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Comparative study of the chemical composition and biological activities of Magnolia grandiflora and Magnolia virginiana flower essential oils
Abstract
The biological activities and the determined major volatile components in the Magnolia grandiflora and M. virginiana flowers extracts were compared. Volatile components were detected in the essential oil by dynamic headspace sampling (HS). 2-Phenylethanol (40% and 61%) was found as the main constituent in the essential oil and HS samples of M. virginiana, respectively. In the M. grandiflora oil sample, (E,E)-farnesol (18%) and 2-phenylethanol (10%) were found as main constituents, whereas germacrene D (17%) and β-bisabolene (17%) were the main components of the HS sample. The essential oil in M. virginiana displayed a moderate antioxidant activity relative to vitamin E, whereas both essential oils were active against human lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma cell lines, even at concentrations higher than 200 µg mL(-1).
... Essential oils are known to be comprised primarily of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids that are formed by mevalonate and methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways and also, phenylpropanoids by the shikimate pathway (Lim 2014). Phytochemical studies on M. grandiflora demonstrated that the oil constituents belong to different chemical classes with a noteworthy qualitative and quantitative variation in composition (Azuma et al. 1997;Garg and Kumar 1999;Baez et al. 2012;Davé et al. 2012;Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). β-Caryophyllene (Garg and Kumar 1999), cyclocolorenone, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D, β-elemene (Davé et al. 2012), (E)-β-ocimene, geraniol and β-elemene (Baez et al. 2012) are the most reported constituents of M. grandiflora flowers essential oil. ...
... A recent study on seed essential oil of M. grandiflora growing in China demonstrated that the oil has a strong antioxidant activity (Luo et al. 2012). M. grandiflora flowers' essential oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical and was active against human breast and lung carcinoma cell lines (Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). ...
... Among the different essential oil components of M. grandiflora, β-elemene (14.33%) showed antioxidant activity and this property stimulated great interest on the antioxidant potential of β-elemene derivatives (Chen et al. 2014). Lower antioxidant activity was reported for bicyclogermacrene (10.33%) and germacrene D (7.59%) (Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). Thus, the contribution of minor components present in the oil to the whole antioxidant activity observed is possible. ...
Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) is an evergreen tree with fragrant and showy flowers native to southeastern USA but widely cultivated all over the world and used in cosmetics industry in treatment of skin diseases. Here, we report on the chemical analysis of the essential oil obtained from flowers of plants cultivated in Iran, together with the evaluation of its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The essential oil composition was dominated by bioactive sesquiterpenes, namely β-elemene, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene. The oil exhibited moderate radical scavenging activity towards the
radical, and mild non-selective inhibitory effects against A375, MDA-MB 231 and T98 G tumour cell lines. The latter were influenced by the presence of the anticancer β-elemene. These results provided new insights for potential application of M. grandiflora volatile oil in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry where only the non-volatile magnolol and honokiol have hitherto been fully exploited.
... Essential oils are known to be comprised primarily of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids that are formed by mevalonate and methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways and also, phenylpropanoids by the shikimate pathway (Lim 2014). Phytochemical studies on M. grandiflora demonstrated that the oil constituents belong to different chemical classes with a noteworthy qualitative and quantitative variation in composition (Azuma et al. 1997;Garg and Kumar 1999;Baez et al. 2012;Davé et al. 2012;Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). β-Caryophyllene (Garg and Kumar 1999), cyclocolorenone, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D, β-elemene (Davé et al. 2012), (E)-β-ocimene, geraniol and β-elemene (Baez et al. 2012) are the most reported constituents of M. grandiflora flowers essential oil. ...
... A recent study on seed essential oil of M. grandiflora growing in China demonstrated that the oil has a strong antioxidant activity (Luo et al. 2012). M. grandiflora flowers' essential oil exhibited significant antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical and was active against human breast and lung carcinoma cell lines (Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). ...
... Among the different essential oil components of M. grandiflora, β-elemene (14.33%) showed antioxidant activity and this property stimulated great interest on the antioxidant potential of β-elemene derivatives (Chen et al. 2014). Lower antioxidant activity was reported for bicyclogermacrene (10.33%) and germacrene D (7.59%) (Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). Thus, the contribution of minor components present in the oil to the whole antioxidant activity observed is possible. ...
Magnolia grandi ora (Magnoliaceae) is an evergreen tree with fragrant and showy owers native to southeastern USA but widely cultivated all over the world and used in cosmetics industry in treatment of skin diseases. Here, we report on the chemical analysis of the essential oil obtained from owers of plants cultivated in Iran, together with the evaluation of its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The essential oil composition was dominated by bioactive sesquiterpenes, namely β- elemene, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene. The oil exhibited moderate radical scavenging activity towards the ABTS⋅+ radical, and mild non-selective inhibitory e ects against A375, MDA-MB 231 and T98 G tumour cell lines. The latter were in uenced by the presence of the anticancer β-elemene. These results provided new insights for potential application of M. grandi ora volatile oil in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry where only the non- volatile magnolol and honokiol have hitherto been fully exploited.
... Several species of the Magnolia genus have been investigated for their ability to repel insects, as well as their antifungal, antimicrobial, and wound healing capability through the use of their essential oils and volatile components such as Magnolia liliflora (Fujita, 1989;Bajpai et al., 2009), Magnolia grandiflora (Ahmed & Abdelgaleil, 2005;Luo et al., 2005;Farag & Al-Mahdy, 2013;Ali et al., 2020), Magnolia salicifolia (Li et al., 2007), Magnolia virginiana (Farag & Al-Mahdy, 2013), Magnolia kobus (Azuma et al., 2001), Magnolia sirindhorniae (Ghosh et al., 2021) and Magnolia coco . ...
... Several species of the Magnolia genus have been investigated for their ability to repel insects, as well as their antifungal, antimicrobial, and wound healing capability through the use of their essential oils and volatile components such as Magnolia liliflora (Fujita, 1989;Bajpai et al., 2009), Magnolia grandiflora (Ahmed & Abdelgaleil, 2005;Luo et al., 2005;Farag & Al-Mahdy, 2013;Ali et al., 2020), Magnolia salicifolia (Li et al., 2007), Magnolia virginiana (Farag & Al-Mahdy, 2013), Magnolia kobus (Azuma et al., 2001), Magnolia sirindhorniae (Ghosh et al., 2021) and Magnolia coco . ...
