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Effect of carbohydrate on age-related feeding behaviors and longevity in adult black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
Age-related consumption and longevity were monitored in the laboratory for adultA. ipsilon fed either a 1M sucrose solution or water. An additional group was completely starved. Adults consumed sucrose solution and water just after eclosion; the percentage feeding daily and the mean daily consumption for females and males fed sucrose solution declined with time, whereas the percentage feeding daily and the mean daily consumption of those fed water increased with time. Total consumption was significantly higher for those fed sucrose solution (P<0.01) because they lived longer, but consumption per day averaged over the entire adult stage was not significantly different between those fed sucrose solution and those fed water (P>0.05). Mean longevity was significantly extended for females and males fed sucrose solution over those fed water or starved (P<0.01). Moreover, consumption of either fluid was significantly correlated with extended longevity in all groups (P<0.05). These data on fluid consumption by adultA. ipsilon are discussed relative to posteclosion migratory activities.
... 1984) and research on some Tephritidae species and other insect groups have shown that carbohydrates, especially sucrose, account for those insects' longevity (HEN-DRICKS el af. 1993b;BINDER 1996;JACOME et af. 1995;McEWEN & UBER 1995). ...
... These findings seem to confirm the possibility of a relationship between availability of the nutrient in nature and the refinement of sensorial mechanisms to discriminate those carbohydrates. BINDER (1996) has also found out that the most frequent floral carbohydrate is sucrose. This finding, as already stated, coincides with the high discrimination threshold for this carbohydrate; flies are able to discriminate the presence of this nutrient in diets even when its concentration is not enough to guarantee their survival. ...
Adult Tephritidae, especially of the genus Anastrepha (Schiner, 1868), have been observed to feed on a wide variety of natural diets. The fruit on which they feed, in general, are rich in sugar content, chiefly glucose, frutose and sucrose, which are also the sugars that those insects utilise better. Neither the behavioural mechanisms, nor the physiological ones, that control food selection by insects, are well known. Because some of those aspects are not known for the species Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) either, and in order to understand their biology better, three experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, it was checked whether there was a difference in metabolic profit by those insects, when fed the carbohydrates more frequently found in nature, as resulting in a bigger egg production and higher survival rate at the end of the experiment. In the second, it was checked whether A. obliqua can regulate diet ingestion according to carbohydrate content in dry as well as wet diets. In the third experiment, measurements were made to establish the lowest carbohydrate concentration flies are able to recognise in the diet. Analysis of the data showed that ingestion of carbohydrates which are commonly found in nature, in association with a protein source, is very well utilised by females of A. obliqua. It was also shown that .those insects are not probably able to compensate for the difference in carbohydrate content in dry diets, whereas they do so for wet diets. In relation to discrimination threshold, it seems that it is related to the higher occurrence of the carbohydrate in their normal diet, that is, they can recognise carbohydrates that are common in their natural diet better than the less frequent ones.
... Adults were fed a 10% honey solution soaked in a cotton ball in a Petri dish. This concentration has been shown to increase fertility and longevity for adults (Binder 1996, Tisdale and Sappington 2001, Marchioro and Foerster 2012 and is commonly used as food for noctuid adults. Adults were maintained in glass cages (45 by 33 by 35 cm) at ambient temperature (18-22 C), with the inner sides covered with acrylic plates and openings for ventilation and maintenance. ...
The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a generalist species and an important pest of Brassicaceae worldwide. Egg parasitoids are a feasible alternative for the control of this species. We evaluated the suitability of T. ni eggs as hosts for three Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species and their tolerance to survive and develop within a range of temperatures between 15 and 30ºC under laboratory conditions. The species evaluated were Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, and Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes and Soares. Parasitism rate was affected by temperature, parasitoid species, and by the interaction between these two factors. Parasitoids developed and reproduced in the range of temperatures evaluated, but T. acacioi failed to parasitize T. ni eggs at 30ºC. The highest parasitism rates of
T. atopovirilia and T. pretiosum occurred at 20 and 25ºC and T. acacioi at 25ºC, with parasitism rate above 70% in the three species. Parasitoid emergence was not affected by temperature or species. The estimated thermal constant and lower temperature threshold were 134.6 DD and 10.6ºC for T. pretiosum and 130.1 DD and 11.2ºC for T. atopovirilia. The results demonstrated that T. pretiosum and T. atopovirilia are the most suitable species for the control of T. ni, as they can remain active throughout the year in subtropical regions.
