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Performance of various grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi Macf.) and pummelo ( C. maxima Merr.) cultivars under the dry tropic conditions of Mexico
Abstract
Grapefruit growers in the tropics require information about existing and new citrus cultivars with high productivity potential.
The objective of this study was to determine the growth, yield, and fruit quality performance of seven pigmented and four
white grapefruit cultivars under the dry tropic conditions of Colima, Mexico. The trees were budded on sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock and planted at a distance of 8×4 m. ‘Oroblanco’ and ‘Marsh Gardner’ white-fleshed grapefruit cultivars and
‘Chandler’, a pink-fleshed pummelo, were the largest trees with the greatest height (5.0–5.6m), canopy diameter (6.2–6.3m),
trunk diameter (21.9–23.3cm), and canopy volume (109–123m3). Lower height (4.3–4.8m) and canopy volume (73–96m3), but with similar canopy diameter to the previously mentioned cultivars, were recorded for the remaining pigmented cultivars.
‘Chandler’ pummelo and four pigmented grapefruit cultivars (‘Shambar’, ‘Río Red’, ‘Ray Ruby’, and ‘Redblush #3’) had yearly
productions of 34.8, 34.9, 34.1, 32.7, and 30.6 tonha−1, respectively. The most productive white grapefruit cultivar was ‘Marsh Gardner’ (30.5tonha−1). Grapefruit cultivars having the largest fruit size showed a higher inverse relationship between fruit weight and yield
than those with small fruit. Most genotypes had higher values of fruit weight, juice content, and maturity index than those
required by the local market. The most promising grapefruit cultivars based on their acceptable growth, yield superior to
30tonha−1, and acceptable fruit color were ‘Río Red’, ‘Shambar’, ‘Ray Ruby’, and ‘Redblush #3’.
... g (Jouva) to 362.6±73.5 g (Natsu Mikan). A similar result had already been found for the Oroblanco cultivar (626.20 g) under dry tropical conditions in Mexico (Becerra-Rodríguez et al., 2008). Indeed, the variation in fruit weight was more or less similar to that found by Nabi et al. (2004) in Pakistan, where eight grapefruit cultivars produced fruits weighing from 302.4 g to 506.5 g. ...
... Indeed, the variation in fruit weight was more or less similar to that found by Nabi et al. (2004) in Pakistan, where eight grapefruit cultivars produced fruits weighing from 302.4 g to 506.5 g. This was less than those identified in Mexico, for Gardner Marsh (537.50 g) and Reed Marsh (556.20 g) by Becerra-Rodríguez et al. (2008). The results are further confirmed by those of (Roy et al., 2014) in India, who reported a maximum fruit weight of 1350g for "pomelo type 4." (Rahman et al., 2003), meanwhile, reported that the fruit weight of pomelos varied from 718.33 g to 2160 g. ...
Citrus is an economically important fruit crop with a long history of cultivation worldwide, and many citrus varieties are grown
extensively in Morocco, both for domestic consumption and export. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of this genus in
Morocco has not been reported upon. Our objective was to explore phenotypic variations in grapefruit and pomelo genotypes
for targeted breeding, enhancing key traits, and identifying opportunities for genetic improvement. We emphasize practical
implications and outline future research directions for developing improved citrus varieties. This present study
physiochemically analyzes eight grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and two pomelo (Citrus maxima) cultivars to assess the genetic
variability of these fruits’ physicochemical characteristics. The results revealed significant variance among the genotypes for
all traits. For example, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV)
for all the traits. Moreover, a high degree of heritability was recorded for seed number, β-carotene, vitamin C, juice yield (%),
total soluble solids, titratable acidity, maturity index, fruit diameter, and fruit weight, whereas limited heritability was observed
for fruit length, peel thickness, and segment number per fruit. The high genetic advance scores corresponded to the high degree
of heritability estimates for seed number per fruit, β-carotene, juice yield, and vitamin C, suggesting the existence of additive
genetic effects. Our principal component analysis (PCA) identified four components with cumulative variance of 93.20%,
while hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the collection into five clusters. In conclusion, phenotypic distinctions among
grapefruit and pomelo genotypes reveal opportunities for genetic enhancement through selection or hybridization. Varied traits,
including seed count, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and juice yield, across genotypes suggest potential avenues for targeted
breeding and practical applications in diverse citrus varieties.