Magnolia citrata Noot. & Chalermglin was collected in the Central Highlands of Vietnam and examined for its essential oils’ chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities. The essential oils were obtained from the leaves, twigs, and stem barks of M. citrata using hydrodistillation, then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated for antimicrobial activities. The yields of essential oils were 0.06, 0.51, and 0.16% from twigs, leaves, and stem barks, respectively. A total of forty-three compounds were identified in essential oils, accounting for 98.0, 98.8, and 98.4%, respectively. The major constituents of the oils from leaves and twigs varied slightly. Accordingly, geranial (23.1%), neral (22.5%), linalool (22.5%), and sylvestrene (6.3%) were found in the leaves, while geranial (30.9%), neral (29.6%), sylvestrene (11.8%), and linalool (6.1%) were found in the twigs. In addition, sylvestrene was the major component comprising 51.8% of the stem bark oils. Other compounds present in high quantities in this oil included safrole (11.6%), geranial (6.9%), sabinene (6.9%), and neral (6.6%). The antimicrobial activities of the essential oil samples were tested against six bacterial strains and one yeast strain for the first time. The results indicated that essential oils from M. citrata had strong antimicrobial activities. At the concentration of 64 µg/mL, the essential oils from its three parts effectively inhibited the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus, as well as the yeast Candida albicans. Against the Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginsa, and Salmonella enterica, the effective concentrations of the oils for inhibition varied from 128 µg/mL to 256 µg/mL.
... Identified main volatile compounds in flowers include 2-phenylethanol, (2E,6Z)-farnesol, β-pinene, geraniol, germacrene D, (E)-β-ocimene, β-elemene, bicyclogermacrene, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, and γacoradiene. [17][18][19][20][21] The effect of the maturation stage on the composition of the volatile fraction of M. grandiflora flowers has also been studied, although no notable differences were found. [22] Moreover, seed essential oils have been characterized by containing 13-ethyl-3hydroxy-(14β)-gona-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-17-ketone, β-caryophyllene, N- (6-oxo-9,10,11,12-tetrahydro-6H-5-oxa-8azabenzo[c]phenanthren-7-yl)propionamide, and β-phellandrene as major components. ...
... %), β-pinene Perillene has been rarely found in Magnolia essential oils, while β-elemene and germacrene D have extensively appeared. [18,21,22] The intriguing results described above encouraged us to further investigate the variability in chemical composition among oils. Therefore, multivariate statistics-based analyses were independently performed on both the total chromatographic profiles (i. ...
Magnolia grandiflora is an aromatic plant widely distributed around the world. In Colombia, and more specifically in Bogotá, M. grandiflora has been introduced as part of urban forestry programs, and their specimens are therefore subjected to several environments. Nevertheless, there are no previous studies on the chemical composition of such plants. Hence, the characterization of the essential oil from 20 specimens of M. grandiflora from Bogotá, Colombia, by GC‐MS was carried out here. Two different chemotypes were found. While one was characterized by monoterpenes α‐pinene, β‐pinene, and limonene, the other contained mainly sesquiterpenes β‐elemene, bicyclogermacrene, and germacrene D. Multivariate statistical analyses confirmed their existence and helped to identify variations within and between chemotypes. Furthermore, differential expression of genes encoding the terpene synthases Mg 25 and Mg 17 could arguably be responsible for the characteristic compositions of both chemotypes, as suggested by rational biosynthetic analysis of the most contrasting metabolites.
... kubos). [8][9][10] These bioactive compounds possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-arthritic, anti-angiogenic, neuroprotective and antioxidant activities. [10][11][12] M. sirindhorniae Noot. ...
... coco (Sabinene) and M. grandiflora (E,E-farnesol in flower, and bornyl acetate in leaves) as major chemical compounds. [9,[36][37][38][39][40][41] Besides, the whitish colour of floral parts has been well represented by the benzenoids like benzyl benzoate in the respective oils. Therefore, the combination of terpenoids and benzenoid class of volatiles attributes pleasant floral olfaction in the extracted oils. ...
Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot & Chalermglin produces fragrant flowers. The volatile oil secretary cells, quantity and quality as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the oils extracted from buds and flowers, have been investigated. The distribution of essential oil secretory cell in bud and flower revealed that the density and size of the oil cells were significantly higher in flowers compared to buds. In different floral parts, carpel has a higher oil cell density followed by gynophore and tepal. The histochemical analysis revealed the essential oil is synthesized in oil secretory cells. The volatile oil yield was 0.25% in the buds and 0.50% in flowers. GC‐FID and GC‐MS analysis identified 33 compounds contributing 83.2‐83.5% of the total essential oil composition. Linalool is the main constituent contributing 58.9% and 51.0% in the buds and flowers oils respectively. The essential oil extracted from the flowers showed higher antimicrobial efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus . Similarly, the essential oil isolated from the flowers depicts higher free radical scavenging, and antioxidant activity compared to buds oil.
... The most common reported chemical constituents in M. grandiflora flowers are β-elemene, germacrene, bicyclogermacrene, D, β-elemene, (E)-β-ocimene, β-Caryophyllene, cyclocolorenone and geraniol (Baez et al., 2012;Davé et al., 2012;Lim, 2014;Morshedloo et al., 2017). The antioxidant capacity exerted by many of these compounds was effective against cancerous cell proliferation without cytoxiticy (Li et al., 2009;Farag and Al-Mahdy, 2013;Raut and Karuppayil, 2014). ...
Some reports state that different structures of M. grandiflora contain bioactive components. Nonetheless, phytochemical studies reported that the extracted essential oils are chemically different and remarkably variable in their qualitative and quantitative compositions. Further studies on the Mexican M. grandiflora needs to be done. Thus, the research aimed to characterize a) the chemical composition, b) the antioxidant activity and c) cytotoxicity effect of two M. grandiflora flower extracts. The chemical composition was evaluated by phytochemical test followed by thin layer chromatography , UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometer analysis. The antioxidant activity of the flower extracts was measured by the free radical-scavenging activity (ABTS) and the stable radical of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) methods, and the cytotoxicity by an Artemia salina bioassay. Water and ethyl flower extracts showed the presence of organic chro-mophores such as flavonoids. Both extracts (ethyl and water) demonstrated antioxidant activity by both ABTS (459.6 ± 8.5 and 274.2 ± 5.7 µmol TE/g, respectively) and DPPH (3210.4 ± 2.5 and 219.7 ± 0.9 µmol TE/g, respectively) methodologies, and non-cytotoxic activity (LC 50 , µg/mL) (1285 ± 14 and 1116 ± 15, respectively). The water and ethyl extracts of M. gran-diflora flowers found in southeast Mexico are a promissory source of chemical compounds with attributed biological activity according to the presented results.
