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Computer ethics: Its birth and its future
Abstract
This article discusses some``historical milestones'' in computer ethics, aswell as two alternative visions of the futureof computer ethics. Topics include theimpressive foundation for computer ethics laiddown by Norbert Wiener in the 1940s and early1950s; the pioneering efforts of Donn Parker,Joseph Weizenbaum and Walter Maner in the1970s; Krystyna Gorniak's hypothesis thatcomputer ethics will evolve into ``globalethics''; and Deborah Johnson's speculation thatcomputer ethics may someday ``disappear''.
... Since then, the idea of computer ethics has mainly evolved in computer science and came to a first full fruition in the late 1970s to mid 1980s with seminal works such as, for example, Walter Maner's (1980) 'starter kit in computer ethics' or Deborah G. Johnson's (1985) first textbook on the matter. Today, a 1985 special issue on computer ethics published by Metaphilosophy is generally recognized as a decisive crystallization point in the debate (Bynum 2001), especially because of notable contributions such as James H. Moor's (1985) discussion on why computer technology deserves special and separate moral consideration. His arguments are also of interest in the current debates on CDR, especially in terms of discussions around how separate CDR can and should be thought of vis-à-vis a second important conceptual pillar -corporate social responsibility (CSR) -I will discuss later. ...
... Following this line of thinking suggests that terms such as computer ethics or digital ethics are no longer needed to single out a subset of ethical issues arising from the use of information technology. Computer technology would be absorbed into the fabric of life, and computer ethics would thus be effectively absorbed into ordinary ethics and CDR becomes a mere part of corporate responsibility (Bynum 2001;Müller, forthcoming). ...
... For decades, researchers have studied digital ethics at the intersection of philosophical thought, communication science and computational science. The core of its development lies in consideration of technological transformations and their ethical impact (Bynum, 2001). Terminology has changed over decades (Maner, 1980) while the focus of reflection has remained constant. ...
This Methods Futures Briefing focuses on digital ethics. For decades, researchers have studied digital ethics at the intersection of philosophical thought, communication science and computational science. The core of its development lies in consideration of technological transformations and their ethical impact (Bynum, 2001).Terminology has changed over decades (Maner, 1980) while the focus of reflection has remained constant. The current debate around digital ethics includes deeper philosophical (authorial) and value-based (axiological) questions about digital-technological development itself (Mazzi, 2024). There are potentially new questions and problems regarding the application of digital ethics in the conceptualization, design and implementation of social research. This briefing describes digital ethics and suggests some possible developments that social researchers may need to consider in the medium term.
... Additionally, it calls for the implementation of security measures that prevent unauthorized access and mitigate the impact of cyber-attacks. Continuous education and training awareness for cybersecurity researchers are also critical as they must stay updated on the latest threats and ethical standards (Bynum, 2001). Ultimately, the goal is to balance the benefits of digital transformation with the need to protect individuals' rights and maintain the integrity of digital systems. ...
In today’s digital age, ethical issues are a principal concern during responsible data research which require thoughtful consideration and approaches for managing them. As technological advances materialize to increase the standard of living for people across the world, ethics must be prioritized by cybersecurity professionals to ensure these technologies are not being misused or inflicting harm to the general population especially to underrepresented and underprivileged communities. Cybersecurity subject matter experts must develop awareness regarding ethical ramifications of their research endeavors to ensure security is balanced with moral standards. Observance of and adherence to ethical based policies, principles, and security best practices will delineate cybersecurity professionals from threat actors.
... Таким образом, мы используем термин «этика» как плюралистический. Такой подход открыт для интерпретаций с точки зрения главных этических теорий, а также разных теоретических позиций, включая недавние попытки разработать этические теории, в большей степени нацеленные на новые технологии, такие как «раскрывающая этика» (disclosive ethics) [Brey 2000], компьютерная этика [Bynum 2001], информационная этика [Floridi 1999] и этика процветания человека [Stahl 2021]. ...
В статье на основе лонгитюдного исследования рассматриваются факторы перехода к трезвости в России в период с 2006 по 2020 гг. Для анализа используется база данных репрезентативных опросов Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья НИУ «Высшая школа экономика за 2006-2020 гг. По результатам применения бинарной логистической регрессии выявлено несколько групп факторов, которые влияют на переход россиян к трезвости в году Т+1. Повышают вероятность перехода к трезвости более старший возраст, женский пол, принадлежность к «мусульманским этносам», проживание в городах областного подчинения и сельской местности, беременность и рождение ребенка женщинами, снижение уровня душевого дохода для женщин, утрата статуса занятого, самооценка здоровья как ухудшающегося при условии оценки здоровья в исходном году как плохого и очень плохого, самооценка здоровья как улучшающегося по сравнению с оценкой здоровья на исходном уровне как среднего, наличие трезвенников в семье. Более высокие цены на алкоголь при прочих равных условиях повышают вероятность перехода мужчин к трезвости более чем в два раза. Важнейшими факторами отказа от потребления алкоголя являются естественные - возраст и ухудшение здоровья. Но наличие непьющих членов семьи способствует отказу от потребления алкоголя, а чрезмерно пьющих – наоборот. Увеличение доли непьющих в семье и в обществе может задать образцы трезвого образа жизни как социальной нормы. Продвижение ценности здоровья в обществе будет способствовать снижению потребления алкоголя и в будущем.
