Article

Integrated Water Resource Management through Water Reuse Network Design for Clean Production Technology: State of the Art

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Abstract

This article considers new and existing technologies for water reuse networks for water and wastewater minimization. For the systematic design of water reuse networks, the theory of the water pinch methodology and the mathematical optimization are described, which are proved to be effective in identifying water reuse opportunities. As alternative solutions, evolutionary solutions and stochastic design approaches to water system design are also illustrated. And the project work flow and an example in a real plant are examined. Finally, as development is in the forefront in process industries, this paper will also explore some research challenges encountered in this field such as simultaneous water and energy minimization, energy-pinch design, and eco-industrial parks (EIP).

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... Furthermore, considering a water network in an EIP can be a difficult approach to adopt because the considered companies often pollute water with different types of contaminants (Rubio-Castro et al., 2011). Water-using system in an EIP is generally optimized through two main approaches (Yoo et al., 2007): 1. Conceptual graphical design (pinch technology) and 2. Mathematical programming optimization. ...
... With this approach, Nobel and Allen (2000) minimized the quantity of water used in the network and compared their results obtained under various scenarios (with or without water reuse for example). The same objective was also used by Yoo et al. (2007), Chew et al. (2011), Rubio-Castro et al. (2011 and Boix et al. (2012). More recently, Aviso (2014) also minimized the total freshwater consumption within the EIP under the presence of multiple possible scenarios. ...
Article
With the growing environmental concern, there is evidence that increasing symbiotic relationship between plants in the same industrial area, highly contributes to a more sustainable development of industrial activities. The concept of industrial ecology extended to the terms of eco-industrial park (or ecopark) or industrial symbioses is the topic of extensive research since the five last years. More particularly, even if a lot of ecopark examples and realizations already exist throughout the world, a lot of ecopark proposals are in progress but not achieved. Recently, this vision leads the research community to focus on works proposing methods to optimize the exchanges of an ecopark prior to its design and construction. We find it especially interesting for the scientific community to propose a detailed paper review focused on optimization works devoted to the design of eco industrial parks.
... The concept of water reuse emerged to change conventional way of water consumption (use and disposal) to circular economical approach (reduce, reuse and recycle) within a single plant. Technologies, such as water pinch and mathematical optimization, were devised to maximize water efficiency and minimize the wastewater discharge (Yoo et al., 2007). ...
Research
Water is indispensable and irreplaceable resources. It is consumed every day and everywhere from domestic use to agricultural, industrial purposes. By its sector, industry accounts for 12% of global water withdrawal (UN Water, 2021), and this is estimated to increase faster than that of agriculture. Growth of industrial water use is predicted in almost every country in the world including Africa, where the water demand is expected to escalate by 800% by 2050 (Boretti and Rosa, 2019). Water-intensive industries, such as manufacturing, chemicals, mining and textile, are particularly vulnerable to fluctuating water availability. It is prospected these highly water-dependent businesses with the famous brands will face the big reputational threats as well as unpredictability due to water shortage (WWF, 2009). Becker (2019) highlighted the importance of Integrated Industrial Water Management referring the fact that water crisis will cause the most crucial social impacts in next 10 years. As solutions to buffer water risk in industry, water reuse, Industrial Symbiosis and Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) were suggested. The concept of water reuse emerged to change conventional way of water consumption (use and disposal) to circular economical approach (reduce, reuse and recycle) within a single plant. Technologies, such as water pinch and mathematical optimization, were devised to maximize water efficiency and minimize the wastewater discharge (Yoo et al., 2007). The development of water reuse network evolved from a single plant-based to multiple user level (Misrol et al., 2021), and this can be explained by the concept of Industrial Symbiosis (IS). According to Chertow (2000), Industrial symbiosis is defined as “traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and by-products.” Participants can benefit by sharing by-product, waste, and utilities that enlarge revenue and reduce the cost of raw materials, facility maintenance, and waste disposal (Lovelady et al., 2009). As a similar concept to Industrial Symbiosis, Eco- Industrial Park (EIP) is often accompanied with IS since both are based on businesses cooperation. However, to perform as EIP, there are more requirements to fulfil including application of renewable energy and geographical vicinity between partners. In other words, IS can take place between physically distant partners although geographic proximity was selected as a key factor of collaboration (Chertow et al., 2000).
... In this paper [5] "Integrated Water Management Design Criteria Report" The three-fold purpose of this project was to develop a product design criteria methodology to assess water saving products and systems; identify water products and systems that perform well against the design criteria; and comment on any potential commercial opportunities. Different products scored differently against different criteria, with the best overall 'score' coming from a combined 'system', comprising a low flow shower head, a water efficient washing machine, a 9,000 litre rain water tank and greywater reuse. ...