... Magnolia is the largest genus in the family Magnoliaceae, with 210 flowering plants distributed in East and Southeast Asia [1]. Among many members of the genus, Magnolia heptapeta (Buc'hoz) Dandy and Magnolia denudata var. ...
Magnolia flower buds are a source of herbal medicines with various active compounds. In this study, differences in the distribution and abundance of major essential oils, phenolic acids, and primary metabolites between white flower buds of Magnolia heptapeta and violet flower buds of Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens were characterised. A multivariate analysis revealed clear separation between the white and violet flower buds with respect to primary and secondary metabolites closely related to metabolic systems. White flower buds contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), phenolic acids, aromatic amino acids, and monosaccharides, related to the production of isoprenes, as MH precursors, and the activity of MH synthase. However, concentrations of β-myrcene, a major MH compound, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds, possibly due to higher threonine levels and low acidic conditions induced by comparatively low levels of some organic acids. Moreover, levels of stress-related metabolites, such as oxygenated monoterpenes, proline, and glutamic acid, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds. Our results support the feasibility of metabolic profiling for the identification of phytochemical differences and improve our understanding of the correlated biological pathways for primary and secondary metabolites.
... Magnolia species like M. denudata DESR., M. salicifolia Maxim., and M. kobus are used to extract terpenoids, alkaloids, and neoligans. Other components in magnolia species like denudaquinol, denudalide, parthenolide, costunolide, bisparthenolidine, and isobisparthenolidine have been isolated, characterized using GC-MS, and found effective against r/mHM-SFME-1, SFME, HCT15, and several other cell lines [22][23][24][25]. The M. kobus essential oil has good antimicrobial and antioxidant acticity. ...
... A primary alcohol named 2-phenylethanol was the main constituent in the EO of Magnolia virginiana, while in M. grandiflora oil sample the main compounds were ST alcohol (E,E)-farnesol (18%) and 2-phenylethanol (10%). Both EOs were active against MDA-MB231 cell [59]. Similar action was found with EO of Eryngium campestre and E. amethystinum from central Italy, rich in ST hydrocarbons like germacrene D, allo-aromadendrene, β-elemene, spathulenol, and ledol against human breast adenocarcinoma cells [60]. ...
... A primary alcohol named 2-phenylethanol was the main constituent in the EO of Magnolia virginiana, while in M. grandiflora oil sample the main compounds were ST alcohol (E,E)-farnesol (18%) and 2-phenylethanol (10%). Both EOs were active against MDA-MB231 cell [59]. Similar action was found with EO of Eryngium campestre and E. amethystinum from central Italy, rich in ST hydrocarbons like germacrene D, allo-aromadendrene, β-elemene, spathulenol, and ledol against human breast adenocarcinoma cells [60]. ...
Essential oils are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for their antimicro-bial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and insecticidal properties. Their antican-cer activity has been increasingly explored as the natural constituents of essential oils play an important role in cancer prevention and treatment. The chemical composition of essential oils includes monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, phenolic sesquiterpenes, and others. Several mechanisms of action such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, enhancement of immune functions, modulation of multidrug resistance, and synergistic mechanism of volatile constituents are responsible for their chemotherapeutic properties. This review focuses on the activity of essential oils and their chemical composition in regard to breast cancer.
... plants have increasingly become an attractive source of novel therapeutic agents that may play an essential role in treating cancer. Several studies have been reported on the anti-tumor effects of M. grandiflora in different human cancer cell lines(Li et al. 2015;Marin and Mansilla 2010;Mohamed et al. 2010;Farag and Al-Mahdy 2013). ...
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) constitutes nearly 85% of all cases of lung cancer. Drug resistance, dose-limiting toxicity, and metastasis in NSCLC eventually reduce the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In this study, we have shown that the methanol-ethyl acetate partitioned fraction from Magnolia grandiflora L. seeds (MEM) exhibit potential anti-cancer activities against NSCLC H1975 cells in vivo and in vitro. MEM significantly inhibited the proliferation of H1975 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Further, MEM exhibited potent anti-tumor efficacy and low toxicity in nude mice bearing H1975 tumors. Our study also showed that MEM could induce cellular apoptosis in H1975 cells by down-regulating the protein expression levels of Akt and p-Akt-473, and by increasing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Also, MEM significantly inhibited metastasis-related cell invasion and migration of H1975 cells, which associated with the down-regulation of HIF-1α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 protein expression levels. Thus, our data shows that MEM may be an effective fraction of M. grandiflora in NSCLC treatment.
... Garg and Kumar [15] reported β-caryophyllene as the major compound (34.8%) in flower essential oil whereas only a small amount (1.1%) was detected in the present study. Farag and Al-Mahdy [16] reported variation in the contents of M. grandiflora flower oil volatiles obtained through headspace and water distillation techniques indicating the effects of the isolation technique on the yield of different compounds. Such differences in chemical compositions of essential oils are expected and can be attributed to many factors including geographic location, genetic factors, climate, crop stage, harvesting time, and processing method [17,18]. ...
In our natural products screening program for mosquitoes, we tested essential oils extracted from different plant parts of Magnolia grandiflora L. for their insecticidal and biting deterrent activities against Aedes aegypti. Biting deterrence of seeds essential oil with biting deterrence index value of 0.89 was similar to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). All the other oils were active above the solvent control but the activity was significantly lower than DEET. Based on GC-MS analysis, three pure compounds that were only present in the essential oil of seed were further investigated to identify the compounds responsible for biting deterrent activity. 1-Decanol with PNB value of 0.8 was similar to DEET (PNB = 0.8), whereas 1-octanol with PNB value of 0.64 showed biting deterrence lower than 1-decanol and DEET. The activity of 1-heptanol with PNB value of 0.36 was similar to the negative control. Since 1-decanol, which was 3.3% of the seed essential oil, showed biting deterrence similar to DEET as a pure compound, this compound might be responsible for the activity of this oil. In in vitro A & K bioassay, 1-decanol with MED value of 6.25 showed higher repellency than DEET (MED = 12.5). Essential oils of immature and mature fruit showed high toxicity whereas leaf, flower, and seeds essential oils gave only 20%, 0%, and 50% mortality, respectively, at the highest dose of 125 ppm. 1-Decanol with LC 50 of 4.8 ppm was the most toxic compound.