... Таким образом, мы используем термин «этика» как плюралистический. Такой подход открыт для интерпретаций с точки зрения главных этических теорий, а также разных теоретических позиций, включая недавние попытки разработать этические теории, в большей степени нацеленные на новые технологии, такие как «раскрывающая этика» (disclosive ethics) [Brey 2000], компьютерная этика [Bynum 2001], информационная этика [Floridi 1999] и этика процветания человека [Stahl 2021]. ...
... Таким образом, мы используем термин «этика» как плюралистический. Такой подход открыт для интерпретаций с точки зрения главных этических теорий, а также разных теоретических позиций, включая недавние попытки разработать этические теории, в большей степени нацеленные на новые технологии, такие как «раскрывающая этика» (disclosive ethics) [Brey 2000], компьютерная этика [Bynum 2001], информационная этика [Floridi 1999] и этика процветания человека [Stahl 2021]. ...
... It often focuses on specific sub-fields or problems and applications. One field of applied ethics that has developed since that 1970 s is that of computer ethics (Bynum, 2001;Moor, 1985) which has strongly influenced the development of the ethics of AI (Stahl, 2021). While computer ethics is one root of the ethics of AI, there are other streams of ethical considerations that are linked to some of the features of AI. ...
This article explores ethical issues raised by generative conversational AI systems like ChatGPT. It applies established approaches for analysing ethics of emerging technologies to undertake a systematic review of possible benefits and concerns. The methodology combines ethical issues identified by Anticipatory Technology Ethics, Ethical Impact Assessment, and Ethical Issues of Emerging ICT Applications with AI-specific issues from the literature. These are applied to analyse ChatGPT's capabilities to produce humanlike text and interact seamlessly. The analysis finds ChatGPT could provide high-level societal and ethical benefits. However, it also raises significant ethical concerns across social justice, individual autonomy, cultural identity, and environmental issues. Key high-impact concerns include responsibility, inclusion, social cohesion, autonomy, safety, bias, accountability, and environmental impacts. While the current discourse focuses narrowly on specific issues such as authorship, this analysis systematically uncovers a broader, more balanced range of ethical issues worthy of attention. Findings are consistent with emerging research and industry priorities on ethics of generative AI. Implications include the need for diverse stakeholder engagement, considering benefits and risks holistically when developing applications, and multi-level policy interventions to promote positive outcomes. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that applying established ethics of technology methodologies can produce a rigorous, comprehensive foundation to guide discourse and action around impactful emerging technologies like ChatGPT. The paper advocates sustaining this broad, balanced ethics perspective as use cases unfold to realize benefits while addressing ethical downsides.
... Walter Maner further developed the concept of information ethics to specifically include computers and coined the term computer ethics (Bynum, 2001). Maner (2002) noted that computers made ethical situations more complex. ...
This overview demonstrates the need for school librarians to consider supplementing coding instruction with ethical discussions. School librarians are increasingly incorporating coding into library instruction through play, tutorials, collaboration in content areas, and design thinking projects. To enhance students’ ethical decision making and empathy for others, school librarians can also incorporate ethical decision-making into coding activities. In this article, the authors explain why this is important, and present an ethical discussion model. These strategies may help school librarians work towards teaching social justice issues as part of coding programming.
... As early as the 1940s, MIT professor Norbert Wiener [4] was already thinking about computer ethics and inaugurated it as a field of scholarly research. Over the decades that followed, there has been an endless stream of research on computer ethics [5]. In recent years, with the rise of digital technology, the emerging literature on corporate responsibility in the digital realm is also deeply concerned with ethical challenges [6,7]. ...
Managers and scholars require an appropriate conceptualization, as well as reliable and valid measures of corporate digital responsibility (CDR), to better understand and tackle issues involving CDR. Therefore, by combining insights from extant research on corporate responsibility in the digital realm, this article proposes to distinguish CDR into corporate digitized responsibility and corporate digitalized responsibility. Specifically, corporate digitized responsibility includes unbiased data acquisition, data protection, and data maintenance; corporate digitalized responsibility involves appropriate data interpretation, objective predicted results and tackling value conflicts in data-driven decision-making. Moreover, we also provide a valid measurement for CDR, and the findings demonstrate that a positive relationship exists between CDR and corporate digital performance. Finally, this article offers some suggestions for managers on how to tackle CDR issues and utilize digital technologies in appropriate ways.
