Article

A revision of Dasyrhynchus Pintner (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), parasitic in elasmobranch and teleost fishes

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Abstract

The genus Dasyrhynchus Pintner is revised. The adult of D. pacificus Robinson, 1965 is described from the sharks Carcharhinus brachyurus, C. obscurus, C. plumbeus, Notorhynchyus cepedianus and Sphyrna lewini from Australia, as well as from Scyliorhinus haeckeli, C. limbatus and Sphyrna sp. from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Bigener brownii is recorded as a new teleost intermediate host from South Australia. D. talismani Dollfus is reported for the first time from Australian waters, in C. brachyurus and new records of the species are also given for Carcharhinus sp. from South Georgia, and for an unidentified species of shark from the Gold Coast, Ghana, Africa. D. variouncinatus (Pintner) is reported for the first time from Australia, in C. amblyrhynchus, and in C. falciformis from Hawaii; it appears to be limited to the Pacific Ocean. D. giganteus (Diesing) is reported from C. leucas and Negaprion brevirostris from Florida, Rhizoprionodon (?) terraenovae from Zaire and Sphyrna sp. from Dakar, all from the Atlantic Ocean. Strobilar characters, namely the distribution of testes and the positions of the osmoregulatory canals, distinguish D. giganteus from D. variouncinatus whereas oncotaxy provides no distinguishing features. D. magnus (Bilqees & Kurshid, 1985) n. comb., formerly Pseudogilquinia magna, is reported from Sphyrna mokarran from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, and its plerocercus from the teleost Lutjanus johni from Queensland, Australia. The species is allocated provisionally to Dasyrhynchus pending a more complete description of the adult. D. indicus Chandra & Rao, 1986 is considered a species inquirenda. D. pillersi (Southwell, 1929) is transferred to the genus Grillotia as G. pillersi n. comb.

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... Remarks: Species indicated above by an asterisk (*) represent new host records. Dasyrhynchus pacificus has been recorded from the Pacific and South-West Atlantic Ocean (Beveridge and Campbell 1993). This is its first record from the Gulf of Mexico, but the identification should be corroborated with adult material. ...
... Moreover, that host, Carcharhinus limbatus, is cosmopolitan and probably serves as a host for many other species. Not counting reported species of Otobothrium and Nybelinia/Heteronybelinia (see Palm 1999), we did not encounter in the blacktip shark, Poecilancistrum caryophyllum, reported as P. robustum by Thatcher (1961) from Louisiana, Dasyrhynchus pacificus, reported by Beveridge and Campbell (1993) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, nor did we encounter Tentacularia coryphaenae, Floriceps saccatus, or Dasyrhynchus giganteus reported by Heinz and Dailey (1974) and Carvajal et al. (1976) from the Pacific Ocean. The latter three species also either already have been reported from or are expected to occur in the Gulf of Mexico. ...
... The latter three species also either already have been reported from or are expected to occur in the Gulf of Mexico. However, the specimens from Hawaii reported as D. giganteus were immature and when re-examined by Beveridge and Campbell (1993), the authors suggested the specimens were D. variouncinatus (Pintner, 1913) because a mature specimen of that species occurred in Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron) (silky shark) off Hawaii. All records of D. variouncinatus from the Atlantic Ocean (see Dollfus 1969) were considered by Beveridge and Campbell (1993) to represent D. giganteus. ...
Article
Four trypanorhynchs, Kotorella pronosoma (Stossich, 1901), Nybelinia cf. bisulcata (Linton, 1889), Nybelinia scoliodoni (Vijayalakshmi, Vijayalakshmi et Gangadharam, 1996), and Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965 are reported for the first time from the Gulf, which is now known to harbour at least 34 different species. In addition to the range extension for the trypanorhynchs listed above, 21 new host records are reported involving 13 cestode species. Characters of the genus Kotorella Euzet et Radujkovic, 1989 are emended, Nybelinia narinari MacCallum, 1917 is considered ajunior synonym of Kotorellapronosoma (Stossich, 1901), and Heteronybelinia palliata (Linton, 1924) comb. n. is redescribed. The usefulness of the bulb ratio as a means to distinguish different tentaculariid species is discussed, and the importance of shallow water localities for the life cycle of trypanorhynch cestodes is emphasised.
... A similar shift in orientation, but from internal-exter- nal to bothrial-antibothrial has been reported in the eutetra- rhynchoid genus Hemionchos Campbell et Beveridge, 2006 from species of Mobula from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Campbell and Beveridge 2006). Although not described as such, examination of illustrations of Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1959 (see Beveridge andCampbell 1993, fig. 3) and D. talismani Dollfus, 1935 (see Beveridge andCampbell 1993, fig. 17) suggests that the same phenomenon may occur in the related genus Dasyrhynchus Pintner, 1928. ...
... A similar shift in orientation, but from internal-exter- nal to bothrial-antibothrial has been reported in the eutetra- rhynchoid genus Hemionchos Campbell et Beveridge, 2006 from species of Mobula from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Campbell and Beveridge 2006). Although not described as such, examination of illustrations of Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1959 (see Beveridge andCampbell 1993, fig. 3) and D. talismani Dollfus, 1935 (see Beveridge andCampbell 1993, fig. 17) suggests that the same phenomenon may occur in the related genus Dasyrhynchus Pintner, 1928. ...
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Pseudogilquinia pillersi (Southwell, 1929), a poorly known species of trypanorhynch, is redescribed from plerocerci collected from Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1922), Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801) (Serranidae) and Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801) (Serranidae) off New Caledonia. These were compared with specimens from Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1910 and Lethrinus miniatus (Forster, 1801) (Lethrinidae) off the north-east coast of Australia as well as syntypes from Protonibea diacantha (Lacépède, 1802) from Sri Lanka. Although size differences were found in parts of the scolex as well as in the sizes of the tentacular hooks, the hook arrangements were identical in all specimens. The differences observed were attributed provisionally to intra-specific variation across a wide geographic and host range. Une espèce de trypanorhynque peu connue, Pseudogilquinia pillersi (Southwell, 1929), est redécrite à partir de plérocerques récoltés chez Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1922), Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801) et Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801) (Serranidae) en Nouvelle-Calédonie, et chez Lethrinus atkinsoni Seale, 1910 et Lethrinus miniatus (Forster, 1801) (Lethrinidae) de la côte nord-est de l’Australie, et des syntypes provenant de Protonibea diacantha (Lacépède, 1802) du Sri Lanka. En dépit de la taille différente des constituants du scolex et des crochets des tentacules, l’arrangement des crochets était similaire chez tous les spécimens. Les différences observées ont été provisoirement attribuées à une variation intraspécifique dans une aire géographique étendue et un grande variété d’hôtes.
