No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Communication innovations, urban form and travel demand: Some hypotheses and a bibliography
Abstract
Hypotheses are developed about the effects of telecommunication advances on urban growth patterns and urban travel demands.
It is suggested that CBD (central business district) office employment might decentralize if telecommunications could effectively
substitute for short inter-office business trips and that job decentralization would alter journey-to-work patterns and the
viability of certain public transit systems. Major research questions are raised and keyed to an extensive bibliography.
... Others have proposed the term 'intercommunications' (Falk and Abler, 1980). What is meant by each of these terms is the 'communication revolution' (Harkness, 1973), the 'cybernetic age' (Lehman-Wilzig, 1981) or the 'information revolution' (Ostry, 1980) (a term which may have a different connotation to be discussed later), that consists of develop ments with respect to three major devices, namely the telephone, the television and the computer which, in addition, facilitate the integration of the three devices or any combination of two of them into powerful communication systems. The major developments within the telephone industry are digital dialing, facsimile (telecopying) service, fibre optics wires and satellite transmission (Mayo, 1982). ...
... Writers on communications and others have preferred implicitly or explicitly a different approach, namely that transportation-communications 'facilitate' urban spatial growth, the factors for which are other, so that trans portation and communications are considered as 'spatial growth netural ' (e.g. Gottman, 1977;Webber, 1982;Harkness, 1973;Pool, 1977). In other words, if there exist any growth factors such as economic growth, transportation and communication may permit and encourage spatial growth. ...
... Second, as Meier predicted as early as 1962 (!) telecommunications is be coming 'the dominant activity of the world'. Third, since most of its infrastructure is unseen and it has few environmental side-effects it is much easier to develop telecommunications networks than transportation networks (Harkness, 1973), which is in addition to the constantly falling prices of telecommunications due to the continuous wave of innovations. Fourth, telecommunications will probably undergo further processes of specialization and division of labour as has happened in other industry sectors (Harkness, 1973). ...
'Maximizers' believe that any or most new technologies will eventually be applied in daily life. 'Minimizers' believe that not everything that is possible technologically will eventually be used. This review takes a middle course, considering technologies that are already in experimental or mass use. Presents telecommunications as a powerful device that may assist society to achieve goals that are determined independently of telecommunications. -A.F.Pitty
... If such a view were really to take hold, it would undermine much current "comprehensive" urban planning, which assumes current patterns of land use, work-home travel, and existing transport and communication facilities. As Harkness notes, costs and benefits (even in economic terms alone) may lead to a use of telecommunications as a tool for reshaping urban form-office locations, urban travel demands, transportation investments, and a host-of related variables [21]. ...
To keep our high-technology, fast-changing, urbanized society going, new ways are needed to share information, solve problems, anticipate the future decide, and manage. "Business as usual " in these respects seems likely to become even less acceptable than at present in an era of scarce human and physical resources and inflationary cost
... New forms of production and goods, combined with changing tastes and income, have expanded scale effects and added new ones. Advances in telecommunication should perhaps be seen more as a facilitator of this trend than a strict driver; the main forces for this pattern of land-use being more in terms of widespread automobile ownership and changes in the types of goods produced and the production management adopted (Harkness, 1974). Improved telecommunications has allowed it to evolve more efficiently. ...
... In this context of technological advances, it was not surprising that some dared to state that at a certain point "the office might cease to exist except as a switchboard and electronic databank tucked away in any convenient location" (Harkness, 1973). It was a vision that was powerful, seemingly logical and attractive. ...
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to describe the origins of today's new office concepts, focusing on the emergence of mobile and flexible working practices in the 1960s and 1970s. Thereby it intends to add a sense of historical awareness to the ongoing debate about the work environment. Design/methodology/approach - The historical description is based on literature study, looking at research reports, design handbooks and depictions of office life in popular culture such as movies and advertisements. Findings - The paper demonstrates that today's "new ways of working" are by no means new. It shows that the concepts of mobile offices, paperless offices, videoconferencing and flexible workplaces all originate from the end of the 1960s and the early 1970s. It also shows that these concepts were far from mainstream, standing in stark contrast to the rigidity and conservatism of everyday office life at the time. Research limitations/implications - This paper is the first result of a larger historical analysis of the recent history of the work environment. Further historical research will add to the presented insight in the evolution of office concepts. Practical implications - The paper's insight into the historical development of office concepts can help workplace strategists to make better, more careful forecasts of future workplace trends. Originality/value - Whereas most literature on the office concept tends to look at novel ideas and future developments, this paper looks back at the recent past. It discusses early workplace experiments that have been largely ignored, or remained unidentified, in much of the discourse on new ways of working.
