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Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria subsp. tinctoria)
Abstract
This study is designed to examine the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the hydrodistillated essential oil and the various extracts of alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria subsp. tinctoria). Gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the essential oil were resulted in the determination
of 27 different compounds, representing 93.32% of the total oil. The major compounds detected in the oil, were pulegone (22.27%),
1,8-cineole (13.03%), α-terpinyl acetate (6.87%), and isophytol (6.83%), respectively. Antioxidant activities of the samples
were determined by 4 different test systems namely β-carotene/linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing
power, and chelating effect. In all systems, essential oil showed the weakest activity profile. On the other hand, ethyl acetate
and water extracts exhibited excellent antioxidant activities. As well as the antioxidant activities of the extracts, they
were evaluated in terms of their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In parallel to the experiments, ethyl acetate and
water extracts were found to be rich-in these phytochemicals.
Keywords
Alkanna tinctoria
-essential oil-antioxidant activity-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
... Alkanna Tausch belongs to Boraginaceae family of the Tubiflorae order, is a genus represented by 34 (about endemic) species and 40 taxa in the flora of Turkey (Kayabası et al., 2000;Akcin et al., 2004;Gumus and Ozlu, 2007;Ozer et al., 2010;Sevimli-Gur et al., 2010). Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch with the blue-blooming is grown in Europe, the Mediterranean region, and Western Asia, subtropical areas of the world (Gumus and Ozlu, 2007;Ozer et al., 2010;Mohammed et al., 2016). ...
... Alkanna Tausch belongs to Boraginaceae family of the Tubiflorae order, is a genus represented by 34 (about endemic) species and 40 taxa in the flora of Turkey (Kayabası et al., 2000;Akcin et al., 2004;Gumus and Ozlu, 2007;Ozer et al., 2010;Sevimli-Gur et al., 2010). Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch with the blue-blooming is grown in Europe, the Mediterranean region, and Western Asia, subtropical areas of the world (Gumus and Ozlu, 2007;Ozer et al., 2010;Mohammed et al., 2016). Alkanna tinctoria name originates from the Spanish word alcana and Arabic al-hena. ...
... Alkanna tinctoria name originates from the Spanish word alcana and Arabic al-hena. It is also known as Alkanet or dyers, bugloss, orchanet, Spanish bugloss or Languedoc bugloss (Ozer et al., 2010;Elsharkawy et al., 2013). Besides, it has diverse local names such as Havaciva, Egnik, Kızılenik, Tuyluboya and Yerinegi are for A. tinctoria, in Turkey (Akcin et al., 2004). ...
DNA-topoizomerazları
olarak bilinen naftokinonları üreten Alkanna
tinctoria (L.) Tausch, Türkiye’de özellikle yara iyileştirmede geleneksel
terapötik ajan olarak kullanılmaktadır. Alkanna tinctoria metanol, etanol
ve asetonitril kök ekstraktlarının 9 klinik mikroorganizmaya karşı
antimikrobiyal aktivitesi ve köpek meme kanser hücre hattı (CMT-U27) üzerinde
sitotoksititesi MTT analizi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Alkanat kök
ekstraktları 9 mikroorganizmadan sadece ikisine (Proteus spp. and S. haemolyticus) karşı antimikrobiayl
aktivite göstermiştir. CMT-U27 kanser hücrelerine yönelik in vitro çalışmada, 100 µg/mL
konsantrasyondaki asetonitril kök ekstraktı güçlü ve önemli bir hücre
büyümesini engelleyici etki göstermiştir. Sonuçlarımız Alkanat asetonitril kök ekstraktının biyoaktif
metabolitlerinin tanımlanmasını takiben potansiyel terapötik ajan olarak
değerlendirilebileceğini açıkça ifade etmektedir.
... The air-dried plant material (20 g) was consecutively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water (Ozer et al., 2010). Yields were found to be 1.25%, 1.20%, 0.75%, 5.62%, and 6.25% (w/w) for hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts, respectively. ...
... The air-dried and ground plant material (300 g) was submitted for 5 h to hydro-distillation by using a British-type Clevenger apparatus (Ozer et al., 2010). The essential oil yields were determined as 0.012% (v/w). ...
... Antioxidant activities of samples were investigated by using β-carotene-linoleic acid (Ozer et al., 2010), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging (Kose et al., 2010), and reducing power Tepe et al., 2011) assays. ...
In this study, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and solvent extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water) obtained from aerial parts of the endemic plant Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon collected from Afyonkarahisar province in Turkey were examined. The antioxidant ability of solvent extracts and essential oil was evaluated using various methods (β-carotene-linoleic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and reducing power assays) and the content of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined. In the essential oil, thirty-one compounds were identified by GC/MS analysis. The major components were (Z,Z)-farnesyl acetone (19.28%), caryophyllene oxide (15.85%) and pulegone (7.15%). In all assays, water extract showed the strongest antioxidant properties due to the highest content of total phenolics. The significantly high correlations were observed between the content of total phenolics and DPPH radical (0.894) and reducing power (0.983) assays. Methanol extract was the richest in total flavonoids. The present results support the traditional and possible use of the essential oil and extracts from M. parviflorum subsp. oligodon in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
... In the present study natural colorant obtained from Alkanet root was used to formulate our lipstick. Alkanna tinctoria, commonly known as the dyer's alkanet, orchanet, and bugloss belong to family Boraginaceous [5,6]. Alkanet roots produces a fine red colouring compound used for dying cloth, medicines, varnishes, food, braveries etc [5][6][7][8][9]. ...