... Five other specimens examined during the main investigation with a total size of 14-35 cm were not infested (Table). Beveridge and Campbell (1993) stated that it is not possible to separate D. giganteus from the related D. variouncinatus only on the basis of the hooklet arrangement. Examination of segment anatomy of adult worms is necessary to differentiate the species. ...
... Examination of segment anatomy of adult worms is necessary to differentiate the species. However, currently all specimens found in the Atlantic Ocean with a hooklet arrangement typical for these two species are considered as belonging to D. giganteus (Beveridge & Campbell 1993). This species was originally described from Brazil and has a transoceanic distribution in the tropical part of the Atlantic. ...
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A large scale investigation on trypanorhynch cestode infestation of tropical marine fishes was carried out along the Northeast Brazilian coast in the summer of 1991 and 1993. A total of 798 fish specimens belonging to 57 species and 30 families were examined. Metacestodes of 11 different trypanorhynchs were found: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, Dasyrhynchus giganteus, Grillotia sp., Nybelinia edwinlintoni, N. indica, N. senegalensis, Nybelinia c.f. lingualis, Otobothrium cysticum, Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti, Pseudotobothrium dipsacum and Pterobothrium kingstoni. Scanning electron microscopy was used to clarify details of the tentacular armature of some species. Rose-thorn shaped hooklets, regularly arranged like microtriches, are described from the bothridial surface of N. edwinlintoni. Of the 57 fish species, 15 harboured trypanorhynch cestodes. Of these the mullid Pseudupeneus maculatus was the most heavily infested fish species, harbouring 5 different trypanorhynch species. P. noodti in P. maculatus had the highest prevalence (87%) and intensity (maximum = 63) of infestation. C. gracilis was the parasite with the lowest host-specificity. It could be isolated from 10 fish species. The cestode fauna of the Northeast Brazilian coast appears to be similar to that of the West African coast. Five of the trypanorhynch cestodes found during this study are common to both localities. The two single cases of intra musculature infestation in Citharichthys spilopterus and Haemulon aurolineatum by trypanorhynch cestodes indicate that marketability of the investigated commercially exploited fish species is inconsequential.
... Additional databases such as Zoological Record were consulted, as well as any 'grey' literature sources available online, including unpublished government surveys and academic theses and dissertations. It is worth noting that some ambiguity in identifying specimens, whether elasmobranch or pathogen, may be due to: lack of quality specimens for examination as was the case for Beveridge (1993) with brittle parasites and low number of specimens in museum or personal collections or inability to identify the specimen caught by another party such as for . If the species cannot be named due to degradation or for any reason, this is very important as one of the goals of the present meta-analytical study was to attempt an exhaustive search of natural enemies. ...
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Elasmobranchs have conservational and commercial importance. There is a need for a more complete understanding of their health, due to their ability to shape trophic webs and their money-making potential with fishers and ecotourists. Sharks have been known to influence the strength of food webs, including reef ecosystems where many fish species are harvested for food. The investigation of pathogenic agents and diseases in elasmobranchs has been biased to favor those natural enemies that inhabit the digestive system and epidermal surfaces. Certain groups of parasites such as cestodes, copepods, and monogeneans, were most often recorded in this review. The bacterial microbiota of elasmobranchs is currently being researched, but much information is lacking in the field, with the exception of certain well-known strains, such as members of the genus Vibrio. In addition, information on the 22 species of sharks included in this study is more in depth than that which can be found for the 11 ray species and three skates. A quantitative study was undertaken to investigate relationships between taxonomic Order and Family, as well as the relationship between diet and number of natural enemies with the use of the statistical software R. It was found that number of natural enemies present in an elasmobranch species correlates with the number of sources available. This first attempt at an exhaustive review of elasmobranch natural enemies from Florida waters includes over 400 pathogens as well as indicates the 14 most under-studied elasmobranch species.
... The bothria apparatus aids mobility, while the tentacles serve as holdfasts, attaching to the infected host tissues [38,48]. Dasyrhynchus giganteus and D. variouncinatus, two species within the genus Dasyrhynchus, exhibit similar larval morphological appearances, but the mature form of D. giganteus can be distinguished by the presence of two rows of hooks instead of four [15,27]. D. giganteus is found in the tropical part of the Atlantic Ocean and is known to infest fish flesh with its large blastocysts [26]. ...
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This study investigated the prevalence, morphology, molecular identification, and histopathological effects of larval tapeworms (plerocercoids) infecting the skeletal muscles of the Indian halibut (Psettodes erumei) collected from the coastal waters of the Arabian Gulf. Numerous oval or round blastocysts, measuring 13–26 mm, were found embedded within the muscular tissues of the Indian halibut, rendering the fish unsuitable for human consumption. Morphological and molecular analyses identified the plerocercoids as Dasyrhynchus giganteus (family Dasyrhynchidae), with an overall prevalence of 15.4%. The seasonal prevalence was the highest in summer (14.6%), followed by spring (10.6%), winter (4.4%), and autumn (3.5%). Infection rates increased with fish size. Histopathological examination revealed fibrous connective tissue capsules surrounding the larvae, causing muscular atrophy and degenerative changes, with few inflammatory eosinophilic cells. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA gene sequences confirmed the specimens as D. giganteus, clustered closely with other sequences of D. giganteus with 100% bootstrap values. This study provided valuable insights into the parasitic infection dynamics, seasonal variation, molecular identification, and histopathological effects, highlighting the importance of monitoring fish for food safety and public health implications.