Article
Cities are expecting dramatic population growth and so it will need new and intelligent infrastructure to meet the needs of their citizens and businesses. The water provided by the 5 cities (Chennai, Trichy, Madurai, Coimbatore, Thanjavur) is not sufficient for the use of citizen. In this project we have only considered the water resources available in the different area in trichy. All resources are mapped in the Google map using KML (Keyhole Markup Language) platform .The research also deals with providing a graphical view for the availability of ground water resources of the 5 cities. The groundwater flow model for the study city was formulated by using input data, such as the location of water resources and appropriate boundary conditions. This project needs to collect data from various sources and analysis those data with some datamining tools for predict or decision making process. After collections of various data, main task it to maintain data apply transformation and preprocessing of large data sets for that data mining tools is required. Now a day’s various tools for data mining are available either as open-source or commercial software. It includes wide range of software products, from comfortable problem-independent data mining suites, to business centered data warehouses with integrated data mining capabilities and to early research prototypes for newly developed methods. These projects are discussed about various available data mining tools and compare their utilities. We use WEKA, Orange, R Studio, Tinn R, R tools for comparative study about the water resource analysis.
... Accordingly, it is worth pointing out that a significant progress has been made within this field. The reader is referred to several review papers (Bagajewicz 2000;Yoo et al. 2007;Foo 2009;Jeżowski 2010;Klemeš 2012;Grossmann et al. 2014;Khor et al. 2014;Ahmetović et al. 2015), and books (Mann and Liu 1999;Smith 2005;Klemeš et al. 2010;El-Halwagi 2012;Klemeš 2013;Foo 2013) for more details about water network synthesis and recent progress within this field. Figure 17.1 shows typical water users and water treatment within an industrial process (Mann and Liu 1999). ...
Chapter
Global consumption of natural resources has been significantly increased over recent decades. Consequently, the research regarding sustainable utilization of natural resources, including water and energy, has received considerable attention throughout academia and industry. The main goals have been to find promising solutions, with reduced water and energy consumption within different sectors (i.e., domestic, agricultural, and industrial). Those solutions are also beneficial from the aspects of wastewater and emission minimization and protection of the environment. The focus of this chapter is on optimization of water consumption within the industrial sector, including process industries (i.e., chemical, food, petrochemical, pulp, and paper). This chapter first briefly presents the global water consumption and water usages within the process industries. Then, a concept of process water networks involving wastewater reuse, wastewater regeneration, and reuse/recycling is explained, followed by a brief description of systematic methods, based on water-pinch analysis and mathematical programming. An illustrative large-scale case study of the total water network, including multiple contaminants, is used to demonstrate a superstructure-based optimization approach. The results of the optimal water network show that significant savings of freshwater consumption and wastewater generation can be obtained when compared with a conventional water network design.
... Industrial development and structural adjustment are subject to multiple factors and drivers, and those processes can affect industrial water use (Geng et al., 2012). Researchers have gradually realized that identifying the key factors influencing industrial development and catering national macro-control policy to local conditions and circumstances are fundamental to healthy industrial development and water security (Yoo et al., 2007). In the late 20th century, the Kuznets curve was introduced for describing the relationship between economic growth and income inequity. ...
Article
This study analyzed the contributions of output, technological, and structural factors to industrial water use. Using Tianjin, a National Water-Saving City in China, as a case study, we adopted the refined Laspeyres and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index models to decompose the driving forces of industrial water use changes. The decomposition results of both models show that output and technology have long-term, stable effects on industrial water use in Tianjin. Output stimulates water use, leading to an average annual growth of 7700 × 10⁴ m³, while technology inhibits water use, with an average annual reduction of 7900 × 10⁴ m³. However, the effects of structure on industrial water use are not stable. During the study period, the stimulation and inhibition of industrial water use alternated; however, stimulation was dominant after 2008, implying increased partiality of the industrial structure toward high water use. The results of the study contrasted the hypothesis that Tianjin's primary goal in restructuring local industries over the past decade has been the achievement of water use efficiency. Reduced water use may have resulted from Tianjin's development with targets other than water-savings.
... Therefore, a dynamic analysis of the driving forces of changing industrial structure is required. Researchers have realized that changes in industrial structure are driven by multiple factors (Saboori et al., 2012), and all of the driving forces may substantially influence industrial water use (Yoo et al., 2007;Shang et al., 2016c). Although a complete understanding of the nexus between industries and their water use has not yet been achieved (He et al., 2014), a linkage was found between industrial development and industrial water use, which can be depicted by the Kuznets curve (Tate et al., 1986;Muhammad et al., 2012;Foster, 2015). ...