... Typically, insects with nutritional deficiencies will behave in ways that increase the likelihood of encountering foods that satisfy their requirements, i.e., they will exhibit a higher responsiveness to food cues. Among nutrients, flies need carbohydrates, especially sucrose, as a primary source of energy vital for survival (Bateman 1972;Hagen et al. 1984;Hendrichs et al. 1993;Binder 1996;Fig. 5.1 The axes that modulate the physiological state of fruit flies. ...
The development of effective fruit fly trapping methods depends on knowing the factors that affect the temporal and spatial activity of the target species. Several endogenous factors, such as nutritional and mating status, sexual development, age, and gender, influence fly physiological condition and directly impact the effectiveness of baits and trapping systems, since only a small portion of the population is usually attracted to particular stimuli. Therefore, the identification of signals and cues used by fruit flies to locate the resources that satisfy their needs is the basis for developing effective lures and traps. Exogenous factors known to impact fruit fly captures include abiotic (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and biotic conditions (e.g., resource availability). In this chapter, we first discuss ways in which these factors affect the behavioral response of fruit flies to traps and lures. Then, we analyze the specific response of fruit flies to natural and synthetic attractants used for trapping them and also discuss aspects of life history among fruit fly species in an attempt to explain variations in responses to visual and olfactory cues associated with traps. Finally, directions of future research are discussed.
... Typically, insects with nutritional deficiencies will behave in ways that increase the likelihood of encountering foods that satisfy their requirements, i.e., they will exhibit a higher responsiveness to food cues. Among nutrients, flies need carbohydrates, especially sucrose, as a primary source of energy vital for survival (Bateman 1972;Hagen et al. 1984;Hendrichs et al. 1993;Binder 1996;Fig. 5.1 The axes that modulate the physiological state of fruit flies. ...
The development of effective fruit fly trapping methods depends on knowing the factors that affect the temporal and spatial activity of the target species. Several endogenous factors, such as the flies’ nutritional and mating status, sexual development, age, and gender, influence fly physiological condition and directly impact the effectiveness of baits and trapping systems, since only a small portion of the population is usually attracted to particular stimuli. Therefore, the identification of signals and cues used by fruit flies to locate the resources that satisfy their needs is the basis for developing effective lures and traps. Exogenous factors known to impact fruit fly captures include abiotic (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity) and biotic conditions (e.g., resource availability). In this chapter, we first discuss ways in which these factors affect the behavioral response of fruit flies to traps and lures. Then, we analyze the specific response of fruit flies to natural and synthetic attractants used for trapping them and also discuss aspects of life history among fruit fly species in an attempt to explain variations in responses to visual and olfactory cues associated with traps. Finally, directions of future research are discussed.
... The use of food supplements to augment biological control entails the potential drawback that pest organisms may also benefit from the food source. Nectar feeding can increase herbivore longevity (e.g., Binder, 1996), as well as the number and size of matured eggs (Leahy and Andow, 1994;McEwen and Liber, 1995). When adult herbivores are attracted or retained by nectar, this can lead to a considerable increase in herbivory lev-els (Hagen, 1986;McEwen and Liber, 1995). ...
The feeding response of food-deprived Cotesia glomerata to solutions of 14 naturally occurring sugars was determined. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, erlose, melezitose, trehalose, and stachyose all elicited a feeding response. The sugars differed, however, with respect to the lowest concentration at which they were accepted (acceptance threshold). The parasitoids showed no feeding response when presented with 2 M solutions of galactose, mannose, rhamnose, lactose, raffinose, and melibiose. Sugars from the latter group did not show a deterrent effect when offered to water-deprived parasitoids. When mannose, rhamnose, melibiose, or raffinose were combined with low molar solutions of either fructose or sucrose, sucrose acceptance was affected by mannose and raffinose, whereas no negative interactions were found in mixtures with fructose. Compared to acceptance thresholds reported in other insect systems, the responses of C. glomerata differ considerably with respect to both the range of saccharides accepted as well as the acceptance thresholds. The novel finding that the parasitoid accepts a number of sugars that fail to elicit a feeding response in its herbivorous hosts is of particular interest to the use of (selective) food supplements in biological control programs.