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/6/1359
... Previous studies have reported that variations in the volatile oils of the buds of Magnolia species were influenced by seasonal changes, 24) differences in habitats, 29) and botanical origins. 30) However, the relationship between chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of Magnolia Flower based on seasonal variation has not been examined and the biologically active constituents influenced by seasonal change have also not been identified. ...
Magnolia Flower is a crude drug used for the treatment of headaches, toothaches, and nasal congestion. Here, we focused on Magnolia kobus, one of the botanical origins of Magnolia Flower, and collected the flower parts at different growth stages to compare chemical compositions and investigate potential inhibitory activities against interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in murine splenic T cells. After determining the structures, we examined the inhibitory effects of the constituents of the bud, the medicinal part of the crude drug, against IL-2 production. We first extracted the flower parts of M. kobus from the bud to fallen bloom stages and analysed the chemical compositions to identify the constituents characteristic to the buds. We found that the inhibitory activity of the buds against IL-2 production was more potent than that of the blooms. We isolated two known compounds, tiliroside (1) and syringin (2), characteristic to the buds from the methanol (MeOH) extract of Magnolia Flower. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory activities of both compounds against IL-2 production and found that tiliroside (1) but not syringin (2), showed strong inhibitory activity against IL-2 production and inhibited its mRNA expression. Thus, our strategy to examine the relationship between chemical compositions and biological activities during plant maturation could not only contribute to the scientific evaluation of medicinal parts of crude drugs but also assist in identifying biologically active constituents that have not yet been reported.
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... [33], (E)-β-farnesene (24.19%) [34] and α-bisabolol oxide A (17.14%) [35]. EOs containing remarkable amounts of γ-bisabolene exhibited anti-inflammatory properties and anti-proliferative activities in human prostate cancer, glioblastoma, lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma and human oral squamous cell lines [36][37][38][39]. ...
Matricaria chamomilla L. is a popular medicinal herb that is used for healing various diseases and is widely distributed worldwide in temperate climate zones, and even in the subtropical climate of Southern and Western Iran. This study was aimed at comparing the volatile oil constituents, along with antiradical potential and HPLC analysis of methanolic extracts from twelve plant samples growing in Iran. The present research was carried out for the first time on these populations. Among seventeen identified volatile chemicals evaluated by GC/MS and GC/FID, representing 92.73–97.71% of the total oils, α-bisabolone oxide A (45.64–65.41%) was the major constituent, except in case of “Sarableh” as a new chemotype, where (E)- and (Z)-γ-bisabolene (42.76 and 40.08%, respectively) were the predominant components. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes (53.31–74.52%) were the most abundant compounds in the samples excluding “Sarableh” with 91.3% sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. “Sarableh” also exerted the most potent antioxidant capacity with EC50 = 7.76 ± 0.3 µg/mL and 6.51 ± 0.63 mmol TE (Trolox® equivalents)/g. In addition, populations “Lali” and “Bagh Malek” contained the highest amounts of apigenin and luteolin with 1.19 ± 0.01 mg/g and 2.20 ± 0.0 mg/g of plant material, respectively. Our findings depict a clear correlation between phytochemical profiles and antiradical potential of M. chamomilla and geographical factors.
... Its hard an, heavy wood is used to make furniture and other uses (Coladonato, 1991) and the leaves, fruits, bark and wood have been used fos medicinal purposes (Enciclopedia of life, 2017). The floral essential ois extracts were described as active against human lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells (Farag & Al-Mahdy, 2013) and also tested as antioxidant and hepatoprotectane (Sokkar et al., 2014). Keifer (1939) described Phyllocoptes magnolivora (Acari, Eriophyidae) from M. grandiflora collected in San Jose, California, USA. ...
Tetra magnolivora (Keifer, 1939) (Acari, Eriophyidae) new combination was observed infesting Magnolia grandiflora L., in urban areas of Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil. This mite was observed in high populations on magnolia trees, causing wrinkles, distortion and decreased growth in infested leaves. This is the first record from Brazil for T. magnolivora and we provide new combination.
... As an example, a minor DPPH radical scavenging activities and FRAP reducing power has been reported for essential oil from Algerian E. tricuspidatum L. [61] With regard to the main components found in the two essential oils investigated, low antioxidant activity has been reported for germacrene D, the major component in both oils. [62] Therefore, the moderate activity observed, in particular in E. amethystinum, could be associated to some minor components occurring in the essential oil. ...
Eryngium campestre and E. amethystinum are thorny herbs belonging to the Apiaceae family and spontaneously growing in stony pastures and dry meadows, preferentially on calcareous substrates. In the Mediterranean countries, these plants have been used as a food or traditional remedies to treat various ailments. In the present work, we have analysed the chemical composition of the essential oils distilled from the aerial parts by GC-FID and GC-MS, and evaluated their cytotoxic effects on a panel of human cancer cells, namely A375 (human malignant melanoma), MDA-MB 231 cells (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 cells (human colon carcinoma), by the MTT assay. Furthermore, the Eryngium essential oils were evaluated for antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. The two essential oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, with germacrene D as the major compound, accompanied by allo-aromadendrene, -elemene, spathulenol and ledol. They resulted highly cytotoxic on the tumor cells, with IC50 values (1.65-5.32 and 1.57-2.99 µg/ml for E. amethystinum and E. campestre, respectively) comparable or close to those of the anticancer drug cisplatin. The E. amethystinum essential oil exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity whereas that of E. campestre a weak AChE inhibition.
... Fresh samples of the aerial parts (500 g each) of the four studied Ocimum species were directly subjected to hydrodistillation (HD) in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h [16,17]. The oil obtained in each case was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in a refrigerator for analysis. ...
Ocimum is a genus of considerable importance in traditional medicine worldwide. The goal of this study was to examine the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of Ocimum essential oils and to correlate the activity with their chemical profiles using a metabolome based GC-MS approach coupled to chemometrics. Further, molecular docking was adopted to rationalize the activity of some essential oil isolates. Essential oil prepared from the four species O. basilicum, O. africanum, O. americanum, and O. minimum exhibited significant anti-acetylcholinesterase activity with (IC50 0.22, 0.175, 0.57 and 0.152 mg/mL, respectively) comparable to that of physostigmine (IC50 0.27 mg/mL). The phenylpropanoids (i.e. estragole) constituted the most dominant chemical group in O. basilicum (sweet basil) and O. minimum, whereas camphor (a ketone) was the most abundant in O. africanum and O. americanum. Supervised and unsupervised multivariate data analyses clearly separated O. africanum and O. americanum from other accessions, with estragole, camphor and, to less extent, β-linalool contributing to species segregation. Estragole was found the most active AchE inhibitor (IC50 0.337 µM) followed by cineole (IC50 2.27 µM), camphor (IC50 21.43 µM) and eugenol (IC50 40.32 µM). Molecular docking revealed that these compounds bind to key amino acids in the catalytic domain of AchE, similar to standard drugs.
