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Controlling Corruption and Misconduct: A Comparative Examination of Police Practices in Hong Kong and New York
Abstract
Police corruption and misconduct are of perpetual concern to both the police and the public. Various measures have been used
and programs created to reduce these problems. But existing research indicates that the effects of such measures are either
transient or uncertain. Few studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms for controlling police corruption and
misconduct from an international, comparative perspective. This study intends to fill this gap by exploring the experiences
of the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) as well as those of the New York Police Department (NYPD). Although Hong Kong is today
a part of China, it remains in the Common Law system and its police practices have been highly influenced by Western policing
principles, making such a comparison relevant and perhaps useful. The findings of this study suggest that Hong Kong and New
York have both adopted various measures for controlling police corruption and misconduct, but have diverged significantly
from each other in the structure and content of their control efforts.
KeywordsPolice corruption and misconduct-Control measures-Hong Kong Police Force-New York Police Department
... Moreover, in changing agency structures to the unistructure design of the ICAC, the organization would increase its integrity and independence to combat corruption within agencies. During the 1970s, police corruption was a serious problem in both the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) and the New York Police Department (NYPD), and both agencies tried to fix this problem by changing their internal organization with two different approaches (Jiao 2010). Even though institutional change and structural reform in police departments might increase police professional accountability and reduce police corruption or misconduct (Jiao, Lau, and Lui 2005), certain anticorruption mechanisms and designs were more effective in producing anti-graft outcomes. ...
... In addition to public trust, the successful transformation of a society from corruption to clean in Hong Kong was the reliance on the strength of the masses as informal social control (Lo 1998). This appears to be possible because this is a distinct grouporiented culture in Asia (see Bayley 1985;Jiao 2010). Informal social control can be an effective crime control strategy, Lo (1998) argues, because a communitybased moral education is a vehicle of strength within this culture. ...
... In addressing corruption, the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) adopted an external and independent mechanism to control internal corruption problems (Jiao 2010). This is a typical internal transformation example of 'coercive and normative isomorphism' (see DiMaggio and Powell 1983) which holds agencies and institutions more accountable. ...
This article is a case study that examines the three-pronged approach (TPA) of the Independent Commission against Corruption (ICAC) in Hong Kong. Its functions and operations on anti-corruption matters will be assessed from an institution-oriented perspective. It is suggested that for decades, the TPA had been misunderstood in its role as a conventional investigation, prevention and education tool and that such misconceptions may lead to a failure in anti-corruption institutional reform. By better understanding the TPA and its simplistic traits of deterrence and trust then we may be able to remedy the misconceptions the public has about ICAC's strategies. Policy implications involve further improvements in anti-corruption agencies that will enhance their role in maintaining an environment free of corruption.
... The CCRB is an independent agency that receives and investigates citizen complaints against the police. Conversely, the Internal Affairs Bureau (IAB) is responsible for investigating corruption and reports directly to the Chief of Police (Jiao, 2010). The NYPD also retains final decision-making power regarding action taken against officers for instances of misconduct. ...
... The NYPD also retains final decision-making power regarding action taken against officers for instances of misconduct. A secondary independent agency, the Commission to Combat Police Corruption (CCPC), reviews corruption findings and engages with the IAB to produce feedback and process improvements for NYPD practice (Jiao, 2010). While the employment of complimentary oversight agencies for these specific functions is unique to New York, there are examples of bifurcated oversight models for police agencies internationally (den Heyer & Beckley, 2013). ...
Despite a considerable body of research on police misconduct, findings have been mixed, with little consensus regarding its causes and best practices for prevention. Emerging research has focused on the role of gender in understanding and preventing misconduct. The current study examines the extent to which the features associated with serious misconduct differ between male and female officers. Using a unique complaint dataset from the NYPD, we apply a sequence of machine learning analytics to consider if it is possible to predict serious misconduct among either group, and whether key predictors differ between groups. The results show that it was possible to predict serious misconduct among each group with considerable confidence, while there were notable differences in prevalence, and type of misconduct between sexes. Findings hold important implications for policy, prevention and analytical approaches to police misconduct.
... Kolluk tarafından işlenen suçları önleme konusunda; kurum içerisinde çalışanların bu tip suçlar hakkında bilgilendirilmesi, etik eğitimine tabi tutulması, güvenilirlik (ahlaki tutum-integrity) testlerinin varlığı ve uygulanması önemli mekanizmalar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır (Jiao, 2010). Bunların yanında, bir suçu müteakiben uygulanan kontrol ve disiplin mekanizmasının varlığı ve etkinliği de kolluğun işlediği suçlarla yakından ilgilidir (Newborn, 1999;Prenzler, 2000;Rowe, 2009;Williams, 2002). ...