... Alkanna tinctoria, commonly known as the dyer's alkanet, orchanet, and bugloss belong to family Boraginaceous [5,6]. Alkanet roots produces a fine red colouring compound used for dying cloth, medicines, varnishes, food, braveries etc [5][6][7][8][9]. The dye obtained from Alkanet are water insoluble but https://doi.org ...
From ancient time peoples were using lipstick, which was made by natural sources to protect and to increase the beauty of lips. Herbal lipstick contains pigments, antioxidants, waxes, oils, fragrance and preservatives. Alkanet root is used as natural source of red pigment in cosmetics, food and textile industries. Alkanet roots are traditionally used to treat aging, wounds, inflammation and herpes. The herbal lipstick was formulated and subjected to evaluation by different parameters like breaking, melting and, softening points, surface anomalies, aging and perfume stabilities, solubility test and pH. The herbal lipstick presents quintessential properties after application. It was concluded that the formulated herbal lipstick provides less side effects and further clinical investigation is required to assess for better efficacy.
... An investigation conducted by Ozer et al. (2010), found total phenols to be 0.58±0.46 and 1.10±0.31 ...
... and 0.10±0.46 mg of QUE/g, respectively [37]. ...
Introduction
Protection of skin from wrinkles and pigmentation changes are among the most common challenges for modern science and cosmetics. These are caused by unusual disruption of connective tissue, the formation of free radicals and ultraviolet radiation.
The current research is the first study to compare the phytoconstituents, antioxidant, sun protection factor (SPF) and skin wrinkles prevention effects using four different solvents fractions for the traditional plant Alkanna tinctoria (L.) root bark.
Methods
Qualitative and quantitative phytoconstituents, antioxidant activity, sun protection factor and anti-elastase (skin wrinkles prevention) effects were assessed using standard pharmaceutical and cosmeceuticals assays.
Results
The results of antioxidant, anti-elastase and sun protection factor activities were the highest for the acetone fraction with IC50 8.51 ± 1.94 µg/ml, 10.02 ± 0.3 µg/ml and SPF value of 6.38, respectively. However, these results may occur due to its high contents of flavonoids and phenols which were 26.55 ± 1.6 mg of QUE/g and 59.48 ± 0.56 mg of GAE/g plant acetone fraction, respectively.
Conclusion
The acetone fraction of A. tinctoria root bark could be a promising candidate for cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations due to the potential antioxidant, anti-elastase enzyme and sun protection activities.
... As the root is the used plant part of A. tinctoria, the majority of studies have been focused on the chemical composition and biological activity of the plant roots [2,3,[5][6][7][8]. Studies on the other plant parts are rarer. ...
Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch Boraginaceae is a medicinal plant whose root is used for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. A. tinctoria roots have been subject to numerous studies. However, the aerial parts have been explored less. The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical profile of aerial parts and roots as well as the total alkannin content in roots of 11 populations of the species from different floristic regions of Bulgaria. Methanolic extracts from 22 samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Phenolic, fatty, and organic acids, sterols, polyols, fatty alcohols, and sugars were identified. Ononitol (4-O-methyl-myo-inositol) was found as the main compound in the aerial parts. The total alkannin content in the roots was evaluated by the spectrophotometric method and compared with that of the commercial product. Populations with high alkannin content and rich in other bioactive compounds were identified. A relatively low genetic diversity in the studied populations was observed. The present study is the first comprehensive study on metabolite profiles and genetic diversity of the Bulgarian populations of A. tinctoria. The occurrence of ononitol in the aerial parts of the species is reported for the first time, as well as the phenolic acid profiles of the species in both aerial parts and roots. The results showed that aerial parts of the plant are also promising for use as a source of valuable biologically active substances.
... The antioxidant properties of Alkanet have been evaluated only with the conventional solvents consisting of water, methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone and ethanol (Jaradat et al., 2018;Assimopoulou et al., 2004;Ozer et al., 2010). Although these conventional solvents had a high performance for the extraction of phenolic compounds, they are associated with possible hazards such as inflammation, volatility, explosivity, toxicity and environmental pollution (Chemat et al., 2012). ...
Natural Deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) are promising green solvents for the extraction of phytochemical compounds with antioxidant properties. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the behavior of the antioxidant properties of Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) root in hydrophilic NaDESs. For this purpose, two NaDESs constituted of sodium acetate : lactic acid (SALA12) and sodium acetate : formic acid (SAFA12) were synthesized to evaluate the antioxidant properties of Alkanet. 70 % ethanol, 80% methanol and water were used as conventional solvents for comparison. SALA12 and SAFA12 were characterized considering their viscosities and FITR spectra. The extracts obtained with SALA12 and SAFA12 presented the best results when compared to the conventional solvents. The NaDES presented the highest extraction performance was SAFA12. This prominent NaDES was subjected to the response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design to figure out the optimum conditions to have the maximum antioxidant activity of Alkanet root. For total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and DPPH radical scavenging, the optimum conditions were 1:4 molar ratio, 45% water content and 25% mL solvent ratio. The confirmed responses at the optimum conditions were 390.16 mg GAE/g, 10.69 mg ECE/g and 444.68 mmol TE/g, respectively. NaDES molar ratio and water content were found to impact most significantly the antioxidant properties Alkanet. The thermal stability experimentation revealed that phytochemicals along with the antioxidant properties of Alkanet were more stable in NaDES. These findings revealed that novel NaDES is an efficient green solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties from plants.
... Then, the mixture was shaken at room temperature (22-25°C) for 10 min. After 10 min, the absorbance was read at 562 nm (UV-1800, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) against a blank (all reagents without FeCl 2 ) using a previously published method (Ozer, Sarikurkcu, Tepe, & Can, 2010). Metal chelating percentage was calculated as inhibition of ferrozine-Fe 2+ complex formation: ...