... Essential oils containing γ-bisabolene have demonstrated anti-proliferative activities to human oral cancer, prostate cancer, glioblastoma, lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines [7][8][9][10]. The study first reports the potent antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of γ-bisabolene on human neuroblastom cells (Figures 1-3). ...
γ-Bisabolene has demonstrated antiproliferative activities against several human cancer cell lines. This study first discloses the antiproliferative and apoptosis induction activities of γ-bisabolene to human neuroblastoma TE671 cells. A CC50 value of γ-bisabolene was 8.2 μM to TE671 cells. Cell cycle analysis with PI staining showed γ-bisabolene elevating the sub-G1 fractions in a time-dependent manner. In addition, annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed γ-bisabolene significantly triggering early (annexin-V positive/PI negative) and late (annexin-V positive/PI positive) apoptosis in dose-dependent manners. γ-Bisabolene induced caspase 3/8/9 activation, intracellular ROS increase, and mitochondrial membrane potential decrease in apoptosis of human neuro-blastoma cells. Moreover, γ-bisabolene increased p53 phosphorylation and up-regulated p53-mediated apoptotic genes Bim and PUMA, as well as decreased the mRNA and protein levels of CK2α. Notably, the results indicated the involvement of CK2α-p53 pathways in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells treated with γ-bisabolene. This study elucidated the apoptosis induction pathways of γ-bisabolene-treated neuroblastoma cells, in which could be useful for developing anti-neuroblastoma drugs.
... However, there has not been any report on the secondary metabolites from M. hookeri until now. encouraged by biological activities shown by Mangnolia plants (Mohamed et al. 2013), especially studies on neolignans from M. officinalis, which showed antioxidant activity (Fujita et al. 1972), antineoplastic activity (Zhong et al. 2003), cytotoxicity activity (Youn et al. 2007) and inhibited skin tumour promotion (Konoshima et al. 1991), the twigs of M. hookeri were collected to search for antineoplastic compounds by comet assay (leroy et al. 1996), a technique making the screening of antineoplastic leads more efficient. Bioassay-guided fractionation was conducted by comparing the abilities of different extracts of the twigs of M. hookeri to reduce the damage to DNA induced by UV in Kunming mice lymphocyte cells in the comet assay. ...
The comet assay-guided fractionation of the twigs of Manglietia hookeri resulted in the isolation of three sesquiterpene-neolignans, including a new one 5-allyl-2-(4-allyl-phenoxy)-3-[7-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)-1, 4a-dimethyl-decahydro-naphthalen-1-yloxy]-phenol (1), and eudesobovatol A (2) and eudesobovatol B (3), together with three lignans, obovatol (4), honokiol (5) and magnolol (6). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and by comparison with related literature data. Compounds 1, 4-6 showed a protective effect on UV inductive DNA damage in mice lymphocyte cells, while compound 1 indicated the smallest Olive Tail Moment 7.34 ± 2.09 at 6 × 10(-6) μM.
This study aimed to investigate the chemical compositions of the leaf essential oils of Magnolia villosa (Miq.) H. Keng. and M. maingayi King. growing in Malaysia. The leaf essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analysis of M. villosa and M. maingayi leaf essential oils resulted in 96.4% and 98.7% of the total essential oil, respectively. The main components of M. villosa leaf essential oil were β-caryophyllene (32.8%) and α-humulene (8.8%), while in M. maingayi leaf essential oil gave β-elemene (27.4%), β-caryophyllene (16.4%), and (E)-nerolidol (14.4%). Anticholinesterase inhibitory activity was also evaluated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory assays. M. villosa leaf essential oil revealed a moderate inhibitory effect on AChE (percentage inhibition, I%: 62.5%) and BChE (I%: 74.8%) at a concentration of 1,000 μg/mL. In conclusion, the leaf essential oils of M. villosa and M. maingayi were characterized and showed promising anticholinesterase inhibitory activity, suggesting their potential as natural sources of therapeutic agents for managing cholinergic dysfunction-related diseases.
(1) Background: Malignant gliomas are aggressive tumors characterized by fast cellular growth and highly invasive properties. Despite all biological and clinical advances in therapy, the standard treatment remains essentially palliative. Therefore, searching for alternative therapies that minimize adverse symptoms and improve glioblastoma patients’ outcomes is imperative. Natural products represent an essential source in the discovery of such new drugs. Plants from the cerrado biome have been receiving increased attention due to the presence of secondary metabolites with significant therapeutic potential. (2) Aim: This study provides data on the cytotoxic potential of 13 leaf extracts obtained from plants of 5 families (Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Fabaceae, Melastomataceae e Siparunaceae) found in the Brazilian cerrado biome on a panel of 5 glioma cell lines and one normal astrocyte. (3) Methods: The effect of crude extracts on cell viability was evaluated by MTS assay. Mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS) was performed to identify the secondary metabolites classes presented in the crude extracts and partitions. (4) Results: Our results revealed the cytotoxic potential of Melastomataceae species Miconia cuspidata, Miconia albicans, and Miconia chamissois. Additionally, comparing the four partitions obtained from M. chamissois crude extract indicates that the chloroform partition had the greatest cytotoxic activity against the glioma cell lines. The partitions also showed a mean IC50 close to chemotherapy, temozolomide; nevertheless, lower toxicity against normal astrocytes. Analysis of secondary metabolites classes presented in these crude extracts and partitions indicates the presence of phenolic compounds. (5) Conclusions: These findings highlight M. chamissois chloroform partition as a promising component and may guide the search for the development of additional new anticancer therapies.
The genus Magnolia comprises approximately 219 species and is widely distributed in the Asian and American regions. The plants in the Magnolia genus posess unique ornamental values, strong anti-pollution properties, and significant economic and medicinal relevance due to the chemical diversity and biological potentials of their essential oils. The current review includes 24 Magnolia species from around the world and the chemical and biological properties of their essential oils. The data were collected from scientific electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, and Google Scholar. Chemically, major components identified in most Magnolia essential oils were eucalyptol, linalool, limonene, β-eudesmol, β-elemene, β-pinene, and caryophyllene. Additionally, the essential oils displayed various biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiphotoaging, antifungal, cytotoxic, antidermatophytic, and nematocidal properties. The review emphasises Magnolia species' chemical and biological properties and provides guidance for selecting accessions or species with the best chemical profiles. The review also identifies species that were not yet studied and the potentials of their essential oils.