... Apparently, the capability to conduct business from remote locations has been a practical option for some time but until recently firms had little incentive to leave downtown. In a sense then, the communications revolution that makes decentralization feasible occurred many years ago with the invention of the telephone" (Harkness 1973). This permissive nature of telecommunications makes it difficult to properly model its role in location changes. ...
This paper provides an overview of the status of telecommuting in the United States, especially as it relates to changes in travel behavior. Regarding the state of the practice, the paper discusses some refinements to the definition of telecommuting that have developed through increased operational experience. It reports several policy statements involving telecommuting, and explores the appeal of telecommuting as a public policy instrument. It highlights some trends in the implementation of home-based and work center-based telecommuting, and suggests that visible public-sector involvement has been crucial to the increased activity in this area.
In sketching the state of the art, the paper outlines some frequently-stated hypotheses on telecommuting and travel behavior, and summarizes current empirical findings relating to those hypotheses. Finally, it suggests a variety of topics suitable for further research. These include studying factors influencing the ultimate adoption levels of telecommuting; impacts on energy/air quality, mode choice, and location/urban form; interactions with other transportation demand management strategies; relationships to the traditional urban travel demand forecasting process; cost/benefit tradeoffs; and telecommuting centers.
The remoteness which characterizes sparselands, handicaps the economic and social interaction among residents of these areas and between these areas and the populated regions. The necessary efforts for physical interaction are rendered more strenuous by the environmental constraints which often prevail in sparsely populated regions.
As everything from immigration, airport security and road tolling become headline news, the need to understand mobility has never been more pertinent. Yet 'mobility' remains remarkably elusive in summary and definition. This introductory text makes 'mobility' tangible by explaining the key theories and writings that surround it. This book traces out the concept of mobility as a key idea within the discipline of geography as well as subject areas from the wider arts and social sciences. The text takes an interdisciplinary approach to draw upon key writers and thinkers that have contributed to the topic. In analyzing these, it develops an understanding of mobility as a relationship through which the world is lived and understood. Mobility is organized around themed chapters discussing - 'Meanings', 'Politics', 'Practices' and 'Mediations', and the book identifies the evolution of mobility and its implications for theoretical debate. These include the way we think about travel and embodiment, to regarding issues such as power, feminism and post-colonialism. Important contemporary case-studies are showcased in boxes. Examples range from the mobility politics evident in the evacuation of the flooding of New Orleans, xenophobia in Southern Africa, motoring in India, to the new social relationships emerging from the mobile phone. The methodological quandaries mobility demands are addressed through highlighted boxes discussing both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Arguing for a more relational notion of the term, the book understands mobility as a keystone to the examination of issues from migration, war and transportation; from communications and politics to disability rights and security. Key concept and case-study boxes, further readings, and central issue discussions allow students to grasp the central importance of 'mobility' to social, cultural, political, economic and everyday terrains. The text also assists scholars of Geography, Sociology, Cultural Studies, Planning, and Political Science to understand and engage with this evasive concept.
Three origin‐destination matrices of inter‐zonal person trips for a section of the Los Angeles metropolitan region are analyzed using principal component analysis. The matrices represent total person trips, journey‐to‐work trips, and shopping trips. This allows for the identification of a number of sub‐regional travel fields or functional regions within the area. The composition of and interrelationships between these fields and the spatial coincidence of fields defined for different travel purposes are compared with existing and proposed public transit facilities.
There are many diverse forms of barrier which impede the communications process. These barriers are particularly important in the context of the spatial sciences, but our understanding of their nature and significance is scant, as is out knowledge of the most appropriate way to handle them in modelling and policy assessment exercises. The actual literature on barriers to communications is relatively substantial, but it is spread across a wide range of disciplines and set in a variety of different contexts. This review attempts to bring together some of this material. It does not consider technical questions concerning the appropriate way to embrace barrier concepts in spatial models but rather looks at the nature of barriers and how they have been studied. Understanding of these more basic issues is a necessary precondition to the development of improved spatial models of communications.