... Further well-established ones look at the consequences of actions for this evaluation (Bentham 1789;Mill 1861) or the character of the agent (Aristotle 2007). There are furthermore numerous more recent theoretical positions specifically aimed at computing and information technologies (Bynum 2001;Floridi 1999;Introna 2005), including recent attempts to formulate ethical positions specifically for AI (AI HLEG 2019; Dignum 2019). The dominant conceptual approach to the ethics of AI, however, is not to use philosophical theories but to refer to mid-level principles and guidelines . ...
This open access book contributes to the discourse of Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) from an African perspective. It is a unique collection that brings together prominent AI scholars to discuss AI ethics from theoretical and practical African perspectives and makes a case for African values, interests, expectations and principles to underpin the design, development and deployment (DDD) of AI in Africa. The book is a first in that it pays attention to the socio-cultural contexts of Responsible AI that is sensitive to African cultures and societies. It makes an important contribution to the global AI ethics discourse that often neglects AI narratives from Africa despite growing evidence of DDD in many domains. Nine original contributions provide useful insights to advance the understanding and implementation of Responsible AI in Africa, including discussions on epistemic injustice of global AI ethics, opportunities and challenges, an examination of AI co-bots and chatbots in an African work space, gender and AI, a consideration of African philosophies such as Ubuntu in the application of AI, African AI policy, and a look towards a future of Responsible AI in Africa.
This is an open access book.
... Further well-established ones look at the consequences of actions for this evaluation (Bentham 1789;Mill 1861) or the character of the agent (Aristotle 2007). There are furthermore numerous more recent theoretical positions specifically aimed at computing and information technologies (Bynum 2001;Floridi 1999;Introna 2005), including recent attempts to formulate ethical positions specifically for AI (AI HLEG 2019; Dignum 2019). The dominant conceptual approach to the ethics of AI, however, is not to use philosophical theories but to refer to mid-level principles and guidelines . ...
Robots are moving closer to human beings especially in work environments. The entry of co-bots into workspaces raises many questions. One of the key questions surrounds the likely relationship between the co-bots and their co-workers. Are co-bots to be considered as colleagues or are they tools? What ethical issues emerge from this consideration in the context of Kenyan workspaces? This chapter discusses these questions in the Kenyan context. Data for the chapter was collected using qualitative interviews with 20 data scientists selected through information-oriented purposive sampling. The chapter concludes that there are six ethical issues which can influence the perceptions of co-bots by data scientists in Kenya. These include the concept of work as a divine gift to humanity which cannot be shared with machines; the notion that treating co-bots as legal persons equates them to human beings which is viewed as demeaning to humanity; the fear that co-bots will dominate and eventually replace humans in ordinary workspaces thereby denying the latter not just an opportunity to work but to livelihood too; fear of unintended social consequences of “anthropomorphisation”; lack of trust for machines created by limited humans to offer unlimited services and companionship; and discomfort with exotic robots entering professional but also indigenous spaces. Until these ethical issues are addressed comprehensively, it is unlikely that information scientists would unreservedly welcome co-bots into their workspaces as colleagues.
... Further well-established ones look at the consequences of actions for this evaluation (Bentham 1789;Mill 1861) or the character of the agent (Aristotle 2007). There are furthermore numerous more recent theoretical positions specifically aimed at computing and information technologies (Bynum 2001;Floridi 1999;Introna 2005), including recent attempts to formulate ethical positions specifically for AI (AI HLEG 2019; Borenstein et al. 2021;Dignum 2019). The dominant conceptual approach to the ethics of AI, however, is not to use philosophical theories but to refer to mid-level principles and guidelines (Jobin et al. 2019). ...
The recent exponential rate of AI development has led to a proliferation of AI national policies and strategies as global power blocs have sought to consolidate positions of strategic dominance. These policies have sought to promote the benefits and mitigate the risks of AI—and address ever more serious ethical concerns about these technologies. This raises the question of how countries less influential in the sphere of AI might seek to address such ethical issues themselves, and whether lessons can be learned from existing policies in addressing issues of ethics and human rights. From a consideration of the current AI ethics discourse and existing AI policies, the chapter goes on to explore how ethical concerns are addressed in the North African AI strategies and which gaps and opportunities in terms of coverage of ethical issues arise from the current state of these policies. We suggest that ethical issues should be addressed clearly in policy at the earliest possible stage to ensure that ethical standards are internally produced in line with social and cultural values, rather than being de facto applied by external actors.
... Further well-established ones look at the consequences of actions for this evaluation (Bentham 1789;Mill 1861) or the character of the agent (Aristotle 2007). There are furthermore numerous more recent theoretical positions specifically aimed at computing and information technologies (Bynum 2001;Floridi 1999;Introna 2005), including recent attempts to formulate ethical positions specifically for AI (AI HLEG 2019; Dignum 2019). The dominant conceptual approach to the ethics of AI, however, is not to use philosophical theories but to refer to mid-level principles and guidelines . ...
