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Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar/Geomagnetic Activity
Natural Hazards
Abstract
A large number of studies have identified significant physical, biological and health effects associated with changes in Solar and Geomagnetic Activity (S-GMA). Variations in solar activity, geomagnetic activity and ionospheric ion/electron concentrations are all mutually highly correlated and strongly linked by geophysical processes. A key scientific question is, what factor is it in the natural environment that causes the observed biological and physical effects? The effects include altered blood pressure and melatonin, increased cancer, reproductive, cardiac and neurological disease and death. Many occupational studies have found that exposure to ELF fields between 16.7 Hz and 50/60 Hz significantly reduces melatonin levels. They are also associated with the same and very similar health effects as the S-GMA effects. The cell membrane has an electric field of the order of 105 V/cm. The ELF brain waves operate at about 10-1 V/cm. Fish, birds, animalsand people have been shown to respond to ELF signals that produce tissue electric gradients of ULF/ELF oscillating signals at a threshold of 10-7 to 10-8 V/cm.This involves non-linear resonant absorption of ULF/ELF oscillating signals into systems that use natural ion oscillation signals in the same frequency range. A long-lived, globally available natural ULF/ELF signal, the Schumann Resonance signal, was investigated as the possible plausible biophysical mechanism for the observedS-GMA effects. It is found that the Schumann Resonance signal is extremely highly correlated with S-GMA indices of sunspot number and the Kp index. The physical mechanism is the ionospheric D-region ion/electron density that varies with S-GMA and forms the upper boundary of the resonant cavity in which the Schumann Resonance signal is formed. This provides strong support for identifying the Schumann Resonance signals as the S-GMA biophysical mechanism, primarily through a melatonin mechanism. It strongly supports the classification of S-GMA as a natural hazard.
... The study demonstrated the biological plausibility of the interaction of the Schumann resonance signal with the brain and changes in melatonin production [105]. The study confirmed that the electromagnetic fields of ultra-low-/extremely low-frequency waves of the environment interact with brain tissue at extremely low intensities, changing the flow of calcium ions, electroencephalogram results and reaction time. ...
... Neurology * [105,[107][108][109][110][111][112]114,115,118] Cardiology [99,100,[116][117][118][119] Nephrology [121,122] Traditional medicine (electromagnetic parameters of the skin) * [123] General medicine [30,98,105,106] Note: *-There were studies carried out in the 20th century. ...
... Neurology * [105,[107][108][109][110][111][112]114,115,118] Cardiology [99,100,[116][117][118][119] Nephrology [121,122] Traditional medicine (electromagnetic parameters of the skin) * [123] General medicine [30,98,105,106] Note: *-There were studies carried out in the 20th century. ...
Featured Application
This review should strengthen the transdisciplinary dialogue between scientists for further studying the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field on the human body. This review should draw attention to the issue among biomedical scientists and physicians.
Abstract
(1) Background: The interaction between the human body and the Earth’s magnetic field at Schumann resonances (SRs) is one of the important fundamental questions of science that continues to be studied. The aim of this study was to create a working theoretical foundation for the interaction of the human body with SRs. (2) Methods: Extensive research was carried out in the literature with the aim of comprehensively presenting data on SRs and creating a working concept of their interaction with the human body. (3) Results: General data on SRs, a theoretical basis for justifying their interaction with the human body, possible mechanisms of influence and research results on the functioning of human internal organs were presented. (4) An interaction of the human body with SRs exists and has been scientifically proven. This interaction has been studied most significantly between SRs and the human nervous system. SRs affect functional indicators of the cardiovascular system: heart rate and blood pressure. Studying the influence of SRs on the course and pathogenesis of non-communicable diseases is a promising direction. Low-frequency SRs decrease the risk of developing acute myocardial infarction, and there is a tendency for them to promote cases of chronic kidney disease. SRs are an important external natural factor influencing the human body.
... μT near the equator and 60 μT at latitudes closer to the north and south poles [28]. Schumann resonances are electromagnetic waves of low intensity that reverberate between the While the global electrical circuit is influenced by weather, both the geomagnetic field and Schumann resonances show a constant diurnal variation in intensity that follows sunlight intensity (i.e., peaking at noon and reaching lowest levels at night), in a manner highly similar to the circadian rhythmicity of body functions [35,36] (Fig. 2). This observation led many researchers to suggest that natural electromagnetic fields may also be involved in entrainment of the circadian rhythm [34][35][36]. ...
... Schumann resonances are electromagnetic waves of low intensity that reverberate between the While the global electrical circuit is influenced by weather, both the geomagnetic field and Schumann resonances show a constant diurnal variation in intensity that follows sunlight intensity (i.e., peaking at noon and reaching lowest levels at night), in a manner highly similar to the circadian rhythmicity of body functions [35,36] (Fig. 2). This observation led many researchers to suggest that natural electromagnetic fields may also be involved in entrainment of the circadian rhythm [34][35][36]. ...
... The incidence and mortality of many chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, depression and Covid-19 have been shown to increase following solar storms, which affect the earth's electromagnetic fields [28,42]. Cherry proposed that sun-induced variations in Schumann resonances may be responsible for the detrimental effects of solar and geomagnetic storms on human health [35]. More recently, Krylov and colleagues showed that simulated geomagnetic storms affect circadian rhythms in model organisms (i.e., cockroaches and snails) [43]. ...
... 27 Its peak intensity can be detected at~8 Hz, along with its harmonics with a lower intensity at 14, 20, 26, 33, 39, and 45 Hz due to frequency-related, ionospheric propagation loss. 28 The Schumann resonances found within both global human quantitative electroencephalographic activity and earth-ionosphere activity may suggest a causal relationship. 29 Moreover, Ghione et al found significant positive associations between geomagnetic activity and (daytime and 24-h) systolic and (daytime, nighttime, and 24-h) diastolic blood pressure. ...
... 41 Biogenic magnetite provides a molecular mechanism for geomagnetic sensing, 42 which has been found in the human brain. 43 Cherry (2002) suspected SR, which globally propagates extremely low frequency (ELF) waves, to be "the possible biological mechanism" that explains biological and human health effects of geomagnetic activity. The peak SR frequencies undergo a moderate diurnal variation of approximately ± 0.5 Hz. ...
... The peak SR frequencies undergo a moderate diurnal variation of approximately ± 0.5 Hz. Interestingly, the first four SR modes happen to be within the frequency range of the first four EEG bands (ie, delta 0.5-3.5 Hz, theta 4-7 Hz, alpha 8-13 Hz, and beta 14 to 30 Hz). 28 Some studies have also found that human brain waves and SR share the same frequency range. The human body detects, absorbs, and responds to natural EMF by the process of resonance matching of frequency. ...
Purpose
Accumulated studies revealed that electromagnetic field can affect human brain and sleep, and the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field, Schumann resonance, may have the potential to reduce insomnia symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of patients with insomnia to a non-invasive treatment, Schumann resonance (SR), and to evaluate its effectiveness by subjective and objective sleep assessments.
Patients and Methods
We adopted a double-blinded and randomized design and 40 participants (70% female; 50.00 ± 13.38 year) with insomnia completed the entire study. These participants were divided into the SR-sleep-device group and the placebo-device group and were followed up for four weeks. The study used polysomnography (PSG) to measure objective sleep and used sleep diaries, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and visual analogy of sleep satisfaction to measure subjective sleep. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to evaluate quality of life. Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Wilcoxon test were used to analyze the data.
Results
About 70% of the subjects were women, with an average age of 50±13.38 years and an average history of insomnia of 9.68±8.86 years. We found that in the SR-sleep-device group, objective sleep measurements (sleep-onset-latency, SOL, and total-sleep-time, TST) and subjective sleep questionnaires (SOL, TST, sleep-efficiency, sleep-quality, daytime-sleepiness, and sleep-satisfaction) were significantly improved after using the SR-sleep-device; in the placebo-device group, only such subjective sleep improvements as PSQI and sleep-satisfaction were observed.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that the SR-sleep-device can reduce the insomnia symptoms through both objective and subjective tests, with minimal adverse effects. Future studies can explore the possible mechanism of SR and health effects and, with a longer tracking time, verify the effectiveness and side effects.
... The ELF brain waves operate at about 10 -1 V/cm. Fish, birds, animals and humans respond to ELF signals that produce tissue electric gradients of ULF/ELF oscillating signals at a threshold of 10 -7 to 10 -8 V/cm [ 47 ]. ...
... Reduced melatonin negatively affects many aspects of human health. Many occupational studies [47] have found that exposure to ELF fields between 16.7 Hz and 50/60Hz significantly reduces melatonin levels. Natural ULF/ELF fields such as the ELF fields produced from the interactions on Earth's surface and the ionosphere, generates a cavity containing a total electrical charge of 500K Coulombs. ...
... Responding to ELF signals produce tissue electric gradients of ULF/ELF oscillating signals at a threshold of 10-7 to 10-8 V/cm involves the non-linear resonant absorption of ULF/ELF oscillating signals into systems that use natural ion oscillation signals in the same frequency range. The globally available natural ULF/ELF signal on Earth, the Schumann Resonance (SR) signal is resonantly absorbed by brain systems and is believed to be associated with human health effects during Solar/Geomagnetic Activity (S-GMA) including altered serotonin/melatonin balance [ 47 ]. ...
Earth's geomagnetic field or pulsed electromagnetic frequencies (PEMFs) are essential to sustain the health of humans and life. As organisms have evolved within Earth's magnetic field .2-.7 Gauss (20-70µT) and electric field for billions of years, electromagnetic fields induce vibrations on ions and bonds. The review outlines the research, science, and findings from 140 peer reviewed studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields on living biological systems developed since the 1960's.
... These reports indicate that celestial activity, particularly solar activity, could have direct or indirect lethal effects on susceptible human infants. Support for this idea is seen in sunspot-related celestial phenomena with meteorological, geological (earthquakes), and biological effects (sometimes lethal) [53][54][55][56][57]. ...
... The quest to establish a widely accepted cause for SIDS has been long and elusive. In this regard, in many ways, it is surprising that the papers of Cherry [51,53], O'Connor and Persinger [48][49][50], and Dupont et al. [52] have not been acknowledged by or not sparked the interest of mainstream SIDS researchers. However, approximately a decade before the work of O'Connor and Persinger on SIDS and celestial effects, Eckert [58] put forward a hypothesis that caught the interest of mainstream SIDS researchers, based upon observed clustering of SIDS cases at places with abnormal geomagnetic fields (GMF) and/or electromagnetic fields (EMF), and recordings of GMF with pulsations matching the breathing frequencies of infants. ...
... However, the decline also coincides with the ~11-year cyclical diminution in sunspot numbers (SSNs), which could contribute to or suggest evidence of a direct relationship to the SIDS decline ( Figure 1). While this relationship does not necessarily imply causality, such a finding supports the previously published data regarding sunspots [48,51,53] and by inference to Schumann resonance [51,53] and geomagnetic effects [48][49][50]52], which are manifestations of solar electromagnetic activity. ...
The etiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) still remains unclear. This situation would seem unprecedented for 21st-century medical science. This article explores scientific fields that have not been largely considered in investigating the etiology of SIDS so far. In this study, we examined previously ignored studies on heliobiology, celestial influences, and SIDS in the non-medical literature in an attempt to answer the following questions: is there a relationship between sunspot/solar activity and the occurrence of SIDS? Could there be alternative reasons for the decline in SIDS incidences in the 1990s that were originally attributed to the "Back-to-Sleep" campaign? We note that the decline coincided with the ~11-year cyclical diminution in sunspot numbers (SSNs). The SSN/SIDS relationship does not necessarily imply causality; however, it supports published data regarding sunspots, Schumann resonance, and geomagnetic effects. How solar energy could adversely influence a baby's existence remains conjectural. Observations in this respect suggest pathways involving melatonin and/or infection/inflammation.
... Fish, birds, animals and people have been shown to respond to ELF signals that produce tissue electric gradients of ULF/ELF oscillating signals at a threshold of 7 -10 to 8 -10 V/cm. This involves non-linear resonant absorption of ULF/ELF oscillating signals into systems that use natural ion oscillation signals in the same frequency range [14]. Biology on earth seems to oscillate in miraculous way to those lower frequencies in a way where resulting harmonic rhythmic activities became the bases of psychophysiological well being. ...
... The SR signal is a globally available signal that has been generated since the ionosphere was formed and thunderstorms have existed. Hence they pre-date animal evolution on earth .The physical mechanism was thought to be related to activity of the ionospheric D-region ion/electron density that varies with S-GMA and forms the upper boundary of the resonant cavity in which the Schumann Resonance signal is formed [14]. The first five modes [7] [8] [14] [20] [26] [33] Hz dominated the daytime. ...
