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Repeat victimization among adolescents and young adults
Abstract
Prior research has shown that victimization incidents are disproportionately concentrated among relatively few victims and that prior victimization is a consistent predictor of future risk. This paper expands existing knowledge on victimization by describing temporal patterns of risk and by developing and testing alternative explanatory models of the link between past and future risk. Analyses based on panel data from the National Youth Survey support both state dependence and heterogeneity interpretations of the correlation in risk over time. In other words, prior victimization predicts future risk in part because it alters something about the individual, and because it indicates an unmeasured propensity for victimization that persists over time. The theoretical implications of these findings, including the feasibility of a victim labeling perspective, are discussed.
... Falk et al. 2014), a small proportion of victims are repeatedly victimized (e.g. Lauritsen & Quinet 1995), and a small number of facilities suffer a disproportionate amount of reported crime (e.g. Bowers 2014). ...
Objectives
To explore the extent to which unsafe locations are concentrated to micro-places within the city of Malmö, Sweden, and whether there is a temporal stability in these micro-places over time.
Methods
Information on unsafe locations is obtained from an open-ended item across three waves of a random sample community survey. Reported unsafe locations are geocoded as polygon, polyline, and point features and merged with a 200 by 200-m grid-cell network using both unadjusted and weighted counts.
Results
The results suggest that unsafe locations are concentrated to a small share of grid-cells using different metrics. There are also signs of spatial clustering and a temporal stability of unsafe locations over time.
Conclusions
As unsafe locations are concentrated to a small share of micro-places the results have important implications for both theory and practice. However, further research exploring unsafety and fear of crime at micro-places is highly warranted.
... To try and account for this, we did use lifetime measures of diagnoses of mental disorders and limited our analyses to victimization events that occurred within the past 12 months in an effort to minimize the potential of a victimization event occurring before a mental disorder diagnosis. Similarly, we were unable to control for prior victimization events, a common risk factor for future victimization (Lauritsen and Davis Quinet, 1995;Turanovic and Pratt, 2019). Finally, data collection occurred between 2001 and 2004. ...
Research examining prevalence rates and risk factors related to victimization for people with mental disorders has procured considerable attention. Despite this increased attention, why a subset of this population is not victimized, despite elevated risk, is less understood. That is, there is a group of people with mental disorders who are effectively resilient from victimization, but the ways in which resiliency is produced is not known. Using the National Comorbidity Study–Adolescent supplement data, the applicability of numerous resiliency models is examined to identify and understand how the resiliency from victimization process operates for people with mental disorders. Building off previous work, factors specific to mental illness are also included in additional models to examine whether the same factors relate to resiliency for people with mental illness as they do for other samples. Results indicate support for the compensatory and protective-protective resilience models when mental health-specific factors are excluded from the analyses. Results change, however, when mental health-specific variables are included in the analyses, suggesting the need for continued research on resiliency for this population.
... In this respect, Lauritsen and colleagues pointed out that a delinquent lifestyle is the only lifestyle factor relevant to understanding adolescent victimization, as delinquent activities overwhelm all other lifestyle-victimization associations [34]. This line of research suggests that offending should be included as a causal antecedent of victimization, given that delinquent behavior is a stable predictor of adolescent victimization [13,22,31,35]. ...
In this study, we examine the links between low self-control, risky lifestyles, and victimization. Specifically, we explore a full mediation model to test whether risky lifestyles (unstructured activity, association with deviant peers, and delinquency) account for the effect of low self-control on victimization. For the current study, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to data from 1057 South Korean adolescents. The results indicate that low self-control only has an indirect effect on victimization, primarily through unstructured time and one’s own delinquency. Risky lifestyles were found to fully mediate the influence of low self-control on victimization. The findings demonstrate the utility of the integration of self-control with routine activities and lifestyle theories as a robust framework through which to examine victimization. Specifically, the results suggest that individuals maintaining low levels of self-control self-select into contexts that are conducive to victimization, increasing their attractiveness and suitability as targets for victimization in the absence of capable guardians.