Plantain (Plantago) species are traditionally used as food products and folkloric medicines in many countries. This study evaluated the antioxidant effects, phytochemical content, and phenolics profile of Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain) as an important herb in Turkey. Five different methods were used to measure the antioxidant activity including β-carotene bleaching, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, metal chelating, and phosphomolybdenum total antioxidant assays. Total content of phenolics and flavonoids were also determined. Profiling of phenolic compounds was done using liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Methanolic extracts showed the highest antiradical and reducing activities. Water extracts had strong β-carotene bleaching (71% at 0.4 mg/mL) and ferrous ion chelating (95% at 0.25 mg/mL) abilities. Methanol extracts had high antioxidant capacity in the phosphomolybdenum assay (145 mg AAE/g extract). Phenolics profiling showed 28 phenolic acids, flavonoid, and phenylethanoid glycoside compounds. A high amount of verbascoside (94.8 mg/g dry aerial parts of plant) was obtained followed by chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, and hyperoside. Plantago lanceolata has considerable potential for use in new food and pharmaceutical products. Also, it could be regarded as a rich source of verbascoside.
... Alkanna tinctoria commonly known as Alkanet or dyer's alkanet (Ozer et al. 2010) is a member of borage family. The roots of the plant produce attractive purple color (Prabhu and Bhute 2012) which is commonly used as a food colorant. ...
Silk and cotton fabrics were dyed with combination of three colorants extracted from Acacia catechu (AC), Alkanna tinctoria (AT), and Curcuma Longa (CL) in nine different formulations at 80°C by exhaustion method without mordanting. Dyed samples were evaluated for color value and washing fastness. The biodegradability of dye bath effluent was assessed by measuring the pH, TDS and COD of the residual dye bath liquor. It is inferred that the final color of dyed fabrics from each formulation is governed by the dominant natural dye in the dyeing combination. K/S values inferred that the exhaustion of natural dye is higher in silk fabric than cotton fabric in all formulations. It could be concluded that in the dyeing combination, colorant that have very good affinity towards the functional groups of fibers, itself acts as mordant for other natural colorants.
Lithospermeae Dumort., a tribe under the subfamily Boraginoidae, is a perennial herb containing approximately 470 species under 26 genera, primarily distributed in temperate and tropical regions. To gain a deeper understanding of the medicinal plants of Lithospermeae and better protect and develop plant medicinal resources, the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional use of Lithospermeae with medicinal value were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Through spatial analysis and the species distribution model, the spatial distribution pattern of Lithospermeae medicinal plants was analyzed. Meanwhile, the relevant targets and pathways involved in the pharmacological effects of commonly used medicinal plants were predicted using network pharmacology to further explore the genetic origin of Lithospermeae and enrich the pharmaphylogeny of medicinal plants. In this study, the chemical composition, traditional efficacy, and modern pharmacological activity of Lithospermeae were collected for the first time and analyzed in combination with the geographical distribution model, molecular phylogeny, and network pharmacology. Based on our findings, the pharmaphylogeny of Lithospermeae was preliminarily discussed, providing the scientific basis for basic research regarding Lithospermeae. Concurrently, this study explored the relationship between the development of the regional medicinal plant industry and the protection of biodiversity. Furthermore, our findings provide direction and theoretical guidance for the study of the phylogenetic relationships in medicinal plants and the development of Lithospermeae medicinal plant resources.
Phytochemicals, obtained from natural sources, have high importance for their practical implications owing to their inherent biological characteristics. Naphthoquinone compounds (alkannin and shikonin) from Alkanna tinctoria are well known for antioxidant and coloring properties. Here, naphthoquinone-rich dyeing solution was obtained by aqueous extraction of alkanet roots and applied on protein-based fabrics, i.e., wool. Bioactive colored fabrics were characterized for UV protection, antioxidant activity, and color characteristics. Ultraviolet (UV) protection ability was measured in terms of UV transmittance and UPF (UV protection factor) values, and antioxidant activity in percentage. Some non-hazardous metal salts in permissible concentrations were used as mordants, and their effects on coloration and bioactivities were studied. These salts significantly improved color characteristics and broadened the shade range, while it had little effect on bioactivities. Control dyeing with alkanet extract showed great potential for UV protection and antioxidant activity owing to the conjugated systems in naphthoquinone compounds. Polar functional groups of naphthoquinones were responsible for adsorption on fabric surfaces via chemical interactions.
Lithospermeae, a tribe under the subfamily Boraginoidae, is a perennial herb containing about 470 species under 26 genera, mainly distributed in temperate and tropical regions. To gain a deeper understanding of the medicinal plants of Lithospermeae and better protect and develop plant medicinal resources, the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and traditional use of Lithospermeae with medicinal value were analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. Through spatial analysis and the species distribution model, the spatial distribution pattern of Lithospermeae medicinal plants was analyzed. At the same time, the relevant targets and pathways involved in the pharmacological effects of commonly used medicinal plants were predicted using network pharmacology to further explore the genetic origin of Lithospermeae and enrich the pharmaphylogeny of medicinal plants. In this study, the chemical composition, traditional efficacy, modern pharmacological activity, geographical distribution model, molecular phylogeny, and network pharmacology of Lithospermeae were analyzed for the first time. Based on our findings, the pharmaphylogeny of Lithospermeae was preliminarily discussed, providing the scientific basis for basic research regarding Lithospermeae. At the same time, this study explored the relationship between the development of the regional medicinal plant industry and the protection of biodiversity. Furthermore, our findings provide direction and theoretical guidance for the study of the phylogenetic relationships in medicinal plants and the development of Lithospermeae medicinal plant resources.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cancer is the top death causing disease in the world, due to its occurrence through various mechanism and form. Medicinal plants have been extensively used for the purifications and isolations of phytochemicals for the treatment and prevention of cancer.