Ozet En genel anlamda ic guvenlikten sorumlu olan kolluk gorevlilerinin, gerek ceza-adalet sistemi (CAS) icindeki adli gorevlerini yaparken gerekse ic guvenlik sistemi (IS) kapsamindaki asayisle ilgili idari gorevlerini yerine getirirken durust olmasi ve durust kalmasi toplumsal huzur, guven ve adaletin saglanmasi ve korunmasi acisindan buyuk onem tasimaktadir. Bu kadar onemli bir calisma alaninda Turkiye’de yapilan akademik arastirmalarin uluslararasi literaturle kiyaslandiginda cok az oldugu gozlenmektedir. Bu makalede ilk olarak, kolluk gorevlileri tarafindan islenmesi muhtemel ve literaturde beyaz yaka suc turu olarak siniflandirilan sapma davranisinin uluslararasi literature gore nasil bir siniflandirilmaya tabi tutuldugu ve bu tur suclarin nedenlerinin neler olabilecegi uzerinde durulacaktir. Daha sonra, gelismis ulkelerde kolluk gorevlilerinin gosterdigi sapma davranislarinin onlenmesi icin gelistirilen ve uygulanan stratejilere deginilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kriminoloji, Polislik, Polis Suclari, Polis Etigi, Suc Onleme, Yolsuzluk
... 2. See for example: Aaron (1966), Aldous (1997), Bayley (1969), Gregg (2004), Holmes (2013), Jiao (2010), Judge (1974), Lamboo et al. (2008), Lee (1981), Lo (2008), Miller (2003), Punch (2009), and Klockars et al. (2004), which has chapters on police integrity in Austria, Quebec, Croatia, Britain, Finland, Hungary, Japan, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden and the USA. ...
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explain why Singapore has succeeded in curbing the problem of police corruption and to identify the six lessons which other Asian countries can learn from Singapore's experience.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper analyzes the causes of police corruption in Singapore during the British colonial period and describes the measures adopted by the People's Action Party government after assuming office in June 1959 to curb police corruption. The effectiveness of these measures is assessed by referring to Singapore's perceived extent of corruption according to three international indicators and the reported cases of police corruption from 1965 to 2011.
Findings
– The Singapore Police Force has succeeded in minimizing police corruption by improving salaries and working conditions, cooperating with the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, enhancing its recruitment and selection procedures, providing training and values education for its members, and adopting administrative measures to reduce the opportunities for corruption. Other Asian countries afflicted with rampant police corruption can learn six lessons from Singapore's success.
Originality/value
– This paper will be of interest to those policy makers, scholars, and anti-corruption practitioners, who are interested in learning how Singapore has succeeded in curbing police corruption.
As maintaining a balance between work and family is essential, clarifying how nightshift work impedes this balance is crucial. The clarification concerns the mediation and moderation of the effect of nightshift work by work hazards and shift autonomy. This study analyzed survey data on 793 police officers in Hong Kong, China. Results showed that the duration of nightshift work negatively affects work–family balance. This effect partly involved the mediation of work hazards, and it was weak when the shift autonomy was high. The lower shift autonomy of female officers during nightshift work than their male counterparts was partly responsible for the former’s lower work–family balance. These results imply the applicability of conservation of resources theory to promote work–family balance.
The Philippine National Police (PNP) faces myriad challenges, spanning governance, corruption and national security threats. Hence, securing a strong leadership pipeline equipped not only to face these challenges, but also to strengthen policing effectiveness and over-all security sector reforms is crucial. This study aims to map out some of the main factors that both build or erode key leadership qualities and performance in the PNP. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, and leveraging a comprehensive dataset of police officers in the National Capital Region (NCR), the study examines four main factors, namely personality traits, organizational culture, demographic profile and professional history. The results show that personality facets of openness, agreeableness and neuroticism, as well as number of transfers, area of assignment, training on managerial skills, age and education level are all factors for good performance for officers in the PNP National Capital Region Police Office. These findings emphasize the importance of training and mentoring components in preparing young officers and recruits for the rigors of service. It also underscores the need for a deeper analysis of recruitment and selection policies, to ensure that the PNP successfully attracts the strongest candidates with the right leadership characteristics and building blocks for service.
The Philippine National Police (PNP) faces myriad challenges, spanning governance, corruption and national security threats. Hence, securing a strong leadership pipeline equipped not only to face these challenges, but also to strengthen policing effectiveness and overall security sector reforms is crucial. This study aims to map out some of the main factors that both build or erode key leadership qualities and performance in the PNP. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, the study examines four main factors, namely personality traits, organizational culture, demographic profile and professional history, as predictor of performance for officers in the National Capital Region. It finds evidence that personality traits, specifically openness, agreeableness and neuroticism, as well as number of transfers, area of assignment, training on managerial skills, age and education level are all factors for good performance for officers in the PNP National Capital Region Police Office. These results emphasize the importance of training and mentoring components in preparing young officers and recruits for the rigors of service. It also underscores the need for a deeper analysis of recruitment and selection policies, to ensure that the PNP successfully attracts the strongest candidates with the right leadership characteristics and building blocks for service.