Keywords: Citrus maxima, citrus paradisi, GCV, heritability, PCV, vitamin C.
... The fruit weight in the present study is not in agreement with the findings of Mathur and Godara (1990), Nabi et al., (2004) and Iahfaq et al., (2007). According to Rodriguez et al., (2008) fruit yield is in line (34.96 kg/ tree) with the present study, whereas findings of Singh and Dhaliwal (1980), Arora and Daulta (1982) and Sidahmed and Khalil (1997) are in contradiction with values obtained in the present findings. ...
... Peel thickness had maximum positive correlation with leaf area (0.863) and negative with height (-0.815). Rodriguez et al., (2008) had also observed significant and positive correlation for yield with fruit weight in different grapefruit cultivars. Whereas, Rabha et al., (2013) had also found significant and positive correlation for fruit yield with fruit weight in citrus species. ...
Grape fruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) is an underutilized citrus species cultivated only in certain parts India. The present investigation was carried out at the Experimental Orchard, Regional Horticulture Research Station (RHRS), Dhaulakuan, District Sirmour (HP) and the Department of Fruit Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during year 2013. Variability and correlation studies of two cultivars (Ruby Red and Duncan) were carried out for plant growth characters, fruit and yield characters. Cultivar Ruby Red was superior in most of the characters compared to 'Duncan' while in correlation studies there was positive correlation observed for yield per plant with fruit weight (0.892), leaf area (0.852), acidity (0.841), size of vesicle (0.820) fruit length (0.777) and fruit breadth (0.769) whereas significant and negatively correlated with seed number per fruit (-0.771).
... All the samples were of ripe fruits, but their different sizes were a result of factors such as water amounts (from soil, air, irrigation and rain), low temperatures, deficient or inappropriate plant nutrition, biological factors (plague, senile trees and excessive flowering) or tree location (BeCerrA-roDrIGuez et al., 2008;LeSTer;JIfoN;roGer, 2005;peSTANA et al., 2005). ...
... In this case, 'Lima' orange presented a reduction in the protein level despite the size increase; protein levels in 'ponkan' tangerines were very close; and for 'Natal' orange, the medium sized fruits presented the highest values followed by the small sized ones and then, by the large sized. Culture treatments, pluviosity and weather conditions may influence these values (BeCerrA-roDrIGuez et al., 2008;LeSTer;JIfoN;roGer, 2005;peSTANA et al., 2005). ...
Citric fruits - in natura, as frozen pulp or even as juice - are one of the most important Brazilian exportation products. They are a source of ascorbic acid - a potent antioxidant, and pectin, which is used in the food industry and is an important dietary fiber. This project aims to quantify ascorbic acid and pectin contents in citric fruits, commercial oranges and tangerines, comparing them in sizes and varieties. Ascorbic acid amount was measured in juice comparing sizes, varieties and storage conditions, using a tritimetric method with 2.6-dichlorobenzenoindophenol indicator. Total and soluble pectin in each part of the fruits (peel, albedo, pulp and juice) were quantified using the polygalacturonic acid as a standard. Differences were found between the sizes. The highest content of vitamin C was found in the oranges (Bahia variety). Comparing the storage temperatures, the biggest loss was at room temperature. Albedo presented the highest content of pectin in all fruits. In juice, the total and soluble pectin contents increased as fruits size decreased. Oranges and tangerines differed in the amount of pectin.
... Dry matter content(g) at 30DAS, 60DAS and maturity, leaf area (cm 2 ) at 30DAS, 60DAS, and maturity were recorded on five randomly uprooted plants at (30 days interval) whereas canopy volume (cm 3 ): Rodríguez, et al., 2008, leaf area index (LAI): Watson (1952) at 30DAS, 60DAS and maturity, crop growth rate (CGR)(gm -2 d -1 ): Radford (1967), net assimilation rate (NAR) (gm -2 d -1 ): Williams (1946), leaf area duration (LAD) (m 2 days) between 30-60DAS and 60DAS-maturity ;Hunt (1978), protein content (%): Sahrawat et al., (2002), phenol content (mg GAE 100 -1 g): Singleton and Rossi (1965), dal cooking time (min): Sethi et al., (2014): Singh et al., (1984): Akinoso and Oladeji (2017)and dal recovery (%): Sawargaonkar (2010)were calculated methodically. Standard cultural practices were followed to maintain good crop stand. ...