... Hence they pre-date animal evolution on earth .The physical mechanism was thought to be related to activity of the ionospheric D-region ion/electron density that varies with S-GMA and forms the upper boundary of the resonant cavity in which the Schumann Resonance signal is formed [14]. The first five modes [7] [8] [14] [20] [26] [33] Hz dominated the daytime. At night their intensity and frequency decreased and a large proportion of signals were found to be less than 4 Hz. ...
... В других случаях влияние внешних факторов проявляется как изменение функционального состояния человека без срыва организма в заболевание или внезапную смерть [12]. Имеются свидетельства о возможной биотропной роли инфразвука [13,14], шумановских резонансов [15][16][17], электромагнитных полей крайне низкой частоты [18,19], вторичной компоненты космических лучей, галактических и солнечных [20][21][22][23], динамики глобальных течений океана [24] и др. ...
... В последние два десятилетия данный подход был применен в значительно более высокочастотном, а именно, в герцовом диапазоне, включающем частоты первых мод шумановских резонансов (8-14 Гц) и геомагнитных пульсаций РС1 (Pulsation Continuous, 0.5-2.0 Гц) [13,15,17,[37][38][39][40][41]. В частности, было обнаружено сопряжение активности мозговых процессов и интенсивности основной моды шумановского резонанса (8 Гц) [38,41], а также колебаний параметров сердечного ритма у здоровых людей и частоты основной моды внешнего электромагнитного фона в диапазоне частот от 0.8 до 2.5 Гц [17]. ...
Studies of the phenomenology of the effect of synchronization of heart rate fluctuations in a person at rest with variations of the geomagnetic field in the range of 3–40 min periods have been continued. During 2012–2023, 508 experiments (lasting 100–120 min each) were conducted to monitor minute heart rate indicators in three practically healthy women (55, 45 and 30 years old). Individual experimental samples comprised 328, 113, and 67 records, respectively. It was shown that for each of the three volunteers, in about 60% of the experiments, the wavelet spectrum of heart rates turned out to be very close to the spectrum of synchronous variations of at least one of the horizontal components of the geomagnetic field (X or Y). As well, within the studied frequency range of 3–40 min, three sub-ranges were identified in which the degree of synchronicity of oscillation occurrence was maximum: 3.5 min, 10–12 min, and 33–36 min. It can be concluded that the effect of biogeosynchronization apparently did not occur uniformly over the entire range of 3–40 min, but mainly in these sub-ranges.
... Schumann Resonance (SR) is one of the well-investigated natural electromagnetic phenomena, which was first reported by Winfried Otto Schumann in 1952 [3][4][5][6] . SR is a global electromagnetic resonance produced in the atmosphere by lightning, which consists of a base frequency about 7.83 Hz and a series of derived frequencies at 14 Hz, 20 Hz, 26 Hz, 33 Hz, 39 Hz, 45 Hz, and 51 Hz [7] . As an inherent part of the geomagnetic environment, SR is widely believed to benefit lives on the earth [4,5,7,8] . ...
... SR is a global electromagnetic resonance produced in the atmosphere by lightning, which consists of a base frequency about 7.83 Hz and a series of derived frequencies at 14 Hz, 20 Hz, 26 Hz, 33 Hz, 39 Hz, 45 Hz, and 51 Hz [7] . As an inherent part of the geomagnetic environment, SR is widely believed to benefit lives on the earth [4,5,7,8] . On one hand, substantial frequency overlap has been found between SR bands and human brain waves, implying that human brain may have evolved to adapt to SR [3,9] . ...
Organisms on Earth evolve and coexist with natural Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs). Although many reports have suggested the potential anti-neoplastic effects of EMFs with specific parameters, the studies on the influence of natural EMFs on cancers are still rare. Herein, an EMF emitter has been developed to investigate the effects of the extremely-low frequency SR-mimicking EMF (SREMF) on cancer and normal cell proliferation. The numerical simulation has revealed that the emitter with specific parameters is able to enhance EMF intensity and uniformity on the designated plane above the emitter. More importantly, honeycomb-like emitter array can generate a stronger EMF intensity on the 20 mm plane above the array. Cell colony formation assays have demonstrated that SREMF generated by the honeycomb-like emitter array can significantly inhibit Hela cell proliferation in a cell-density-dependent manner. The morphological changes of SREMF-exposed Hela cells suggest that the anti-proliferative effect of SREMF may be caused by apoptosis induction. In contrast, no detrimental effect is observed for SREMF-treated normal cells, which probably can be explained by the evolutionary adaptation. Hence, this work can not only contribute to understanding the impact of natural EMF on creatures, but also afford a novel strategy to personalized cancer prevention and treatment.
... В других случаях влияние внешних факторов проявляется как изменение функционального состояния человека без срыва организма в заболевание или внезапную смерть [12]. Имеются свидетельства о возможной биотропной роли инфразвука [13,14], шумановских резонансов [15][16][17], электромагнитных полей крайне низкой частоты [18,19], вторичной компоненты космических лучей, галактических и солнечных [20][21][22][23], динамики глобальных течений океана [24] и др. ...
... В последние два десятилетия данный подход был применен в значительно более высокочастотном, а именно, в герцовом диапазоне, включающем частоты первых мод шумановских резонансов (8-14 Гц) и геомагнитных пульсаций РС1 (Pulsation Continuous, 0.5-2.0 Гц) [13,15,17,[37][38][39][40][41]. В частности, было обнаружено сопряжение активности мозговых процессов и интенсивности основной моды шумановского резонанса (8 Гц) [38,41], а также колебаний параметров сердечного ритма у здоровых людей и частоты основной моды внешнего электромагнитного фона в диапазоне частот от 0.8 до 2.5 Гц [17]. ...
Ongoing research continues to explore the phenomenology of the effect of synchronization between oscillations of a human resting heart rate and variations of the geomagnetic field in the period range 3–40 minutes. A total of 508 experiments have been conducted for the period 2012–2023 (each experiment lasted 100–120 minutes) to monitor the minute indicators of heart rate for three healthy women (55, 45, and 30 years old). 328, 113, and 67 measurements were made, respectively. The results indicate that, for each of these three volunteers, approximately 60% of the experiments yielded a wavelet spectrum of heart rate values that closely resembled the spectrum of synchronous variations of at least one of the horizontal components of the geomagnetic field (X or Y). Additionally, within the investigated frequency range of 3–40 minutes, three subbands were identified and in these sub-bands, the degree of synchrony of oscillations was maximal: 3.5 minutes, 10–12 minutes and 33–36 minutes. It can be concluded that the effect of biogeosynchronization is not uniformly implemented over the entire range from 3 to 40 minutes, but it is mainly evident in these sub-bands.
... We suspect that melatonin is involved. Geomagnetic disturbance peaks in spring (Nishimura et al. 2020), and fluctuations in the magnetic field reportedly reduce melatonin secretion (Cherry 2002). It has been pointed out that decreased melatonin secretion may increase the incidence of cancer, neurological diseases, and heart diseases because melatonin has a strong antioxidant effect (Cherry 2002). ...
... Geomagnetic disturbance peaks in spring (Nishimura et al. 2020), and fluctuations in the magnetic field reportedly reduce melatonin secretion (Cherry 2002). It has been pointed out that decreased melatonin secretion may increase the incidence of cancer, neurological diseases, and heart diseases because melatonin has a strong antioxidant effect (Cherry 2002). ...
Prior research has indicated a correlation between the birth season and life expectancy; however, many of these studies did not sufficiently account for comorbidities. In this comprehensive investigation, we aimed to meticulously explore the association between the birth month and life expectancy, giving due consideration to comorbidities. We used a robust dataset derived from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (2000–2013), which allowed us to conduct a thorough examination. We divided our participants into four groups based on their season of birth: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Propensity score matching was used to ensure an equitable distribution of demographic and clinical characteristics across the groups. Propensity scores were computed using logistic regression. Our model incorporated a broad range of demographic factors and comorbidities, providing rigorous adjustment for potential confounders. Our findings revealed a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality among individuals born in spring, even after stringent adjustment for demographic factors and comorbidities. People born in spring demonstrated a 1.05-fold increase in the risk of all-cause mortality, with a hazard ratio of 1.05 and a 95% confidence interval of 1.01–1.09. Our study provides compelling evidence that helps understand the potential long-term impacts of a person’s birth season, which acts as a proxy for pregnancy / early-life environmental exposure, on life expectancy. These findings underscore the crucial need for additional research to illuminate the underlying biological and environmental mechanisms linking the birth season and lifespan of a person. The elucidation of these links could guide the development of innovative health promotion and disease prevention strategies that are tailored to an individual’s birth season.
... Possible mechanisms on how heliogeophysical processes could directly or indirectly affect human physiology and health is a challenging subject that raises discussion. However, mechanisms mostly related to melatonin and the Schumann resonance have been proposed [53,[63][64][65][66]. ...
... A resonance effect on these extremely low-frequency fluctuations on the physiological state of the human organism is possible. As a result, a disturbed environment can impact the physiological state of humans [64]. ...
The effects of solar activity and the accompanying space weather events on human pathological conditions, physiological parameters and other psycho-physiological disturbances have been analyzed in numerous recent investigations. Moreover, many of these studies have particularly focused on the different physical reactions humans have, according to their sex, during variations in the physical environment. In the framework of the above, this work analyses heart rate data obtained from volunteers (687 men and 534 women) from three different regions (Athens, Piraeus and Heraklion) of Greece in relation to the geophysical activity and variations of environmental factors. Dst index and Ap index data, along with cosmic ray intensity data derived from the Athens Neutron Monitor Station (A.Ne.Mo.S.), were used. The study expands from April 2011 to January 2018, covering solar cycle 24. The ANalysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and the superimposed epochs methods were used in order to examine heart rate variations depending on sex. Results revealed that women tend to be more sensitive to physical environmental changes. Statistically significant results are related to the geomagnetic activity but were not obtained for cosmic ray variations.
... All these interpretations were socioeconomic in nature. On the other hand, a number of studies were devoted to a possible relationship between some heliogeomagnetic factors and CVDs (Villorezi et al., 1994a,b;Stoupel et al., 1995;Shumilov et al., 1998Shumilov et al., , 2003Halberg et al., 2000;Cherry, 2002;Cornelissen et al., 2002;Palmer et al., 2006;Kleimenova et al., 2007;Breus et al., 2008;Mendoza and Diaz-Sandoval, 2000;Mendoza and de la Peña, 2010;Diaz-Sandoval et al., 2011;Samsonov et al., 2014). For example, a significant increase has been established in the heart attacks and strokes (13% and 7.5% respectively) during large magnetic storms (Breus et al., 2008). ...
... Another important property of EME, found experimentally, is its capability of affecting the secretion of melatonin -one of the main hormones (the hormone of pineal gland or epiphysis) (Weydahl et al., 2001). Melatonin is one of the most important regulators of the immune system and biological rhythms in animals and men acting as a free radicals absorber and an antioxidant in organism (Cherry, 2002). It was shown that at high latitudes the geomagnetic disturbances, with a well manifested daily course, perform the part of an exterior synchronizer of biological processes in human organism by affecting the melatonin production (Weydahl et al., 2001). ...
The aim of the study was to identify the impact of natural (geomagnetic disturbances), socioeconomic and man-made factors on mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Northwestern Russia. Data from 9057 CVD deaths in Kirovsk town (Kola Peninsula, 67.6 N, 33.7 E) were analyzed with respect to seasons of the year from 1948 to 2010. Total male CVD deaths showed three significant peaks in May, September and winter. The May maximum was dominant for all males, except for the oldest age (≥70 years) group and seemed to be caused by emotional and physical effects of increased hormones in spring. Total female CVD deaths showed two significant maxima in autumn and winter and one insignificant spring peak. Seasonal distribution of the moderate (50<Ap<100 nT) magnetic had a bimodal pattern with spring and autumn peaks. This bimodal pattern of seasonal variation is also present in the female and male oldest age (≥70 years) groups. Multi-Taper-Method (MTM) spectral analysis revealed periods of ~9-10 years, ~4.7 years and ~2.3 years at confidence level of ≥90%. These periods seem to coincide with the main cycles of variations of the aa-index of geomagnetic activity. There is no significant association of air pollution and CVD mortality at the region.