Comparative metabolite profiling of crude extracts of leaf and stem of two medicinally important species of genus Cissus was performed. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) of methanoloic extracts of leaf and stem of Cissus rotundifolia revealed the presence of around 30 compounds, out of which 15 were identified through NIST14 library based on their mass spectral pattern. Some of the important metabolites included betulinaldehyde, methyl palmitate, β-amyrin acetate, 2-naphthol, 2-phenylethanol and myristic acid. Among these metabolites, betulinaldehyde was the most abundant compound with 36.44% relative abundance. In contrast, 36 compounds were detected in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. quadrangularis stem, out of which 21 compounds were identified through NIST14 library. Saturated fatty acids and ascorbic acid derivatives constitute the major fraction with 44.30% and 36.40% of the total peak area. In addition to these, coumaran, quinoline and trans-phytol were also identified in the extracts of C. quadrangularis. The comparative metabolite profiling showed higher percentage of betulinaldehyde (~ 36%) and lauric acid (19.42%) in C. rotundifolia while that of methyl palmitate (~ 0.76%) and coumaran (1.48%) in C. qudrangularis. Cissus species are medicinally known for their bone healing properties and the metabolic profiling of these herbs will further be utilised for identification and characterization of the novel bioactive compounds responsible for various medicinal properties.
Graphical Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils as well as the anatomy of the aerial parts from Baccharis aracatubaensis, Baccharis burchellii, and Baccharis organensis owing to the therapeutic potential of Baccharis. The volatile constituents were analyzed using GC‐MS, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL) and DPPH assays, and the antimicrobial activity by a microdilution technique. Of the 56 compounds identified, only 7 (β‐caryophyllene, ɣ‐muurolene, bicyclogermacrene, β‐germacrene, spathulenol, τ‐muurolol, and α‐cadinol) were common in the three specimens studied. Of these, ɣ‐muurolene was found abundantly in B. aracatubaensis, while bicyclogermacrene was abundant in B. burchellii and B. organensis. The essential oils exhibited antioxidant activity in the ORACFL (>500.0 μmol TE g‐1) and DPPH assays. However, they did not exhibit any antimicrobial activity. Secretory ducts and flagelliform glandular trichomes were observed in the anatomical study of all the Baccharis species studied.
Cupressus is a genus of considerable medicinal value worldwide. The present work aims at assessing essential oil compositional differences within Cupressus in the context of its different genotypes and organs. Volatiles profiling was determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled to chemometrics. A total of 75 volatile components were identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for the major volatile class, with α-pinene and 3-carene most abundant in Cupressus sempervirens versus sabinene and terpinen-4-ol in Cupressus macrocarpa. Multivariate data analyses revealed that α-pinene, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol and 3-carene are the most significant for species classification. The five examined essential oils exhibited potential insecticidal and anticholinesterase effects, with C. sempervirens var. pyramidalis cone oil being the most potent for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect. The oil also exhibited potential fumigant toxicity toward Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. The results of the orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis revealed that α-pinene is the key bioactive component in Cupressus oil.
Background:
Cancer is a grave health problem for the world as global cancer burden rises to 14 million new cases with 8.2 million deaths every year which is expected to rise by 70% in next 2 decades as reported by WHO. These steady rises in death demand for rapid developments in anti-cancer agents. Essential oils, being natural and multi-component complex systems have recently attracted a lot of attention in this search for novel anti-cancer agents.
Materials and methods:
The pharmaceutical attributes of essential oil components specifically focusing their affinity towards COX, 5-LOX, AKT, MDM2, PDK1 and mTOR which defines the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway were assessed. 123 compounds present in essential oils of different plants were analyzed for their drug like attributes which were then allowed to dock with PI3K dependent receptors crucial for development of cancer malignancies. Among them, 21 compounds were filtered possessing high druglikeness with favourable metabolism offered by major cytochromeP450 isoforms. Finally, the best docked compounds with highest binding affinities were employed for building a ligand based pharmacophore. Being inhibitors P-glycoprotein they also exhibited good absorption profiles and non-carcinogenic properties. Further from these 21, six compounds were evaluated against A549 lung cancer cells.
Results:
The pharmacophoric feature obtained can be applied for both designing and screening moieties for active inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway specifically from essential oil compounds and these final 21 compounds can be further promoted to studies for anti-cancer drug development. Among these six compounds, exhibited promising inhibitory results against A549 lung cancer cells. Further, immunoblotting assay confirmed the efficacy of the compounds for inhibiting mTOR and AKT enzymes which are bandmasters for downstream signaling of the PI3K pathway.
Conclusions:
Methyl nonanoate, (R)-citronellol, cis-carveol (L-carveol), 3-methyl-Cyclohexanone, 4-carene and thujopsene were finally screened for PI3K targeted anti-cancer therapies which may find direct application as inhalers or sprays against lung cancer as these compounds are highly volatile.
The essential oils from Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. were obtained using hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 31, 27 and 26 constituents were identified in the oils from male flower, female flower and leaf of M. kwangsiensis, and they comprised 99.2, 98.5 and 96.2% of the oils, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated in the oils and accounted for 48.3% of male flower oil, 54.0% of female flower oil and 44.6% of leaf oil. The compositions of flower oils were quite similar but with different content, and were different from those of leaf oil.