... However, the highest fruit weight was found on 'Carrizo' and 'Troyer citranges' in 'Redblush' (Fallahi et al., 1989) and 'Marsh Seedless' (Mehrotra et al., 1999), on 'Palestine sweet lime', 'rough lemon ' and 'Volkameriana' in 'Frosh Marsh Seedless' (Economides and Gregoriou, 1993), on 'sour orange', ' Carrizo' and 'Troyer citranges' in 'Marsh Seedless' and 'Redblush' grapefruits (Yalcin and Hizal, 1994), and on 'Goutou' in 'Oroblanco' grapefruit hybrid (Stover et al., 2004). Lederman et al. (2005) in Brazil and Becerra- Rodríguez et al. (2008) in Mexico reported that the fruit weight of 'Rio Red' grapefruit on 'Rangpur lime' and 'sour orange' was 296.9 g and 522.3 g, Table 4. Effects of rootstocks on the juice content, total acids (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/TA ratio of the 'Rio Red' grapefruit. ...
The effects of rootstocks such as 'sour orange' (Citrus aurantium L. var. 'Yerli'), 'Carrizo' and 'Troyer citranges' (Citrus sinensis Osb. x Poncirus trifoliata Raf), 'Smooth Flat Seville sour orange' (Citrus spp. hybrid of uncertain origin), 'Brazilian sour orange' (Citrus aurantiam L. var. 'Brasilian'), 'Volkameriana' (Citrus volkameriana Tan. and Pasq.) and 'Calamondin' (possibly Citrus reticulate var. austere×Fortunella hybrid, Swingle) on plant growth, fruit yield, and quality of 'Rio Red' grapefruit were investigated from 2008 to 2012. Rootstocks were found to have significant effects on plant growth, fruit yield, and quality. 'Rio Red' grapefruit trees budded on 'Carrizo' and 'Troyer citranges' showed higher vegetative growth parameters (canopy height, diameter, and volume) than the trees on the other rootstocks. The trees on 'Volkameriana' and 'Carrizo citrange' produced higher percentage of cumulative yield of about 55.1 and 34.3%, respectively, than the trees on 'sour orange'. 'Rio Red' grapefruit budded on 'Carrizo citrange' had higher fruit quality such as thin rind, high juice content, and more color development than the other rootstocks. 'Carrizo citrange' was the most promising rootstock for 'Rio Red' grapefruit in Dörtyol, Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey.
... Estos datos concuerdan con los obtenidos por otros autores en zonas próximas para Star Ruby y Río Red [23,26]. En un estudio en Méjico entre numerosas variedades los índices de madurez de Río Red y Flame no presentan diferencias significativas entre ellos [27]. La evolución de la coordenada a* que nos indica la variación del color de la corteza del verde al rojo se puede ver en la Fig. 2. En ella se aprecia que Star Ruby tiene valores por encima de cero, alcanzando el máximo dos meses más tarde, cuando ya se ha producido la desverdización natural [4,11,23] como consecuencia de la bajada de las temperaturas. ...
Flame grapefruit is a new variety of coloured grapefruit, widely cultivated in Florida, introduced recently in Spain. Star Ruby and Rio Red are two varieties usually grown in Spain. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to know which variety acquires a higher colour. The trees were planted in the Campo de Cartagena during 2008 and 2009/2010 seasons and first fruits were harvested from November to February. Fruits of both varieties were compared for colour characteristics. Preliminary results show significant differences in rind colour. Consequently, both varieties (Rio Red and Star Ruby) are totally different in rind colour, but no differences were found between the fruit endocarp.