The method and results of a scoping review, based on the principles of a systematic literature review, on police accountability are presented with the aim of providing an overview of the characteristics of empirical research on the topic and the main themes covered in this research tradition. To our knowledge, no systematically conducted review has been undertaken although one could help to identify gaps in the (empirical) literature and give insights into the themes studied in this regard. Three main themes were discovered during the review; aside from police accountability as such, many studies related to police integrity or, to a lesser extent, historical facts concerning police accountability or integrity. Two of the most striking findings were the low number of empirical studies included in our thematic synthesis and the limited amount of methodological information reported in these publications. As such, the authors recommend more empirical research regarding police accountability and, more generally, sufficient methodological reporting when writing a publication.
Inspired by Professor Jianhong Liu’s article entitled “Asian Criminology—Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions,” published in 2009 in the Asian Journal of Criminology, I attempt to document the expansion of Asian criminology in terms of the numbers of journal articles published, but also to encapsulate some of the unique contributions of original articles published in the Asian Journal of Criminology. To document the expansion of Asian criminology in terms of journal articles, I used the academic search engine, the ISI Web of Science, to identify criminology articles across a variety of Asian countries and time. This led to distinguishing between more traditional criminology and crime control (TCCC) articles and articles focusing on violence against women/children and on trafficking (VAWCT). Second, because it is not yet part of the ISI Web of Science, I read all of the original articles in the Asian Journal of Criminology to account for how Asian criminology is advancing the larger discipline of criminology. The ISI Web of Science data document the rapid expansion of Asian criminology. Some of the specific Asian Journal of Criminology articles are used to exemplify specific examples of how Asian criminology is advancing the field of criminology worldwide through theoretical, methodological and framing designs, and crime control practices.
Practitioners define the police complaints system of Hong Kong as a two-tier system. In this article, written at the request of the organisers of a 2014 Symposium, the international reform trend and purposes of police complaints systems are briefly outlined before examination of the Hong Kong system. A different conceptualisation is suggested to the one currently preferred by practitioners. It is observed that three organisations - the Independent Commission Against Corruption, the Complaints Against Police Office of the Hong Kong Police Force, and the Independent Police Complaints Council - share responsibility for handling complaints against the police. It is proposed that a full and comprehensive audit of the powers, duties and responsibilities of the three organisations that comprise this tripartite system, supported by research on the experiences of complainants, would provide an important evidence base for developing the system.
The subject of police accountability includes some of the most important developments in American policing: the control of officer-involved shootings and use of force; citizen complaints and the best procedures for handling them; federal 'pattern or practice' litigation against police departments; allegations of race discrimination; early intervention systems to monitor officer behavior; and police self-monitoring efforts. The Second Edition of The New World of Police Accountability covers these subjects and more with a sharp and critical perspective. It provides readers with a comprehensive description of the most recent developments and an analysis of what works, what reforms are promising, and what has proven unsuccessful. The book offers detailed coverage of critical incident reporting; pattern analysis of critical incidents; early intervention systems; internal and external review of citizen complaints; and federal consent decrees.
After 156 years of British colonial rule, Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty on July 1, 1997. This article examines the change of the Hong Kong Police (HKP) and related issues during this transition. Based on an institutional perspective, it is argued that the HKP’s paramilitary traditions greatly constrain changes. Where change has occurred, it has been induced by an extrainstitutional impetus that is strong enough to overcome institutionalized obstacles. The analysis examines the HKP’s paramilitary traditions, how it has been transformed from a systematically corrupt and oppressive colonial force to a professionalized agency at the time that the above transition process began, and how it has responded to its changed environment. The institutional perspective is used to explain the challenges the HKP faces during the transformational process and to discuss the general implications of the HKP experience for understanding organizational change.
Long a fruitful area of scrutiny for students of organizations, the study of institutions is undergoing a renaissance in contemporary social science. This volume offers, for the first time, both often-cited foundation works and the latest writings of scholars associated with the "institutional" approach to organization analysis. In their introduction, the editors discuss points of convergence and disagreement with institutionally oriented research in economics and political science, and locate the "institutional" approach in relation to major developments in contemporary sociological theory. Several chapters consolidate the theoretical advances of the past decade, identify and clarify the paradigm's key ambiguities, and push the theoretical agenda in novel ways by developing sophisticated arguments about the linkage between institutional patterns and forms of social structure. The empirical studies that followinvolving such diverse topics as mental health clinics, art museums, large corporations, civil-service systems, and national politiesillustrate the explanatory power of institutional theory in the analysis of organizational change. Required reading for anyone interested in the sociology of organizations, the volume should appeal to scholars concerned with culture, political institutions, and social change.
Incluye bibliografia e índice
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