... Since larval stages of both species display low specificity by their teleost hosts, this hypothesis should be corroborated by comparing temporal trends in other fish species. Moreover, Dasyrhynchus pacificus, a parasite of Carcharhinus brachyurus in the region (Beveridge and Campbell 1993;São Clemente and Gomes 1989) also decreased significantly in adult weakfish, supporting the hypothesis that the decline in shark populations can be the main driver of such pattern. Similarly, it was suggested that the lower abundances of larval shark tapeworms at a heavily fished coral atoll in the Pacific, relative to a pristine one, reflect the fact that fishing has greatly depleted sharks (Lafferty et al. 2008). ...
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Climate change is impacting marine species, leading to shifts in their distribution to higher latitudes and to deeper locations. Parasite communities are dynamic systems influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, making them valuable tools for studying ecological processes of their hosts. This work aims to assess possible changes in parasite structure that occurred in the northern stock of Cynoscion guatucupa in the Argentine Sea, over approximately 25 years, by using parasites as tags in a region characterized as a hotspot of significant warming in recent decades. Parasite assemblages of adult and juvenile fish from two periods caught at two regions of the Argentine Sea were analyzed. Species richness remained relatively constant across samples, although four of the eight compared species from juvenile fish showed significant increases in prevalence, while for adults three species decreased. Differences in parasite assemblages were significant between periods, but not between regions, indicating that the stock structure has apparently remained stable in recent years, even under a warming process that, in turn, seems to have affected its parasite assemblages which however, continue showing homogeneous parasitological attributes throughout the habitats. Most results indicate that changes in parasite burdens are not related to the population density or geographic distribution of C. guatucupa, but to changes in temperature, salinity or in the density of top predators. Parasites seem to have felt the impact of global change before their host, thus, they can be considered early sentinels to monitor the stability and distribution of this important resource.
... Notes: type host; it was originally reported as Chorinemus saliens. Beveridge and Campbell (1993) redescribed this species. ...
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An exhaustive literature search supplemented by a critical examination of records made it possible to present an annotated checklist of tapeworms (Cestoda) that, as adults or larvae (metacestodes), parasitize freshwater, brackish water and marine fishes, i.e. cartilaginous and bony fishes, in South America. The current knowledge of their species diversity, host associations and geographical distribution is reviewed. Taxonomic problems are discussed based on a critical evaluation of the literature and information on DNA sequences of individual taxa is provided to facilitate future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. As expected, the current knowledge is quite uneven regarding the number of taxa and host-associations reported from the principal river basins and marine ecoregions. These differences may not only reflect the actual cestode richness but may also be due to the research effort that has been devoted to unravelling the diversity of these endoparasitic helminths in individual countries. A total of 297 valid species, 61 taxa identified to the generic level, in addition to unidentified cestodes, were recorded from 401 species of fish hosts. Among the recognized cestode orders, 13 have been recorded in South America, with the Onchoproteocephalidea displaying the highest species richness, representing c. 50% of all species diversity. The majority of records include teleost fish hosts (79%) that harbour larval and adult stages of cestodes, whereas stingrays (Myliobatiformes) exhibit the highest proportion of records (39%) among the elasmobranch hosts. Fish cestodes are ubiquitous in South America, being mostly recorded from the Warm Temperate Southeastern Pacific (WTSP; 31%) for marine hosts and the Amazon River basin (45%) for freshwater ones. The following problems were detected during the compilation of literary data: (i) unreliability of many records; (ii) poor taxonomic resolution, i.e. identification made only to the genus or even family level; (iii) doubtful host identification; and (iv) the absence of voucher specimens that would enable us to verify identification. It is thus strongly recommended to always deposit representative specimens in any type of studies, including faunal surveys and ecological studies. An analysis of the proportion of three basic types of studies, i.e. surveys, taxonomic and ecological papers, has shown a considerable increase of ecological studies over the last decade.
... 261) in Lacistorhynchus tenuis (van Beneden, 1858), although it was not referred to as such in the text. The structure was first identified clearly as a hermaphroditic duct in the genera Lacistorhynchus Pintner, 1913and Hornelliella Yamaguti, 1954by Beveridge & Sakanari (1987 and Campbell & Beveridge (1987a), and was subsequently identified in the following genera: Floriceps Cuvier, 1917 by Campbell & Beveridge (1987b) and Richmond & Caira (1991), Dasyrhynchus Pintner, 1928by Beveridge & Campbell (1993, Diesingium Pintner, 1929 by , Pterobothrium Diesing, 1850 by , Callitetrarhynchus Pintner, 1931 by , Pterobothrioides Campbell & Beveridge, 1997by Campbell & Beveridge (1997, Fossobothrium Beveridge & Campbell, 2005 by Beveridge & Campbell (2005), Paragrillotia Dollfus, 1969 by Beveridge & Justine (2007b) and Grillotia Guiart, 1927by Beveridge & Campbell (2007. Thus the presence of a hermaphroditic duct appears to represent a synapomorphy for the clade uniting the Lacistorhynchoidea and the Otobothrioidea in the molecular phylogeny of Olson et al. (2010, Fig. 6). ...
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Redescriptions are provided for five incompletely described species of Otobothrium Linton, 1890: Otobothrium alexanderi Palm, 2004 from two species of carcharhinid sharks, Carcharhinus cautus (Whitley) and C. melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard) at three localities off northern Australia; O. australe Palm, 2004 based on material collected from the type-host and type-locality and from six additional myliobatid and carcharhinid host species off Western Australia, the Northern Territory and northern Queensland; O. insigne Linton, 1905 from Rhizoprionodon terraenovae (Richardson) and Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes) in the Atlantic Ocean off Senegal and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; O. mugilis Hiscock, 1954, previously known only from larval stages, based on adults from five sphyrnid and carcharhinid definitive host species off northern Australia and Malaysian Borneo; and O. penetrans Linton, 1907 from material collected from two species of hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae) in the Red Sea off Jordan and the Indian Ocean off Western Australia. Additional host and locality records are added for the type-species, O. crenacolle Linton, 1890 and for O. carcharidis (Shipley & Hornell, 1906). Two descriptions are provided for Otobothrium spp. treated here as Otobothrium sp. 1 from C. melanopterus off northern Australia and Otobothrium sp. 2 from Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus) in the Gulf of California, Mexico.