Objectives
Consequently, this research was designed to document the traditional practices of anti-cancer plants and its phytochemical essay across the districts of KP, Pakistan.
Materials and methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted (24 districts), from the informants mostly the traditional herbalists (key informants). The information were compared with the publish data using various authentic search engines including, google, researchgate, google scholar and NCBI.
Results
One hundred and fifty-four (154), anti-cancer plants were recognized belonging to 69 families among all, Lamiaceae (13 sp.), Asteraceae (12 sp.) and Solanaceae (9 sp.) were the preferred families. The local inhabitants in the area typically prepare ethnomedicinal recipes from leaves (33.70%) and whole plants (23.37%) in the form of decoction and powder (24.67%), respectively. Herbs stayed the most preferred life form (61.68%) followed by shrub (21.4%). Similarly, breast (29.22%) and lung cancer (14.83%) was the common disease type. Literature study also authorize that, the medicinal plants of the research area were rich in phytochemical like quercetin, coumarine, kaempferol, apigenin, colchicine, alliin, rutin, lupeol, allicin, berbarine, lutolin, vanilic acid, urocilic acid and solamargine have revealed significant activates concerning the cancer diseases, that replicating the efficacy of these plants as medicines.
Conclusion
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is rural area and the local inhabitants have very strong traditional knowledge about the medicinal plants for different diseases like cancer. The medicinal plants for significant ranked disorder might be pharmacologically and phtyochemicaly explored to demonstrate their efficacy. However, the local flora especially medicinal plants facing overgrazing, overexploitation and inappropriate way of collection, however, proper management strategies like reforestation, controlled grazing, proper permission from concerned department and rangeland strategies among others may be assumed to enhance the proper usage of medicinal plants.
Bu çalışmada in vivo koşullarda yetişmiş ve in vitro koşullarda büyütülen Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. var. orientalis ve endemik Alkanna sieheana Rech. Fil. taksona ait bitki örneklerinde toplam alkanin/şikonin (A/Ş), toplam fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri ile DPPH aktivitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Her iki taksona ait doğadan toplanan tohumlar in vitro koşullarda farklı büyüme düzenleyicileri içeren Murashige ve Skoog (MS) besin ortamında sekonder metobolit üretimine uygun çoğaltım ve rejenerasyon ortamında kültüre alınmıştır. A. orientalis‘de en yüksek sürgün sayısı (6.53 adet/bitki) 0.25 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 KIN, 1.0 mg L-1 IAA , A. sieheana‘da ise 5.57 adet/bitki ile 0.25 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 KIN, 1.0 mg L-1 IBA içeren besin ortamında elde edilmiştir. Her iki taksonda en yüksek ekstrakt verimi in vivo dan toplanan örneklerde saptanmıştır. A. orientalis taksonunda en yüksek toplam fenolik içerik 172.80 mg GAE g-1 ekstrakt ile in vivo koşullarında kök ekstraktında, A. sieheana için ise 122.99 mg GAE g-1 ekstrakt ile in vivo koşullarda herba ekstraktında gözlenmiştir. Her iki takson için de en yüksek toplam flavonoid içerik yine in vivo koşularındaki ekstraklarda belirlenmiştir. A. sieheana türünde en yüksek toplam A/Ş içeriği (61.45 µg g-1 ekstrakt) in vivo koşullarındaki köklerinden elde edilmiş ve A. orientalis köklerinden 23 kat daha fazla olduğu saptanmıştır. En yüksek radikal kovucu aktivite ise A. orientalis için 1000 µg ml-1 konsantrasyonda in vivo koşullarında köklerden, A. sieheana için 1500 µg ml-1 konsantrasyonda yine in vivo koşularındaki herba kısmında belirlenmiştir.
Spices have been used since ancient times. Although they have been employed mainly as flavoring and coloring agents, their role in food safety and preservation have also been studied in vitro and in vivo. Spices have exhibited numerous health benefits in preventing and treating a wide variety of diseases such as cancer, aging, metabolic, neurological, cardiovascular, and inflammatory diseases. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the most relevant and recent findings on spices and their active compounds in terms of targets and mode of action; in particular, their potential use in food preservation and enhancement of shelf life as a natural bioingredient.
This study was designed to examine bioactive compounds of the thyme-enriched corn oil and to determine the antioxidant activity of its methanolic extract. Volatile compounds composition was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), whereas phenolic compounds analysis was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Antioxidant activities of the flavoured oil methanolic extract were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching, reducing power and total antioxidant assays. Flavoured oil major volatiles were p-cymene (26.47 %), α-thujene (24.06 %) and γ-terpinene (14.30 %). Its methanolic extract had higher total phenol content (TPCs) (53.99 mg/100g) than that of the crude oil (23.63 mg/100g). Thymol was the main phenolic compound in the flavoured oil (55.84 %). Flavoured oil methanolic extract showed higher total antioxidant activity (185.22 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) /100 g) than that of the crude one (100.66 mg GAE/100g). In β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching and DPPH radical scavenging assays, flavoured oil methanolic extract showed higher activities than that of the crude oil based on IC50 values. Flavoured and crude oils were characterized by a close CE50 values (1.81 and 1.85 mg/mL, respectively). Antioxidant activities of the thyme-enriched oil were mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds such as thymol and hydrocarbons such as γ -terpinene and p- cymene. The Thyme-enriched oil could be considered as a new and natural source of antioxidant.