In the current African society, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming more popular and seeking to cover all facets of human activity. The adoption and use of these modern technologies in the African context are currently low due to some emerging challenges. Consequently, these difficulties may have a direct influence on African economic development. In this paper, we highlight the challenges facing the adoption of AI technologies in Africa which include skills acquisition, lack of structured data ecosystem, ethics, government policies, insufficient infrastructure and network connectivity, uncertainty, and user attitude. Finally, various solutions to enhance AI adoption in Africa were then proposed.
... Further well-established ones look at the consequences of actions for this evaluation (Bentham 1789;Mill 1861) or the character of the agent (Aristotle 2007). There are furthermore numerous more recent theoretical positions specifically aimed at computing and information technologies (Bynum 2001;Floridi 1999;Introna 2005), including recent attempts to formulate ethical positions specifically for AI (AI HLEG 2019; Dignum 2019). The dominant conceptual approach to the ethics of AI, however, is not to use philosophical theories but to refer to mid-level principles and guidelines . ...
This chapter provides an analysis into the factors that impact the effective adoption and successful implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in Africa. The study begins by defining the concept of “responsible AI” and what this means specifically for technologies developed and used within Africa. Further sections within the chapter present challenges including digital literacy, lack of local AI talent and governmental barriers that impede. The chapter also goes into an in-depth analysis of the AI startup and research landscape within the African continent, highlighting organisations of interest and concerning trends. ‘Challenges to effective AI adoption and Implementation in Africa’ concludes by envisioning what responsible AI could look like in the African context and provides actionable recommendations for making strides towards this goal.
... Computer ethics at the time was mostly about the potential consequences of future computing technologies. As technology progressed and computers found new uses in already existing aspects of everyday life and in other fields of study, such as medicine (Bynum, 2001) new ethical considerations started to emerge. In the 1980s, two seminal works came out establishing the ethics of computing as a distinct field of study by James Moor (1985) and Deborah Johnson (1985). ...
Proceedings of the ETHICOMP 2022
Conference was held in Turku, Finland, July 26-28, 2022.
... It is a philosophical field of study where ethics, communication studies, and computer science intersect. Norbert Wiener, Donn Parker, Joseph Weizenbaum, and Walter Maner were some of the early pioneers of computer ethics (Bynum 2001). For Maner (1980), computer ethics studies how computer technology aggravates, transforms, or creates ethical problems. ...
... The studies of Mason [44] and Moor [45] were one of the first studies dealing with the information technologies' responsibility followed by studies focusing on ethics in emerging IT [13,14,17,29,51]. ...
With the rapid proliferation of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in organizations over the last decade, certain concerns arise regarding human rights, data security, privacy or other ethical issues that could be at stake due to the uncontrolled use of AI. However, concerns regarding transparency in the use of AI are not yet reflected in any standards for the disclosure of non-financial information, nor in current regulations. Voluntary disclosure of AI, being a novelty, is scarce, implies a lack of standardization and is limited above all to the financial, technology and telecommunications sectors. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to seek consensus and to propose a set of relevant elements to structure the information on the use of AI by companies, to improve transparency, mitigate risks and demonstrate a real responsibility in its use. For the purposes of this study, a set of disclosure elements had been proposed based on multi stakeholder approach with the collaboration between the New Technologies Commission of AECA and the BIDA Observatory. The final proposal has been validated by online questionnaires and includes a guide to the general information elements (AI governance model; Ethics and responsibility; Strategy) as well as more specific disclosure requirements for each medium–high risk automated decision making (ADM) systems. Thus, this research attempts to contextualize the development of artificial intelligence reporting standards.
... With the advent of computer systems, ethics have aroused new interests and dilemmas in society. Terms such as "computer ethics" date back to the 1970s, but ethical dilemmas with reference to the technological environment appear with the development of the first technologies based on computer systems (Wiener 1954, Wiener 1959, Bynum 2001). Norbert Wiener, also considered the father of cybernetics and one of the main contributors to the development of digital computers, recognizes from the early stages of research that technology and digital computers will consistently change many aspects of life and have a crucial ethical importance, anticipating their impact on the labor market. ...
Different businesses utilize Artificial intelligence (AI) to accelerate their digital
transformation aiming to enhance specific outcomes while maximize productivity.
Artificial Intelligence technologies have evolved rapidly and the interest to study this
field has increased accordingly. In this context, the researchers were interested not only
on the technical side of AI, but also on its impact on economy, or business. This study
reviews, trough bibliometric techniques, the key players, and the main discussed topics,
that contribute to the research of ethics of AI solutions implemented in business. We
analyzed the most cited 2000 articles extracted from Scopus databases, and we used
VOSviewer to visualize the identified data. The insights provided through this paper are
valuable for the researchers that are exploring the AI ethics, as well as for specific
audiences from different domains such as social sciences, business decision making, IT
management, government, and public policy decision-makers.
... The history of software ethics predates that of software engineering, and has been studied extensively since [1]. However, 'softwareization' of hardware as well as that of many routine activities, the changing nature of software architecture and user interface, the continually evolving software ecosystem, and the increasing prevalence and influence of software in society, as well as the dependence on software by people-only intensified by the circumstances created by the COVID-19 pandemic-have made the issue of software ethics as exigent as ever. ...