Article
Full-text available
Changes in industrial water use are of the utmost significance in rapidly developing countries. Such countries are experience rapid industrialization, which may stimulate substantial increases in their future industrial water use. Local governments face challenges in formulating industrial policies for sustainable development, particularly in areas that experience severe water shortages. This study addresses the factors driving increased industrial water use and the degrees to which these factors contribute, and determines whether the trend will change in the future. This study explores the options for quantitative analysis that analyzes changes in industrial water use. We adopt both the refined Laspeyres and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index models to decompose the driving forces of industrial water use. Additionally, we validate the decomposition results through a comparative study using empirical analysis. Using Tianjin, a national water-saving city in China, as a case study, we compare the performance of the two models. In the study, the driving forces of changes in industrial water use are summarized as output, technological, and structural forces. The comparative results indicate that the refined Laspeyres model may be preferable for this case, and further reveal that output and technology have long-term, stable effects on industrial water use. However, structure may have an uncertaininfluence on industrial water use. The reduced water use may be a consequence of Tianjin’s attempts to target water savings in other areas. Therefore, we advise the Tianjin local government to restructure local industries towards water-saving targets.
... Typically, there are two major systematic approaches to synthesize and design the water/wastewater network: the water pinch techniques and the mathematical programming (optimization) techniques. As pointed out in both review articles by Bagajewicz (2000) and later by Yoo et al. (2007) in the similar way, the pinch techniques, while simple and easy to use, are not efficient handling for complex problems that include a large number of contaminants and/or processing steps. Consequently, the use of optimization method has been found to be a more effective approach for these complex problems (grassroots/retrofit applications) as various works concluded in a review on the development and future directions of optimization-based water network synthesis by Khor et al. (2014). ...
Article
The advent of complex industrial water/wastewater management problems points to a need for effective systematic design for a sustainable solution. The objective of this work is to extend the research in the area of systematic design of water/wastewater management by further developing and extending a generic model-based synthesis and design framework for retrofit wastewater treatment networks (WWTN) of an existing industrial process. The developed approach is suitable for grassroots and retrofit systems and adaptable to a wide range of wastewater treatment problems. A sequential solution procedure is employed to solve a network superstructure-based optimization problem formulated as Mixed Integer Linear and/or Non-Linear Programming (MILP/MINLP). Data from a petroleum refinery effluent treatment plant together with special design constraints are employed to formulate different design schemes based on recycling and rerouting strategies focusing on completely splitting system and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) opportunity. The base case design of the existing process has been verified against the refinery data, while the grassroots and the retrofit options are generated and compared with the existing process. The network design solutions obtained with effectively computational time from the case study shows an improvement in the reduction of a total annualized cost (TAC) and wastewater discharge rate (WWDR) as a result of water recycling and rerouting options. Pareto plot (trade-off solution graph) for the analysis of such optimal solutions has been applied to implicitly verify the optimality of the solution based on all possible scenarios. Superior retrofit alternatives have been identified based on their performance including cost and environmental impacts and can be used as efficient design guidelines for the future development of the existing wastewater treatment process.
... Sprigg et al. 30 presented a source-sink integration approach to designing EIPs and characterized the design challenges into two classes: technical/economic and organizational/commercial/political chal-lenges. Yoo et al. 31 developed a methodology from pinch technology for water and wastewater minimization. Wang et al. 32 proposed the application of energy analysis of eco-industrial parks with power plants and applied energy analysis to the systematic evaluation of a combined heat and power plant eco-industrial park, considering both material recirculation and energy cascade utilization. ...
Conference Paper
This work presents a new discretization approach based on disjunctive programming for the pooling problem. The pooling problem has been subject of several studies in the area of process engineering because of its theoretical and practical relevance. It consists in blending materials in intermediate pools to obtain products within given specifications. The pooling problem is a non linear programming problem (NLP), which involves bilinear terms in the quality balances; therefore, it might yield several local optimal solutions. In general, the optimization methodologies used to solve the pooling problem are classified as follows: successive linear programming (SLP), Lagrangian approaches, convex envelopes, reformulation linearization techniques (RLT), branch and bound algorithms, piecewise underestimators and discretization approaches. Recently, Pham et al. (2009) presented a Convex Hull discretization approach that was able to solve the pooling problem to optimal or near optimal solutions. Pham et al. (2009) showed that for single quality problems, an exhaustive enumeration scheme was appropriate yielding most of the cases the optimal solution. Whereas, for multiple quality problems, an implicit enumeration scheme was recommended. In this work we present a discretization approach based on in disjunctive programming that does not require a pre-processing step unlike the implicit enumeration. The advantages of the proposed approach (when compared with a global optimization solver and the implicit enumeration approach) are shown by solving 7 cases of study, corresponding to multiple quality problems. For all the cases of study, near optimal solutions were found within shorter CPU times respect to other algorithms. Pham, V.; Laird, C.; El-Halwagi, M. Convex hull discretization approach to the global optimization of pooling problems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 2009, 48 (4), 1973-1979.