Natural products from plants have been in therapeutic use since many years. Novel molecules from plant sources have been isolated, characterized and used in managing different diseases. Alkannatinctoria (Family: Boraginaceae) is an important herb stated in Siddha medicine, which is used to cure many ailments alone and in formulations. The present study comprises isolation of Acetyl Alkannin, from hexane extract of the root bark of A. tinctoria, through silica gel column chromatography. Structure of the compound was elucidated through MS and H1, C13 NMR. The pure compound was analyzed for its antimicrobial action against common human pathogens, where it showed considerable Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) against most of the pathogens. Significant activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis (MIC: 28 μg/ml), Enterococcus faecalis (MIC: 28 μg/ml), Escherichia coli (MIC: 12 μg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 12 μg/ml). Studies on its combination with other commercial antibiotics depicted synergistic patterns against P. aeruginosa with most of the antibiotics. Also, it worked both synergistically and additively against microbes with other antibiotics. Thus, it could be used in combination with other antimicrobial agents in managing critical microbial infections.
Botanically derived natural products have recently become an attractive source of new chemotherapeutic agents. To explore active anticolorectal cancer compounds, we carried out phytochemical studies on Alkanna tinctoria and isolated eight quinone compounds. Using different spectral methods, compounds were identified as alkannin (1), acetylalkannin (2), angelylalkannin (3), 5-methoxyangenylalkannin (4), dimethylacryl alkannin (5), arnebifuranone (6), alkanfuranol (7), and alkandiol (8). Compounds 4, 7, and 8 are novel compounds. The structures of the three novel compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic evidence including high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The antiproliferative effects of these eight compounds on HCT-116 and SW-480 human colorectal cancer cells were determined using the MTS method. Cell cycle and apoptosis were determined using flow cytometry. Enzymatic activities of caspases were determined using a colorimetric assay, and interactions of compound 4 and caspase 9 were explored by docking analysis. Among the eight compounds, alkannin (1), angelylalkannin (3), and 5-methoxyangenylalkannin (4) showed strong antiproliferative effects, whereas compound 4 showed the most potent effects. Compound 4 arrested cancer cells in the S and G2/M phases, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of compound 4 were supported by caspase assay and docking analysis. The structural-functional relationship assay suggested that to increase anticancer potential, future modifications on alkannin (1) should focus on the hydroxyl groups at C-5 and C-8.
The effects of different extracting solvents, used in two extraction methods, on the total polyphenol contents of Quercus coccifera L. and Juniperus phoenicea L. fruits were studied. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of these extracts were evaluated. Water and organic solvents, used individually, such as acetone and chloroform, or in mixtures: acetone/water/acetic acid (90/9.5/0.5) and ethyl acetate/methanol/water (60/30/10), significantly affected total polyphenol content. The antioxidant activity of these extracts was investigated by the widely used ABTS+ method and the β-carotene bleaching test. The results showed that solvents with different polarities had significant effects on antioxidant activity. A few of these extracts are as strong as some common synthetic antioxidants. Extracts were also tested for their antibacterial effects on spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Results showed that acetone/water/acetic acid extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activities against all tested germs. It is also noteworthy that the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, were inhibited more easily than were the Gram-negative ones. Since a strong correlation between polyphenol contents and biological activities was noted (correlation ranging between R2 = 0.76 and R2 = 0.84), we suggest the use of these extracts to prevent the deterioration of stored foods by bacteria, if any resulting organoleptic effects are acceptable.
The action of the phenolic compounds acetaminophen, salicylate, and 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation was studied under conditions suitable for establishing their antioxidant potencies. These phenolic compounds react differently with diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and protect differently sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes against lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+/ascorbate, as evaluated by the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and by the loss of the polyunsaturated fatty acyl chains. 5-Aminosalicylate reacts promptly with DPPH, suggesting a potent radical scavenger activity and was found to be the most active in inhibiting Fe2+/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation. These compounds also exhibit peroxyl radical scavenging activity generated by the water-soluble 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) azoinitiator of peroxyl radicals, as evidenced by the inhibition of cis-parinaric acid fluorescence decay or oxygen consumption. 5-ASA rapidly scavenges peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase, producing a concentration-dependent inhibition period similar to Trolox or cysteine, suggesting an antioxidant activity of chain-breaking type. By comparison, the reactivities of acetaminophen and salicylate are significantly weaker, acting essentially as oxidation retardants. Although closely related in structure, the antioxidant efficiencies of the three phenolic compounds are significantly different. The higher antioxidant activity of 5-ASA is putatively related with the p-amine relative to the hydroxyl group, potentially increasing the stability of the phenoxyl radical. Such a stabilization is not possible with salicylate and is decreased in acetaminophen by an electron withdrawing effect of the p-acetyl.
Novel alkylphenols, ardisiphenols A-C (1-3) and a novel bergenin derivative, demethoxybergenin (10) were isolated from the fruits of Ardisia colorata (Myrsinaceae), together with known alkylresorcinols (4-6), embelin (7), myricetin (8), quercetin (9), bergenin (11), norbergenin (12), kaempferol (13), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (14) and gallic acid (15). Their structures were determined by NMR, MS(/MS) analyses and other spectroscopic methods. Ardisiphenols showed moderate scavenging activities toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and showed cytotoxicity against the murine breast cancer cell line, FM3A.