... s and P. karachiense was also seen in D. thomasi. Dasyrhynchus indicus Chandra et Hanumantha Rao, 1985 also resembles D. thomasi by its similar scolex morphology and a poeciloacanthous armature. The species differs by having a single chainette and 2-3 rows of thin and spiniform hooks arranged in an irregular manner on the external tentacle surface. Beveridge and Campbell (1993) left this species as species inquirenda due to the poor original description and uncertainty of its synonymy with D. magnus. Thus, the present specimens represent a new species, Dasyrhynchus thomasi. ...
Article
Results of a study on trypanorhynch cestodes of fishes from Indonesian coastal waters are presented. A new species, Dasyrhynchus thomasi sp. n., is described, and five species are recorded which all represent new locality records: Tentacularia coryphaenae Bosc, 1797; Nybelinia africana Dollfus, 1960; Nybelinia scoliodoni (Vijayalakshmi, Vijayalakshmi et Gangadharam, 1996); Sphyriocephalus dollfusi Bussieras et Aldrin, 1968; and Otobothrium penetrans Linton, 1907. Their known ranges of distribution are extended to the East-Indian Ocean. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to clarify details of the tentacular armature and surface morphology of T. coryphaenae, D. thomasi and O. penetrans. In T. coryphaenae, hook-like microtriches along the bothridial tegument are embedded in the distal cytoplasm, sometimes showing a split base. The solid tentacular hooks are embedded into a fibrillar, highly ordered tentacular wall. D. thomasi is distinguished by its characteristically shaped bothridia and a triple chainette with winged hooks on the external surface of the tentacle. Tufts of microtriches with ciliated sensory receptors are regularly arranged on the bothridial surface of O. penetrans. They show similarities to sensory receptors reported from other trypanorhynch cestodes. Otobothrium pephrikos Dollfus, 1969 is considered a junior synonym for O. penetrans, and the variability of the scolex within trypanorhynch cestodes is emphasised.
... It is merely the enlargement of the terminal intercalary hooklets in each row and the confluence of the rows that give the appearance of a chainette. Chainettes restricted to the basal and/or metabasal region of the tentacle are known in the genera Paroncomegas Campbell, Marques et Ivanov, 1999 (see description of Campbell et al. 1999), Dasyrhynchus talismani Dollfus, 1935 (see descriptions by Dollfus 1942, Beveridge and Campbell 1993), Mixodigma leptopetaleum Dailey et Vogelbein, 1982(see description by Dailey and Vogelbein 1982) and in Pterobothrioides petterae Campbell et Beveridge, 1997 (see description by Campbell and Beveridge 1997), such that their occurrence in Progrillotia would not be a novel phenomenon. However, in Progrillotia, all hooks present on the external surface of the basal region of the tentacle are components of the intercalary rows and cannot be considered to constitute a basal chainette. ...
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Progrillotia pastinacae Dollfus, 1946 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) is redescribed from the spiral valve of Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus) (Dasyatididae) from the coast of France. Progrillotia dasyatidis sp. n. is described from the spiral valves of Dasyatis tortonesei Capapé (Dasyatididae) from the Mediterranean in the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia) and D. pastinaca from the Bassin d'Arcachon (France). The new species differs from congeners in having, on the tentacles, a single rather than two rows of intercalary hooks and fewer testes. The generic definition is emended based upon the new species, the redescription of P. pastinacae Dollfus, 1946 and re-examination of the type specimen of P. louiseuzeti Dollfus, 1969. Important additional characters noted are that the tentacular hooks are solid, a prebulbar organ is present and that there are gland cells attached to the retractor muscle within the bulb. A cladistic analysis suggests that the genus is closely allied with the Eutetrarhynchidae. Progrillotia dollfusi Carvajal et Rego, 1983 is provisionally excluded from the genus as the adult of the species is unknown and a key character of the genus is that the testes are pre-ovarian.
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Cestodes (tapeworms) are obligate, internal parasites. In general, as adults they inhabit the digestive system of their vertebrate hosts; few have been reported from other sites. The Eucestoda (true tapeworms) comprise 12 orders (Khalil, Jones, and Bray 1994, Caira, Mega, and Ruhnke 2005). Recognized separately are the Cestodaria, 2 orders of monozoic (unproglottized) tapeworms, the Gyrocoty-lidea and Amphilinidea. Within the Eucestoda, 4 orders are exclusively marine (Cathetocephalidea, Diphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, and Tetrabothriidea), and 5 orders contain members inhabiting the marine environment (Cyclo-phyllidea, Pseudophyllidea, Spathebothriidea, Tetraphyl-lidea, and Trypanorhyncha). The remaining 3 orders, Caryophyllidea, Proteocephalidea (with few spurious records from the marine environment), and Nippotaeni-idea parasitize freshwater (and brackish water) teleosts. Collectively, over 5000 species of cestodes are recognized, of which approximately 1400 species inhabit the marine environment (see Caira and Reyda 2005). A diverse array of vertebrates serve as definitive hosts for the different euc-estode orders in the marine environment: Cathetocephalidea, Diphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Tetraphyllidea, and Trypanorhyncha exclusively parasitize elasmobranchs; Pseudophyllidea parasitize actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes), birds, and marine mammals; Tetrabothriidea parasitize birds and marine mammals; Cyclophyllidea parasitize birds; Spathebothriidea and Proteocephalidea parasitize actinopterygians.