... [15] Its peak intensity can be detected at ~8 Hz, along with its harmonics with a lower intensity at 14,20,26,33,39, and 45 Hz due to frequency-related, ionospheric propagation loss. [16] SR can be found within both global human quantitative electroencephalographic activity and Earth-ionosphere activity, suggesting a causal relationship. [17] With such accumulated evidence, extremely low-frequency EMF-SR has the potential to influence and improve human sleep. ...
... Currently, the mechanisms of EMF and SR in sleep and nocturia are not fully understood. Cherry [16] suggested that SR could be the possible biological mechanism that explains biological and human health effects of geomagnetic activity and may thus have a full impact for humans. Human brain waves and SR share the same frequency range, and the human body can also absorb and respond to natural EMF. ...
Introduction:
Accumulated studies revealed that electromagnetic field can affect human brain and sleep. We explored the effectiveness of electromagnetic field [Schumann resonance (SR)] on nocturia symptoms, quality of life, and sleep in patients with nocturia.
Methods:
This is a randomized, open-label, and active-controlled study, in which 35 participants were randomized into 2 groups. Group A received oxybutynin and the SR device for 12 weeks, while the active-control group received only the medication. We followed these patients every 4 weeks with a number of questionnaires, including the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) for sleep, the American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS) for nocturia symptoms, and the Nocturia-Quality-of-Life-questionnaire (N-QOL) for quality of life. Descriptive statistics, pair t-tests, Chi-squared tests, and repeated measures were applied for data analysis.
Results:
No significant difference was found in the demographic data between the 2 groups. The AUASS, N-QOL, PSQI, and ESS total scores were significantly improved in the SR-sleep-device group (P < .001, P = .005, P < .001, P = .001) after treatment, but no significant change was found in the active-control group. Several variables of AUASS in the SR-sleep-device group were significantly improved, especially streaming and sleeping (both P = .001), and subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency also demonstrated significant improvement (both P < .001).
Conclusions:
Our study revealed that electromagnetic field (SR) as an add-on can improve not only sleep and quality of life but also nocturia symptoms in patients with nocturia. These findings suggest that SR can be effective for sleep disturbance secondary to physical disease, which can be a new application of the electromagnetic field.
... Extraterrestrial factors (solar activity and related effects on Earth) such as the fluctuation of Earth's magnetic field (earthionosphere cavity/Schumann resonances), geomagnetic activity, variation of cosmic ray intensity, and electromagnetic changes contribute to the appearance, severity, and spread of infectious diseases outbreaks [30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. ...
... This has important effects on cell functioning, although the nature of these effects is not entirely clear. During periods of solar activity, changes in the electrical and magnetic field of the Earth during geomagnetic storms usually occur, which can have a significant impact on the functioning of organs in human beings [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. ...
... Possible mechanisms by which space weather, i.e., variations in solar and geophysical parameters, could affect human health were discussed and the most likely candidates investigated. The direct effects of natural extremely-lowfrequency electric and magnetic fields appear implausible; a mechanism involving some form of resonant absorption (Cherry [98]) is more likely. The idea that the Schumann resonance signals in the AC GEC could be the global environmental signal absorbed by the human body, via a melatonin mechanism (see the review by Jammoul and Lawand [99]), thereby linking geomagnetic activity and human health was investigated. ...
The DC global electric circuit, GEC, was conceived by C.T.R. Wilson more than a century ago. Powered by thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds, an electric current I ~1 kA flows up into the ionosphere, maintaining the ionospheric potential V ~250 kV with respect to the Earth’s surface. The circuit is formed by the current I, flowing through the ionosphere all around the world, down through the atmosphere remote from the current sources (J ~2 pA/m² through a resistance R ~250 Ω), through the land and sea surface, and up to the thunderstorms as point discharge currents. This maintains a downward electric field E of magnitude ~130 V/m at the Earth’s surface away from thunderstorms and a charge Q ~−6.10⁵ C on the Earth’s surface. The theoretical modelling of ionospheric currents and the miniscule geomagnetic field perturbations (ΔB ~0.1 nT) which they cause, as derived by Denisenko and colleagues in recent years, are reviewed. The time constant of the GEC, τ = RC, where C is the capacitance of the global circuit capacitor, is estimated via three different methods to be ~7 to 12 min. The influence of stratus clouds in determining the value of τ is shown to be significant. Sudden excitations of the GEC by volcanic lightning in Iceland in 2011 and near the Tonga eruption in 2022 enable τ to be determined, from experimental observations, as ~10 min and 8 min, respectively. It has been suggested that seismic activity, or earthquake precursors, could produce large enough electric fields in the ionosphere to cause detectable effects, either by enhanced radon emission or by enhanced thermal emission from the earthquake region; a review of the quantitative estimates of these mechanisms shows that they are unlikely to produce sufficiently large effects to be detectable. Finally, some possible links between the topics discussed and human health are considered briefly.
... We speculate that intensity per se is not the critical variable. Instead there may be intrinsic frequencies or temporally structured patterns (Belisheva, Popov, Petukhova, Pavlova, Osipov, Tkachenko, & Baranova, 1995;O'Connor & Persinger, 1997;Cherry, 2002) associated with specific bands of intensity that may affect the functioning of computerized electronics or even the decision-making processes of the pilots. ...
Global geomagnetic activity (aa values) for the days of crashes of airplanes and for each of the three days before and after the crashes were compared for 373 events (years 1940 through 2002) attributed to unknown factors, mechanical errors, electronic/computer failures or pilot errors. Interactions between days and classifications of the crashes were due to the significantly greater geomagnetic activity on the days of crashes attributed to pilot or computer error but not to mechanical or unknown factors. Successive temporal analyses indicated that the elevated activity on the days of crashes attributed to pilot error have not changed over time, but there was an increase in those attributed to electronic errors after 1965. No more than 9% of the variance in geomagnetic activity on the days of the crashes was associated with the type of crash. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that some factor or factors associated with relative increases in geomagnetic activity may affect complex electronic systems composed of either silica (computer) or carbon (brain) aggregates.
... If the phase synchronicity of geomagnetic variations in the ULF range at large distances along the meridian is a greater biotropic factor than their amplitude and the general level of the GMA, then this conclusion is in good agreement with the effects of the influence of Schumann resonances [90] and long-term rhythms of solar activity on living systems, which are widely discussed in the research literature [4,11,73]. ...
Protecting people with various diseases from the adverse effects of space weather factors requires an understanding of their effects on healthy people who participate in heliobiological research as a ‘control group’. This study aimed to investigate the effect of human heart-rate synchronization with variations in the geomagnetic field of the ULF frequency range (1–5 mHz) (“biogeosynchronization effect”). We analyzed 61 electrocardiogram recordings of 100 min that were obtained on 24–27 September 2023, 10–13 May 2024 and 10–13 October 2024 from two female volunteers in good health. The biogeosynchronization effect was observed in 69% of cases. The probability of its occurrence correlates with the Dst index (correlation coefficient Rs = 0.313, p = 0.014); there is no correlation with the amplitude of the ULF oscillations. It has been shown that biogeosynchronization is mainly manifested during the recovery phase of magnetic storms, provided that at this time, the geomagnetic ULF oscillations are in phase at large distances along the observation meridian (Rs = 0.531, p < 0.00001). These results confirm that geomagnetic variations in the ULF range serve as a rhythm sensor for a healthy body under normal conditions. Being a “case study”, our results require further verification on large volumes of data in different geomagnetic conditions.
... The selection of both the frequency and the induction of the magnetic field was based on their discovered biological activity and ecological significance. The frequency of 7.85 Hz corresponds to the primary harmonic of the Schumann resonances, the phenomenon for which significant biological effects have been documented (Cherry, 2002). Furthermore, an induction of 100 μT represents the maximum permissible exposure level for low frequency magnetic fields in domestic environments, as stipulated by existing hygienic standards. ...
Introduction. Currently, research is being conducted to identify the mechanisms that enable living organisms to sense and utilize the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation. The primary hypothetical mechanisms under active discussion include the radical pair model, which involves magnetosensitive free radical redox reactions in enzymatic systems containing oxygen molecules and flavin compounds (such as cryptochromes and bacterial luciferases), as well as the model involving intracellular magnetic magnetite particles interacting with the magnetic field. Our focus is on the first hypothesis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of constant and extremely low frequency magnetic fields on the bioluminescence of Photobacterium phosphoreum, based on a flavin oxidation reaction. Notably, photobacteria are widely used as bioindicators of water pollution and indicators of exposure to various biologically active compounds. Methods. We measured the bioluminescence of P. phosphoreum in liquid media of standard composition for bacterial nutrient medium at room temperature (22-24°C). The baseline bioluminescence was evaluated over several days following inoculation in the culture medium. Bioluminescence was recorded using digital photoregistration, with subsequent image processing conducted in ImageJ or OriginPro. Magnetic field exposure was applied in two modes. In the first mode, bacterial suspensions were exposed to the magnetic field continuously from the moment of inoculation throughout the entire growth period. In the second mode, short-term magnetic field exposure was applied for several minutes after active hydrodynamic stirring of the bacterial suspension, which triggered a burst of luminescence, followed by fading and return to the baseline level. The magnetic field induction was measured using a Hall sensor. Results. Relatively strong static magnetic fields in the range of 2-8 mT weakly activated bioluminescence during the active growth phase of the bacterial population, but they statistically significantly suppressed the glow of bacteria during their maximum luminescence and subsequent dimming. The magnitude of the effects of the magnetic field was small, approximately 15% relative to the control values. The influence of a low-frequency magnetic field with a frequency of 7.85 Hz and induction of 100 μT stimulated the baseline bioluminescence of the photobacteria. At the same time, the magnetic field did not significantly affect either the concentration of oxygen or the concentration of bacterial cells in suspension, indicating a direct influence of magnetic fields on the metabolic processes associated with the bioluminescent system of bacterial cells. During short-term exposure to this extremely low frequency magnetic field, we observed a burst of luminescence initiated by the active hydrodynamic stirring of the bacterial suspension. This resulted in slow but statistically significant increase in the intensity of baseline bioluminescence by 5-10%. Conclusion. P. phosphoreum is sensitive to the action of static and extremely low-frequency fields, showing a biological efficiency within 15% of the control values. This bacterial model of magnetosensitivity is convenient for further experimental verification of the hypothesis regarding the magnetosensitivity of radical pairs. The work was supported by IEEE “Magnetism in Ukraine 2022/2023 initiative”, project “Development of a microbial test to evaluate the effect of geomagnetic field on biological systems”. Grant Agreement #99184
... (2) Biomedical and Geomagnetic Fields. In the biomedical field, research into geomagnetic navigation in certain bird species and the exploration of human brain and heart magnetism has revealed intriguing connections between biological systems and geomagnetic environments (Elhalel et al., 2019;Cherry, 2002Cherry, , 2003Price et al., 2020). Studies have shown that the fundamental frequency of Schumann resonance aligns with human brain and heart magnetism. ...
This paper presents a comprehensive review on recent development and research conducted in domestic and international underground laboratories. We first introduce the differences in three environments—surface, mountain tunnel cavities and underground coal mine tunnels—by examining cosmic ray background, ambient noises related to gravity and seismic measurement, and electromagnetic noises in magnetic and magnetotelluric measurements. We highlight potential misuse of the term Underground Lab or Deep Underground Lab when describing observations in different physical fields. We introduce unique features of underground coal mine tunnels in China, such as large spaces, ultra-quiet conditions, and ultra-clean environments. When comparing with mountain tunnel cavities and borehole observations, coal mine tunnel observations have superior long-term stability and high precision. Through observations and comparisons of multi-physic fields at surface and the deep underground, we find that the higher SNR seismic observations conducted in deep underground tunnels in coal mines are beneficial to improve velocity tomography of the solid earth. The gravity observation with a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) makes it possibly to capture slow earthquake, which has not been observed previously in the Chinese mainland. SQUID magnetic observations can detect fluctuations as weak as femto-Tesla (fT), enabling us to explore the attenuation of Schumann Resonance down to the solid Earth. This opens opportunities to investigate the connections between the Earth’s magnetic field and the interactions within the human brain and heart. To improve the precision of quantum measurement, we should consider the possible effects of weak magnetic disturbances in deep underground environments. Finally, we discuss the importance of deep underground laboratories, observing facilities and techniques deployed in these laboratories, and their possible connection with respect to “deep space” and “deep ocean” exploration, emphasizing the need for focused research on various scientific challenges. We hope to encourage greater attention to deep underground laboratory and high-precision scientific observation.