The activity of antioxidants in foods and biological systems is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the colloidal properties of the substrates, the conditions and stages of oxidation and the localisation of antioxidants in different phases. When testing natural antioxidants in vitro, it is therefore important to consider the system composition, the type of oxidisable substrate, the mode of accelerating oxidation, the methods to assess oxidation and how to quantify antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effectiveness is also determined by the heterogeneity and heterophasic nature of the system, the type of lipid substrate, including its physicochemical state and degree of unsaturation, the types of initiators, notably transition metals, other components and their possible interaction. For this reason there cannot be a short‐cut approach to determining antioxidant activity. Each evaluation should be carried out under various conditions of oxidation, using several methods to measure different products of oxidation. Because most natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are multifunctional, a reliable antioxidant protocol requires the measurement of more than one property relevant to either foods or biological systems. Several recent studies on natural phytochemical compounds produced conflicting results because non‐specific one‐dimensional methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. There is a great need to standardise antioxidant testing to minimise the present chaos in the methodologies used to evaluate antioxidants. Several methods that are more specific should be used to obtain chemical information that can be related directly to oxidative deterioration of food and biological systems.
© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
Products of browning reaction of glucosamine were prepared from glucosamine-HCl by incubating it at 37°C for 0-30 days, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning, aminosugar contents, pH, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the products were measured. In addition, the brown products prepared from glucosamine by incubation at 37°C for 0, 15 and 30 days were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning and pH of each fraction were also measured.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) When white powder of free glucosamine was allowed to stand for 3 days at 37°C, it transformed to a brown paste.
2) The strongest antioxidative activity was observed in the product obtained after incubation between 20 and 30 days.
3) The increase in antioxidative activity of the products of browning reaction was accompanied by the increase in the degree of browning.
4) The brown products prepared from glucosamine by long incubation were fractionated into fractions according to their molecular weights.
Antioxidative activity was detected in the fractions corresponding to intermediate molecular weight.
An increasing demand for natural additives has shifted the attention from synthetic to natural antioxidants. The present work examines the potential of some aromatic herbs grown in Lithuania as a source of natural antioxidants: marjoram (Majorana hortensis Moench), catnip (Nepeta cataria L), oregano (Origanum vulgare L), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L), anise hyssop (Lophantus anisatus Benth), and sage (Salvia officinalis L). Dried herb samples were submitted to extraction with supercritical CO2, acetone or methanol/water and hydrodistillation. Deodorised herb samples (after removal of essential oil) were also extracted with acetone. The antioxidant activity of these extracts, essential oils and dried deodorised aqueous extracts was assessed by the β-carotene bleaching test (diffusion and spectrophotometric methods). The highest yields of extracts were obtained using polar solvents. Thyme and sage acetone oleoresins showed high antioxidant activity in the tests performed and were regarded as the most promising sources. © 1998 SCI.
1. Oxygen is a toxic gas - an introductionto oxygen toxicity and reactive species 2. The chemistry of free radicals and related 'reactive species' 3. Antioxidant defences Endogenous and Diet Derived 4. Cellular responses to oxidative stress: adaptation, damage, repair, senescence and death 5. Measurement of reactive species 6. Reactive species can pose special problems needing special solutions. Some examples. 7. Reactive species can be useful some more examples 8. Reactive species can be poisonous: their role in toxicology 9. Reactive species and disease: fact, fiction or filibuster? 10. Ageing, nutrition, disease, and therapy: A role for antioxidants?
The chemical composition of fresh aerial parts oil of Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. was examined by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-eight components were identified representing 98.1% of the total oil. The main components were β-eudesmol (36.9%), α-eudesmol (16.3%) and γ-eudesmol (14.1%).
For the evaluation of antioxidant activities of dipeptides (carnosine, anserine), and free amino acids (histidine, 1-methylhistidine, taurine, glycine, alanine, β-alanine), four methods were used, including the analysis of the inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation, scav-enging effect on α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl free radical, reducing power, and chelating ability of Cu 2+ . Results showed that carnosine and anserine were antioxidants preventing lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid systems. They also possessed effective abilities as free radical scavengers, reducing agents, and copper ion chelators. The activities increased with increasing concentration. However, the constituent amino acids of dipeptides, β-alanine, histidine and 1-methylhistidine, were not as effective in inhibiting oxidation regardless of individual or combined usage. Taurine, glycine, alanine and β-alanine showed much weaker antioxidant activities than carnosine, anserine, histidine and 1-methylhistidine. No synergistic effects on antioxidation were found among compounds used in combination. The results suggested that histidine-containing compounds were related to antioxidation abilities, and the peptide linkage between β-alanine, histidine and 1-methylhistidine was involved in the antioxidant activities of carnosine and anserine.
The activity of antioxidants in foods and biological systems is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the colloidal properties of the substrates, the conditions and stages of oxidation and the localisation of antioxidants in different phases. When testing natural antioxidants in vitro, it is therefore important to consider the system composition, the type of oxidisable substrate, the mode of accelerating oxidation, the methods to assess oxidation and how to quantify antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effectiveness is also determined by the heterogeneity and heterophasic nature of the system, the type of lipid substrate, including its physicochemical state and degree of unsaturation, the types of initiators, notably transition metals, other components and their possible interaction. For this reason there cannot be a short-cut approach to determining antioxidant activity. Each evaluation should be carried out under various conditions of oxidation, using several methods to measure different products of oxidation. Because most natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are multifunctional, a reliable antioxidant protocol requires the measurement of more than one property relevant to either foods or biological systems. Several recent studies on natural phytochemical compounds produced conflicting results because non-specific one-dimensional methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. There is a great need to standardise antioxidant testing to minimise the present chaos in the methodologies used to evaluate antioxidants. Several methods that are more specific should be used to obtain chemical information that can be related directly to oxidative deterioration of food and biological systems.© 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
The antioxidative properties and total phenolic contents of raw and dry heated seed coat of Tamarindus indica were examined. The raw and dry heated samples were extracted with methanol followed by 70% acetone, after treating with petroleum ether, solvents were removed using rotary vacuum evaporator and the extracts which contain residual moisture were freeze-dried, respectively. Methanol extracts for both raw and dry heated seed coat samples contained higher level of total phenolics and tannins than the aqueous acetone extracts. The extracts were screened for their potential antioxidant activities using such as O2−, OH, α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS+, FRAP and linoleic acid emulsion model systems. At different concentration of respective solvent extracts, the maximum level of superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (79–85%) was observed at 200 μg of both the raw and dry heated seed coat extracts in the reaction mixture. The DPPH radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging activities were well proved with the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Interestingly, among the extracts, methanol and aqueous acetone extracts of dry heated sample showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 56.6 and 45.7%, respectively. All extracts, exhibited good antioxidant activity (64.5–71.7%) against the linoleic acid emulsion system and the values were lower and higher than the synthetic antioxdiant, BHA and ascorbic acid, respectively.
Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L., Lamiaceae) is a perennial herb native to central Asia and naturalized in eastern and central Europe. It is commonly consumed as a food-related product and as a herbal preparation because of its reputed medicinal properties. Despite its importance, few reports exist in the literature regarding the chemistry or antioxidant activity of this species. In this study, the aerial material of Moldavian balm collected from Iran was extracted by Soxhlet using seven solvents of different polarity, viz., petroleum ether, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, methanol, n-butanol and water. The qualitative–quantitative chemical composition of each extract was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detection. For each extract, the total phenolic content was estimated as was the in vitro antioxidant activity using the iron(III) reduction assay, the β-carotene–linoleic acid bleaching assay and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) free radical scavenging assays. Hydroxylated cinnamic acids, their derivatives and flavonoids were identified and quantified within the extracts, with rosmarinic acid being the most abundant component identified. The extracts demonstrated different degrees of potency within each assay, however, the observed pattern was not necessarily replicated between assays indicating the importance of the use of more than one screening technique to estimate the antioxidant activity of plant extracts.
Guava fruit extracts were analyzed for antioxidant activity measured in methanol extract (AOAM), antioxidant activity measured in dichloromethane extract (AOAD), ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and total carotenoids contents. The ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays were used for determining both AOAM and AOAD, whereas the ORAC was used for determining only AOAM. Averaged AOAM [μM Trolox equivalent (TE)/g fresh mass (FM)] were 31.1, 25.2, 26.1, and 21.3 as determined by the ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays, respectively. Averaged AOAD (μM TE/g FM) were 0.44, 0.27, and 0.16 as determined by the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, respectively. AOAM determined by all assays were well correlated with ascorbic acid (0.61⩽r⩽0.92) and total phenolics (0.81⩽r⩽0.97) and also among themselves (0.68⩽r⩽0.97) but had negative correlation with total carotenoids (−0.67⩽r⩽−0.81).
Flavonoids are natural products widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom and currently consumed in large amounts in the daily diet. Flavonoids are capable of modulating the activity of enzymes and affect the behaviour of many cell systems, suggesting that the compounds may possess significant antihepatotoxic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic and even antitumor activities. This review summarizes available data on these beneficial effects of flavonoids.
The free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale, L.) skin powder (CSP) was evaluated by employing various in vitro antioxidant assay systems. The yield of the extract as well as the total phenolic content was also determined. The yield of ethanolic extract of the skin powder was quite high (0.45 g/g powder) with a total phenolic content of 243 mg/g extract. The cashew nut skin extract (CSE) demonstrated promising antioxidant activity with EC50 of 1.30 ± 0.02 μg/ml in 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, 10.69 ± 1.13 μg/ml in superoxide scavenging assay, 17.70 ± 0.05 μg/ml in deoxyribose oxidation assay, 24.66 ± 0.32 μg/ml in lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay and 6.00 mg/ml in iron chelation assay. To identify the compounds in the CSE responsible for the antioxidant activity, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with the extract. The spot showing protection towards β-carotene bleaching was extracted and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); epicatechin was found to be the major polyphenol present. The results of the present study suggest that cashew nut skin, a byproduct of cashew processing industry, can be used as an economical source of natural antioxidants.
An increasing demand for natural additives has shifted the attention from synthetic to natural antioxidants. The present work examines the potential of some aromatic herbs grown in Lithuania as a source of natural antioxidants: marjoram (Majorana hortensis Moench), catnip (Nepeta cataria L), oregano (Origanum vulgare L), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L), anise hyssop (Lophantus anisatus Benth), and sage (Salvia officinalis L). Dried herb samples were submitted to extraction with supercritical CO2, acetone or methanol/water and hydrodistillation. Deodorised herb samples (after removal of essential oil) were also extracted with acetone. The antioxidant activity of these extracts, essential oils and dried deodorised aqueous extracts was assessed by the beta-carotene bleaching test (diffusion and spectrophotometric methods). The highest yields of extracts were obtained using polar solvents. Thyme and sage acetone oleoresins showed high antioxidant activity in the tests performed and were regarded as the most promising sources. (C) 1998 SCI.
Halophyte ability to withstand salt-triggered oxidative stress is governed by multiple biochemical mechanisms that facilitate retention and/or acquisition of water, protect chloroplast functioning, and maintain ion homeostasis. Most essential traits include the synthesis of osmolytes, specific proteins, and antioxidant molecules. This might explain the utilization of some halophytes as traditional medicinal and dietary plants. The present study aimed at assessing the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of some Tunisian halophytes (Cakile maritima, Limoniastrum monopetalum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, M. edule, Salsola kali, and Tamarix gallica), depending on biological (species, organ and developmental stage), environmental, and technical (extraction solvent) factors. The total polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities (DPPH and superoxide radicals scavenging activities, and iron chelating and reducing powers) were strongly affected by the above-cited factors. Such variability might be of great importance in terms of valorising these halophytes as a source of naturally secondary metabolites, and the methods for phenolic and antioxidant production.