... To investigate issues related to energy demand of water systems, some popular methods have been used include water pinch analysis (WPA) and life cycle analysis (LCA). The popular use of WPA approach is to identify a water allocation scenario within a water network that maximises water reuse and minimises wastewater discharge (CANMET Energy Technology Centre-Warennes, 2003; Gunson et al., 2010;Hallale, 2002;Yoo et al., 2007), and power plant optimisation (Anantharaman et al., 2004;Assadi and Johansson, 1999;Manesh et al., 2008a,b;Zhelev, 2005;Zhelev and Ridolfi, 2006). However, WPA application in mine water management is very limited. ...
Article
Reducing water consumption and increasing energy efficiency are emerging as two key requirements to move towards a more sustainable mining industry. However, the two targets can be in conflict as water management initiatives often lead to an increase in energy consumption. On the other hand, some water initiatives may lead to reduction in energy consumption, leading to synergy between energy and water efficiency initiatives. To maximise energy and water sustainability in mine water management, it is essential that synergy and trade-off potentials between the water and energy targets related to water initiatives are recognised. Limited research has been conducted to develop a tool or approach to consider water and energy impacts of water initiatives in a coupled manner. This paper presents a protocol to recognise water-energy synergy and trade-off potentials. The protocol is demonstrated for three case study mine sites. The results of this paper show that a particular water management option can hold a synergy potential for one mine but a trade-off potential for another mine. The rigour of the approach captures cases where water management options are predicted to be synergistic, but are in fact shown to be a trade-off according to the results. It is concluded that the use of this protocol can provide insights about synergy and trade-off potentials between water and energy targets of mine sites subject to water management options. This is an innovative approach to more holistically assess water management option impacts.
... To investigate issues related to energy demand of water systems, some popular methods have been used include water pinch analysis (WPA) and life cycle analysis (LCA). The popular use of WPA approach is to identify a water allocation scenario within a water network that maximises water reuse and minimises wastewater discharge (CANMET Energy Technology Centre-Warennes, 2003; Gunson et al., 2010;Hallale, 2002;Yoo et al., 2007), and power plant optimisation (Anantharaman et al., 2004;Assadi and Johansson, 1999;Manesh et al., 2008a,b;Zhelev, 2005;Zhelev and Ridolfi, 2006). However, WPA application in mine water management is very limited. ...
... Sprigg et al. 30 presented a source-sink integration approach to designing EIPs and characterized the design challenges into two classes: technical/economic and organizational/commercial/political chal-lenges. Yoo et al. 31 developed a methodology from pinch technology for water and wastewater minimization. Wang et al. 32 proposed the application of energy analysis of eco-industrial parks with power plants and applied energy analysis to the systematic evaluation of a combined heat and power plant eco-industrial park, considering both material recirculation and energy cascade utilization. ...
Article
This Article presents a mathematical programming model for the mass integration of eco-industrial parks. The model considers the reuse of wastewater among different industries and the constraints given by the process sinks and the environmental regulations for waste streams discharged to the environment. The model allows the optimal selection of treatment units to satisfy the process and environmental regulations. The objective function consists of the minimization of the total annual cost, including the treatment unit costs, the piping costs, and the cost of fresh water. A new discretization approach is proposed for the model reformulation to handle the bilinear terms of the model as part of a global optimization strategy. Results show that significant savings can be achieved for the design of an integrated eco-industrial park with respect to the integration of each individual industry.
Chapter
This chapter presents an introduction to the water and energy integration into an eco-industrial park. First, the concepts associated with industrial symbiosis are presented. Then several optimization approaches for water integration into an eco-industrial park are presented. Then, some optimization formulations for the energy integration between different industrial processes are described. These approaches include direct recycling, exchanges between the different plants, and the possibility of installing a central shared facility to treat the waste streams. The application of the proposed optimization formulations is shown through several examples problems.
Preprint
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As an existing form of high aggregation of industries, industrial parks, have problems with a large demand for water and sewage discharge. Therefore, developing an effective approach to improve the efficiency of industrial park water use is urgently needed. Originating from internal and external changes, complicated uncertainties may coexist in multiple system components and their correlations within industrial park water resource management. Previous studies ignored the uncertain probability related to water inflow, which is difficult to estimate for long-term decision-making problems. This research describes the exploitation of an inexact two-stage stochastic partial fractional programming (ITSPF) method for sustainable industrial park water supply, under dual uncertainties. ITSPF is developed via the synthesis of linear partial information, interval programming, two-stage stochastic programming, and fractional programming techniques. It could improve conventional industrial park water resource optimization by solving the uncertain probability of water inflow levels while optimizing the ratio issues. The results show that various water allocation plans within different inflow level probabilities can be generated by handling the trade-off between water consumption and system benefit. And the amount of reclaimed water would be increased under the higher risk of water shortage. The comparisons of ITSPF results against the least-cost model and model with deterministic probability of water inflow levels demonstrated that ITSPF could not only result in higher resource-use efficiency, but also avoid missing possible solution sets and offer a pragmatic way for obtaining satisfactory alternatives by providing wider adjustable ranges.