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Metacestodes of 14 different trypanorhynch larvae were found infesting Arabian Gulf economically important fish along the coasts of the United Arab Emirates. Except for Grillotia and Pterobothrium, all other larvae were recorded and described for the first time. The metacestodes were identified as : Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, C. speciosus, Grillotia sp., Nybelini'a bisulcata, N. indica, N. lingualis, N. sp., Otobothrium dipsacum, O. sp., Progrillotia sp., Pseudogrillotia spratti, Pterobothrium heteracanthum, Pterobothrioides sp. and Tentacularia coryphaenae. Two of them, Callitetrarhynchus gracillis and Pterobothriuni heteracanthum were very common and have a conspicuously high prevalence rate. The potentiality to invade flesh of fishes was only recorded in two larvae. Pseudogrillotia spratti and Pterobothrium heteracanthum. All fish hosts are new records.
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2005. — Larval tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) from sciaenid fishes of the southern coast of Brazil. Zoosystema 27 (1) : 5-25. ABSTRACT Cestode larvae were collected from 10 species of sciaenid fishes from the coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eleven species of Trypanorhyncha and two unindentified larvae are reported: Pterobothrium heteracanthum, P. crassicolle, Callitetrarhynchus gracilis, C. speciosus, Dasyrhynchus pacificus, Heteronybelinia nipponica, H. annakohnae n. sp., H. estigmena, Nybelinia bisulcata, Progrillotia dollfusi, Dollfusiella sp., an unidentified species of plerocercoid larva, and an unidentified species of procercoid larva. Heteronybelinia annakohnae n. sp. is described based on specimens from four host species. It is characterized by a long pars postbulbosa and by bothridial margins covered with spines and that overlap the bulbs. Progrillotia dollfusi is redescribed based on paratypes and specimens collected in the present study. The basal tentacular armature, the presence of a prebulbar organ and of a pars postbulbosa, the attachment of the retractor muscle of the tentacle in the first third of the bulb, and the pres-ence of gland cells in the interior of the bulbs, are reported in this species for the first time. These characteristics support and amend the diagnosis of Progrillotia. A procercoid larva is described for the first time from fish in Brazil. Measurements, descriptions, and drawings of the specimens of those species which are insufficiently or incompletely known are presented.
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Cestodes named by A.E. Shipley, J. Hornell and T. Southwell in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) and the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, are redescribed and re-illustrated. New synonymies and synonymies confirmed by examination of types are: Shirleyrhynchus aetobatidis (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) n. comb. (syn. S. butleri Beveridge & Campbell, 1988); Paranybelinia balli (Southwell, 1929) n. comb. (syn. Otobothrium balli Southwell, 1929); Calliterarhynchus gracilis (Rudolphi, 1819) (syn. Tetrarhynchus ceylonicus Southwell, 1929, Tentacularia macfiei Southwell, 1929); Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (Diesing, 1850) (syn. Tetrarhynchus gangeticus Shipley & Hornell, 1906); Mecistobothrium johnstonei (Southwell, 1929) n. comb. (syn. Tentacularia johnstonei Southwell, 1929); Trygonicola macroporus (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) n. comb., n. g. (syn. Tetrarhynchus macroporus Shipley & Hornell, 1906); Grillotia matheri (Southwell, 1929) n. comb. (syn. Tetrarhynchus matheri Southwell, 1929); Dasyrhynchus pillersi (Southwell, 1929) (syn. Tentacularia pillersi Southwell, 1929); Grillotia shipleyi (Southwell, 1929) n. comb. (syn. Tetrarhynchus shipleyi Southwell, 1929, Tetrarhynchus sp. (? matheri) of Southwell, 1929 and Grillotia overstreeti Sakanari, 1989); and Bombycirhynchus sphyraenaicum Pintner, 1931 (syn. Tetrarhynchus sp. of Shipley & Hornell, 1906, Patellobothrium quinquecatinatum Beveridge & Campbell, 1989).
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The genus Microbothriorhynchus Yamaguti, 1952 is revised. Plerocerci of M. coelorhynchi Yamaguti, 1952 from the body-cavity of Brotula barbata (Bloch & Schneider) off the Angolan coast are re-described, and M. reimeri n. sp. from the body-cavity of Helicolenus maculatus (Cuvier) and Caelorinchus parallelus (Günther) from coastal waters off Mozambique is added to the genus. Both species are characterised in having an elongated, slightly craspedote scolex with small, collar-like bothridia, an elongate pars vaginalis and very long bulbs. The tentacular armature is heteroacanthous atypica, with eight principal hooks and intercalary hooks merging with a band of spiniform hooks on the external tentacle surface. The adult is unknown. Microbothriorhynchus is allocated to the Lacistorhynchidae Guiart, 1927, in having a blastocyst, two bothridia and a heteroacanthous atypica armature. Dasyrhynchus Pintner, 1928 and Pseudogrillotia Dollfus, 1969 are considered the most closely related genera, sharing characters such as the craspedote scolex, similar scolex proportions and hook patterns. Microbothriorhynchus appears to link the heteroacanthous atypica genera Grillotia Guiart, 1927 and Pseudogrillotia with the poeciloacanthous genus Dasyrhynchus.
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Anthobothrium lesteri n. sp. in Carcharhinus melanopterus from Heron Island, Australia is described and figured. A combination of characters, namely the number of testes, a weakly laciniate strobila and mature proglottis which is conspicuously longer than wide distinguishes it from other species that appear to be consistent with van Beneden's original concept of Anthobothrium . The scolex and the peduncle are relatively small and frail when compared with the rest of the strobila and with the detached proglottis. A myzorhynchus is absent and the stalked, undivided, simple bothridia have thickened margins. Two circular areas of muscles, which resemble accessory suckers, occur in the centre of each bothridium. There is a distinct cephalic peduncle with spiniform blade-like microtriches followed by craspedote proglottides which have a posterior four-lobed velum. Apolysis is well developed and the oncosphere has a polar filament and a dense covering of spines. Comments are made on the site, the mode of attachment, an aspect of the reproductive strategy of the new species in relation to intestinal eversion in some sharks, and membership of the genus.