Four pigmented grapefruit cultivars viz. Shamber, Flame, Star Ruby and Rio Red were evaluated at Horticultural Research Station, Sahiwal (Pakistan) for their production features encompassing growth, yield and fruit characteristics. The cultivars significantly differed for the studied physical parameters i.e. yield per plant (kg), fruit weight (g), fruit length (cm), fruit breadth (cm), peel thickness (mm), peel, juice and rag contents (%)], and biochemical traits i.e. TSS (°Brix), acidity (%) and ripening index. The highest fruit yield (84.28 kg/plant) was recorded for Star Ruby and the minimum (75.00 kg/plant) was recorded for Rio Red. The maximum fruit weight (338.92 g/fruit) was noted in Rio Red, while the maximum fruit length (9.14 cm) was found in Shamber. The highest TSS was noted for Rio Red (8.32 °Brix) followed by Shamber (7.94 °Brix). The maximum fruit acidity was observed for Star Ruby (1.00%), while the minimum for Shamber (0.94%). It was concluded that four grapefruit cultivars under consideration were divergent in their performance under prevailing conditions.
Pomelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] has the largest fruit size among citrus species. There are several cultivars for pomelo species which is sensitive to low temperatures thus its cultivation is possible in relatively preserved areas in subtropical regions. The interest to pomelo production has increased due to several reasons such as, its has a little or no bitterness in fruit flesh conversaly to grapefruit, avaibility of pigmented varieties, high concentration of vitamin C, total phenolics and carotenoids in fruit flesh, as well as its efficiency in destroying free radicals such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Several pomelo varieties have been introduced to Turkey and adaptation studies have been established. In the present study, Reinking, Pomelo WN, Kao Panne and Citrus hassaku which is a spontaneous hybrid between pomelo and mandarin were investigated in terms of fruit yield and pomological characteristics. In addition, Henderson grapefruit was included in this study in order to obtain a comparasion between pomelo and grapefruit. A large variation was observed in fruit yield of cultivars established in 2011 and 2012. In 2011, the highest yield was determined in Henderson whereas it was obtained from Citrus hassaku in 2012. Pomelo varieties yielded between 5-60 kg fruit per tree and 8.6-50 kg fruit per tree in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In terms of pomological traits, Citrus hassaku had the highest fruit weight; Pink, Kao Panne and Reinking pomelos had the highest peel thickness and Pomelo WN yielded the highest TSS/TA ratio.
The aim of this work was to determine some fruit quality parameters of grapefruit "Citrus Paradisi
Macf" including, weight, diameter, peel, seed number, juice content, titratable acidity, soluble solids,
maturity index, as well as its antioxidant content. Fruits ’’Mac carty’’, ’’Natsu mikan’’, ’’Triumphe’’,
’’Marsh’’, ’’Thompson”, ’’Java’’, ’’Ruby’’ and ’’Foster’’ Collection of citrus INRA Morocco were
used. In this study, we have only found that the three varieties: ’’Marsh’’, ’’Triumphe’’ and ’’Java’’
have respectively significant juice content (40.13 ± 0.090%, 39.36% and 38.57 ± 0.010 ± 0.020%)
and sugar (9.47% ± 0.057, 8.70 ± 0.010% and 7, 20 ± 0.10%) but a relatively low acidity (1.56 ±
0.010%, 1.45% and 1.15 ± 0.000 ± 0.010% ). In addition, ’’Marsh’’ had a rich in caroténoïds (0.0967
± 0.07506 mg / L) compared to ’’Triumph’’e and ’’Java’’. Moreover, in the variety ’’Natsu mikan’’
and ’’Foster’’ the concentration of ascorbic acid was much higher (592.2 mg / L and 516,53mg / L),
but the caroténoïds content and sugar was low. On the other hand, the ’’Mac Carty’’ proved very rich
in caroténoïds (0.1800 ± 0.01000 mg / L), acidity (1.85 ± 0.040%) and sugar (10.33 ± 0.058%).
According to our results, Grapefruit ’’Marsh’’, ’’Natsu mikan’’, ’’Foster’’ and ’’Mac carty’’ have
proved to be good sources of natural antioxidants among the varieties studied.