Article
A recent push for reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has led (in part) to the addition of renewable electricity generation sources to the power generation mix. Renewables such as wind and solar are de-synchronized with grid demand, requiring the use of fossil fuels to bridge the gap. We propose a novel scheduling formulation, emissions-minimizing production (EMP), which utilizes time-based information on the nature of the power generation mix to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to the transmission and generation of electricity for industrial users. We demonstrate the application of EMP on a single-column air separation unit (ASU). The scheduling problem is cast as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) that can be solved in a practical amount of time. Extensive numerical studies are used to place EMP in the context of other production scheduling methods (such as demand response), and demonstrate its potential for significant reductions in GHG emissions.
Article
Unlike other resources that may come in multiple energy forms, there is no substitute for freshwater. Therefore, Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs) have been designed to encourage interplant water exchange networks in order to minimize the consumption of freshwater as well as the generation of wastewater. This study proposes a model that simultaneously minimizes the economic and the environmental objective functions of an EIP through goal programming. The economic costs considered integrates the necessary piping and operating costs together with the freshwater, wastewater, and treatment costs, while the environmental impact considered the volume and the quality of the water used and released by the EIP. Results showed that the considering water volume and quality in minimizing the environmental impact gave better results than considering water volume only. Economic costs and environmental impacts were also found to be dependent on the priorities given to each goal, as well as the treatment quality of the processes.
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Eco-industrial parks (EIPs), typically including industrial plants and companies, provide a promising resource conservation strategy that includes opportunities for material exchange between participating plants and minimizes the consumption of resources. However, when the participating plants in the EIP fail to share data, various possible future events are ought to happen in future. In this paper, we present various robust optimization approaches in order to generate alternate solutions for resource conservation in EIPs through water reuse networks that take various future events into consideration. Three different optimization approaches are discussed and solved in this study. In the first optimization approach, the objective function is set to minimize the overall emergy of the EIP. In the second approach, an emergy-based fuzzy optimization model is presented and the objective function of the model is to maximize the overall degree of satisfaction. Finally, a solution method incorporating the lexicographic optimization and augmented ɛ-constraint method is proposed in order to solve the multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem, which simultaneously minimizes the overall freshwater consumption and the regenerated water flow-rate. The resulting model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem taking into consideration two scenarios (EIP reuse network with a regenerator and direct reuse EIP network without a regenerator). The applicability of the proposed optimization approaches is demonstrated by comparison with a literature case study and by comparing the optimal resource conservation results for the two scenarios. The results show that a regeneration unit with a fixed outlet concentration into the base system causes a 15.6%, 9.8%, 21.2%, and 16.2% reduction in the overall emergy, TAC, freshwater, and wastewater, respectively, in comparison to that of direct reuse.
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This paper presents a ternary diagram approach to determine the target and design of water network. Three kinds of properties are taken into consideration. The source-sink matching water network can be generated once its flow rates are determined. The available region is proposed and can be viewed in the ternary diagram. It will assist the source-sink matching and flow rate targeting. A property-based water network is illustrated to show the feasibility and applicability of the proposed approach.