... For example, a meta-analysis of studies spanning five decades that investigate the victim-offender overlap found that 31 of the 37 studies provided "considerable support" for the victim-offender overlap, with the others providing "limited support" for the relationship . Indeed, there is evidence that the victim-offender overlap applies to a variety of crimes, including but not limited to violent crimes (e.g., Broidy et al., 2006;Lauritsen & Quinet, 1995;Sampson & Lauritsen, 1990;Walters, 2020), sex trafficking (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2012; United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2016; Baxter, 2020), economic crimes (Kerstens & Jansen, 2016), bullying (Marcum et al., 2014;Trajtenberg et al., 2021), dating violence Reingle et al., 2012), physical and psychological intimate partner violence (Paterson et al., 2007;Schokkenbroek et al., 2021), and a variety of cybercrimes (e.g., A Bossler & Holt, 2009;Bossler et al., 2012;Choi & Lee, 2017;Costello et al., 2017;Daday et al., 2005;Jennings et al., 2010Jennings et al., , 2012Kranenbarg et al., 2019;Marcum et al., 2014;Novo et al., 2014). With respect to cybercrimes, for example, Marcum and her associates found that in a sample of over 1,100 students, both males and females who had gossip posted about them were 3.2 and 3.6 times more likely to post to Facebook to hurt someone, respectively (Marcum et al., 2014). ...
Criminal offending and victimization often overlap in both the virtual and offline worlds. However, scholars are still unsure how the offending victimization relationship plays out between the online and offline worlds. Using a sample of 2,491 adults, four clusters are discovered: 1) those unlikely to have offended or been victimized, 2) those who had online victimization and offending experiences, 3) Those who have been victimized offline and online, but who are unlikely to have offended, and 4) individuals who were victims both online and offline and offended online. Thus, the offending-victimization overlap may be common, but it is certainly not exclusive.
... repeat victimisation: event dependence and risk heterogeneity (Johnson & Bowers, 2004b;Lauritsen & Quinet, 1995;Osborn & Tseloni, 1998;, also known as 'boost' and 'flag' accounts, respectively. The boost account suggests that the initial victimisation boosts the chance of (repeat) victimisation in the future. ...
Environmental criminology concerns the role of opportunities (both people and objects) existing in the environment that make crimes more likely to occur. Research consistently shows that opportunity perspectives (particularly with regard to individuals’ lifestyles and routines) help in explaining the prevalence and concentration of crimes. However, there is a paucity of studies investigating crime patterns from an opportunity perspective both outside western countries and in relation to cybercrimes. Hence, it is not clear whether non-Western and online contexts exhibit similar patterns of crime as would be predicted by an opportunity perspective. This thesis is concerned with criminal victimisation in Taiwan – a less researched setting in the field of environmental criminology. It covers both offline victimisation (with a focus on burglary) and online victimisation from the aforementioned opportunity perspective. The goal of this thesis is to identify individual- and area-level characteristics that affect the patterns of victimisation in Taiwan. To achieve this, the thesis draws on a range of secondary datasets, including police recorded crime statistics, the Taiwan Area Victimisation Survey, and the Digital Opportunity Survey for Individuals and Households. With the application of quantitative modelling, the thesis suggests that the generalisability the lifestyle-routine activity approach in explaining crime patterns in Taiwan should be taken with caution. The findings provide partial support for its applicability in relation to burglary and cybercrime in Taiwan. Furthermore, the findings reported here in relation to patterns of repeat and near repeat victimisation depart from those observed in the western literature. The thesis concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for academic research and practice in crime prevention.
... This suggests that victimized youth are less likely to find gainful employment later on, setting them up for long-term financial hardship (Capsi, Wright, Moffitt, & Silva, 1998;Macmillan, 2001). What is worse, victims are at a heightened risk for future abuse, and repeat victimization is associated with increasingly negative outcomes (Lauritsen & Quinet, 1995;Turanovic & Pratt, 2019). ...