Starving fourth-instar Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) for 4 d did not increase the propensity of 3-d-old moths to engage in long-duration (i.e., ≥1 h) continuous flights, or the duration of such flights, on flight mills. Adult diet (nothing, distilled water, or honey-water) did not significantly influence male flight propensity until 2 d of age or female propensity until 3 d of age. Male propensity to fly and flight profiles (flight duration, times of flight initiation and termination) seem to depend more upon the availability of liquids than carbohydrates, whereas female behavior is more dependent on a carbohydrate source. In all instances, the influence of both larval and adult diet stress on flight propensity and duration is negative. One would expect a positive effect if such stress factors act as cues that trigger a behavioral or physiological shift to a migratory phase. Instead, environmental factors that stress individuals seem only to decrease the already high propensity to make prolonged flights and decrease the duration of those flights.
Variation in food availability is likely to occur in the wild, and may affect resource allocation to various life history traits. Quantitative adult diet restriction had no effect on life-span or mean individual egg mass, but reduced fecundity in the butterfly Speyeria mormonia. The sum of fecundity plus unlaid oocytes remaining in the ovaries at death declined in direct proportion to the reduction in the adult diet. This indicates that oocytes were resorbed and resources re-allocated away from reproduction under resource stress, since the sum of laid and unlaid eggs for butterflies fed ad libitum did not differ from the number of oocytes present in the ovaries at eclosion. In this nectivorous species, then, life-span is conserved at the expense of reproduction under adult resource stress. Further, for butterflies fed ad libitum, the volume of honey-water imbibed declined with age for both sexes. Daily volume imbibed by females fed ad libitum was directly correlated with daily egg production and life-span, suggesting that factors as yet unexplored may be affecting both resource intake and life history traits when resources are available ad libitum.
Ecological and evolutionary research on lepidoptera migration has traditionally concentrated on the long-range dispersal of day-flying butterflies. Nocturnal flights at high altitudes and the difficulty in species identification have resulted in a paucity of evidence supporting long-range dispersal of moth species attacking economic crops. Black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon [Hufnagel]), moths were reared on diet containing a marker dye and were released at Crowley, Louisiana, and College Station, Texas. Traps baited with A. ipsilon sex pheromone were stationed in a line east to west over 618 km. There were six trap lines 108 km apart north to south and two more trap lines 720 km further south. Following release, six male moths were captured after two to four nights in Missouri, Kansas, and Iowa. The climatological conditions that allow this rapid long-range movement were quantified and the data suggest that the moths were traveling at altitudes of
To determine whether an economically important moth species emigrates from the western Corn Belt (Iowa and Missouri) to the gulf coastal areas of Louisiana and Texas each autumn, adult populations of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) males were monitored with traps baited with female sex pheromone, 16 July to 31 October 1986-1987. Concurrently, to estimate the potential for southward displacement of A. ipsilon, moths marked with a vital dye, Calco Red N-1700, were released at dusk 28 September and 2 October 1986, and 10 and 17 September 1987, from Ankeny, Iowa. Increased nightly moth-capture in Texas was positively related to numbers of nights with near-surface (100-300 m) northerly airflow (southward displacement of air) and decreased moth-capture in the western Corn Belt. Capture in Louisiana was also negatively correlated with capture of moths in the western Corn Belt. The recapture in autumn 1986 of two moths in Missouri, 397 km and 460 km south of the release site, respectively, was possible because of nightly near-surface northerly airflow. Near-surface northerly airflow the night of and subsequent to 17 September 1987 was responsible for a marked moth being recaptured near Neota, Illinois, and another being recaptured near Brownsville, Texas, 276 km southeast and 1900 km southwest of the release site, respectively. We conclude that during late summer and autumn, A. ipsilon, and probably other insect species, respond to deteriorating environmental conditions by using certain weather systems with northerly (southward displacement) near-surface airflow to complete midcontinental migrations to more favorable areas.