Article
This paper presents an optimization approach to the development of macroscopic networks for water integration within industrial cities. The methodology considers various strategies for industrial wastewater reuse amongst different processing facilities that operate within the city. Two different scenarios for the placement of intermediate water treatment interceptors are considered: (1) on-site ‘decentralized’ water treatment within each plant, and (2) off-site ‘centralized’ water treatment that can be shared amongst a cluster of existing industrial plants. The overall objective is to develop cost-efficient water networks that can attain effective interplant water integration scenarios, whilst considerably reducing freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge where appropriate. The optimization model has been formulated as a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Program (MINLP), and accounts for pressure drops associated with piping across all individual source-interceptor-sink allocations. Additionally, a representation that accounts for constrained water transport was adopted, in which designated corridor regions within an industrial city are utilized for the planning of economical pipeline networks that achieve desirable water allocation strategies. In doing so, shortest routing options were obtained between water sources, sinks, and treatment interceptors, according to a given industrial city layout. A case study that considers various different scenarios in terms of contaminant information and piping connectivity is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
Conference Paper
The rapidly industrial development causes a considerable increase of water requirement in process plants. For that reason, water minimization has received more and more attention in the past decades and becomes a popular research topic. The efficiency of water utilization can be improved with a proper conservation strategy which not only reduces the operating cost but also lowers the environmental impact. Up to now, most of works on water minimization are concerned with continuous processes (Bagajewicz, 2000; Yoo et al., 2007), whereas the works for batch processes are rather less because of the fact that water usually constitutes a small part of the operating cost in batch operations. However, from the aspect of environmental protection and resource saving, water integration is still important and necessary to be considered in batch processes. Batch processes are practically common in various industrial sectors, such as the production of food, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, etc. In this work, a general mathematical formulation is developed for the design of water-using network in batch plants, which is capable to deal with the cases of multiple contaminants and multiple storage tanks. For modelling the design problem, a set of superstructures are proposed to incorporate all possible connections in the batch water-reuse system, where a number of water-using tasks are proceeded and a number of storage tanks are placed for temporary storage to enhance the opportunities of water reuse/recycle. Besides the exploration of ultimate water recovery, the forbidden matches between specific water-using tasks in terms of water reuse are further taken into consideration as the practical restraint and an effective technique is presented to meet this special request. Representative examples from literature (Majozi 2005a, 2005b, 2006) are provided to demonstrate the adequacy of presented formulation. References 1. Bagajewicz, M. A Review of Recent Design Procedures for Water Networks in Refineries and Process Plants. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2000, 24, 2093-2113. 2. Yoo C.K., Lee T.Y., Kim J., Moon I., Jung J.H., Han C., Oh J.M. and Lee I.B. Integrated Water Resource Management through Water Reuse Network Design for Clean Production Technology: State of the Art. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 24, 567-576. 3. Majozi, T. Wastewater Minimisation Using Central Reusable Water Storage in Batch Plants. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2005a, 29, 1631-1646. 4. Majozi, T. An Effective Technique for Wastewater Minimisation in Batch Processes. J. Clean. Prod. 2005b, 13, 1374-1380. 5. Majozi, T. Storage Design for Maximum Wastewater Reuse in Multipurpose Batch Plants. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006, 45, 5936-5943.
Article
Scarcities in freshwater supply and increasingly stringent rules on wastewater discharges have emerged as major environmental concerns for petroleum refineries. Hence, this work attempts to develop an optimisation framework for refinery water network systems design and retrofit that integrates the complementary advantageous features of water pinch analysis (WPA). The framework explicitly incorporates water minimisation strategies by first postulating a superstructure representation that embeds all feasible flowsheet alternatives for implementing water reuse, regeneration and recycle (W3R) opportunities. Subsequently, a nonlinear programming (NLP) model is formulated based on the superstructure and computational experiments on a real-world case study are conducted using the GAMS/CONOPT3 modelling language platform. Post-optimality analysis on the numerical results are performed to achieve the desired water reuse quality, hence presenting a viable framework to aid decision-making in water network systems synthesis. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Article
In this study, the management polices of micropollutants (MPs) were reviewed and the future management strategy was discussed considering climate change and etc. In Korea, the investigation of drinking water has been actively carried out for the priority contaminants as well as MPs. Recently river and lake waters have been also examined for MPs. However, the coverage and depth of the investigation is limited. Moreover, climate change is likely to increase air & water temperature and it will affect the hydrological cycle. Such changes may increase the residual concentrations of MPs in water system. As water reuse increases, the residual MPs of the recycled water may create public concerns. Thus, in a viewpoint of the precautionary principle, more stringent management of MPs is recommended for the drinking water and the body-contact water use. For the surface water, more studies are necessary to understand the ecological risk by MPs.
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This research investigated optimal energy utilization with pinch technology based on an actual gelatin production factory using a three-effect evaporator (TEE). A TEE is a well-known device used extensively when concentrating process fluid with large amounts of boiler steam. Under ideal energy use conditions, the exhaust heat can be recovered with the addition of a heat pump system. The study results showed that the original energy demand and discharge of the TEE were 1,736.2 and 1,733.2 kWh, respectively. Simulating the pinch technology use, the energy demand and discharge decreased to 1,531.5 and 1,527.7 kWh, respectively. When the heat pump was used to recover the exhaust heat, 324 kL per annum of fuel oil was saved, while electricity use increased 131 kWh. The total investment cost was 86,550 US,butthetotalannualoperationcostcouldsaveupto166,421US, but the total annual operation cost could save up to 166,421 US. The net present value was estimated to be 544,316 US$ with a 5-year equipment operation. The investment expense could be completely recovered within a seven-month remuneration period.