Research finds that adolescent violent victimization results in numerous lasting negative life consequences. However, the long-term impacts of victimization are understudied among immigrant youth. Using a subsample of 952 immigrants from Waves I–III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, regression models are specified to determine whether violent victimization in adolescence is related to negative outcomes in early adulthood (poor health, depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, suicidality, alcohol problems, drug use, property offending, and violent offending). Results indicate that victimization has no robust associations with any long-term adverse outcomes among immigrants. The findings are discussed using perspectives on immigrant resilience and highlight the need for research to further explore how immigrant youth overcome their experiences with violence.
... This is consistent with the body of work that indicates one's first offense is likely a much more important indicator than any offense thereafter (Sweeten, 2012). It also taps into population heterogeneity and state dependence (Lauritsen & Davis Quinet, 1995;Nagin & Paternoster, 2000). ...
The current study examined the duration of stalking episodes among a nationally representative sample. Analyses of the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey estimated if the victim–perpetrator relationship and other types of victimization experienced were associated with (a) if the stalking episode lasted over a year ( N = 1,509) and (b) the length of stalking episodes, in days, for episodes <1 year ( N = 506). Findings indicate coercive control was associated with higher odds the stalking episode lasted over a year and increased the length of episodes lasting <1 year. The intersection of stalking and coercive control is discussed.
... These systems have worked to raise awareness among clinicians about best practices for trauma treatment and increase identification of youth experiencing trauma in order to deliver evidence-based, trauma-informed care across a number of clinical contexts (Beidas et al., 2016;Hanson & Lang, 2016). Further, the noted association with past treatment but not current or anticipated future treatment may reflect that the LEC assesses for potentially traumatic events that are episodic in nature and does not necessarily account for potentially traumatic events of a repeated or ongoing nature, such as experiences of racial discrimination, repeated abuse, or poly-victimization, which may indicate more long-term interventions (Carter, 2007;Finkelhor et al., 2007;Lauritsen & Davis Quinet, 1995). Notably, the LEC assesses lifetime trauma, whereas measures of PLEs in the present study evaluated experiences in the past year. ...
Objective: Racial inequities in mental health care utilization (MHCU) are well documented. Marginalized racial groups are more likely to report psychosis-like experiences (PLEs) and are at elevated risk for racial discrimination and trauma, impacting PLE severity. Little is known about how factors associated with race impact treatment seeking among individuals reporting PLEs. The present study examined associations between race, trauma, discrimination, PLEs, and MHCU among people endorsing high levels of PLEs. Method: Participants were Asian/Asian American, Black/African American, or White/European American college students ages 18-25 years meeting PLE self-report measure cutoff scores (N = 177). Binary logistic and multiple linear regressions were used to examine associations between past, current, and prospective MHCU and race, potentially traumatic events, discrimination, and PLEs. Results: Participants endorsing more PLEs were more likely to report past and current treatment and to be considering future services. Asian/Asian American and Black/African American participants were less likely to endorse past, current, and prospective future mental health care. Potentially traumatic events predicted increased utilization of past treatment. Conclusions: Results suggest service differences among participants, such that Black/African American and Asian/Asian American young adults reporting PLEs were less likely than White/European American counterparts to seek treatment even when accounting for traumatic events and discrimination. These findings highlight the need to further elucidate MHCU among marginalized racial groups experiencing psychosis-like symptoms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Typically characterized by a patriarchal structure, domestic pimp-controlled sex trafficking in the United States often situates a male trafficker at the top of the organization, with a female “bottom girl” as second-in-command. This victim occupies the position of victim-offender, where she is simultaneously being victimized by a trafficker while also forced to commit trafficking offenses against others in the operation. Legal scholars and practitioners have debated whether or not the responsibilities of this role are more victim or offender. To date, the modest research dedicated to understanding the victim-offender overlap in sex trafficking has relied solely on data from those involved in the criminal justice system. The present study broadens the scope of this area of work by including a community-based sample of adult women who self-identify as having filled the role of a bottom girl (N = 17) in pimp-controlled, familial, and illicit massage parlor sex trafficking in the U.S. In-depth interviews provide the first empirical definition of a “bottom girl,” including their roles and responsibilities. Results also provide insight into the costs of surviving abusive traffickers, providing context for criminal justice practitioners regarding the complexities of being simultaneously victim and offender in a sex trafficking operation.