... An important starting point for the delimitation of the computer ethics discourse is the fact that there are several published accounts that review and classify this discourse. These notably include work undertaken by Terry Bynum [27][28][29] but also other reflective accounts of the field (H. T. [117]. ...
Ethical, social and human rights aspects of computing technologies have been discussed since the inception of these technologies. In the 1980s, this led to the development of a discourse often referred to as computer ethics. More recently, since the middle of the 2010s, a highly visible discourse on the ethics of artificial intelligence (AI) has developed. This paper discusses the relationship between these two discourses and compares their scopes, the topics and issues they cover, their theoretical basis and reference disciplines, the solutions and mitigations options they propose and their societal impact. The paper argues that an understanding of the similarities and differences of the discourses can benefit the respective discourses individually. More importantly, by reviewing them, one can draw conclusions about relevant features of the next discourse, the one we can reasonably expect to follow after the ethics of AI. The paper suggests that instead of focusing on a technical artefact such as computers or AI, one should focus on the fact that ethical and related issues arise in the context of socio-technical systems. Drawing on the metaphor of ecosystems which is widely applied to digital technologies, it suggests preparing for a discussion of the ethics of digital ecosystems. Such a discussion can build on and benefit from a more detailed understanding of its predecessors in computer ethics and the ethics of AI.
... Computer ethics is an aspect of applied ethics that deals with the ethical issues that surround the use of computers and other computing technologies (Forester and Morrison 1991). Some have defined it as the subject of inquiry that deals with the ethical conduct and behaviors of professionals in the computer and information technology fields (Anderson 1992;Bynum 2001). James Moor refers to it as the "analysis of the nature and social impact of computer technology and the corresponding formulation and justification of policies for the ethical use of such technology" (1985, p. 266). ...
Research into the ethics of artificial intelligence is often categorized into two subareas—robot ethics and machine ethics. Many of the definitions and classifications of the subject matter of these subfields, as found in the literature, are conflated, which I seek to rectify. In this essay, I infer that using the term ‘machine ethics’ is too broad and glosses over issues that the term computational ethics best describes. I show that the subject of inquiry of computational ethics is of great value and indeed is an important frontier in developing ethical artificial intelligence systems (AIS). I also show that computational is a distinct, often neglected field in the ethics of AI. In contrast to much of the literature, I argue that the appellation ‘machine ethics’ does not sufficiently capture the entire project of embedding ethics into AI/S, and hence the need for computational ethics. This essay is unique for two reasons; first, it offers a philosophical analysis of the subject of computational ethics that is not found in the literature. Second, it offers a finely grained analysis that shows the thematic distinction among robot ethics, machine ethics and computational ethics.
... To find general guidance regarding how to behave digitally responsibly, a long-standing discussion in computer ethics highlights the difficulties (Bynum, 2001), exacerbated because the fundamental shifts associated with the digital mean that "either no [moral or ethical] policies for conduct in these situations exist or existing policies seem inadequate" (Moor, 1985, p. 266). Rather than updating existing norms, CDR appears to need an entirely new underpinning. ...
We propose that digital technologies and related data become increasingly prevalent and that, consequently, ethical concerns arise. Looking at four principal stakeholders, we propose corporate digital responsibility (CDR) as a novel concept. Specifically, we define CDR as the set of shared values and norms guiding an organization's operations with respect to the four main processes related to digital technology and data. These processes are the 1) creation of technology and data capture, (2) operation and decision making, (3) inspection and impact assessment, and (4) refinement of technology and data. On this basis, we expand our discussion of CDR by highlighting how to managerially effectuate CDR compliant behavior based on an organizational culture perspective. Our proposed conceptualization of CDR unlocks future research opportunities related to refining and expanding the concept, especially regarding pertinent antecedents and consequences. Managerially, we shed first light on how an organization's shared values and norms regarding CDR can get translated into actionable guidelines for users. This provides grounds for future discussions related to CDR readiness, implementation, and success.
... Information ethics consists of information technology and information society with informatics, philosophy, computer science, communication, sociology and traditional ethics with crossing and blending [1] . The study includes various ethical problems which emerge in the process of information production, information processing, information transmission and information utilization. ...
... Reflejando el retraso cultural vienen los debates actuales que giran en torno a la interacción entre Internet y cuestiones relacionadas con la privacidad, los derechos de propiedad intelectual y la pornografía. Según la noción de distanciamiento moral, la tecnología y las innovaciones pueden aumentar la propensión al comportamiento poco ético al permitir que un individuo se desvincule de un acto y de sus consecuencias (Bynum, 2001;Spinello, 2012;Ferrell & Fraedrich, 2015;Patrignani & Whitehouse, 2015). ...
Ethics is fundamental for the optimal functioning of an organization that provides services. In literature there are different approaches to address it, but it is difficult to know what paradigm can be ideal for this type of organization. Therefore, the aim of this research is to review the phenomenon in literature to propose a paradigm that helps improve decision making in these organizations. It is concluded that moral intensity is the ethical paradigm that should be considered.