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Water minimization is conducted by exploiting all possibilities of water reuse and recycle to reduce the freshwater consumption, as well as the wastewater generation. Because the starting and finishing times of batch water-using tasks are dependent on the production schedule as the inherent time dependence in batch processes, storage facilities are commonly equipped for the temporary storage of reusable water to partially bypass the time limitation. With a fixed production schedule, this paper presents a mathematical formulation for the synthesis of water-using networks in batch plants. Superstructures that incorporate all possible flow connections are built for modeling the batch water system. The proposed formulation is based on a continuous-time representation where different design objectives have been considered for an applicable network configuration. The design problems for the minimization of freshwater consumption, storage capacity, and the amount of connecting flows are formulated as nonlinear programs (NLPs), whereas the design problem for minimizing the number of connections will be a mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP). Representative examples from literature are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed formulation. Furthermore, the application of a fictitious contaminant is also developed, to address the forbidden match between assigned water-using tasks.
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This paper presents a series of graphical analyses for the design of batch water networks to process systems characterized by fixed flow rate operations. Water integration is carried out by exploiting all water reuse opportunities, with which both freshwater consumption and wastewater generation can be reduced at the same time. Throughout the analyzing procedure, the minimum freshwater consumption is first identified. Under the already set freshwater target, the follow-up analyses are continued to cut down the number of storage tanks for the simplification of the network complexity. The resultant network structure is finally obtained with the corresponding storage policy. After water integration to the literature case study, more than 54 and 63% of savings in freshwater, with more than 61 and 72% of reductions in wastewater are reported for the single and cyclic batch productions, respectively, compared to the base case without water reuse. KeywordsBatch process-Graphical technique-Network design-Water integration
Book
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The Eco-Industrial Park Handbook takes a systems approach to making industrial parks sustainable in financial, economic, natural, and social realms. Chapters cover community involvement, planning, physical design, policy, management systems, transitioning an existing industrial park, EIP subtypes, symbiosis, and case studies. Most of the content remains valid 18 years later, except for the out-of-date cases.The handbook emphasizes that industrial symbiosis or by-product exchange is only one possible component of a full EIP. http://www.indigodev.com/ADBHBdownloads.html
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This study measures the neutralizing capacity of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration of different particle sizes. We examine the effect of particle size on the weathering process, a method popularly used for stabilization of heavy metals in incineration of bottom ash. The distribution of particle sizes in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash is rather broad, ranging from fine powder to as large as 40 mm in diameter. Although considered a by-product highly suitable as a road construction material, the high level of heavy metal leaching is an obstacle to its reuse. Weathering, a method used to reduce heavy metal leaching, is a lengthy process taking over thee months to complete. The chief reaction involved in weathering is carbonation occurring between Ca(OH)2 in bottom ash and CO2(g) in the atmosphere. During this process, CaCO3 is produced, causing the pH level to drop from over 12 to about 8.2 and reducing heavy metal leaching. In this paper, we attempt to determine the particle size best suited for reducing the period required for weathering bottom ash by identifying characteristics of different particle sizes that affect heavy metal leaching and neutralization.
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An automated method for the design of total water systems is developed in this paper. This approach considers simultaneously the optimal distribution of water to satisfy process demands and optimal treatment of effluent streams. Treatment can be for discharge to the environment or for regeneration of wastewater. The cases of regeneration reuse and regeneration recycle can be distinguished in the approach. It combines engineering insights with mathematical programming tools based on a superstructure model that results in a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. The approach features a fast and robust solution strategy. Complex tradeoffs involving operating, as well as capital, costs and other practical constraints have been included. In particular, piping and sewer costs, which are a major element in the capital cost of such systems, can be included. Network complexity is controlled by specifying the minimum permissible flow rates in the network, the maximum number of streams allowed at mixing junctions, and the inclusion of piping costs in the problem formulation. In addition to being able to solve the problem of total water system design, the approach is capable of designing water-using systems and effluent treatment systems when considered individually. Case studies are used to demonstrate the method.
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Process and manufacturing plants usually consume huge amounts of water in various cleaning and rinsing operations. Wastewater contains pollutants that are frequently environmentally regulated. An effective way to minimize wastewater is to design a wastewater reuse network (WWRN) such that the used water can be reused to a maximum extent in the same plant. In this paper, a mathematical approach is introduced to design an optimal network when multiple pollutants are contained in water streams. The approach is general, systematic, and easy to use. Its applicability is demonstrated by designing WWRN's for both papermaking and electroplating processes.
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This paper presents a review of the procedures to design and retrofit water networks. Although the emphasis is in showing results for refineries, the methods are valid for any process plants. It is first shown that the problem has been decomposed into the design of two interacting subsystems. One problem is the freshwater and wastewater reuse allocation and the other is the wastewater treatment problem. It is also shown how the wastewater treatment problem was modeled as a distributed and decentralized treatment. The roadmap towards zero liquid discharge and energy integrated solutions is then discussed. Several solution approaches are briefly outlined emphasizing the main trend leaning towards the use of mathematical programming. The major claim made is that mathematical programming can produce globally optimal solutions and practically important sub-optimal solutions when conceptual insights are employed to build the models. Although the paper intends to be comprehensive, it emphasizes the author's recent work. Finally, a few of the existing challenges of the area are outlined.