... SR signals may also affect the physiology, psychology, and behavior of organisms, and organisms are particularly sensitive to changes in low-frequency electromagnetic fields, especially SR signals [125,126]. The study of SR and biological mechanisms is considered controversial, and it is necessary to identify the mechanisms and pathways of ELF electromagnetic fields affecting biological health, which has not been fully studied so far [127]. Recent studies have shown that weak magnetic fields in the SR band have a certain protective effect on mouse hearts under pressure conditions [128]. ...
The theoretical development of Schumann Resonances has spanned more than a century as a form of global natural electromagnetic resonances. In recent years, with the development of electromagnetic detection technology and the improvement in digital processing capabilities, the connection between Schumann Resonances and natural phenomena, such as lightning, earthquakes, and Earth’s climate, has been experimentally and theoretically demonstrated. This article is a review of the relevant literature on Schumann Resonance observation experiments, theoretical research over the years, and a prospect based on space-based observations. We start with the theoretical background and the main content on Schumann Resonances. Then, observations and the identification of Schumann Resonance signals based on ground and satellite data are introduced. The research and related applications of Schumann Resonances signals are summarized in terms of lightning, earthquakes, and atmosphere. Finally, the paper presents a brief study of Schumann Resonances based on the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) and preliminary ideas about how to improve the identification and application of space-based Schumann Resonances signals.
... In recent studies, disturbing variations of the geomagnetic field (GMF), such as geomagnetic storms (GMSs), are considered environmental stress factors, affecting human physiology, especially the cardiovascular, central, and autonomic nervous systems [1,2]. Some studies argued that the influence of meteorological factors such as the variation in daily averages of atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and air temperature is less biologically effective than the influence of geomagnetic activity (GMA) [3]. ...
Our study aimed to test whether specific sensitive reactions in healthy males to the changes in geomagnetic activity (GMA) are different depending on the baseline self-regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this study, the ANS response in the different phases of geomagnetic storms (GMSs) has been measured via the heart rate variability (HRV) using one-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni-adjusted t-test. In the case of high HRV, changes were found to indicate a significant intensification of both parts of the ANS: the sympathetic part (SP) showed increased stress levels and the parasympathetic part (PP) marked a self-regulation effort in the main and restoration phases of GMSs. In the case of low HRV, changes indicate a significant enhancement in the SP after the main phase of GMSs, with a day’s delay. GMA is a sufficient environmental factor for healthy males, causing stress reactions of the ANS in the main and restoration phases of GMSs. However, the different self-regulation of the ANS results in different dynamics in its variation depending on the individual’s character of the baseline ANS state; the optimal adaptation reactions of healthy males with baseline high HRV are achieved with decreased heart rate and increased HRV in the main phase of GMSs.
... In that study, analyses of clustered events were significant for directional components of the measured field with the north-south component being most relevant. A correlation between solar and geomagnetic activity and geomagnetic indices has also been described [20]. ...
This review aims to critically examine and present evidence for and against potential linkages between geomagnetic activity and its effects on blood pressure (BP). Four databases were searched for peer-reviewed papers written in English: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Biomedical Reference Collection. Retrieved titles were first screened for potential relevance followed by an abstract review for further clarifications if warranted. The preponderance of the reported evidence is consistent with the concept that space weather and related events that cause sufficiently large changes in the geomagnetic field (GMF) can impact BP. The associated BP change in most but not all cases is one in which both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure increase, with SBP appearing to be more consistently involved. The magnitude of the reported BP increase ranges from about 3 to 8 mmHg depending on the intensity of the geomagnetic activity. The initiation of these BP changes has been variably reported to occur shortly before the GMF change or in synchrony with the abrupt change in the GMF. Such GMF-linked BP changes are not present in all persons and there appears to be increased sensitivity in women and in persons with co-existing hypertension. The utility of these findings in assessing or treating persons with known or suspected hypertension remains to be determined via future research. Further, research directed at determining the factors that determine responders from non-responders to GMF changes is warranted.
... Mar 2-Apr 4, 2020 Jan 1-Feb 1, 2021 Jun 7-Jul 16, 2021 of the Schumann signals are determined by the characteristics of the Earth-ionosphere cavity. It is hypothesized that the uptake of these signals by the human brain may modulate the amount of melatonin produced and secreted by the pineal gland (Cherry, 2002). ...
... A potential mechanism to explain the effects of solar storms described above is that they may affect the SRs and therefore interfere with the resonance between the earth and the human brain [36]. Consistent with this hypothesis, studies indicate that solar storms induce changes in the fundamental SR frequency, with X-ray bursts increasing the frequency, while solar proton events decrease it [37]. ...
Living organisms have evolved within the natural electromagnetic fields of the earth which comprise atmospheric electricity, Schumann resonances and the geomagnetic field. Research suggests that the circadian rhythm, which controls several physiological functions in the human body, can be influenced by light but also by the earth's electromagnetic fields. Cyclic solar disturbances, including sunspots and seasonal weakening of the geomagnetic field, can affect human health, possibly by disrupting the circadian rhythm and downstream physiological functions. Severe disruption of the circadian rhythm increases inflammation which can induce fatigue, fever and flu-like symptoms in a fraction of the population and worsen existing symptoms in old and diseased individuals, leading to periodic spikes of infectious and chronic diseases. Possible mechanisms underlying sensing of the earth's electromagnetic fields involve entrainment, light-dependent radical pair formation in retina cryptochromes, and paramagnetic magnetite nanoparticles. Factors such as electromagnetic pollution from wireless devices and antennas, shielding by non-conductive materials used in shoes and buildings, and local geomagnetic anomalies may also affect sensing of the earth's electromagnetic fields by the human body and contribute to circadian rhythm disruption and disease development.
... Our research group refers to grounding as perhaps vitamin G or electronic nutrition [ 4,5]. This energetic phenomenon includes the Schumann resonances, an electromagnetic "vibration" (7.83 Hz, fundamental frequency) in the atmosphere as well as a humming of the energetic surface of the earth [6]. The Schumann resonances are not uniform but vary from moment to moment in a rhythm that affects the motion of the electrons in the surface of the earth. ...
Grounding or earthing could be the anti-inflammatory antidote for modern man. It is one of the greatest kept secrets when it comes to our health and aliveness and only a small part of the scientific community really understands the concept. Once health professionals and others realize that grounding is especially important in preventing inflammatory illness, an incredible effect on public health will be realized. The breath of validation from previous published data and real-life testimonials is a testimony of the earth’s dramatic impact on healing the human body.
Health information is constantly changing as a result of new research in various approaches to treating a multitude of inflammatory conditions. Sometimes, even with the most relevant published data, it is difficult to choose which advice is most conducive for healing. For example, it has been noted that perhaps one-third of the medical literature could be fraudulent.. Understanding absolute versus relative risk can also be confusing even for health professionals. And when data is reported in relative risk, only a fraction of the real science is revealed. However, one small established fact that conveys universal agreement is the simple correlation that inflammation is the root cause of almost all diseases!
... Currently, there are reasons to consider natural electromagnetic fields as a possible synchronizer of infradian and ultradian rhythms 26,27 . In addition to the established mechanism for the perception of these oscillations at the whole organism [28][29][30] , there are few data that the reception of electromagnetic oscillations is possible within the one cell. ...
A study of the 4-day rhythm of the proliferative activity of the embryonic fibroblast-like cells in the logarithmic growth phase was carried out. It was shown that in cell cultures obtained on different days from embryos of different ages, the phase of the 4-day rhythm coincides. In vitro the maxima of the proliferative activity were consistent with the minima of the motor activity of mice. Freezing the culture for 2 or 6 days does not cause a shift in the phase of the 4-day rhythm of cell proliferative activity compare with the unfreezing culture. That indicates the existence of an external synchronizer, which determines the 4-day infradian rhythm of the proliferative activity of embryonic cells. Then we daily thawed samples of single L929 culture of mice fibroblast-like cells for 22 and 17 days and researched the dynamics of its proliferative activity. We also showed 4-day rhythm of the simultaneous increase in the number of cells for all thawed samples. Taking into account that deep freezing of a culture leads to the cessation of all life processes, the fact we obtained indicates an exogenous mechanism of the formation of about a 4-day rhythm of the proliferative activity of cell culture. Variations of the Earth's magnetic field could be one of the external synchronizers of the infradian rhythm. We studied the increase in number of L929 cell in conditions of a magnetic permalloy screen and showed that the magnetic shielding no affect the parameters of the infradian rhythm of L929 cell proliferative activity. So further searches of the external synchronizers are need.
... The information plays a role in understanding issues such as coronal heating [1], solar wind acceleration mechanisms [2], and the origin of non-thermal particles [3]. Simultaneously, the solar corona is also a predominant source of perturbations that affect the Sun-Earth space environment, and changes in its environment often lead to drastic perturbations of the Earth's space environment so as to trigger catastrophic space weather [4,5], all these detection targets are continuously and dynamically monitored by coronagraphs for coronal mass ejections (CMEs) [6]. ...
To detect good quality coronal spectra images, the continuous optimization of stray light suppression techniques for coronagraphs is required. The internal occulter (IO) serves as the main tool for the Internally Occulted Coronagraph to suppress the direct light from the photosphere layer, and thermal stress displacements with thermodynamic properties will overcover the information of the internal corona. In this paper, a reflective distribution function model is established according to Kirchhoff's principle which is based on a ground-based Lyot coronagraph, the aperture is 200 mm, detection wavelength is 637.4 nm (Fe X) and the work field range is ±1.05-2.0 RS (RS is the solar radius), thus the absorption rate is inverted. The irradiance at different positions received by the ground is simulated, and then the temperature change of the occulter during the time of the strongest radiation is calculated. The thermal stress displacement change of the two materials was analyzed by the finite element method. Comparison of the experiment shows that the displacement variation of the conical bottom plane results in losing 0.34% RS corona information for the 2a12-t6 aluminum alloy, and losing 0.11% RS coronal information for oxygen-free copper. This way provides a new idea for the thermodynamic modeling of the IO and the direct light suppression technology in the coronagraph.
... In this context, in particular, the ELF range has attracted the interest of the researchers, because it characterizes some physical phenomena, such as the geomagnetic fluctuations [4], the Schumann resonance [5], the cell pulsations [6], etc. In particular, the vibration of a cell membrane has been pointed out to play a key role in the regulation of cell shape, and in the behaviour of the cells. ...
Recently, the low frequency thermomagnetic effects on cancer cells have been analysed, both theoretically and experimentally. They have been explained by introducing an equilibrium thermodynamic approach. But, in this context, two related open problems have been highlighted: (1) Does there exist a magnetic interaction or do there exist any other processes? (2) Do there exist also thermal effects? Here, we introduce a non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach in order to address an answer to these questions. The results obtained point out that: (a) the effect produced by the electromagnetic wave is just a consequence of the interaction of the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave with the biological matter; (b) the interaction of the electromagnetic wave causes also thermal effects, but related to heat transfer, even if there have been applied low frequency electromagnetic waves; (c) the presence of the magnetic field generates a symmetry breaking in the Onsager’s coefficients, with a related perturbation of the cancer stationary state.
... Corticospinal and olfactory-brain shared resonance relationships require further development to integrate into the model. A related venture is the examination of environmental EM influence, such as geomagnetic activity (Bureau and Persinger, 1992;Cherry, 2002Cherry, , 2003 or anthropogenic sources more generally (Becker et al., 1985), upon this network of resonating structures. ...
Electromagnetic field oscillations produced by the brain are increasingly being viewed as causal drivers of consciousness. Recent research has highlighted the importance of the body’s various endogenous rhythms in organizing these brain-generated fields through various types of entrainment. We expand this approach by examining evidence of extracerebral shared oscillations between the brain and other parts of the body, in both humans and animals. We then examine the degree to which these data support one of General Resonance Theory’s (GRT) principles: the Slowest Shared Resonance (SSR) principle, which states that the combination of micro- to macro-consciousness in coupled field systems is a function of the slowest common denominator frequency or resonance. This principle may be utilized to develop a spatiotemporal hierarchy of brain-body shared resonance systems. It is predicted that a system’s SSR decreases with distance between the brain and various resonating structures in the body. The various resonance relationships examined, including between the brain and gastric neurons, brain and sensory organs, and brain and spinal cord, generally match the predicted SSR relationships, empirically supporting this principle of GRT.