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Les thons Thunnus obesus Lowe et, à un moindre degré, Thunnus albacares Bonnaterre pêchés dans le Golfe de Guinée hébergent dans leur appareil circulatoire (vaisseaux du foie, de la rate et des caecums pyloriques) les larves plerocercus d'un Cestode de l'ordre des Tétrarhynques, Dasyrhynchus talismani R. Ph. Dollfus 1935
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One out of four specimens of sharks, Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1860), captured off the southern Brazilian Coast, harboured cestodes identified as Dasyrhynchus pacificus Robinson, 1965, of which the adult form is now described and referred as ocurring in Brazil.Um entre quatro espécimes de Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1860), coletados na costa sul brasileira, estava parasitado por cestóides pertencentes ao gênero Dasyrhynchus Pintner, 1928. Os espécimes foram identificados como D. pacificus Ribinson, 1965, sendo este o primeiro registo da ocorrência desta espécie no Brasil. Nesta oportunidade, é pela primeira vez apresentada a descrição da forma adulta, embora sem o proglotide grávido.
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Approximately 60% of small 145 kg) fish. Large yellowfin tuna were rarely parasitized (5.211 in the dorsal aorta, but showed a high rate (>80%) of infection within other major arteries. The prevalence in small fish varied dramatically with season, dropping suddenly from 66% in June-July 1985 to 11% in August-September 1985. Unparasitized fish caught during August- September 1985 showed significantly higher condition factors, relative heart weights, and relative liver weights than did unparasitized fish caught at other times of the year. We hypothesize that the sudden decrease in prevalence was due to influx of a separate group of small yellowfin tuna into the Hawaiian fishery. We believe that this parasite may therefore serve as a marker for tracing the movements of small yellowfin tuna into and out of specific fisheries or areas. During a series of experiments that involved catheterization of the anterior dorsal aorta of small (1-3 kg) yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, we discovered that approximately 60% of the ex- perimental fish had this blood vessel infected with parasites. The parasites were white, round (2-4 mm in diameter), often more than 4 cm long, and usually folded repeatedly. As a result of the parasites and the tissue inflammation that devel- ops as part of host immune response, the lumen of the infected aortas appeared almost totally oc- cluded. Because all the blood to the internal or- gans and swimming muscles must flow past this occlusion, we assumed the parasite could be a major factor contributing to the natural mortality of small yellowfin tuna. The first demonstration of a dorsal aorta para-
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Five species of monogeneans and 14 species of cestodes are reported from two elasmobranch species in fresh waters of Guatemala, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Monogeneans from the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas (Muller and Henle, 1841), are: Dermophthirius maccallumi n. sp. (Microbothriidae); Heteronchocotyle leucas Hargis, 1955 and Erpocotyle carcharhini n. sp. (Hexabothriidae). Cestodes from the bull shark are: Phyllobothrium lactuca van Beneden, 1850, P. leuci n. sp., P. nicaraguensis n. sp., Anthobothrium cornucopia van Beneden, 1850, A. laciniatum Linton, 1890 (Phyllobothriidae): Platybothrium hypoprioni Potter, 1937, Phoreiobothrium triloculatum Linton, 1901 (Onchobothriidae); Cathetocephalus thatcheri Dailey and Overstreet, 1973 (Cathetocephalidae); Dasyrhynchus variouncinnatus (Linton, 1924) and Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rudol phi, 1819) (Dasyrhynchidae); Nybelinia bisulcata (Linton, 1889) (Tentaculariidae); and Otobothrium penetrans Linton, 1907 (Otobothriidae). From the sawfish, Pristis perotteti Muller and Henle, 1841, are two monogeneans, Erpocotyle caribbensis n. sp. and Pristonchocotyle intermedia n. g., n. sp.(Hexabothriidae); and two cestodes, Phyllobothrium prutis n. sp. and Anthobothrium pristis Woodland, 1934 (Phyllobothriidae). The helminths found in these two species of euryhaline elasmobranchs are of marine origin or have strong marine affinities.
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The fatty acid composition of the cestodes Poecilancistrium caryophyllum and Dasyrynchus giganteus from the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), Thysanocephalum thysanocephalum from the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvieri), and Grittotia (Paragrillotia) simmonsi from the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) was determined and compared with that of the host liver, bile, and intestinal contents. There was complete qualitative correspondence between host and parasite acids, including the distinctive C20 and C22 polyunsaturated acids, but to some extent, and particularly with respect to C16 and C18 acids, significant quantitative differences were observed. It is concluded that the shark parasites, like some previously studied parasites of terrestrial animals which are unable to synthesize fatty acids de novo, obtain most of their component fatty acids by absorption.
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Two new species of cestodes are described from marine fishes of New South Wales, viz., Acanthobothrium australis from Squalus megalops and Dasyrhynchus pacijicus from Sciaena antarctica. In addition, Phyllobothrium lactuca, Phyllobothrium dohrnii and Poecilancistrium caryophyllum are recorded from Australian fishes for the first time.
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A systematic study of the cestode parasites of fishes inhabiting the coastal waters of Madras was undertaken, since very little has been done in India on these lines. It may be mentioned here that the classification of the Cestoda is still unsatisfactory. Opinions are varied as to the characters which should be taken into account in classification. The earlier authors laid much emphasis on the external features, while many of the recent authors are inclined to discount ~ value of external characters and lay too much stress on the internal anatomy. I agree with Southwell (19!Z9) that external characters are as important as the internal anatomy in classification and that the form of the head invariably suggests the order to which the worm belongs. This is specially true with regard to the wOrms belonging to the orders PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA, TRYPANORHYNCHA, TETRA,PHYLLIDEA and LECAN[CEPHALA. In these orders, the head is generally large and is easy to examine. Due care should, however, be exercised, otherwise as Pintner (19!Z8) has pointed out the variability in the shape of the head can easily lead to the esta­ blishment of new species or even genera. Also it is essential to examine the material in the living condition. Preservation often distorts the head unless it has been carefully stretched previously. For instance, E.Jlexile (Linton) if not properly fixed oftet(.., like E. tumidulum (Rud.). This partly accounts for the extensive synonymy that one comes across in the systematic account of Cestoda. As Plntner (I9!Z8) has stated the dimen.u,ons of the head and the length of the worm are not of great value in Gllassification as they vary considerably without constituting necessary specific differences.