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This paper addresses the design of distributed effluent treatment systems. In the case of single contaminants, targets are first set for the minimum flowrates in a distributed effluent treatment system. Design methods then allow the targets to be achieved in practice. Previously published methods failed to address important features of the design for multiple treatment processes. In the case of multiple contaminants the treatment network is developed in a staged approach by repeated use of targets and design. Minimum flowrate is not guaranteed for multiple contaminants, but the designer is guided towards the best solutions. Overall, the paper presents improved methods for the design of distributed effluent treatment systems and extends the concepts to retrofit cases.
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Recent years have seen an increasing environmental awareness and a considerable rise in fresh water costs and in effluent treatment and disposal costs. The need to decrease the use of water in the process industries has favored the development of water use minimization methodologies. Wastewater minimization methodologies have been developed for continuous process plants in the last years. However, there is very little work reported on the systematic rationalization of the water use in the batch process industry due to the complexity involved. In this paper a methodology is presented which identifies the in-plant water reuse opportunities, resulting in significant freshwater consumption reductions. The methodology is illustrated with a case study based on food industry.
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In this paper, we address the problem of optimal synthesis of an integrated water system, where water using processes and water treatment operations are combined into a single network such that the total cost of obtaining freshwater for use in the water using operations, and treating wastewater is globally minimized. A superstructure that incorporates all feasible design alternatives for water treatment, reuse and recycle, is proposed. We formulate the optimization of this structure as a non-convex Non-Linear Programming (NLP) problem, which is solved to global optimality. The problem takes the form of a non-convex Generalized Disjunctive Program (GDP) if there is a flexibility of choosing different treatment technologies for the removal of the various contaminants in the wastewater streams. A new deterministic spatial branch and contract algorithm is proposed for optimizing such systems, in which piecewise under- and over-estimators are used to approximate the non-convex terms in the original model to obtain a convex relaxation whose solution gives a lower bound on the global optimum. These lower bounds are made to converge to the solution within a branch and bound procedure. Several examples are presented to illustrate the optimization of the integrated networks using the proposed algorithm.
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This paper deals with the application of emergy analysis of industrial systems in considering wastes. Making process system engineering decisions that are ecologically conscious requires emergy analysis of both industrial and ecological processes. The traditional emergy analysis methods of a natural ecological system usually do not consider the impact of wastes. This paper considers the impact of wastes and improves existing emergy analysis methods for industrial system. A new index of sustainability for industrial processes is presented.
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This paper addresses the simultaneous management of energy and water. A new systematic methodology has been developed for targeting and design that simultaneously minimises the requirements of energy and water. Using this new approach, the design of a water system for maximum energy recovery can be achieved, taking into account the mixing opportunities offered by water networks, while maintaining the water quality to processes in terms of contamination. Direct and indirect energy recovery are analysed and a strategy developed to decrease the number of heat transfer units based on the generation of separate systems and non-isothermal stream mixing. Initially, the analysis is restricted to no water re-use.
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A novel method is presented for the design of heat exchanger networks. The method is the first to combine sufficient simplicity to be used by hand with near certainty to identify “best” designs, even for large problems. “Best” designs feature the highest degree of energy recovery possible with a given number of capital items. Moreover, they feature network patterns required for good controllability, plant layout, intrinsic safety, etc.
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The design of an industrial water system, which makes the most efficient use of the water resources available, is a complex problem that involves different trade-offs. If we assume that no fundamental process changes can be performed (i.e. wet cooling towers cannot be replaced by air-coolers, etc.), then we can improve the efficiency of the water system through practices as water re-use, regeneration of water prior to re-use, or regeneration and recycling. The inherent combinatorial nature of the problem calls for the development of a systematic methodology that can deal with the high dimensionality of the design problem. In this paper we propose an integrated methodology for the design of industrial water systems. This approach brings the engineering insights provided by the water-pinch analysis together with powerful mathematical programming tools. The method is based on a decomposition scheme for the optimisation of a superstructure model that includes all the possible features of a design. The proposed decomposition strategy is based on a recursive procedure. With this new approach, a network featuring minimum total annualised cost can be found where the complexity of the network structure is under the control of the designer and many practical constraints can be incorporated.
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In this paper we briefly describe pinch technology as a practical tool for effective energy management in the pulp and paper industry. Results indicate good steam savings. Recently pinch technology has been extended to water management. We have developed a customized methodology for the pulp and paper industry, to eliminate or reduce fresh water intake. Although the methodology is not fully developed it is a "proof of concept" that pinch principles can be applied to water related problems. The eventual combination of both thermal and water pinch will thus provide a structured and comprehensive approach for plant wide efficiency increase.
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