γ-Bisabolene, one of main components in cardamom, showed potent in vitro and in vivo antiproliferative activities against human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). γ-Bisabolene activated caspases-3/9 and decreased mitochondrial memebrane potential, leading to apoptosis of OSCC cell lines (Ca9-22 and SAS), but not normal oral fibroblast cells. Phosphoproteome profiling of OSCC cells treated with γ-bisabolene was identified using TiO2-PDMS plate and LC-MS/MS, then confirmed using Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR assays. Phosphoproteome profiling revealed that γ-bisabolene increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, protein phosphatases 1 (PP1), and p53, as well as decreased the phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in the process of apoptosis induction. Protein-protein interaction network analysis proposed the involvement of PP1-HDAC2-p53 and ERK1/2-p53 pathways in γ-bisabolene-induced apoptosis. Subsequent assays indicated γ-bisabolene eliciting p53 acetylation that enhanced the expression of p53-regulated apoptotic genes. PP1 inhibitor-2 restored the status of HDAC2 phosphorylation, reducing p53 acetylation and PUMA mRNA expression in γ-bisabolene-treated Ca9-22 and SAS cells. Meanwhile, MEK and ERK inhibitors significantly decreased γ-bisabolene-induced PUMA expression in both cancer cell lines. Notably, the results ascertained the involvement of PP1-HDAC2-p53 and ERK1/2-p53 pathways in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of γ-bisabolene-treated cells. This study demonstrated γ-bisabolene displaying potent antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities against OSCC in vitro and in vivo, elucidating molecular mechanisms of γ-bisabolene-induced apoptosis. The novel insight could be useful for developing anti-cancer drugs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Phenylethanoid glycosides were among the major UV-absorbing components in 80% aq. CH3OH extracts of the tepals of Magnolia salicifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. (Magnoliaceae; Magnolia subgenus Yulania). Structural characterisation of isolated compounds by spectroscopic and chemical methods revealed three previously unrecorded examples, yulanoside A, yulanoside B and 2'-rhamnoechinacoside, and the known compounds echinacoside and crassifolioside; chromatographic methods also identified verbascoside in the tepal extract. Yulanoside A is the first reported example of a phenylethanoid pentaglycoside, namely hydroxytyrosol 1-O-{β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-[3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl-(→4)][α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)][α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)]-β-d-glucopyranoside}. A survey of Magnolia sensu lato and Liriodendron (the two genera of Magnoliaceae) suggested that yulanoside A and its deglucosyl derivative (yulanoside B) were a feature of the tepal chemistry of Magnolia subgenus Yulania (except Magnolia acuminata, the sole member of section Tulipastrum, which did not accumulate phenylethanoid glycosides). The two species of Liriodendron and examined examples of Magnolia subgenus Magnolia sections Magnolia and Rytidospermum (subsection Oyama) also accumulated phenylethanoid glycosides in their tepals and in these species, and in subgenus Yulania, the major compounds were one or more of echinacoside, 2'-rhamnoechinacoside, crassifolioside and verbascoside. Levels of phenylethanoid glycosides were found to be much lower in species studied from Magnolia sections Gwillimia, Macrophylla and Rytidospermum (subsection Rytidospermum), although yulanoside A was detectable in M. macrophylla and this may have some bearing on the placement of section Macrophylla, which is currently uncertain. In the isolates of yulanoside B and echinacoside, minor phenylethanoid glycosides were determined to be analogues of these compounds with β-d-xylose at C-3' of the primary glucose rather than α-l-rhamnose.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Chromatographic analysis of flavonoids in ethyl acetate fractions of the stamen, gynoecium, and petal of Magnolia grandiflora L. by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS-ESI in the negative ionization mode was performed in this study. The results revealed the presence of eight flavonoids: apigenin 8-C-glucoside, luteolin 8-C-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, quercetin, 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin. Their quantification revealed that luteolin 8-C-glucoside is the major flavonoid and that the total phenolic content is concentrated primarily in the stamen. The antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of the flower organs were evaluated against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4, compared with the effects of silymarin.
This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of essential oil recipe (OR) in rodents. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by inflammatory models of dimethylbenzene (DMB)-induced ear vasodilatation and acetic acid-induced capillary permeability enhancement in mice whereas the antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhes and hot plate test methods in mice. Additionally, the chemical composition of OR has been also analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 37 compounds, representing 74.42% of the total oil content, were identified. β-Selinene (7.38%), aromadendrene (5.30%), β-elemene (5.22%), cis-piperitol (5.21%), cis-β-guaiene (4.67%), ylangene (3.70%), 3-heptadecene (3.55%), δ-cadinene (3%) and β-cadinene (2.87%) were found to be the major constituents of the oil. Oral pretreatment with OR (62.5-1000 mg/kg) not only decreased the DMB-induced ear vasodilatation but also attenuated capillary permeability under acetic acid challenge in mice. OR significantly reduced the writhing number evoked by acetic acid injection. All test samples showed no significant analgesic activity on the hot plate pain threshold in mice. These data demonstrated that the OR inhibits inflammatory and peripheral inflammatory pain. These results may support the fact that the essential oil of traditional Hui prescription played a role in the inflammation of stroke.
As a first step towards understanding the development of olfactory behaviours in Antarctic procellariiform seabirds, we recently showed that blue petrel chicks (Halobaenacaerulea) could detect both a food-related and a novel odour while asleep. In this current study, we tested chicks in a simple wind tunnel to determine if exploratory behaviours could be initiated by olfactory stimuli as well. We compared the behavioural responses of 30 blue petrel chicks to cod liver oil (a prey-related odour) or phenyl ethyl alcohol (an unfamiliar, rosy-smelling odourant) against a control (distilled water). Six behavioural indices were measured, including head turns, body turns, bites, preening events, wing-stretches, and distance walked. In response to cod liver oil, we found that chicks increased both turning rates and distances walked whereas chicks preened more in response to phenyl ethyl alcohol. Since only cod liver oil initiated behaviours consistent with searching, our results suggest that chicks are attaching biological significance to food-related odours even before they leave the burrow to forage for the first time.
Headspace volatile analysis coupled with software extraction of overlapping GC-seperated components was employed
for volatiles profiling in leaves of six Juglans and Carya species. Qualitative and quantitative differences were
observed among species. Sesquiterpenes dominated the volatile blend of all species (J. nigra L. 70%, J. cineara L.
61%, J. regia L. 47%, C. cordiformis, (Wangh.) K. Koch, 50%, C. laciniosa (Michx.) Loud. 41%, and C. illinoinensis
(Wangh.) K. Koch 24%) with germacrene D occurring in the largest amount. Higher levels of monoterpenes were
found in the headspace of J. cineara, J. regia and C. laciniosa leaves (35%, 24% and 18%, respectively). Among the
benzenoids, methyl salicylate was found as the major leaf headspace component (J. regia 17 %, C. cordiformis 15%, C. laciniosa and C. illinoinensis 10%,).
Leaf essential oil of Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (F. Annonaceae) was found to be active against both human lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma cell lines. From this hydrodistillation extract, 37 components were identified by GC-MS analysis; sesquiterpenes dominated the oil composition (83%), with cadinene derivatives occurring in the greatest abundance (70%). Using the DDPH assay for antioxidant testing, the essential oil displayed moderate activity relative to vitamin E. These findings suggest that A. triloba essential oil may provide leads for active anticancer agents.