... Terrestrial and extraterrestrial factors such as the weather variations, environmental conditions, fluctuation of the Earth's magnetic field (earth-ionosphere cavity/Schumann resonances), geomagnetic activity, variation of cosmic ray intensity, and electromagnetic changes contribute to the appearance, severity, and spread of infectious disease outbreaks (e.g., [10] and references therein). These factors somehow play direct or indirect roles in influencing the nature of the virus, acquired hosts, virus-host interactions, and infectious diseases viruses' stability and transmissibility (e.g., [11]- [20]). While the exact mechanism explaining this relationship is unclear, several pieces of research have shown that solar variations and subsequent effects on the interplanetary space and Earth's atmosphere may affect the spread and outbreak of infectious diseases through its influence on the environment or through its direct effect on the human body [18]- [26]. ...
... Currently, there are reasons to consider natural electromagnetic elds as a possible synchronizer of infradian and ultradian rhythms [19,20]. In addition to the established mechanism for the perception of these oscillations at the whole organism [21][22][23], there are few data that the reception of electromagnetic oscillations is possible within the one cell. ...
A study of the 4-day rhythm of the proliferative activity of the embryonic fibroblast-like cells in the logarithmic growth phase was carried out. It was shown that in cell cultures obtained on different days from embryos of different ages, the phase of the 4-day rhythm coincides. In vitro the maxima of the proliferative activity were consistent with the minima of the motor activity of mice. Freezing the culture for 2 or 6 days does not cause a shift in the phase of the 4-day rhythm of cell proliferative activity compare with the unfreezing culture. That indicates the existence of an external synchronizer, which determines the 4-day infradian rhythm of the proliferative activity of embryonic cells.
Then we daily thawed samples of single L-929 culture of mice fibroblast-like cells for 22 and 17 days and researched the dynamics of its proliferative activity. We also showed 4-day rhythm of the simultaneous increase in the number of cells for all thawed samples. Taking into account that deep freezing of a culture leads to the cessation of all life processes, the fact we obtained indicates an exogenous mechanism of the formation of about a 4-day rhythm of the proliferative activity of cell culture.
... Melatonin is a direct actor in immune system response through the stimulation of T-Lymphocytes, interleukin-2 and -6, and natural killer cells (Cherry, 2002;Peña et al., 2007;Szczepanik, 2007). The role of melatonin levels on immune system outcomes is thought to be modulated by cytokines. ...
It has been hypothesized that solar and geomagnetic activity can affect the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and melatonin secretion, which both may influence immune response. We investigated the association between solar geomagnetic activity and white blood cell counts in the Normative Aging Study (NAS) Cohort between 2000 and 2013. Linear mixed effects models with moving day averages ranging from 0 to 28 days were used to evaluate the effects of solar activity measures, Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), and Sunspot Number (SSN), and a measure of geomagnetic activity, Kp Index (Kp), on total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, monocytes, lymphocyte, eosinophil, and basophil concentrations. Even after adjusting for demographic and health related factors, there were consistent significant associations between IMF, SSN, and Kp index, with reduced total WBC, neutrophils, and basophil counts that were stronger with longer moving averages. The associations were similar after adjusting for ambient air particulate pollution. Our findings suggest that periods of increased solar and geomagnetic activity result in lower WBC, neutrophil and basophil counts that may contribute to slight immune suppression.
... For example, geomagnetic storms can alter the hormone balance of the body, such as the melatonin/serotonin balance [57][58][59]. These factors can affect many physiological functions, including blood pressure, breathing, immune system, reproductive, cardiac and neurological processes [34,[60][61][62][63]. Geomagnetic disturbances are associated with significant increases in hospital admissions for depression, mental disorders, psychiatric issues, suicide attempts, homicides and traffic accidents [51,55,[64][65][66][67][68]. ...
The Global Coherence Initiative (GCI) is a science-based, international effort that conducts research on interactions between humans and the Earth's magnetic field environment as well as collective intention on promoting peace, and harmony. In order to carry out one aspect of the interconnectedness research, GCI has created a Global Coherence Monitoring System (GCMS), which is comprised of a network of six magnetometers specifically designed to measure geomagnetic and resonant frequencies in Earth's magnetic fields, such as Schumann resonances, Alven waves and other field-line resonances. The finding from this line of research suggests that global collective behaviors and numerous human physiological rhythms are affected by and in some cases synchronized with solar and geomagnetic activity. Additionally, we discuss why the majority of research conducted thus far has focused on how disruptions in the earth's magnetic fields are associated with adverse effects on health and behaviors. However, it is important to note, that solar and geomagnetic activity can also have a positive impact on human physiology and health. Furthermore, we believe there is an even more fundamental and important aspect of the earth's magnetic fields that can be utilized to help lift human consciousness. We propose that the earth's magnetic fields provide a plausible mechanism that interconnects and non-locally distributes information to all living systems on our planet. We review several independent lines of research that support the hypothesis that the earth's magnetic fields can act as a carrier of and encoded by physiologically patterned and relevant information. The four primary hypotheses of the GCI are articulated and the existing theoretical and experimental support for each hypothesis is discussed.
The Earth's natural electromagnetic environment, particularly the Schumann Resonance, operates within the extremely low-frequency (ELF) range, with a fundamental frequency of 7.83 Hz. This resonance is generated by lightning strikes and propagates within the Earth-ionosphere cavity, acting as a global electromagnetic signal. Interestingly, this frequency aligns with the human brain's theta waves (4–8 Hz), which are associated with states of relaxation, meditation, and creativity. This overlap has led to speculative theories about the potential interaction between the Earth’s electromagnetic fields and human consciousness, specifically how Schumann Resonance might influence or synchronize with brainwave activity. While current research remains largely theoretical, this paper explores the possible biological, neurological, and cognitive connections between the Schumann Resonance and brain function. Understanding these connections could have profound implications for fields such as neuroscience, medicine, and cognitive science, particularly in exploring natural electromagnetic phenomena as a potential influence on human health and consciousness.
Keywords: Schumann Resonance, brain waves, theta waves, human consciousness, electromagnetic fields, Earth-ionosphere cavity, brainwave entrainment, relaxation, meditation, neuroscience, cognitive science, ELF waves, geophysics, mental health, circadian rhythms. 41 pages.
Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of extremely low frequency‐pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF‐PEMF) in accelerating the wound healing process in vitro and in vivo. Our study focuses specifically on ELF‐PEMF applied with the Magnomega® device and aims to assess their effect during the main stages of the proliferative phase of dermal wound closure, in vitro. Thus, after the characterization of the EMFs delivered by the Magnomega® unit, primary culture of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were exposed, or not for the control culture, to 10–12 and 100 Hz ELF‐PEMF. These parameters are used in clinical practice by physiotherapists in order to enhance healing of dermal lesions in patients. HDFs proliferation was first assessed and revealed an increase in the expression of one of the two genetic markers of cell proliferation tested (PCNA and MKI67), after initial exposure of the cells to 10–12 Hz PEMF. Next, migration of HDFs was investigated by performing scratch assays on HDF layers. The observed wound closure kinetics corroborate the early organization of actin stress fibers that was revealed in the cytoplasm of HDFs exposed to 100 Hz ELF‐PEMF. Also, maturation of HDFs into myofibroblasts was significantly increased in cells exposed to 10–12 or to 100 Hz PEMF. The present study is the first to demonstrate, in vitro, an early stimulation of HDFs, after their exposure to ELF‐PEMF delivered by the Magnomega® device, which could contribute to an acceleration of the wound healing process.
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the CARISMA (Canadian Array for Realtime Investigations of Magnetic Activity) – Akademik Vernadsky station (65.25°S 64.25°W, Vernadsky) Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) induction magnetometer network as a planetary monitoring system for thunderstorm activity, with observation sites located in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, respectively. To achieve this, daily ELF records from Vernadsky and Fort Churchill (FCHU, 58.76°N 94.08°W) collected in January 2022 were processed and analyzed. For CARISMA, data from the FCHU site were used due to the better signal-to-noise ratio. The horizontal magnetic components of Schumann signals obtained at Vernadsky and FCHU underwent spectral and polarization processing. ELF transients were identified, and subsequent geolocation was performed as well. Both regular (quiet) thunderstorm activity periods and an unprecedented local amplification of lightning activity near the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano during its eruption on January 15, 2022, were studied. Throughout the quiet periods, ELF signal processing yielded similar characteristics of integral lightning activity derived from CARISMA and Vernadsky records, consistent with findings in the literature and previous investigations at the Vernadsky site. On the other hand, the analysis of Schumann spectra and ELF transients during the Tonga volcano eruption confirmed that most thunderstorms were concentrated within a relatively small area around the epicenter, validating the point source model for the global lightning center. This paper demonstrates that the CARISMA and Vernadsky magnetometer network is well-suited for establishing a global lightning activity monitoring and
intense lightning geolocation system. Such a system can be employed to assess and study global temperature trends, monitor the growth of lightning activity in high latitudes, and detect terrestrial, atmospheric, and geospace disaster phenomena.
The effect of pulsed EMF with a pulse repetition frequency of 16 Hz on the decomposition of organic compounds in wastewater in the presence of activated sludge microorganisms has been studied. It is shown that aerobic purification of a mixture of wastewater and activated sludge in the presence of a continuous pulsed electromagnetic field with a frequency of 16 Hz and a magnetic induction of no more than 0.5 μT accelerates the process of ammonification by 25 %, nitrification and denitrification by 15 %, reduction of COD by approximately 20 %.The intensity of the increase in the biomass of activated sludge and the rate of its deposition were noted.
This chapter continues the analysis of ELF wireless communication links. First, we describe the characteristics and modeling of ELF channels in the atmosphere, ocean, and Earth’s crust. Next, we discuss data modulation and encoding methods for digital communications in such channels.
The article presents the results of a non-standard study concerning the impact of electromagnetic waves through which data are transmitted in cyberspace on two elements of the national security system-public health and information security. Cyberspace as a global network of interconnected information and communication systems operates through physical systems and infrastructure-hardware, routers, hubs, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and all Internet-connected devices, including medical. The impact of digital connectivity on socioeconomic development is multidirectional. For the economy, it has access to existing markets and creates new ones.. In the business sphere, an efficient connection is made between human resources and the resources needed by the production process, and in the social sphere, publicly accessible services are provided through online portals. In our study, public health has a special status because of the critical information related to the health and safety of human life, which creates, manages and controls all processes related to material production. A mechanism by which EMF affects the environment and human health is described. The sources of radio frequency fields and their biological effects are discussed. A growing trend towards the manifestation of chronic fatigue and stress among active users of smart technologies is outlined and solutions for health prevention of the young generation are proposed. Cyberspace provides a strategic advantage, and for this in the field of cyber security, the likely causes of cyber risks are described, which are related to the fusion of critical and non-critical technologies, increased volume of personal and sensitive data generated, dependence on third-party managed service providers, leakage of information under influence of EMF on the example of the TEMPEST attacks. Good practices for prevention and cyber resilience are analyzed. Резиме:В настоящата статия са представени резултатите от нестандартно проучване, засягащо влиянието на електромагнитните вълни, чрез които се предават данните в киберпространството върху два елемента от системата на националната сигурност-общественото здраве и информационната сигурност. Киберпространството като глобална мрежа от взаимосвързани информационни и комуникационни системи функционира посредством физическата си инфраструктура-хардуер, рутери, хъбове, телекомуникационни мрежи, компютърни системи и всички устройства, свързани с интернет, включително медицинските. Влиянието на дигиталната свързаност върху обществено-икономическото развитие е разнопосочно. За сферата на икономиката тя осигурява достъп до съществуващи пазари и създава нови такива. В сферата на бизнеса се осъществява ефикасна връзка между човешки ресурс и ресурсите, от които се нуждае производственият процес, а в социалната сфера се предоставят обществено достъпни услуги посредством онлайн портали. В нашето проучване общественото здраве е със специален статут, поради критичната информация, свързана със здравето и безопасността за живота на човека, който създава, управлява и контролира всички процеси, свързани с материалното производство. Описан е механизма, по който ЕМП въздействат върху човешкото здраве. Разгледани са източниците на радиочестотни полета и биологичните ефекти от тях. Очертана е нарастваща тенденция на проява на хронична умора и стрес сред активните ползватели на смарт технологии и са предложени решения за здравна превенция на младото поколение. Киберпространството осигурява стратегическо предимство и за това в сферата на киберсигурността са описани вероятните причини за киберрискове, които са свързани със сливане на критични и некритични
BACKGROUND
For over 50 years, experiments have been demonstrating an interaction between the dynamics of the human heart and the dynamics of the earth’s magnetic field. In these experiments, specific frequency components in the variability of the geomagnetic field (GMF), involving micropulsations, are shown to significantly interact with specific frequency components in human heart rate variability (HRV). A significant difference was found in the HRV ratio of VLF/HF, on days of low geomagnetic variability (L gmf) compared with days of high geomagnetic field variability (H gmf) (P = 0.0001, n = 24, effect size 1.014).