Unethical behaviors on the Internet are increasingly prevalent, causing widespread tangible and intangible harms to society. To address this growing issue, implementing Internet ethics education in higher educational institutions presents a proactive and effective solution to this problem. Understanding the factors that motivate educational institutions to adopt this educational innovation is crucial. This study explores these motivations by integrating innovation diffusion theory with the technology-organization-environment framework, identifying key factors that influence organizational-level intentions to implement Internet ethics education. Data collected from 81 respondents holding a lecturer position or higher were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The findings highlight that perceived benefits, compatibility, top management support, and government support significantly and positively affect implementation intentions. These insights provide valuable guidance for educators and policymakers in educational institutions, demonstrating the applicability of the integrated theoretical framework in studying educational innovations and can be extended to other areas of innovation research.
In today's digital age, ethical issues are a principal concern during responsible data research which requires thoughtful consideration and approaches for managing them. As technological advances materialize to increase the standard of living for people across the world, ethics must be prioritized by cybersecurity professionals to ensure these technologies are not being misused or inflicting harm to the general population, especially to underrepresented and underprivileged communities. Cybersecurity subject matter experts must develop awareness regarding ethical ramifications of their research endeavors to ensure security is balanced with moral standards. Observance of and adherence to ethical based policies, principles, and security best practices will delineate cybersecurity professionals from threat actors.
This chapter explains and integrates new approaches to teaching computing and information ethics (CIE) and researching CIE education. We first familiarize the reader with CIE by explaining three domains where information ethics may be applied: Information Ownership; Information Privacy; and Information Quality. We then outline past and current approaches to CIE education and indicate where research is necessary. Research suggestions for CIE education focus upon developing a deep understanding of the relationships between students, teachers, pedagogical materials, learning processes, teaching techniques, outcomes and assessment methods. CIE education exists to enhance individual and group ethical problem solving processes; however these are not yet fully understood, making research necessary. We then discuss CIE education research results to date and suggest new directions, including applying insights from the field of learning science as well as developing dynamic computing and information tools. Since these tools are dynamic and interactive, they will support collaboration, iteration, reflection, and revision that can help students learn CIE.
In a moment of heightened ethical questioning concerning data-intensive analytics, “data ethics” has become a site of dispute over its very definition in teaching, research, and practice. In this paper, we contextualize this dispute based on the experience of teaching data ethics. We describe how the field of computer ethics has historically informed the training of computer experts and how, in recent years, the scholarship on science and technology studies has created opportunities for transforming the way we teach with the inclusion of critical scholarship on relational ethics and sociotechnical systems. The emergent literature on “critical data ethics” has created a space for interdisciplinary collaboration that integrates technical and social science research to examine digital systems in their design, implementation, and use through a hands-on approach. As a contribution to the recent efforts to reimagine and transform the field of data science, we conclude with a discussion of the approach we devised to bridge technology/society divides and engage students with questions of social justice, accountability, and openness in their data practices.
The given article encompasses problems of computer ethics role in the technical specialists preparing process. The attention is focused on an urgency and practical significance of this problem in modern conditions of computer technique development. The article examines the special role of higher education in creating computer ethics standards, analyzes the study of modern forms of information ethics, which is extremely relevant in the conditions of global digitalization, as well as at the justification of the need for its study in institutions of higher education. The skills and abilities of technical students and students who study in the field of informatics and plan to be future software developers responsible for making decisions about various types of technology development are considered in the article. A conclusion was made about the need to introduce a course on the ethics of the global information space, that is, computer ethics, into the education of students, along with the creation and implementation of codes of scientific information ethics for scientists and teachers of modern universities.
As computing becomes more powerful and extends the reach of those who wield it, the imperative grows for computing professionals to make ethical decisions regarding the use of that power. We propose the concept of abstracted power to help computer science students understand how technology may distance them perceptually from consequences of their actions. Specifically, we identify technological intermediation and computational thinking as two factors in computer science that contribute to this distancing. To counter the abstraction of power, we argue for increased emotional engagement in computer science ethics education, to encourage students to feel as well as think regarding the potential impacts of their power on others. We suggest four concrete pedagogical approaches to enable this emotional engagement in computer science ethics curriculum, and we share highlights of student reactions to the material.
Over the last decade, the use of different artificial intelligence (AI) tools has increased. To shed some light on the emerging trend of AI disclosure, the aim of this paper is to analyse the current practices of major Western European companies regarding the automated decision-making (ADM) disclosure in their annual or sustainability reports. This paper proposes a methodology based on bigrams that enables the automatic extraction of the information on ADM that companies disclose. The sample consisted of 962 annual/sustainability reports, published in 2018 and 2019, of 337 companies listed on 13 Western European countries’ stock markets. Our findings show that ADM disclosure is still at an early stage and that the first adopters are mostly companies operating in the financial sector.