Abstract Floral scents emitted from Magnolia, Michelia and Liriodendron taxa native to or cultivated in North America, Mexico and Japan were collected by the headspace method and analyzed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatile compounds are widespread in the flowers of angiosperms and the chemical property of the scents can be distinguished in taxa. For example, the primary chemical in the scent of Magnolia virginiana growing in Louisiana (U.S.A.) is linalool, whereas in Maryland (U.S.A.) population flowers emit 2-phenylethanol. The flowers of M. grandiflora and M. tamaulipana both emit a number of monoterpenes, mainly geraniol derivatives, but scents of M. pyramidata yield mainly fatty acid esters. Caryophyllene is exclusively emitted by M. sieboldii ssp. japonica, isobutyl acetate by Michelia figo, and 1,2-dimethoxybenzene by M. salicifolia. The flowers of L. tulipifera and L. chinense emit mainly hydrocarbon-terpenoids, the former dominated by limonene, the latter by afarnesene. In some closely related disjunct taxa distributed in North America and eastern Asia the floral scents closely resemble each other, e.g., Magnolia tripetala (North America) and M. hypoleuca (Japan) both strongly emit methyl benzoate. Another set of disjunct taxa, M. acuminata (North America) and M. heptapeta (China) both exclusively emit pentadecane, a hydrocarbon. In some species of Magnolia, volatile compounds present in floral scents are also emitted in damaged leaves. This suggests these chemicals play different roles in various plant organs (deter leaf herbivores, attract parasitoids, attract insects to flowers, etc.).
Plant Life of Kentucky is the first comprehensive guide to all the ferns, flowering herbs, and woody plants of the state. This long-awaited work provides identification keys for Kentucky's 2,600 native and naturalized vascular plants, with notes on wildlife/human uses, poisonous plants, and medicinal herbs. The common name, flowering period, habitat, distribution, rarity, and wetland status are given for each species, and about 80 percent are illustrated with line drawings. The inclusion of 250 additional species from outside the state (these species are to be expected in Kentucky) broadens the regional coverage, and most plants occurring from northern Alabama to southern Ohio to the Mississippi River (an area of wide similarity in flora) are examined, including nearly all the plants of western and central Tennessee. The author also describes prehistoric and historical changes in the flora, natural regions and plant communities, significant botanists, current threats to plant life, and a plan for future studies. Plant Life of Kentucky is intended as a research tool for professionals in biology and related fields, and as a resource for students, amateur naturalists, and others interested in understanding and preserving our rich botanical heritage. © 2005 by The University Press of Kentucky. All rights reserved.
The headspace (HS) volatile compounds of the flowers of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) were analysed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In the ridge gourd, 16 volatiles were positively identified and nine were tentatively identified, while in the bitter gourd 13 compounds were positively identified and six were tentatively identified. Typical compounds that are found in essential oils and fragrances such as terpenes, hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes were successfully identified. For the ridge gourd, the results showed that with more than 90% of the headspace, the most abundant volatile compound of the flower is trans-β-ocimene. For the bitter gourd flower, the four most abundant compounds were identified as linalool (5% of total headspace), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (27% of total headspace), 1H-indole (33% of total headspace) and methyl anthranilate (32% of total headspace), accounting for over 95% of the headspace volatiles of the flower. These results indicate that SPME coupled with GC–MS is a potential alternative for the effective extraction and analysis of odours of rare, exotic, delicate flowers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
was examined at 32 sites in Japan (109 female-stage flowers from 52 plants) by GC-MS. Major chemical compounds (a total of
36 chemicals) emitted from the flowers were: linalool (and its oxides), limonene, cis- and trans-β-Ocimene, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzyl cyanide, and 2-aminobenzaldehyde. Linalool and its oxides were
the most abundant components of floral scents in 21 individuals. The rate at which chemical volatiles were emitted ranged
from 0.002 to 0.929 μg/flower/hour (average 0.211). High quantitative and qualitative variation in floral scent chemistry among individuals was
found throughout the range of M. kobus, especially in central Honshu. The high variability in floral scent chemistry may be due to the importance of visual cues
in the reproductive biology of M. kobus which flowers in early spring, resulting in decreased selection for specific floral scent profiles. Alternatively, different
scent compounds or chemical profiles may be equally effective in attracting pollinators.
The constituents of the flower buds of Magnolia kobus DC. and M. salicifolia MAXIM. have been investigated. We isolated and identified six bis-tetrahydrofuran-type and three tetrahydrofuran-type lignan
derivatives from M. kobus, and one bis-tetrahydrofuran-type lignan and eight phenylpropanoid-type derivatives from M. salicifolia. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.
This study investigated the anticancer activity of Magnolia officinalis on urinary bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo, and elucidated the mechanism of its activity. An aqueous extract of M. officinalis inhibited cell viability and DNA synthesis in cultured human urinary bladder cancer 5637 cells. Inhibition of proliferation was the result of apoptotic induction, because FACS analyses of 5637 cells treated with M. officinalis showed a sub-G1 phase accumulation. M. officinalis extract also increased cytoplasmic DNA-histone complex dose-dependently. These inhibitory effects were associated with the upregulation of proapoptotic molecules Bax, cytochrome c and caspase 3. Treatment of 5637 cells with M. officinalis extract suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, as revealed by zymographic and immunoblot analyses. When M. officinalis extract was given to mice simultaneously with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine, which induces urinary bladder tumors, the size of the induced tumors was smaller. Finally, histological data indicated that the histological grade of carcinoma and the depth of invasion were dramatically decreased by treatment with M. officinalis extract in mice with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder tumors. In conclusion, the findings showed that M. officinalis extract exhibited potential chemopreventive activity against urinary bladder tumor in vitro and in vivo.
The olive tree, Olea europaea, is native to the Mediterranean basin and parts of Asia Minor. The fruit and compression-extracted oil have a wide range of therapeutic and culinary applications. Olive oil also constitutes a major component of the "Mediterranean diet." The chief active components of olive oil include oleic acid, phenolic constituents, and squalene. The main phenolics include hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein, which occur in highest levels in virgin olive oil and have demonstrated antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are believed to be responsible for a number of olive oil's biological activities. Oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, has shown activity in cancer prevention, while squalene has also been identified as having anticancer effects. Olive oil consumption has benefit for colon and breast cancer prevention. The oil has been widely studied for its effects on coronary heart disease (CHD), specifically for its ability to reduce blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Antimicrobial activity of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and oleuropein has been demonstrated against several strains of bacteria implicated in intestinal and respiratory infections. Although the majority of research has been conducted on the oil, consumption of whole olives might also confer health benefits.
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