METHODS
Experiments were conducted prospectively, over a period of 3 years, on one 70 year old, healthy female subject, using a 24 hour holter electrocardiogram (ECG) machine, and the results were analysed for the HRV frequency spectral components. The local geomagnetic field was simultaneously monitored over 24 hour periods, using a 3-axis fluxgate magnetometer, and the frequency spectra were analysed for the various spectral power components. Statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT software.
RESULTS
It was shown that there was a correspondence in the power spectra of the high (HF) and very low (VLF) frequency components in HRV and GMF variability. It was shown that there was a significant difference in the ratio of the VLF and HF frequency band power of the HRV between the ECGs recorded during days of lower geomagnetic variability, and days of higher geomagnetic variability.
CONCLUSION
These findings support the hypothesis of a homeostatic response of the human heart to the earth’s magnetic field. This may have implications for prognosis and management of heart disease, during times of significant environmental change.
Background. Back in 1990, YuP Limansky hypothesized acupuncture points (AP) as polymodal receptors of the ecoceptive sensitivity system. In the process of hypothesis development in 2003 an existence of separate functional system of regulation of electromagnetic balance of organism has been substantiated and a working conception of light therapy has been formulated. In line with this hypothesis, we set out to analyze the relationships between the disturbances of the geomagnetic field (Ap-index) and the electrical conductivity of a number of AP, on the one hand, and the parameters of the neuroendocrine-immune complex in patients with its dysfunction, on the other. Material and methods. The object of observation were 21 men (24-63 y) and 20 women (30-72 y) with neuroendocrine-immune complex dysfunction. Each patient was tested twice with an interval of 4 days. Retrospectively we recorded the geomagnetic Ap-Index on the day of testing and during the previous 7 days, using resource https://www.spaceweatherlive.com/. Recorded the electrical conductivity of 9 pairs of AP, electroencephalogram (EEG) and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, determined the plasma level of cortisol, triiodothyronine and testosterone, the content of lymphocytes expressing CD3, CD4, CD25, CD8, CD22 and CD56 receptors, the serum level of circulating immune complexes, immunoglobulins classes M, G, A as well as C-reactive protein, IL-1β and IL-6. The state of phagocytic function of neutrophils estimated by microbial count and phagocytic and killing indices against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Results. During the week, the average level of Ap-index ranged from 7 to 13 nT. Maximum coefficients of multiple correlation with APs parameters were detected for Ap-index on 6 day before (R=0,552) and on the day of testing (R=0,470), with EEG parameters on the eve of registration (R=0,708) and on 6 day before its (R=0,685), with immunity parameters on the eve of blood sampling (R=0,768) and on 5 day before its (R=0,758), with HRV&Hormonal parameters on 2 (R=0,506) and 7 (R=0,403) days before testing. The canonical correlation between Ap-indices for 7 days before and on the day of testing, and the parameters APs is 0,661; EEG parameters is 0,886; HRV&Hormonal parameters is 0,766 and immunity parameters is 0,921. APs parameter are closely related to the EEG (R=0,997) and HRV&Hormonal parameters (R=0,740). In turn, the immune parameters are closely related to the EEG (R=0,944) and HRV&Hormonal parameters (R=0,714). Conclusion. Disturbances of the geomagnetic field (Ap-index) causes a significant immediate modulating effect on the parameters of neuroendocrine-immune complex, apparently through acupuncture points as polymodal receptors of the ecoceptive sensitivity system.
Solar storms are our solar system’s largest explosive event and occur when the sun’s magnetic field instantly snaps into a new configuration, which releases large amounts of energy accompanied by intense light flashes, radiation, and coronal mass ejections. Solar storms have their roots in an 11-year cycle that shifts the polarity of the sun’s magnetic field. When the magnetic forces at work on the sun get tangled, they can punch through the surface and send out intense bursts of radiation, potentially triggering storms on Earth. This book will cover everything from the origins of solar storm theories and discoveries, to the science behind solar storms and their effect on Earth’s climate and human health and activity. This book will also explain what still puzzles scientists about solar storms, why it is important for us to forecast space weather and the idea of humans playing a future role in preventing these storms.
The study examined the changes in intraperitoneal body temperature of laboratory mice, Jungar hamsters, European greenfinch Chloris chloris, and starlings. In a few minutes range, these changes significantly correlated not only between the animals of the same species, but also between the different classes such as birds and mammals, which were isolated from each other and maintained under different illumination regimen. This phenomenon indicates some external influence(s) on the central mechanisms of the thermal control system not related to illumination regiment. In 80% cases, the phases of most pronounced rhythms of body temperature oscillating with the periods of 8-9 and 12-13 min coincided with those of geomagnetic field within the accuracy of ±1 min. However, the amplitude of body temperature oscillations did not depend on the amplitude of geomagnetic field (GMF) oscillations. Synchronicity of the changes in body temperature and GMF was observed at the amplitude of GMF oscillation of 0.4 nT, which is extremely low value. In contrast, there was no reaction of body temperature to greater (6-10 nT) but irregular and abrupt perturbations of GMF.
This book looks at the application of engineering science and technology to biological cells and tissues that are electrically conducting and excitable. It describes the theory and a wide range of applications in both electric and magnetic fields. The similarities and differences between bioelectricity and biomagnetism are described in detail from the viewpoint of lead field theory. This book aims to help with the understanding of the properties of existing bioelectric and biomagnetic measurements and stimulation methods, and to aid with the designing of new systems.
OBJECTIVES
This nested case-control study examines mortality from suicide in relation to estimated exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in a cohort of 138 905 male electric utility workers.
METHODS
Case-control sampling included 536 deaths from suicide and 5348 eligible controls. Exposure was classified based on work in the most common jobs with increased exposure to magnetic fields and indices of cumulative exposure to magnetic fields based on a measurement survey.
RESULTS
Suicide mortality was increased relative to work in exposed jobs and with indices of exposure to magnetic fields. Increased odds ratios (ORs) were found for years of employment as an electrician (OR 2.18; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25 to 3.80) or lineman (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.14), whereas a decreased OR was found for power plant operators (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.33 to 1.40). A dose response gradient with exposure to magnetic fields was found for exposure in the previous year, with a mortality OR of 1.70 (95% CI 1.00 to 2.90) in the highest exposure category. Stronger associations, with ORs in the range of 2.12–3.62, were found for men <50 years of age.
CONCLUSION
These data provide evidence for an association between occupational electromagnetic fields and suicide that warrants further evaluation. A plausible mechanism related to melatonin and depression provides a direction for additional laboratory research as well as epidemiological evaluation.
“The Climate Impact of Solar Variability,” an international conference held at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., April 24–27, covered the disciplines of solar physics, meteorology, climatology, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite experimentation. About 90 scientists from the U.S.S.R., France, Canada, Hungary, and Australia attended. The meeting was chaired by Albert Arking, Kenneth Schatten, and Robert Schiffer.
During the past decade considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that nonthermal exposures of cells of the immune system to extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (< 300 Hz) can elicit cellular changes that might be relevant to in vivo immune activity. A similar responsiveness to nonionizing electromagnetic energy in this frequency range has also been documented for tissues of the neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal system. However, knowledge about the underlying biological mechanisms by which such fields can induce cellular changes is still very limited. It is generally believed that the cell membrane and Ca(2+)-regulated activity is involved in bioactive ELF field coupling to living systems. This article begins with a short review of the current state of knowledge concerning the effects of nonthermal levels of ELF electromagnetic fields on the biochemistry and activity of immune cells and then closely examines new results that suggest a role for Ca2+ in the induction of these cellular field effects. Based on these findings it is proposed that membrane-mediated Ca2+ signaling processes are involved in the mediation of field effects on the immune system.
Es werden die nicht nach außen strahlenden Eigenfrequenzen einer gut leitenden Kugel für B
Eigenfrequenzen mit ω
Die Dämpfung der Ionosphäre ist durch die Größe ω
Die Dielektrizitätskonstante spielt dann bei der Ausbreitung keine Rolle und das Plasma verhält sich wie ein schlechter Leiter. Leider sind namentlich die Stoßzeiten noch ziemlich unbekannt, als daß man genauere zahlenmäßige Schlüsse ziehen könnte. Die Eigenfrequenzen sind dann durch ω
Coincidentally, as I sat down in late October 2003 to read and review the second edition of Wallace H. Campbell's text, Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields, we received warnings from the news media of a massive solar flare and its possible effect on power supply systems and satellite communications. News programs briefly explained the source of Sun-Earth interactions. If you are interested in learning more about the physics of the connection between sun spots and power supply systems and their impact on orbiting satellites, I urge you to become acquainted with Campbell's book. It presents an interesting and informative explanation of the geomagnetic field and its applications to a wide variety of topics, including oil exploration, climate change, and fraudulent claims of the utility of magnetic fields for alleviating human pain. Geomagnetism, the study of the nature and processes of the Earth's magnetic fields and its application to the investigation of the Earth, its processes, and history, is a mature science with a well-developed theoretical foundation and a vast array of observations. It is discussed in varied detail in Earth physics books and most entry-level geoscience texts. The latter treatments largely are driven by the need to discuss paleomagnetism as an essential tool in studying plate tectonics. A more thorough explanation of geomagnetism is needed by many interested scientists in related fields and by laypersons. This is the objective of Campbell's book. It is particularly germane in view of a broad range of geomagnetic topics that are at the forefront of today's science, including environmental magnetism, so-called ``jerks'' observed in the Earth's magnetic field, the perplexing magnetic field of Mars, improved satellite magnetic field observations, and the increasing availability of high-quality continental magnetic anomaly maps, to name only a few.
Temporal variations of the global lightning activity were deduced from long-term Schumann resonance (SR) continuous records. The intensities of the horizontal magnetic field component in the vicinity of the first, second, and third SR modes were monitored at Tottori observatory (35.5°N, 134.33°E) from 1968. Variations of the effective source-observer distance were estimated using the ratios of the intensities of individual modes. This allowed us to obtain average diurnal variations of the global lightning activity for each month over a one-year period. The results show that the distances estimated between the field-site and the effective source are very stable, while the temporal changes of the fields and the global lightning intensity derived demonstrate substantial variability.
Responses to the frequency of complex partial epileptic-like experiences were recorded every second day by 12 women for at least two months per individual. Five (41%) of the women displayed significant increases (effect sizes between 6% and 17%) in the numbers of these experiences when the daily geomagnetic activity exceeded 40 nT. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that a spectrum of experiences and behaviours, associated with limbic lability, can be enhanced by environmental stimuli correlated with perturbations of the geomagnetic field.
In connection with the study of the biological effects of ELF (extremely low frequency, frequency range approximately 1 Hz ....1 kHz) and VLF (very low frequency, frequency range approximately 1 kHz .... 100 kHz) electromagnetic fields, it is of interest to know more details concerning the existence and physical nature of these fields.
The effect of reduced vertical component of geomagnetic field on motor activity of ciliate apparatus of ependymal cells in newborn rats in vivo has been studied. In has been shown that hypomagnetic field causes the inhibitory effect on the activity of ciliate apparatus up to absolute stoppage.
Electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequency have been shown at a high statistical level to influence human circadian rhythms. This means that circadian rhythms can be used as very sensitive indicators to test the influence of ELF electromagnetic fields on human beings in general. Before discussing the special ELF-effects, the indicator itself has to be introduced. Therefore, some basic features of human circadian rhythms will be mentioned.
The book begins with three introductory chapters that provide some basic
physics and explain the principles of physical investigation. The
principal material contained in the main part of the book covers the
neutral and ionized upper atmosphere, the magnetosphere, and structures,
dynamics, disturbances, and irregularities. The concluding chapter
deals with technological applications. The account is introductory, at
a level suitable for readers with a basic background in engineering or
physics. The intent is to present basic concepts, and for that reason,
the mathematical treatment is not complex. SI units are given
throughout, with helpful notes on cgs units where these are likely to be
encountered in the research literature. This book is suitable for
advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are taking introductory
courses on upper atmospheric, ionospheric, or magnetospheric physics.
This is a successor to The Upper Atmosphere and Solar-Terrestrial
Relations, published in 1979.