“La composición del crimen: Una aproximación analítica” introduce los principales conceptos, teorías y evidencias sobre el estudio del crimen, invitando a toda persona interesada a adentrarse en este apasionante ámbito de estudio. El reto que nos planteamos en este libro es presentar una visión analítica sobre el fenómeno criminal. Nos preguntamos qué elementos componen el crimen, cada crimen, sin los cuales el mismo no tiene lugar. Del mismo modo que se puede descomponer un coche en sus partes mecánicas, o un ser humano en un conjunto de elementos biológicos, también se puede descomponer el crimen en tres elementos fundamentales: el agresor, el objeto del crimen y la ausencia de un “guardián capaz”. Este libro sintetiza el principal saber científico sobre cada uno de estos elementos que componen el evento criminal. Después de leer este libro, el lector será capaz de desarrollar una visión analítica sobre el crimen, desgranando el mismo en sus componentes fundamentales, e incluso proponer medidas para su prevención y control.
“21st Century criminology has seen the emergence of a “new crime science.” It combines both rigorous empirical research and practical theories that predict the distribution of crime and provide guidance in how to respond effectively. This book summarizes the findings of the new crime science and their implications for society.” (Wesley G. Skogan, Foreword)
“Este libro es de lo más fresco e interesante que le ha sucedido recientemente al panorama académico de la criminología en español […] el autor logra tanto condensar analíticamente el principal saber científico existente hoy sobre el crimen, su estructura y componentes, como transmitirlo al lector de forma sencilla e incluso amena.” (Fernando Miró Llinares, Prólogo)
The criminality of crime is defined by law, and therefore falls within the jurisdiction of a completely different theory. This chapter discusses the struggle between law and self-help, the deterrence of crime, the processing of self-help by legal officials, and the problem of predicting and explaining self-help. The approach taken in the chapter departs radically from traditional criminology. Indeed, the approach taken is not criminological at all, because it ignores the characteristics of crime as such. Instead, it draws attention to a dimension of many crimes usually viewed as a totally different—even opposite— kind of human behavior, namely, social control. Crime often expresses a grievance. This implies that many crimes belong to the same family as gossip, ridicule, vengeance, punishment, and law. It also implies that to a significant degree one can predict and explain crime with a sociological theory of social control, specifically a theory of self-help. Beyond this, it might be worthwhile to contemplate what else crime has in common with noncriminal conduct.
This note reports secondary analysis of the 1982 British Crime Survey. It ranks sampling points by total crime experienced, and identifies differences between high and low crime areas. These differ in 'vulnerability', measured as the ratio of crimes to victims. This reveals that the number of victimizations per victim rises markedly as area crime rate increases. Thus a strategy of crime prevention which concentrated on the prevention of repeat victimization would focus on the most vulnerable people and places. © 1992 The Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency.
Patterns of crime should be seen as the outcome of crime-control policies and the distribution of opportunities. Such crime-control policies are often argued to have the limited effect of displacing crime, that is, substituting new crimes for prevented crimes. Displacement alone is an inadequate concept; a better formulation centers on the deflection of crime from a target. Some patterns of deflected crime can be regarded as "benign" displacement, while others are considered "malign." Thus conceived, deflection can be used as a policy tool to achieve a more "desirable" pattern of crime. It is already so used, inter alia, by insurance companies with a commercial motive. Better information systems are required to show displacement or deflection, and to assist in monitoring the distribution of crime through space and time. Patterns of criminal activity and victimization can be conceptualized as an outcome of conscious and unconscious decisions by the public, politicians, and the police. These patterns are no...