Four compounds, including two new flavonoids, were isolated from Si-pei licorice (licorice from the north-western region of China). The structures of the two new flavonoids, named glycyrrhisoflavanone and glycyrrhisoflavone, were (S)-7, 8'-dihydroxy-2', 2'-dimethyl-5-methoxy-[3, 6'-bi-2H-1-benzopyran]-4(3H)-one (6) and 3-[3, 4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl]-5, 7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (9). Glycyrrhisoflavone was found to be one of the tannic substances by the measurement of the binding activity to hemoglobin (relative astringency). Licochalcone B (1) was isolated from the fraction which showed the highest binding activity to hemoglobin among the fractions obtained by centrifugal partition chromatography of the extract of Sinkiang licorice (licorice from Sinkiang in China). Licochalcone B also showed the highest activity as a radical scavenger in the experiment using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, among ten tested compounds obtained from several licorices. The order of the radical scavenging effects was the same as the order of the inhibitory effects on the 5-lipoxygenase-dependent peroxidation in arachidonate metabolism [licochalcone B (1)>licochalcone A (3)>>isoliquiritigenin (14)>liquiritigenin (13)].
Most nonenzymatic antioxidant activity (scavenging of free radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, etc.) is mediated by redox reactions. The antioxidant (AO) activity of polyphenols (PPs), as ferric-reducing power, was determined for the first time using a modified FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant power) assay. Reaction was followed for 30 min, and both Fe(II) standards and samples were dissolved in the same solvent to allow comparison. Selected representative PPs included flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, and catechin), resveratrol, tannic acid, and phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, and ferulic). Carotenoids (beta-carotene and zeaxanthine), ascorbic acid, Trolox, and BHA were included for comparison. Equivalent concentration 1 (EC(1)), as the concentration of AO with a reducing effect equivalent to 1 mmol/L Fe(II), was used to compare AO efficiency. PPs had lower EC(1) values, and therefore higher reducing power, than ascorbic acid and Trolox. Tannic acid and quercetin had the highest AO capacity followed by gallic and caffeic acids. Resveratrol showed the lowest reducing effect. Carotenoids had no ferric reducing ability. Polyphenol's AO efficiency seemed to depend on the extent of hydroxylation and conjugation.
We have determined the relative levels of endogenous antioxidant activity in a range of British medicinal plant species (representative of a variety of plant families, selected on the basis of their widespread use in traditional herbal medicine), via competitive scavenging of the ABTS(z.rad)(+) or O(2)(-)(z.rad) radicals in vitro. A number of plant species with appreciable levels (i.e. greater than or comparable with the activity in corresponding extracts of Ginkgo biloba or Panax ginseng, as recognised phytological sources of antioxidant activity) of antioxidant activity against the ABTS(z.rad)(+) radical were identified as potentially novel sources of free radical scavenging compounds; however none of these extracts showed measurable antioxidant activity when assayed against the O(2)(-)(z.rad) radical. It, therefore, follows that any comparative determination of antioxidant activity should clearly define the radical species and assay method employed. For those extracts showing activity against the ABTS(z.rad)(+) radical, in general, it was not possible to predict the potential antioxidant capacity of a given plant species (or the most active part of the plant) on a taxonomical basis, or from its use in traditional or modern medicine. In the longer term further characterisation of the active compounds from plant species with appreciable antioxidant activity identified in the present investigation may prove of value for treatment of disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, in which free radical induced tissue damage has been implicated.
Polyphenols are able to act as antioxidants by virtue of their hydrogen-donating and metal-chelating capacities. Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a species containing considerable amounts of polyphenolic compounds, namely flavonoids and phenolic acids. This study examined the antioxidant activity of cardoon lyophilized infusion against superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and hypochlorous acid. Superoxide radical was generated either in an enzymatic system or nonenzymatically, and the scavenging ability was assessed by the inhibition of superoxide radical-induced reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium. Hydroxyl radical was generated by the Fe3+-EDTA/ascorbate Fenton system, and scavenging capacity was estimated by evaluating the inhibition of hydroxyl radical-induced deoxyribose degradation into thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Inhibition of hypochlorous acid-induced 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid oxidation to 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was used in order to test the hypochlorous acid scavenging activity.
In the present investigation, methanolic extracts from shoots and roots of Tunisian Nigella sativa were assayed for their antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. The phenolic composition of the methanolic extracts was determined by RP-HPLC. The predominant phenolic compound was vanillic acid with a mean concentration of 143.21 and 89.94 mg per 100 g dry weight of shoots and roots, respectively. Shoots and roots showed comparable and strong superoxide scavenger activity; however, shoots exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging, reducing and chelating activities than roots. Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities were determined by using the Ames test. Shoots and roots demonstrated important antimutagenic effects. Roots exhibited stronger activity than shoots with an inhibition percentage of 71.32%.
Standardisation d’un extrait de propolis et identification des principaux constituants (Standardization of propolis extract and identification of componts)
- A Arvouet-Grand
- B Vennat
- A Pourrat
- P Legret
- A. Arvouet-Grand
Arvouet-Grand A, Vennat B, Pourrat A, Legret P. Standardisation
d'un extrait de propolis et identification des principaux constituants
(Standardization of propolis extract and identification of componts).
Flavonoids as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in membranes In: Flavonoids in Health and Disease
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Terao J, Piskula MK. Flavonoids as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation
in membranes. pp. 277-295. In: Flavonoids in Health and Disease.
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