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The four cestode worms herein reported were collected by Stewart Springer, of the Zoological Research Supply Co., from sharks taken off the Gulf coast of Florida near Englewood. Two of them — Dasyrhynchus insigne and Nybelinia palliata—have previously been reported from the same or related hosts at Woods Hole, Mass.; Diplootobothrium springeri represents a new genus and species and is the second tetrarhynchidean laiown with double sets of reproductive organs; and the other, Thysanocephalum rugosum,^ is a new species from the same host as T. thysanocephalum.
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Examination of 60 teleost fishes (9 spp.) for cestodes from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean off Paita (5° 7´S, 81° 11´W) and Salaverry (8° 15´S, 78° 59´W) Peru, resulted in the recovery of eight species of trypanorhynchs, two of which are new. The new species are Pterobothrium acanthotruncatum and Pseudogrillotia peruviana. New host and distribution records are: Dasyrhynchus pacifiais Robinson in Sciaena deliciosa (Tschudi); Poecilancistrium caryophyllum (Diesing) from Sciaena gilberti Abbott; Floriceps saccatus Cuvier from Centropomus nigrescens Günther; Tentacularia coryphaena Bosc from Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) and Centropomus nigrescens: Callitetrarhynchus gracilis (Rudolphi) in Sciaena deliciosa, Polyclemus peruanus (Steindachner) and Hemilutjanus macrophtalmos (Tschudi); Lacistorhynchus tenuis (Van Beneden) from Odontesthes regia (Humboldt).
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All species of eutetrarhynchid cestodes known from Australian elasmobranch fishes are redescribed and 10 new species are erected. The genera Prochristianella Dollfus, 1946, and Trigonolobium Dollfus, 1929 are reported from the Australian region for the first time. Trigonolobium is described in detail and allocated to the Eutetrarhynchidae Guiart, 1927. The genus Eutetrarhynchus Pintner, 1913 is redefined. E. australis Prudhoe, 1969, and E. geraschmidti Dollfus, 1974 are redescribed. E. leucomelanus (Shipley & Hornell, 1906) and E. michiae (Southwell, 1929) are redescribed from the types and reported for the first time from the Australian region. Five new species of Eutetrarhynchus are described: E. aetobati, sp. nov., E. bareldsi, sp. nov., E. martini, sp. nov., E. ocallaghani, sp. nov., and E. owensi, sp. nov. The genus Prochristianella is redefined and four new species are added: P. butlerae, sp. nov., P. clarkeae, sp. nov., P. mooreae, sp. nov., and P. odonoghuei, sp. nov. The genus Parachristianella Dollfus, 1946 is redefined. Pa. monomegacantha Kruse, 1959 is redescribed from Australian specimens, and Pa. baverstocki, sp. nov. is added to the genus. Trigonolobium spinuliferum (Southwell, 1911) is redescribed and reported for the first time from the Australian region. Trimacracanthus Beveridge & Campbell, 1987 is included in the revision. Keys are included to all genera and species. The following new combinations are used: Eutetrarhynchus micracanthus (Carvajal, Campbell & Cornford, 1976) (syn. Prochristianella micracantha), Eutetrarhynchus musteli (Carvajal, 1974) (syn. Prochristianella musteli), Prochristianella thalassia (Kovacs & Schmidt, 1980) (syn. Eutetrarhynchus thalassius) and Parachristianella carribensis (Kovacs & Schmidt, 1980) (syn. Eutetrarhynchus carribensis).
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Approximately 60% ofsmalI «3 kgl yelIowfin tuna. Thunnus albaeares. caught near the Hawaiian Islands carry the plerocercaid (\arval) stage of the cestode (tapeworm), Dasyrhynchus talismani, in their anterior dorsal aortas. Because the wonns and the resultant host inflammation appear to occlude the vessel almost totalIy. we assumed that the parasite could increase natural mortality rates. Tuna could be limited in their ability to capture prey and therefore should show evidence of long- or short-term food deprivation. We measured body weight, fork length, liver weight, heart weight and, in fish captured from one school, RNAJDNA ratios (a measure ofshon-term growth ratel. and otolith weight (a measure of long-term growth rate) from parasitized and unparasitized fish. We found no significant differences between infected and uninfected fish nor any evidence ofstarvation in infected fish. How smalI yelIowfin tuna remain apparently unaffected by the parasitic occlusion oftheir dorsal aorta remains to be demonstrated. We also examined changes in incidence of infection in smalI yelIowfin tuna caught between Febru­ ary 1985 and March 1986 as well as the prevalence in large (>45 kg) fish. Large yellowfin tuna were rarely parasitized (5.2%) in the dorsal aorta, but showed a high rate (>80%) of infection within other mlijor arteries. The prevalence in smalI fish varied dramatically with season. dropping suddenly from 66% in June..July 1985 to 11% in August-September 1985. Unparasitized fish caught during August­ September 1985 showed significantly higher condition factors, relative heart weights, and relative liver weights than did unparasitized fish caught at other times of the year. We hypothesize that the sudden decrease in prevalence was due to influx of a separate group of smalI yellowfin tuna into the Hawaiian fishery. We believe that this parasite may therefore serve as a marker for tracing the movements of smalI yelIowfin tuna into and out of specific fisheries or areas. During a series of experiments that involved catheterization of the anterior dorsal aorta of small (1-3 kg) yellowfin tuna, Thunnusalbacares, we discovered that approximately 60% of the ex­ perimental fish had this blood vessel infected with parasites. The parasites were white, round (2-4 mm in diameter), often more than 4 cm long, and usually folded repeatedly. As a result of the parasites and the tissue inflammation that devel­ ops as part ofhost immune response, the lumen of the infected aortas appeared almost totally oc­ cluded. Because all the blood to the internal or­ gans and swimming muscles must flow past this occlusion, we assumed the parasite could be a major factor contributing to the natural mortality of small yellowfin tuna. The first demonstration of a dorsal aorta para-
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Helminth parasites were collected from the viscera of nine species of marine fishes caught off Miami, Florida. The list of parasites includes fifteen species, as follows: four species of Trematoda, six species of Cestoda, three species of Acanthocephala (one representing a new genus), and two species of Nematoda. The discussion of each parasite includes a comparison of specimens reported here with those reported by other investigators.