A detailed account is given of the immediate ionospheric effects of
solar flares, known as sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs). Various
types of SIDs are discussed and classified, including: sudden decrease
or enhancement in atmospherics (SDA/SEA), sudden field anomalies (SFA),
sudden phase anomalies (SPA), short-wave fadeout (SWF), sudden
cosmic-noise absorption (SCNA), and sudden increase in total electron
content (SITEC). The techniques used in observing SIDs, and the flare
radiations responsible for the ionospheric effects are discussed. The
phenomenology of SIDs and simple analysis techniques are described. The
principal features of several outstanding solar-flare events, in 1966,
1967, 1968, and 1972, are considered. Chapters are included on the use
of SIDs as a tool for the study of aeronomy and ion chemistry and for
flare-radiation monitoring. A brief chapter covers polar-cap absorption
(PCA) events.
The atmosphere around a planet is held together by the gravitational force. In the stationary state the weight of a column of air above the height level z is supported by the pressure force at its base; from this reasoning we get the hydrostatic equation describing the pressure profile: (1.0) where g is the acceleration of gravity and m
j
and n
j
are the mass and numerical density of constituent j. It follows that the pressure p monotonically increases with decreasing height.
Synoptic studies of the D-region electron densities using the
differential-absorption partial-reflection experiment at 2.66 and 6.275
MHz are in progress at Ottawa (45°N, 76°W). The measurements are
made from about one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset
throughout the winter and for 10 consecutive days each month during the
other seasons. The methods employed to analyze data obtained over long
periods are outlined in this paper and average electron densities
showing diurnal behavior under quiet conditions are presented. Over the
greater part of the day (i.e., for solar zenith angles less than about
75°) the electron number densities show regular solar control with
values increasing toward local noon. However, there is an asymmetry
about local noon of up to 6° in solar zenith angle, the morning
electron densities being lower than those at the corresponding time in
the afternoon. The diurnal changes for solar zenith angles greater than
75° are more complicated. The formation over dawn of a C layer at
heights below 75 km can be observed, and there is evidence that this
layer decays after a solar zenith angle of about 90°. This decay
continues until arrested by photoionization processes.
The 22-year cycle in geomagnetic activity is characterized by high activity during the second half of even-numbered solar cycles and the first half of odd-numbered cycles. We present new evidence for this 22-year cycle using the aa magnetic index for the years 1844-1994. Over this 150-year interval, the 22-year cycle can be observed through differences between the decay phases of even- and odd-numbered cycles in (1) average values of a 27-day recurrence index; (2) the results of a X 2 "event" analysis of 27-day recurrences of both disturbed and quiet days; and (3) an apparent annual modulation of the 27-day peak in the power spectrum of the aa index. Currently, the 22-year variation is attributed to the Russell-McPherron solar wind- magnetosphere coupling mechanism working in conjunction with the Rosenberg-Coleman polarity effect. Contrary to this viewpoint, we argue that an intrinsic 22-year solar variation (other than polarity reversal), revealed in the systematic low-high alternation of even-odd sunspot maxima within the last six complete Hale cycles, is the dominant cause of the 22- year cycle in geomagnetic activity. This sunspot and related coronal mass ejection variation should lead directly to higher geomagnetic activity during the first-half of odd-numbered solar cycles. Various lines of evidence (including 1-3 above) indicate that 2Y-day recurrent wind streams are more prominent during the decline of even- numbered solar cycles, contributing to the higher geomagnetic activity observed at those times. These stronger recurrence patterns may be related to the more rapid expansion of polar coronal holes (faster movement of the coronal streamer belt to low latitudes) observed following the mama of recent even-numbered cycles. The amplitudes of the 22-year sunspot and geomagnetic activity cycles over the last 150 years are shown to be highly correlated. The 22-year pattern of geomagnetic activity appears to be a reflection of the solar dynamo coupling of poloidal magnetic fields on the decline of one solar cycle to the toroidal fields at the maximum of the following cycle. It seems likely that the 22-year variation in sunspot/solar wind activity plays a role in the observed 22-year modulation of galactic cosmic ray intensity.
Results are presented of simultaneous observations of the intensities of Schumann resonances (SRs) made in California and western Australia during separate intervals in September 1989 and April 1990. For both periods, diurnal variations of the average magnetic power over the three modes of the SRs showed substantially different temporal profiles at the California and western Australia stations, with interstation correlations of 0.51 and 0.39, respectively. A method is demonstrated for determining from these observations the average local time variation of the D region height. A height variation is obtained that is nearly identical for the respective analysis periods, with a minimum height occurring at approximately 1300-1400 LT and a maximum-to-minimum height difference of roughly 50 percent of the mean. The substantial agreement between the two stations after correction for D region height suggests that such observations could be used to monitor the global totality and variability of lightning in studies of global change.
The complex demodulation as a spectral technique has been used for the quasi-continuous determination of the actual frequencies of Schumann resonances. Applying this method, the first three modes of the vertical electric component have been measured regularly in the Nagycenk Observatory (47.6°N, 16.7°E) since May 1993.
The time variations of the Schumann resonance peak frequencies for the first three modes are presented in the vertical electric component measured in the Nagycenk Observatory (47.6°N, 16.7°E) from May 1993 to August 1994. The average daily frequency patterns are different for the three modes, and each mode shows a distinct seasonal variation. The recurrence of this seasonal variation is also shown. The daily frequency range, in which the frequencies shift, is wider in winter than in summer in all three modes. The mean frequency level also shows a seasonal variation in the third mode. A spring-autumn asymmetry has been found in case of the first mode.
A study has been designed specifically to investigate the dependence of the ionospheric response on the time of occurrence of sudden commencement (SC) and the intensity of the magnetic storms for a low- and a mid-latitude station by considering total electron content and peak electron density data for more than 60 SC-type geomagnetic storms. The nature of the response, whether positive or negative, is found to be determined largely by the local time of SC, although there is a local time shift of about six hours between low- and mid-latitudes. The time delays associated with the positive responses are low for daytime SCs and high for nighttime SCs, whereas the opposite applies for negative responses. The time delays are significantly shorter for mid-latitudes than for low-latitudes and, at both latitudes, are inversely related to the intensity of the storm. There is a positive correlation between the intensity of the ionospheric response and that of the magnetic storm, the correlation being greater at mid-latitudes. The results are discussed in the light of the possible processes which might contribute to the storm-associated ionospheric variations.
Fluctuations of the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of the Schumann (earth-ionosphere cavity) resonances measured near Tromsø, Norway, on 28 March 1979 are examined on a timescale of ≲ 20 minutes. Their relationships with two sudden ionospheric disturbance events and one other geophysical event is investigated. The experimentally observed frequency variations are, in some cases, at variance with the theoretical predictions of Madden and Thompson (1965).
Three realistic, continuous ionospheric conductivity profiles and an idealized model of the ionosphere, consisting of three discrete layers, are used to investigate the effects of conductivity at altitudes from ground level to 100 km upon the Schumann resonance frequencies and ELF attenuation. The ultimate objective is to infer a conductivity profile from resonance frequencies and cavity Q measured at ground level which will be done in Part II. In Part I it is shown that the dominant effects are due to the region between roughly 40 km and 60 km where the ratio of conduction current to displacement current is 0.01 ≲ [σ/(ωϵ0)] ≲ 40. A finite average conductivity σa of the atmosphere below approximately 40 km altitude must be considered for accurate evaluation of wave attenuation or cavity Q. Variations in σa can have the same effect upon attenuation as possible changes in ionospheric conductivity in the 70–80 km altitude range.
Foreword by Numerical Recipes Software Disclaimer of warranty Author's preface Important note on dialects of BASIC 1. Preliminaries 2. Linear algebraic equations 3. Interpolation and extrapolation 4. Integration of functions 5. Evaluation of functions 6. Special functions 7. Random numbers 8. Sorting 9. Root finding and sets of equations 10. Minimization and maximization of functions 11. Eigensystems 12. Fourier methods 13. Statistical description of data 14. Modeling of data 15. Ordinary differential equations 16. Two-point boundary value problems 17. Partial differential equations Recipes index.
Radiations of solar origin penetrating below 85 km in the terrestrial atmosphere are: (1) X rays of k < 10 A; (2) Lyman a; and (3) wavelengths greater than 1800 A. These radiations can ionize: (1) molecular nitrogen and oxygen; (2) nitric oxide; and (3) various atoms such as sodium and calcium. Molecular oxygen and nitrogen are also ionized by cosmic rays. The negative ion to electron ratio is important below 70 km and affects the electron distribution below that altitude. It is possible to explain normal conditions of ionization by cosmic rays and Lyman a. Conditions due to solar flares must be explained by X rays. Above 85 km, the behavior of the ionization is related to the formation of the E layer.
The basic F-region parameters, rates of electron production and loss and the scale height of atomic oxygen are followed through a solar cycle. The flux of ionizing radiation shows a lag on the flux of solar radio noise around the maximum of the cycle.
Ninety-three adult males working at AM broadcasting stations (0.738–1.503 MHz) or radio line stations volunteered for cardiological examinations. The examinations included routine electrocardiogram (ECG) at rest, analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), Holter 24-h ECG, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP). Results of cardiological examinations were correlated with individual exposure to EM fields (maximum exposure levels during working shift, daily exposure dose, and cumulative lifetime exposure). Of the 93 subjects qualified for the study, 71 (76.3%) experienced occupational RF exposure, while the remaining 22 (23.7%) had no history of regular EM exposure. ECG abnormalities or pathological changes were recorded quite frequently (50–70%) in both exposed and control populations. There was no correlation with exposure levels. We found measurable effects in the HRV and ABP parameters in the EM-exposed population, but none could be assigned clinical significance. The results suggest that exposure of workers to EM fields can cause slight disturbances in autonomic cardiac regulation and slight dysregulation of circadian rhythms in workers exposed to EM fields exceeding 100–150 V/m.
Simple signal processing tools are used to describe noise in sampled measurements. Particular attention is paid to aliasing and the modification of noise spectra by the sampling process. The principles discussed are applied to near-optimal measurements of DC and AC signals in noise, and to the measurement of noise power. Specific problems have been chosen to demonstrate novel approaches and to clarify situations where confusion has arisen. Examples include alternative definitions of equivalent noise bandwidth, the bandpass sampling theorem, quantization and dither, the variance in the mean of correlated measurements, the exploitation of anticorrelation in resonant transducers, the ideal averaging filter, the resolution of synchronous demodulators, and sampling demodulators.
To test the hypothesis that a parent's job exposure to radiation affects his or her child's risk of cancer, the authors compared this exposure during the year before the child's birth for parents of children with and without cancer. Parents of children with cancer were no more likely to have worked in occupations, industries, or combined occupations and industries with potential ionizing radiation exposure. Bone cancer and Wilms' tumor occurred more frequently among children of fathers in all industries with moderate potential ionizing radiation exposure. Children with cancer more often had fathers who were aircraft mechanics (odds ratio (OR) = infinity, one-sided 95% lower limit = 1.5; P = 0.04). Although four of these six were military aircraft mechanics, only children whose fathers had military jobs with potential ionizing radiation exposure had an increased cancer risk (OR = 2.73; P = 0.01). Four cancer types occurred more often among children of fathers in specific radiation-related occupations: rhabdomyosarcoma among children whose fathers were petroleum industry foremen; retinoblastoma among children whose fathers were radio and television repairmen; central nervous system cancers and other lymphatic cancers among children of Air Force fathers. Because numbers of case fathers are small and confidence limits are broad, the associations identified by this study need to be confirmed in other studies. Better identification and gradation of occupational exposure to radiation would increase the sensitivity to detect associations.
Seasonal patterns were seen in fetal growth and in abortion rate for families using electrically heated beds. These patterns could be attributed to the seasonal use of heated beds. The fact that such seasonal patterns were seen only in users, and not in nonusers, of electrically heated beds suggests that electrical bed heating may have a direct effect on fetal development. The effect could be due to excessive heat or to electromagnetic field exposure.