A large body of research on the interactions of telecommunications and transportation has emerged in recent years, an outcome of the pace of development in electronics technology. Three types of interactions are noted: substitution, complementarity and enhancement, by order of their popularity. The paper reviews the knowledge on the relationships between the two systems through the analysis of applications of telecommunications technology for remote work, teleconferencing, teleservices, mobile communications and electronic mail transfer. It points to the importance of assessing future modifications of travel rather than focusing on the promises of substitution. The review also assesses the methods applied in this area and suggests further research, in view of some conceptual and practical issues.
Relationships between transportation and communications have generally been analyzed at the household level. Yet most transportation and communications services are used by industry. This paper examines the relationship between uses of transportation and communications services by industry in the countries of the European Community. It is shown that a clear pattern of complementarity appears to hold for such industrial uses throughout Western Europe. The complementarity appears to hold for all subsectors of the transportation service industry.
Before proceeding to explore potential strategies for energy conservation in urban passenger transport, this paper presents some evidence on energy efficiencies of various transport modes and on travel behaviour under energy constraints. Knowledge of the relative energy efficiencies of different modes of transport is evidently necessary for analysing and developing policies for fuel conservation. Although the automobile does appear to be significantly more energy-intensive than public transport modes, this does not automatically indicate that a policy to attract people to public transport would lead to the maximum possible fuel savings. Available evidence on travel behaviour under energy constraints indicates that the elasticity of travel demand is very small. Increasing prices, within the range expected, are not likely to result in satisfactory fuel savings, and it is therefore necessary to consider alternative strategies.
The strategies to be considered here may be outlined as follows: (1) improving fuel efficiency of automobiles by modifying driving habits, reducing speeds, improving traffic flows, and keeping vehicles properly maintained; (2) increasing efficiency of automobile travel by promoting higher occupancies; (3) attracting car travellers to public transport; (4) shifting to smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles, changing vehicle and engine designs such as to improve the inherent fuel efficiency of the automobile; (5) technological change: new propulsion systems, alternative fuels, and rapid personal transport; (6) reducing travel needs by changing land-use patterns and improving communications. These strategies are discussed in turn and, given the available information about travel patterns and behaviour, an attempt is made to assess their likely impact. Clearly those strategies should be selected which offer the maximum potential fuel savings and which can be introduced with minimum sacrifice.
This paper investigates the substitution/complementarity relationship among the demands for private transport, public transport and communication in the United Kingdom and Australia for the period 1960-1986. We use the Rotterdam Demand System for the analysis. The results identify major similarities and some important differences in consumption of these goods in the two countries. Further, they show that in both countries (a) private transport is a luxury and public transport is a necessity; (b) the demand for all three goods are price inelastic and (c) public transport, private transport and communications are pair-wise substitutes.
New telecommunications technologies have often been suggested to act as substitutes for travel. Teleshopping may be a substitute for traditional store shopping. This paper studies the determination of the demand for teleshopping. In general, the demand for telecommunications is derived from the demand for information. So we look at teleshopping as a form of information gathering. Agents can engage in various shopping activities, including teleshopping, which entail different time and monetary costs. Through a discrete choice model, we analyze the effect of costs on the choice of shopping activities. The model is estimated based on a pilot experiment in which individuals had to choose among information bundles when shopping for differentiated products. Implicit in the choice set were information items which can only be transmitted by specific media. Limitations of this preliminary work and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The authors would like to thank Paul Davidson for his comments and helpful discussions. They would also like to thank Peter Loeb for statistical assistance and William Harrington and the Western Union Telegraph Company for providing the data. The analysis and inferences are entirely the authors' and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Telegraph Company.
Municipal engineers are frequently responsible for the implementation of mass transportation plans and the maintenance and operation of mass transportation systems. To adequately perform these functions they must be involved in the preparation of urban transportation plans and be acquainted with the transportation planning process. The planning process is presented with examples from specific cities throughout the U.S. and the areas are identified in which the municipal engineers can most actively participate. The relationship of transportation planning to other elements of comprehensive planning and of local planning to regional planning is explored. Also, the various transportation modes, e.g. auto, train, bus, airplane are presented as parts of a comprehensive urban transportation system. Federal financial assistance plays an important role in the development of urban transportation systems and it is necessary for the engineer to be familiar with the various programs from which funds may be obtained for mass transportation. Brief descriptions of these programs are presented.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
A CATV system can be converted into an integrated CATV/Pay TV/Audience Rating/Audience Response system by providing for two-way transmission on the cable network and connecting, at each home TV set, a program selector unit that is arranged to generate signals indicative of the program selected and also subscriber response signals for TV shopping, opinion surveys, TV auctions, etc. These identification and response signals are sent back down the cable network to a central office interrogation system which is computer-controlled. A proposed design that meets specified system requirements for these new services would cost approximately $50 per subscriber more than a CATV system alone.