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Chimaerarhynchus rougetae n. g., n. sp. is described fromSqualus acanthias andCentrophorus sp. from the coast of Senegal, and differs from all other trypanorhynch genera in having a chainette composed of dissimilar elements, that is, double-winged hooks alternating with pairs of hooks each with a single lateral wing. The new genus is allocated to the Gymnorhynchidae Dollfus, 1935.Patellobothrium quinquecatenatum n.g., n. sp. is described from the spiral intestine ofSphyrna mokarran from Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia and plerocerci fromRachycentron canadus from Queensland, Australia. The genus is distinguished from all others in possessing five chainettes. It is allocated to the family Mustelicolidae Dollfus, 1969. The relationships of all genera of trypanorhynchs possessing chainettes are discussed, and they are divided into three groups: (1) Dasyrhynchidae Dollfus, 1935, Lacistorhynchidae Guiart, 1927, Mustelicolidae and Hornelliellidae Yamaguti, 1954 are considered closely related since all genera possess two bothridia, a hermaphroditic duct and have hollow hooks; (2) Gymnorhynchidae, amended to contain onlyGymnorhynchus Rudolphi, 1819 andChimaerarhynchus n.g., is distinct in possessing four bothridia, an accessory seminal vesicle and hollow hooks; (3) Mixodigmatidae Dailey & Vogelbein, 1982, amended to includeMixodigma Dailey & Vogelbein, 1982 andHalysiorhynchus Pintner, 1913 has four bothridia, lacks seminal vesicles and a hermaphroditic duct and has solid hooks.A new family Molicolidae n. fam. is erected forMolicola Dollfus, 1935 andStragulorhynchus Beveridge & Campbell, 1988. The new family has a poeciloacanthous armature, and is distinguished by possessing a band of hooks on the external surface of the tentacle, four sessile bothridia and an acessory seminal vesicle.Myrmillorhynchus Bilqees, 1980 is suppressed as a synonym ofPterobothrium Diesing, 1850.Neogymnorhynchus Bilquees & Shah, 1982, is suppressed as a synonym ofPterobothrium, with the type species,N. platycephali becoming a synonym ofP. heteracanthum Diesing, 1850.Eulacistorhynchus Subhapradha, 1957 is considered agenus inquirendum;Gymnorhynchus cymbiumi Chincholikar & Shinde, 1977 is also a synonym ofPterobothrium heteracanthum Diesing, 1850.
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Examination of teleost and elasmobranch fishes for cestodes from the Pacific Ocean off the Hawaiian Islands resulted in the recovery of 7 species of trypanorhynchs, 4 of which are new. The new species are Pseudogrillotia basipunctata, Pterobothrium hawaiiensis, Prochristianella micracantha, and Nybelinia basimegacantha. Tentacularia coryphaena Bosc 1797, Dasyrhynchus giganteus (Diesing 1859), and Parachristianella monomegacantha Kruse 1959 represent new host and distribution records. The family Pseudogrillotidae Dollfus 1969 is emended.
Article
The fatty acid composition of the cestodes Poecilancistrium caryophyllum and Dasyrynchus giganteus from the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), Thysanocephalum thysanocephalum from the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvieri), and Grittotia (Paragrillotia) simmonsi from the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) was determined and compared with that of the host liver, bile, and intestinal contents. There was complete qualitative correspondence between host and parasite acids, including the distinctive C20 and C22 polyunsaturated acids, but to some extent, and particularly with respect to C16 and C18 acids, significant quantitative differences were observed. It is concluded that the shark parasites, like some previously studied parasites of terrestrial animals which are unable to synthesize fatty acids de novo, obtain most of their component fatty acids by absorption.
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  • J C Staiger
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Pseudogilquinia magna n. sp. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha: Pseudogilquiniidae) from the fish Pseudosciaena diacanthus of Karachi coast
  • F M Bilqees
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  • F.M. Bilqees
Redescription and new host record for Pseudogilquinia magna Bilqees & Kurshid
  • Jabeens
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Handbook of tapeworm identification
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  • G.D. Schmidt
A checklist of the Trypanorhyncha (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) of the World National Museum of Wales, Zoological Series
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Fishes of Tasmania. Tasmania: Government Printer
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Dasyrhynchus indicus n.sp. (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from the teleost fish of Waltair Coast
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  • K H Rao
  • K.J. Chandra
Sharks of the world. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No
  • L J V Compagno
1850) Systema helminthum
  • C M Diesing
Investigations of shallow and deep water prawns and fishes on parasites and a short note on biomass of plancton of the coast of the P.R. of Mozambique. Fischerei-Forschung Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe
  • L W Reimer
Comparative revision of Scomberoides, Oligoplites, Parona and Hypacanthus with comment on the phylogenetic position of Campogramma (Pisces: Carangidae) Proceedings of the Californian Academy of Science
  • W F Smith-Vaniz
  • J C Staiger
Sur les Tétrarhynques. I. Définition des genres
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  • R.P. Dollfus
Kritische Beiträge zum System der Tetrarhynchen
  • T Pintner
  • T. Pintner
Studien über Tetrarhynchen nebst Beobachtungen an anderen Bandwürmern (IV. Mitteilung) Über einige Diesing'sche Originale und Verwandte Formen
  • T Pintner
  • T. Pintner
  • M.M. Smith
Tetrarhynchen von den Forschungreisen des Dr. Sixten Bock. Göteborgs Kungl Vetenscaps och Vitterhets Samhäller Hanlingar
  • T Pintner
  • T. Pintner
Sur quelques Tétrarhynques (Notes préliminaires)
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  • R.P. Dollfus