3-ol derivatives including new flavan-3-ol gallates, gallocatechin 3′- and 4′-O-gallates and gallocatechin 7,3′- and 7,4′-di-O-gallates (almost racemic), which occur as equilibrium mixtures. Examination of the pods afforded three proanthocyanidins (procyanidins B-3 and B-4 and prodelphinidin B-1), together with flavan-3-ols.
Several compositional mixtures of Al2O3 (mean diameter = 1.0 μm)-YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia, mean diameter = 0.05 μm) porous layers were used to study the oxygen sensing characteristics and mechanisms of the limiting current-type sensors with various microstructures of the diffusion barriers. The pore size, the porosity, the limiting current, and the degree of the normal diffusion increased with Al2O3 content of the diffusion barrier. A new type of the limiting current-type sensor with a dense layer placed on the top of thin diffusion barrier tape was proposed to get lower operation voltage at a larger pore size and porosity of the diffusion barrier. The limiting current with the proper operation voltage and resolution could be attained easily and reproducibly by varying the microstructure of the diffusion barriers and the structures of the sensors.
Three new derivatives of herbacetin (3,4',5,7,8-pentahydroxyflavone) have been isolated from the rhizomes of roseroot sedum for the first time. Conclusions concerning their structures have been drawn on the basis of chemical transformations and UV, PMR, and mass spectra. The structure of herbacetin 7-O-a-rhamnopyranoside is proposed for rhodionin (I). Rhodiosin (II) has the structure of herbacetin 7-O-(3?-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside). The biose of which it contains a residue, which has been called rhodiose, is the first example of a 3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-L-rhamnopyranose residue to be found in natural flavonoid glycosides. A probable structure is put forward for the flavonolignan rhodiolin (III) — the product of the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol with the 7,8-dihydroxy grouping of herbacetin.
We used a herbal medicine, roots ofRhodiola sachalinensis (RS) to assess whether RS extract can decrease blood ethanol concentrations in rats fed ethanol and if so, to elucidate the mechanism by which RS extract reduces blood ethanol levels. Rats were fed ethanol orally 1 hr after the oral administration of various doses of RS extract. In another experiment, rats were injected intraperitoneally with ethanol following the intake of RS extract via gastric catheter to eliminate possible inhibition of ethanol absorption in the gastrointestine by RS extract. The administration of RS extract remarkably lowered blood ethanol levels in a dose-dependent manner in rats given ethanol orally. However, the intake of RS extract did not reduce ethanol levels in rats injected with ethanol intraperitoneally. The activities of two main hepatic enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), involved in ethanol metabolism, were not affected by the administration of RS extract in rats fed ethanol. In addition, the intake of RS extract reduced serum triglyceride levels elevated by ethanol to the normal level. We conclude that the administration of RS extract lowers blood ethanol concentrations by inhibition of ethanol absorption in the gastrointestinal tracts of ethanol-fed animals.
It was shown that the use of an anthracycline antibiotic--adriamycin in mice with metastatic involvement resulted in pronounced liver dysfunction, as suggested by a sharp increase in blood transaminase levels. In the same model, a hepatoprotector of plant origin--Rhodiola rosea extract--was shown to inhibit tumor dissemination. Combined application of adriamycin and the extract proved no inferior in terms of antimetastatic efficacy and nearly free from toxicity.
The methanolic extract of the underground part of Rhodiola sacra (PRAIN ex HAMET) S. H. Fu was found to show inhibitory activity on the histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells induced by an antigen-antibody reaction. From the methanolic extract with the inhibitory activity on histamine release, a new cyanoglycoside called rhodiocyanoside D and two new monoterpene glycosides called sacranosides A and B were isolated, together with eight known compounds, rhodiocyanoside A, heterodendrin, lotaustralin, rhodioloside, 2-phenylethyl alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-yl beta-D-glucopyranoside, kenposide A, and rhodiooctanoside. The structures of new compounds were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence, which included the synthesis of sacranoside A from (-)-myrtenol. All major chemical constituents from R. sacra inhibited the histamine release and, among them, lotaustralin and rhodiooctanoside were found to show potent inhibitory activity.
IR Vm~@BULLET cm -~ 3385 (OH), 1656 (C=O), 1608, 1563 (Aromatic C =C). Negative FAB MS
- Acetone
Acetone, c=0.7). IR Vm~@BULLET cm -~ 3385 (OH), 1656 (C=O), 1608, 1563 (Aromatic C =C). Negative FAB MS: m/z 449 [M-H]-. 1H NMR (300
Antioxidative Effects of the RhizomeRhodiola sachalinensis
- K.-Y Ryu
- W.-S Kang
- Y.-H Kim
- H.-D Jang
- J.-T Hong
- H.-S Yoo
- Y.-P Yun
- K.-Y. Ryu