This paper, based on government statistics and extensive questionnaire investigation among present-day and migrant firms, attempts to establish the extent and character of post-war industrial diffusion from Greater London's most important outer metropolitan industrial zone--North-West London. More important, it also assesses the reasons for movement and choice of new locations within the United Kingdom, demonstrating that diffusion has taken one or other of two distinct forms: long-distance movement to peripheral industrial regions of higher unemployment, or short-distance 'overspill' movement to towns within 24-80 km (15-50 miles) of the metropolis. The paper demonstrates quantitatively that the great majority of migrant metropolitan firms are expanding firms, forced to move from an otherwise attractive economic environment by the restrictions on growth imposed by space shortages and high factory prices, labour scarcity and costs, and government policies preventing construction of new factories. These factors help to explain the bias among migrant factories towards mechanical and electrical engineering plants, and the over-representation of female-employing and medium-sized concerns. Long-distance movement has been adopted as an expansion strategy chiefly by large firms, who have established branch plants in regions such as central Scotland and South Wales in order to tap available labour supplies and benefit from government financial inducements. Regional market orientation has also played a part in this kind of migration. Short-distance movement primarily reflects the 'ceiling' on expansion imposed by factory shortages in London, and the corresponding lure of modern premises in the 24-80 km (15-50 mile) belt around the metropolis. The study also demonstrates, however, the continuing importance to these firms of close contact with London, for supplying customers in south-eastern England and overseas, obtaining materials and staff, and maintaining linkages with parent factories. The limited role of new and expanded towns, and the significance of personal factors in locational choice, are also stressed. Metropolitan industrial migration of this kind is shown to be having considerable influence on the human and economic geography of the United Kingdom in general, and the south-eastern metropolitan 'city region' in particular.
The technique of exchanging resolution according to the amount of movement in a picture has been previously described; in stationary parts of the picture the temporal resolution is reduced while in moving parts of the picture the spatial resolution is reduced. Here, we describe a method of applying resolution exchange to a differentially quantized (DPCM) signal. The resulting channel capacity required for the subjectively satisfactory transmission of the differential signal is halved. The coder is simpler than most interframe coders and should not increase the sensitivity of the system to channel errors.
The Director of the Institute of Communications Research at the University of Illinois discusses the nature of information theory and some of its possible applications to research on mass communications. There is an appendix on formulas, how to compute them, and suggested readings.
Some computer experiments in processing still pictures for bandwidth reduction are described. In the scheme studied, a picture is partitioned into subpictures each of which is encoded separately. A subpicture is expressed as a linear combination of a finite set of specially chosen basis subpictures. Quantized versions of the coefficients of this expansion are transmitted as binary digits. Using this procedure, we were able to obtain pictures of good quality using approximately 2 bits per picture-element; we were unable to do so at lower bit-rates.
Some general comments on the encoding of pictures are included.
If the scope of current cable television (CATV) content could be broadened to include interactive television services, it is conceivable that these new services would provide reasonable substitutes for the interactive communications that people miss when their surroundings change from a small community to a large urban community, and would thus reduce the individual social and political alienation caused by the one-way nature of our dialogue with society. A Time-Shared, Interactive, Computer-Controlled, Information Television (TICCIT) system, briefly described in the appendix to this paper, could reduce this alienation by providing interactive access to individualized instruction through television, community information, participation in the decision-making process, political information, protective information, job information, social care, social services information, private social conversation through Picturephone, news and mail, companionship, shopping, and gambling. (Author/SH)
The MITRE Corporation has been experimenting with a system called Time-Shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT) to show that standard TV receivers, cable television (CATV), and computers can be used to provide low-cost in-the-home information services. In the experiments computer generated pictures were delivered to customers over CATV. The users communicated with the computer through 12-button push-button telephones, and received individualized messages on their TV screens by means of at-home videotape recorders (VTR). If a transmitted picture carried an address that matched the customer's address, the VTR recorded the message. Some of the services offered included a home calculator, tax filing assistance, library services, electronic mail, personalized job-finding and investment advice. Experiments indicated that TICCIT services may enable communications to reduce need for transportation. Barriers to introduction of the system include problems of privacy, marketability, and costs of programs. (MG)
Recent models of location are drawn together and compared as to structure, criteria, and constraints. Private sector models are distinguished as those in which the total cost of transport and facilities is isolated as the objective to be minimized. The solution techniques of six such models are discussed. Public sector models are characterized by a criterion function involving a surrogate for social utility and by a constraint on investment in facilities or on the number of facilities. Five models with this format are discussed and compared. The two types of problem, location in the private sector and location in the public sector, are seen to have the same conceptual foundation, but formats which differ of necessity due to our inability to relate social utility to dollar value.