This chapter introduces the themes covered by the book. It provides an overview of the concept of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) and some of the technologies that have contributed to the current high level of visibility of AI. It explains why using case studiesCase study, case studies is a suitable approach to engage a broader audience with an interest in AI ethics. The chapter provides a brief overview of the structure and logic of the book by indicating the content of the cases covered in each section. It concludes by identifying the concept of ethics used in this book and how it is located in the broader discussion of ethics, human rightsHuman rightsand regulationRegulationof AIArtificial intelligence.
The digitalisation of industry is an urgent aspect to develop regional economic systems, which involves introducing state-of-the art information and communication technologies into the activities of enterprises. Digital transformation is accompanied by a corresponding transformation of the structure of interregional interactions, influencing the depth and degree of regional differentiation, as well as the competitiveness of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In this article, the authors assess the impact of digitalisation on the development of regions of the Russian Federation by determining the depth of digital transformation and the unevenness of digitalisation processes among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research is to study the digital transformation processes in a territorial context taking into account its impact on territorial differentiation and the cyclical nature of economic development. As a result of the research, the authors determined that in most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the second stage of digital transformation is being implemented, while the country’s territory is highly differentiated in terms of digitalisation performance. The authors have proposed several possible scenarios for the implementation of digital transformation processes in Russian regions.
Bu çalışmanın amacı zorunlu uzaktan eğitim kapsamında (Covid-19 Pandemisi) çevrimiçi ortamlarda öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişim etiğine yönelik metaforik imge ve algılarını incelemektir. Bu amaçla, üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişim etiğine yükledikleri metaforik imge ve algılarının incelendiği bu çalışma nitel olgubilim (fenomenoloji) çalışması olarak desenlenmiştir. Çalışmada verilerin toplanıp yorumlanması sürecinde metafor analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında Türkiye'nin doğusunda bulunan bir devlet üniversitesinde toplam 85 üniversite öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma verileri çevrimiçi olarak oluşturulan "Metafor Formu" aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Çalışmada olumlu metafor grubunda tamamlayıcı, destekleyici, düzenleyici, motive edici ve yarar sağlayıcı temaları ortaya çıkmıştır. Olumsuz metafor grubunda ise belirsiz, zorunlu ve sınırlayıcı temaları ortaya çıkmıştır. Çalışma sonucuna göre araştırma bulguları ve literatürdeki çalışmalar ışığında ileride yapılacak araştırmalara kaynaklık etmesi açısından bir dizi öneride bulunulmuştur.
The life and work of the computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum is a testament to the ways in which the field of artificial intelligence has engendered discontent. In his articles, public talks, and most notably in his 1976 book, Computer Power and Human Reason, Weizenbaum challenged the faith in computerized solutions and argued that the proper question was not whether computers could do certain things, but if they should. As a computer scientist speaking out against computers, Weizenbaum has often been treated as something of a lone Jeremiah howling in the wilderness. However, as this article demonstrates, such a characterization fails to properly contextualize Weizenbaum. Drawing upon his correspondence with Lewis Mumford, this article argues that Weizenbaum needs to be understood as part of a community of criticism, while also exploring how he found the role of discontented critic to be a lonely and challenging one.
La tecnología de rastreo de contactos y productos sanitarios digitales se ha convertido en uno de los mecanismos para monitorear a los individuos y alertar rápidamente si han estado en proximidad con alguien que ha resultado contagiado con un virus. El texto presenta un análisis de los aspectos relacionados con el derecho a la privacidad y el conflicto que surge frente al principio de legalidad, para así proponer por un modelo de gobernanza de los datos basado en un marco ético-legal de referencia, el cual se ajuste al principio de responsabilidad demostrada en la implementación y funcionamiento de herramientas tecnológicas.
Digital ethics, also known as computer ethics or information ethics, is now a lively field that draws a lot of attention, but how did it come about and what were the developments that lead to its existence? What are the traditions, the concerns, the technological and social developments that pushed digital eth-ics? How did ethical issues change with digitalisation of human life? How did the traditional discipline of philosophy respond? The article provides an overview, proposing historical epochs: ‘pre-modernity’ prior to digital computation over data, via the ‘modernity’ of digital data processing to our present ‘post-modernity’ when not only the data is digital, but our lives themselves are largely digital. In each section, the situation in technology and society is sketched, and then the developments in digital ethics are explained. Finally, a brief outlook is provid-ed.