Heart rate variability (HRV) results from the action of neuronal and cardiovascular reflexes, including those involved in the control of temperature, blood pressure and respiration. Quantitative spectral analyses of alterations in HRV using the digital Fourier transform technique provide useful in vivo indicators of beat-to-beat variations in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity. Recently, decreases in HRV have been shown to have clinical value in the prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While previous studies have shown that exposure to power-frequency electric and magnetic fields alters mean heart rate, the studies reported here are the first to examine effects of exposure on HRV. This report describes three double-blind studies involving a total of 77 human volunteers. In the first two studies, nocturnal exposure to an intermittent, circularly polarized magnetic field at 200 mG significantly reduced HRV in the spectral band associated with temperature and blood pressure control mechanisms (P = 0.035 and P = 0.02), and increased variability in the spectral band associated with respiration (P = 0.06 and P = 0.008). In the third study the field was presented continuously rather than intermittently, and no significant effects on HRV were found. The changes seen as a function of intermittent magnetic field exposure are similar, but not identical, to those reported as predictive of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the changes resemble those reported during stage II sleep. Further research will be required to determine whether exposure to magnetic fields alters stage II sleep and to define further the anatomical structures where field-related interactions between magnetic fields and human physiology should be sought. Bioelectromagnetics 19: 98–106, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Serotonin exerts multiple electrophysiological effects on neurons of the central nervous system. It is now known that this diversity reflects at least in part the existence of multiple serotonin receptor subtypes. An example of this occurs in the CA1 region of the hippocampus where as many as ten different serotonin receptor subtypes appear to be expressed. Recent electrophysiological studies have been able to assign specific functional roles to at least 5 of these receptors. These receptors are differentially expressed in the two different cell types present in this region, pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons, and mediate different effects on membrane excitability. This distribution is consistent with the different functional roles played by these cells in hippocampus. Thus the differential expression of serotonin receptor subtypes in the CA1 region allows serotonin to modify the function of hippocampal neuronal networks in a manner that is both selective and precise.
This human exposure study examined the relationship between field strength and biological response and tested whether the exposure levels at which the greatest effects occur differ for different endpoints. Three matched groups of 18 men each participated in two 6 h exposure test sessions. All subjects were sham exposed in one session. In the other session, each group of subjects was exposed at a different level of combined electric and magnetic field strength (low group: 6 kV/m, 10 μT; medium group: 9 kV/m, 20 μT; and high group: 12 kV/m, 30 μT). The study was performed double blind, with exposure order counterbalanced. Significant slowing of heart rate, as well as alterations in the latency and amplitude of event-related brain potential measures derived from the electro encephalogram (EEG), occurred in the group exposed to the 9 kV/m, 20 μT combined field (medium group). Exposure at the other field strength levels had no influence on cardiac measures and differential effects on EEG activity. Significant decrements in reaction time and in performance accuracy on a time estimation task were observed only in the low group. These results provide support for the hypothesis that humans may be more responsive to some combinations or levels of field strength than to others and that such differences in responsivity may depend, in part, on the endpoint of interest. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Karasek M, Woldanska-Okonska M, Czernicki J, Zylinska K, Swietoslawski J. Chronic exposure to 2.9 mT, 40 Hz magnetic field reduces melatonin concentrations in humans. J. Pineal Res. 1998; 25:240–244. © Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Diurnal rhythm of serum melatonin concentrations was estimated in 12 men with low back pain syndrome before and after exposure to a very low-frequency magnetic field (2.9 mT, 40 Hz, square wave, bipolar). Patients were exposed to the magnetic field for 3 weeks (20 min per day, 5 days per week) either in the morning (at 10: 00 hr) or in the late afternoon (at 18: 00 hr). Significant depression in nocturnal melatonin rise was observed regardless of the time of exposure. This phenomenon was characteristic for all the subjects, although the percent of inhibition of melatonin secretion varied among the studied individuals.
In einem speziellen Bunker fr Untersuchungen der circadianen Periodik des Menschen bei Ausschlu aller Zeitgeber ist einer der beiden Versuchsrume elektrisch und magnetisch abgeschirmt und mit Einrichtungen zur Erzeugung knstlicher elektromagnetischer Felder versehen. In diesem Raum ist der Einflu schwacher elektrischer 10 Hz-Felder, wie sie hnlich in der irdischen Atmosphre vorkommen, und die nicht wahrgenommen werden knnen, auf den Menschen geprft worden.In smtlichen zehn Versuchen, in denen das knstliche Feld (in wechselnder Reihenfolge) fr jeweils mindestens eine Woche ein- und ausgeschaltet gewesen ist, bewirkt das 10 Hz-Feld eine Verkrzung der circadianen Periode (im Mittel ber alle Versuche um 1,27 Std). Darber hinaus verhindert das knstliche Feld interne De-Synchronisation (=Auseinanderweichen von Aktivitts- und vegetativen Perioden). In sechs Versuchen mit periodisch eingeschaltetem Feld zeigt sich in allen Fllen relative Koordination zwischen Feldzeitgeber und AktivittsperiodikEin Vergleich der Ergebnisse aller bisheriger Versuche im abgeschirmten Raum mit den im nicht abgeschirmten Raum gewonnenen lt den Einflu der im abgeschirmten Raum fehlenden natrlichen elektromagnetischen Felder erkennen. Fr die ber alle Einzelversuche gemittelten Perioden ergeben sich Werte von 25,65 Std fr den abgeschirmten Raum (Mittel aus 29 Versuchen) und 25,00 Std fr den nicht abgeschirmten Raum (Mittel aus 24 Versuchen). Ferner ist interne De-Synchronisation ausschlielich im abgeschirmten Raum beobachtet (in neun Versuchen). Im nicht abgeschirmten Raum stehen die Perioden von Aktivitt und vegetativen Funktionen dagegen stets entweder im 11- der im 21-Verhltnis zueinander (circa-bi-diane Aktivittsperiode, in fnf Versuchen).Die schwachen knstlichen 10 Hz-Felder und die natrlichen elektromagnetischen Felder irdischen Ursprunges haben damit hnliche Wirkungen auf die circadiane Periodik des Menschen.An underground bunker, designed for examinations of human circadian rhythms, contains two living rooms one of which is shielded against electric and magnetic fields. In this room, the influence of weak artificial electric a.c. fields with 10 cps is tested; this field, simulating one of the natural fields in the earth's atmosphere, cannot be perceived.In 10 experiments lasting for 3 to 4 weeks, the artificial field was introduced for at least a week (Figs. 1, 2). In all cases, the presence of the 10-cps-field resulted in a shortening of the circadian period (for an average of 1.27 hours). It further inhibited internal de-synchronization (Fig. 4) (dissociation between period values of activity rhythm and that of vegetative functions). In 6 further experiments with the field switched on and off periodically, relative coordination between field Zeitgeber and activity rhythm has been observed (Fig. 2, 3).The results of all experiments in the shielded room as compared to those in the non-shielded room indicated that the natural electro-magnetic fields are of influence. The mean period value, averaged over 29 experiments in the shielded room, was 25.65 hours; the corresponding value, averaged over 24 experiments in the non-shielded room, was 25.00 hours. Moreover, internal de-synchronization was observed exclusively in the shielded room (in 9 experiments). In the non-shielded room, the periods of activity and of vegetative functions were synchronized either in a 11- or in a 21-ratio (circa-bi-dian activity periods, in 5 experiments).With these results, the weak artificial field of 10 cps and the natural field of earth's origin have similar effects on human circadian rhythms.
This work is based on former investigations describing the similarity between the distribution of MS-frequency and solar particle rays. The analysis of the prevalence values shows clearly that the global MS-frequency is closer related to the geomagnetic than to the geographic latitude. This relation is best described by a Gaussian curve: in temperate latitudes the MS-frequency increases rapidly in pole direction and decreases again in pole-proximity. The MS-distribution shows a spatial relation to the distribution of solar particle rays and geomagnetic activity and to the external radiation belt of the earth. Further considerations are being made including the 11-year-sun-cycle.
The amplitudes of the partial reflections obtained from heights between 60 and 120 km, on frequencies of 720 and 1420 kc/s, wore measured over a period of 2 years. The results indicate a mean electron density in the D-region 1·8 times greater than the values reported by other workers. This difference is caused by an increase of four times in the D-region ionization over the last sunspot cycle. The anomalous absorption in winter is caused by an increase of about 80 per cent in the ionization at heights below 90 km. An increase of the order of 500 electrons/cm3, at heights down to 60 km, is responsible for radio fade-outs.Some total reflections were obtained from a height of 90 km at noon, indicating a density of 20,000 electrons/cm3 and a gradient of 10,000 electrons/cm3 per km at this height. Total reflections from this 90 km layer were also obtained near sunset, and showed a very rapid increase in height immediately after ground sunset. Reflections obtained from clouds of ionization at night indicate gradients of up to 10,000 electrons/cm3 per km at heights of 80–115 km.
It has been known for some time that specific asymmetric electromagnetic fields can induce union in non-healing bones. Despite the clinical effectiveness of low frequency electromagnetic (e.m.) signals, virtually nothing is known concerning basic mechanisms in cells involved in bone healing, or other cells in soft tissue, which can also be affected by e.m. signals. It has thus become increasingly important to understand the molecular basis of e.m. field stimulation in order to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and the results of inadvertent environmental exposure.
The efflux of both45Ca2+ and [3H]GABA from suprasylvian cortex of cat has been studiedin vivo. After pre-incubating the cortex with radioactivity for 90 min, superfusion with non-radioactive medium was carried out using 0.8 ml vol. changed at 10 min intervals. Increases in the calcium concentration of the medium resulted in greater efflux of both45Ca2+ and [3H]GABA, and the effect on [3H]GABA efflux was potentiated by AOAA. The effect of a1mM increment in Ca2+ concentration was only slightly less than that of a20mM increment. Adding Mg2+ to the medium did not produce increases comparable to added Ca2+, whereas electrical stimulation of the cortex had no effect on the efflux of either45Ca2+ or [3H]GABA. Thiosemicarbazide, an epileptogenic agent, resulted in a slightly irregular efflux of45Ca2+ with peaks visible at times of seizure activity. The efflux of3H2O and14C-(car☐yl)-inulin could not be correlated with any of the above treatments. The efflux of [3H]GABA from the cortex is considered to originate from synaptic terminals and that of45Ca2+ may be the result of reactions at the membrane triggering the release or turnover of calcium.
We evaluated parental occupation and the risk of neuroblastoma using data from a large case-control study conducted by the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group.
We compared the distribution of 73 paternal and 57 maternal occupational groups among 504 newly diagnosed cases of neuroblastoma and individually matched controls obtained by telephone random digit dialing in the United States and Canada.
An increased risk of neuroblastoma was found for fathers employed as broadcast, telephone and dispatch operators (odds ratio [OR] = 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7-50.9), electrical power installers and power plant operators (OR = 2.7; CI = 0.9-8.1), landscapers and groundskeepers (OR = 2.3; CI = 1.0-5.2), and painters (OR = 2.1; CI = 0.9-4.8). Elevated odds ratios were found for mothers employed as farmers and farm workers (OR = 2.2; CI = 0.6-8.8), florists and garden store workers (OR = 2.4; CI = 0.6-9.9), hairdressers and barbers (OR = 2.8; CI = 1.2-6.3), electric power installers and power plant operators, and sailors, fishers, and railroad workers. No increase in risk was found for other paternal occupations previously associated, including electricians, electrical equipment assemblers and repairers (OR = 1.1; CI = 0.6-2.0), or welders (OR = 0.5; CI = 0.1-1.6).
The study reinforced some prior evidence of increased risks in electrical, farming and gardening, and painting occupations, but failed to confirm other previously reported associations. Further analyses of exposure to electromagnetic fields, metals, solvents, and pesticides are currently under way.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with an increased risk of falling resulting from visual disturbances, difficulties with gait and balance, apraxia of gait and peripheral neuropathy. These factors often interact synergistically to compromise the patient's gait stability. It has long been recognized that walking involves a cognitive component and that simultaneous cognitive and motor operations (dual-task) such as talking while walking may interfere with normal ambulation. Talking while walking reflects an example of a dual-task which is frequently impaired in MS patients. Impaired dual-task performance during walking may compromise the patient's gait and explain why in some circumstances, MS patients unexpectedly lose their balance and fall. Frontal lobe dysfunction, which commonly occurs in MS patients, may disrupt dual-task performance and increase the risk of falling in these patients. This report concerns a 36 old man with remitting-progressive MS with an EDSS score of 5.5 who experienced marked increase in spasticity in the legs and trunk and worsening of his gait and balance, occasionally resulting in falling, when talking while walking. His gait and balance improved dramatically after he received two successive transcranial treatments, each of 45 minutes, with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of 7.5 picotesla flux density. Simultaneously, there was improvement in dual-task performance to the extent that talking while walking did not adversely affect his ambulation. In addition, neuropsychological testing revealed an almost 5-fold increase in word output on the Thurstone's Word-Fluency Test, which is sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. It is suggested that facilitation of dual-task performance during ambulation contributes to the overall improvement of gait and balance observed in MS patients receiving transcranial treatment with AC pulsed EMFs.