Communication is replacing travel or transportation in an increasing number of ways. It is argued that this substitution should be studied in detail, taking account of the economic, political, and psychological, as well as technical factors involved. The basic problem is formulated in terms of the ways in which the substitution can be made and the kinds of environment in which it might be made. A decision matrix and a decision rule, which can be used to determine whether the decision to make a communications-transportation substitution should be made, are formulated. Ways in which the elements of the decision matrix will be determined are discussed.
Two sets of data are fundamentally required to describe a television picture, one giving the significant changes of brightness, and the other the positions of such changes. The total information content is calculated according to Shannon, and the means are discussed for reducing bandwidth by redistributing the data in time so as to achieve a constant rate of transmission. Maximum compression is achieved by treating the two sets of data as independent quantities, and using two channels for their transmission. A compromise may be adopted, however, in which almost the maximum bandwidth compression is achieved using a single channel at the cost of an increase of signal power. The method is flexible in that it permits of an exchange to be made between the size of picture element and the continuity of grey scale, for a minimum stated bandwidth.
Two-way communications on a cable television system can be achieved in many different ways. This special report surveys the various approaches that have been proposed and are being tried experimentally in the field. The emphasis is on the basic engineering configurations rather than on the uses to which the systems can be put. For almost all of the systems, the possible two-way uses are limited only by one's imagination. The capability for any communications task exists if one is willing to pay the price.
Inluye bibliografía e índice
"Reprinted from The Rand Corporation paper P-2489." Thesis--University of California. Includes bibliographical references. Microfilm of typescript.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of London, 1968.
Proefschrift Delft, Technische Hogeschool. Met lit.opg.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 1971. Includes bibliography.
Schiller R. K. (1971) Location trends of specialist services, Reg. Studies 5, 1--10. Evidence is produced to show that specialist services in the Outer Metropolitan Area, around London, are less centrally located than would be expected by current theory. High income, car ownership and population dispersal are suggested as causes. It is argued that specialist services will tend to polarize in future between non-central locations serving car-based local consumers, and metropolitan CBDs serving public transport-based commuters, tourists and distant visitors.
Lichfield N. (1969) Cost benefit analysis in urban expansion. A case study: Peterborough, Reg. Studies 3, 123--155. The City of Peterborough is to be expanded by a New Town Development Corporation to accommodate twice its present population, of 80,000. In 1966 the Minister appointed an inter-disciplinary team of Consultants to prepare a Draft Basic plan as a basis for the area to be designated for the expansion. At an early stage in the design process it emerged that the expansion appeared to allow for at least four conceptually different approaches, termed hypotheses. Cost benefit analysis in the form of the Planning Balance Sheet was then used to evaluate these approaches, and to form the basis for designing a fifth, which became the recommended designated area. The article presents the analysis and shows how the technique of the Planning Balance Sheet can be used as a design tool in the process of plan making and as a method of setting out the rationale behind the Plan recommended by the professional planners. In consequence the Corporation and other Authorities can reconsider the judgements made by the Consultants during the process of building the town.
Townroe P. M. (1969) Locational choice and the individual firm, Reg. Studies 3, 15--24. A complementary approach to the use of locational theory for the understanding of the mobility of industrial concerns is found in a concentration on the individual enterprise. In a series of four charts, the internal and external pressures on the decision-making process are set out and the interrelationships explored. A clarification of the factors involved sets the process of locational choice in the context of the investment evaluation procedure of the enterprise and in the framework of public policy.
The paper reports on theoretical and empirical studies of contact systems. It refines and extends the framework, and consequently the implications, of such systems. This framework forms a base for extensive empirical studies, the results of which are used to suggest how contact systems are resolved and how they affect the quantitative and qualitative aspects of regional development. The analysis aims to determine how control of the course of development can be exerted by planning bodies at various levels.