A discussion on relevant juridical innovation in Italian and European law that show the current re-codification of fundamental legal categories as "internal" to those of a technological society
Das Gutachten ist der Versuch, eine vorläufige Antwort auf die Frage zu geben, in welchem Umfang die gegenwärtige Debatte über Big Data von Bezügen auf ethische Standards geprägt ist. Damit wird zugleich die Frage gestellt, wie ethische Standards in Zukunft zur fairen Ausbalancierung zwischen starrer Regulation einerseits und totale Flexibilisierung andererseits von Nutzen sein könnten. Ethische Standards werden dabei in einer wissenssoziologischen Perspektive sowohl als implizite Begründungsmuster als auch als explizite kommunikative Gattung aufgefasst, deren Funktion sich u. a. darin begründet, Anschlussfähigkeit zwischen unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Teilsystemen herzustellen und dauerhaft zu erhalten.
http://www.abida.de/sites/default/files/ABIDA%20Gutachten%20Ethische%20Standards.pdf
With increased use of virtual worlds in education, training, military, arts, engineering, architecture, astronomy, medical, physical sciences, and many other fields, research in the field of distributed virtual world simulation environments has increased manifold in the last decade. This astounding growth has motivated us to think seriously about issues related to ethics in such research. Awareness of ethical issues is not only a responsibility of the researcher conducting research in virtual worlds, but also for ethics committees and institutional review board members. In this chapter we provide an overview of the past and current research attempting to identify ethics issues related to distributed virtual world simulation environments research. We raise questions related to virtual world research ethics that researcher and ethics committee members should ponder, and we provide several references for the reader to engage in thought provoking further study and discussion.
The use of computational tools in the humanities for science 2.0 practices is steadily increasing. This paper examines current research practices of a group of philosophers studying the history of philosophical concepts. We explain the methodology and workflow of these philosophers and provide an overview of tools they currently use in their research. The case study highlights a number of fundamental challenges facing these researchers, including: (i) accessing known relevant research content or resources; (ii) discovering new research content or data; (iii) working collaboratively rather than individually. We propose a mash-up of search, visualization, and awareness tools addressing these challenges and discuss the design of the mash-up, its implementation, and evaluation with the target users. Through our case study, we demonstrate the benefits of a user-centered design approach, as well as the benefits of the concrete mash-up for historians of philosophy, and, importantly, the limitations of these tools for conducting historical and philosophical research.
That computing and information systems give rise to specific ethical issues related to the appropriate uses of such technology is a viewpoint that, according to Bynum (2001a), is traceable at least as far back as Norbert Wiener’s seminal work in the 1950s (Wiener, 1954). From this important idea, a field of inquiry emerged that came to be known as “computer ethics” (Maner, 1980). As with many emerging fields, however, scholarly debate arose as to how “computer ethics” should best be defined (cf. Bynum, 2001b). While various distinct positions have been advanced in this regard (e.g., Moor, 1985; Johnson, 2001), a broad characterization of the field is that “computer ethics” deals with the personal and social impacts of information technology, along with the ethical considerations that arise from such impacts (Bynum, 2001b). More recent views localize “computer ethics” within a still broader philosophical domain of “information ethics” (Floridi & Sanders, 2002). Purchase this chapter to continue reading all 6 pages >
IT ethics cannot be analyzed without assessing business ethics in general and the cultural environment. This study is based on the Turkish case. Turkey lies at the crossroads of civilizations, making it hard to define a generally accepted set of ethical principles. Western, Islamic, and Turkish cultures are in competition with each of them, and a synthesis has not yet been achieved. Therefore, a common identity and common ethical standards cannot be acquired. In fact, such a synthesis could be categorized as a new civilization. This disagreement causes proliferation of unethical behaviors such as the illegal copying of software. The majority of highly educated technical people in Turkey approves of the illegal copying of software, if it is necessitated by the interests of the country. This shows that we have a long way to go to reach global ethical standards, and country-specific differences cannot be eliminated in the short term.
IntroductionPhilosophy and Computer EthicsEthical Issues: Privacy, Liability, Ownership, and PowerCodes of Conduct Relevant to the Use of ComputersSummaryReferences
The author agrees with James Moor that computer technology, because it is ‘logically malleable’, is bringing about a genuine
social revolution. Moor compares the computer revolution to the ‘industrial revolution’ of the late 18th and the 19th centuries;
but it is argued here that a better comparison is with the ‘printing press revolution’ that occurred two centuries before
that. Just as the major ethical theories of Bentham and Kant were developed in response to the printing press revolution,
so a new ethical theory is likely to emerge from computer ethics in response to the computer revolution. The newly emerging
field of information ethics, therefore, is much more important than even its founders and advocates believe.
It is the author belief that cybernetics should be considered not merely as a program to be carried out in the future, but as an existing science. In this book the author's intention is to express and to exemplify his ideas on cybernetics and to display some of his personal philosophical reflections
The book ia a computer scientist's elucidation of the impact of scientific rationality on man's self-image
Fodor andTerrell Ward Bynum, creators. What is Computer Ethics? [a video program
- L John
Computer Ethics in the 21st Century Keynote address delivered at the 4th ETHICOMP international Conference on the Social and Ethical Impacts of Information and Communications Technologies
- Deborah G Johnson
Starter Kit in Computer Ethics. Helvetia Press and the National Information and Resource Center for Teaching Philosophy
- Walter Maner
What is Computer Ethics? {a video program}
- L John
- Terrell Ward Fodor
- Bynum
Computer Ethics in the 21st Century
- G Deborah
- Johnson