Bomb calorimetry, survivorship and fecundity analysis of female moths indicated that feeding on 5% sucrose reduces the impact of flight activity on longevity and oviposition. Flight has only a slight to moderate effect on longevity or reproductive capacity in fed females; but in unfed females, flight significantly decreased longevity and fecundity. By comparisons to unfed or unflown females, it is concluded that female moths use lipids as the primary flight fuel prior to the initiation of oviposition. Once oviposition begins the female increases its usage of carbohydrates as the flight fuel. Older females which are unable to obtain nectar cannot maintain their flight capacity, resulting in decreased reproductive potential. Therefore, nectar quantity, quality, and likelihood of availability can be important factors determining moth longevity and reproductive and flight capacities in the field.
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) adults were brought into the laboratory in 1968 and used to start a laboratory culture. An adult diet consisting mainly of water, beer, and honey, and a larval diet consisting mainly of water and pinto beans have maintained the culture continuously since 1968 with no addition of wild stock. Approximately 800 larvae were reared weekly. However, this method will allow for rearing more cutworms depending on labor input. Under laboratory conditions (20-25, 75-8.5% RH), larvae increased in weight by 4500-fold in 15 days. Over 82% of the measured larvae completed 7 stadia before pupation. Hatching to pupation took 23.9 days. Survival rates of over 80% were achieved for the larvae.
Feeding behavior of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). was studied by administering known quantities of sugar solutions (0. 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50%) to restrained, unmated moths. Feeding rates decreased over time, within a feeding bout (for concentrations ≤12.5%) and from day to day. The rate of volume intake reached a maximum at 12.5%. although the rate of sucrose intake peaked at 50%. The kind of sugar (sucrose. fructose, or glucose) did not significantly affect feeding rate. At concentrations of 12.5 to 50%. Moths ingested more solution on the first day after emergence than on subsequent days; distilled water was taken only in minute quantities on the first day. A curvilinear relationship existed between sucrose intake and both fecundity and longevity. Sugar type did not significantly affect fecundity or longevity.
Corn earworm moths (Heliothis obsoleta) responded in varying degrees to ten sugars in solutions. On the basis of molar concentrations, sucrose, invert sugar, and fructose proved most attractive in the order named.
8. The biological importance of the specialisation of carbohydrate metabolism in adult Lepidoptera is evident. Fat is used partly to form the egg-yolk, and therefore carbohydrate nutrition is directly connected with fertility. On the other hand, by using a large quantity of sugar solution (sometimes more than 40 per cent. of the body weight) the live weight could be rapidly reduced owing to fat synthesis.
Female Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths require access to water to achieve hydration and maturation of their oocytes if they are to achieve their potential fecundity. For moths provided with water, the main factor limiting fecundity is moth weight. There is some evidence that sucrose in the adult diet can increase fecundity, particularly in lighter moths from a suboptimal larval feeding regime. Moths fed sucrose live longer, but complete oviposition at about the same age as moths provided only with water. Dietary protein and amino acids have no effect on fecundity or longevity. Although- multiple matings are frequent in the laboratory, female S.exempta only need to mate once to complete oviposition. Differences are apparent in the relative contribution of larval and adult feeding to reproduction in Noctuidae. Some species, like S.exempta, require only water to achieve their reproductive potential, while others (e.g. Heliothis spp.) are dependent on sugars in the adult diet. Female S.exempta denied access to water or food until night 3 after eclosion and then provided with water or sucrose, commence oviposition on night 4 and have fecundities comparable with those moths fed from emergence.
it>Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) laid significantly more eggs, lived longer, and mated more frequently when adults were provided food than if they were given water and not fed. When supplied 10% honey solution ad lib. or nectar from 10 cotton blossoms/pair/day, adults deposited similar numbers of eggs and lived an equal period of time. Adults, when supplied food for a period of 2 days, were comparable in egg production, hatchability, frequency of mating, and longevity to those supplied food continuously. When confined in a given area, increasing the ratio of males to females did not increase the mating frequency, but resulted in decreased egg deposition and longevity of both sexes.
caloric patterns in female Heliothis virescens: Changes with age due to flight and supplemental car-bohydrate
- Fecundity
Fecundity, longevity and caloric patterns in female Heliothis virescens: Changes with age due to flight and supplemental car-bohydrate. J. Insect Physiol. 33(11): 803-808.
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