Cable television (CATV) is unique in that it is the only wire, besides telephone, with potential access to 80 million customers. Many new services have been proposed to utilize this access-from meter reading to transmission of an entire book in seconds. The author postulates that electronic mail is the market CATV should pursue and describes the market potential, a system design in some detail, and an estimate of the costs involved. An intriguing result of this analysis is the possibility of sending mail electronically for only 10 cents a letter.
The transmitter/receiver system for bandwidth or data-rate compression of television signals, described herein, is a prototype model of the experimental system of Cherry et al. [1]. The system is suitable for both black-and-white or half-tone pictures, in realistic noise conditions. The system parameters my be adjusted so that an optimum run-length encoding may be found; the great advantages of run-length quantizing are shown, especially with regard to practical instrumentation, leading to the use of buffer stores of modest capacity. One particular cheap form of receiver operates on a quantized-variable-velocity principle and, being much more simple and cheap than the transmitter, is suitable for use in situations requiring many receivers.
This paper was also reprinted in: In Memoriam: J. C. R. Licklider 1915-1990 Research Report 61 Digital Equipment Corporation Systems Research Center August 1990 http://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/SRC/research-reports/abstracts/src-rr-061.html The Computer as a Communication Device
Substitutability of Communications for Transportation: A Problem Statement. Department of Geography The Pennsylvania State Uni-versity Teleconferencing: Literature Review, Field Studies, and Working Papers. Research and Engineer-ing Support Div., Institute for Defense Analysis
- R Abler
Abler, R. (1971). Substitutability of Communications for Transportation: A Problem Statement. Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State Uni-versity, University Park, Pennsylvania (June), mimeo. 191 Bailey, Gerald C., P.G. Nordlie, and F. Sistruch (1966). Teleconferencing: Literature Review, Field Studies, and Working Papers. Research and Engineer-ing Support Div., Institute for Defense Analysis, Arlington, Va. (March), NTIS, AD-480-695.
RCA Electronics Age (Summer)
- W F Wilson
Wilson, W. F. (1971). RCA Electronics Age (Summer). pp. 21-23.
Census Bureau. 115 U.S. CensusCentral Administrative Offices and Auxiliaries," 1954 Census of Business, Manufacturers and Mineral Industries Country Business Patterns, First Quarter 1956 Metropolis 1985; an interpretation of the findings of the New York Metropolitan region study
- U S Census
U. S. Census. 1954 Census of Business, Manufacturers, and Mineral Industries. Census Bureau. 115 U.S. Census. 1967 Census of Manufacturers. Census Bureau. 116 U. S. Census (1954). "Central Administrative Offices and Auxiliaries," 1954 Census of Business, Manufacturers and Mineral Industries. Preliminary report, Series P-CAOI, Census Bureau. 117 U. S. Census (1956). Country Business Patterns, First Quarter 1956. Census Bureau. 118 Vernon, Raymond (1960). Metropolis 1985; an interpretation of the findings of the New York Metropolitan region study. Harvard University Press. 119 Wells Fargo Bank. San Francisco Central Business District: A Growth Study. Branch Expansion Department, Wells Fargo Bank, San Francisco, mimeo.
Commerical Uses of Broadband Communications
- Kahn
- Ephraim
Kahn, Ephraim (1971). "Commerical Uses of Broadband Communications," Report prepared for the Sloan Commission on Cable Communications (June).
Factors and Trends in Trip Lengths
- Alan M Voorhees
Voorhees, Alan M., and Associates (1968). "Factors and Trends in Trip Lengths," Report 48. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Na-tional Research Council, Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C. 70 pp.
Metropolis Against Itself Committee for Economic Development
- Robert C Wood
Wood, Robert C. (1959). Metropolis Against Itself. Committee for Economic Development, New York, supplementary paper 2. City Center: A London Example," Regional Studies. 2.
Urban Atlas: 20 American Cities Population and Employment Forecasts and Distribution for the Central Puget Sound Region
- J R Passonneau
- R S Warman
Passonneau, J. R., and R. S. Warman (1966). Urban Atlas: 20 American Cities. MIT Press, Cambridge. 103 Puget Sound Governmental Conference (1969). Population and Employment Forecasts and Distribution for the Central Puget Sound Region, 1975-1990.