The effects of the ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstocks and time of harvest on the quality of cold-stored (13°C and 90% R.H.) ‘Ruby Red’ and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit grown under the tropical conditions prevalent in Ceará state, Brazil, were evaluated. Fruit quality was assessed by mass loss and peel color, the percentage of juice, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, maturity index, and ascorbic acid content. The results suggested that ‘Ruby Red’ and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit presented similar amounts of soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid levels at harvest, and the trends over the course of storage followed similar patterns for both cultivars, regardless of rootstock. The influence of scion-rootstock combination on the studied variables was dependent on the time of harvest. The peel color of ‘Ruby Red’ grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo is more vivid and redder when harvested in October than when harvested in August. ‘Ruby Red’ and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit harvested in October are sweeter, less acidic, juicier, and richer in ascorbic acid than those harvested in August. ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin rootstock might favor ascorbic acid levels at harvest, but the fruit may lose more weight during storage. © 2015, Eduem - Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringa. All rights reserved.
Experiment was conducted on six cultivars of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) namely, Imperial, Duncan, Foster, Marsh SL, Star Ruby and Redblush during 2009-2011. Plants of these cultivars were spaced at 4 m - 4 m apart. Fruit yield was found to be the highest (31.48 kg/tree) in Imperial followed by Foster (23.43 kg/tree). However, heaviest fruit (414.01 g) was recorded in Foster and the lowest fruit weight (282.89 g) was in Redblush. Duncan and Marsh SL had the highest juice recovery (50.00%) which was not differed significantly with Redblush (46.91%). The lowest juice recovery was found in Foster and Imperial. Imperial had thickest peel (6.99 mm) and peelthickness was least in Foster (5.30 mm). Whereas, seeds/fruit was recorded the highest in Foster and Imperial (> 44 seeds /fruit). Other cultivars like, Marsh SL, Star Ruby and Redblush had less than 5 seeds/fruit and seems to be seedless. Mean TSS was recorded maximum in Duncan (9.56%) which was at par with Marsh SL (9.53%) and Redblush (9.50%). The minmum TSS was found in Star Ruby (8.82%) which did not differ significantly with Foster. Significantly lower acidity was recorded in Marsh SL (0.81%), Imperial (0.85%) and Foster (0.94%). While maximum acidity was found in Duncan (1.09%). The higher ascorbic acid content (56.53 mg/100 ml juice) was estimated in Marsh SL followed by Foster (49.61 mg/100 ml juice). Whereas, maximum AOX activity (5.56 μ mol Trolox eq/g ) was recorded in Imperial followed by Marsh SL (5.08 μ mol Trolox eq/ g) and Redblush (4.53 μ mol Trolox eq/g). The most promising grapefruit cultivars, based on yield and quality, were Marsh SL, Redblush and Imperial.
Pomelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] has the largest fruit size among citrus species. There are several cultivars for pomelo species which is sensitive to low temperatures thus its cultivation is possible in relatively preserved areas in subtropical regions. The interest to pomelo production has increased due to several reasons such as, its has a little or no bitterness in fruit flesh conversaly to grapefruit, avaibility of pigmented varieties, high concentration of vitamin C, total phenolics and carotenoids in fruit flesh, as well as its efficiency in destroying free radicals such as superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Several pomelo varieties have been introduced to Turkey and adaptation studies have been established. In the present study, Reinking, Pomelo WN, Kao Panne and Citrus hassaku which is a spontaneous hybrid between pomelo and mandarin were investigated in terms of fruit yield and pomological characteristics. In addition, Henderson grapefruit was included in this study in order to obtain a comparasion between pomelo and grapefruit. A large variation was observed in fruit yield of cultivars established in 2011 and 2012. In 2011, the highest yield was determined in Henderson whereas it was obtained from Citrus hassaku in 2012. Pomelo varieties yielded between 5-60 kg fruit per tree and 8.6-50 kg fruit per tree in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In terms of pomological traits, Citrus hassaku had the highest fruit weight; Pink, Kao Panne and Reinking pomelos had the highest peel thickness and Pomelo WN yielded the highest TSS/TA ratio.
Buds from a mature ‘Foster’ grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi Macf.) tree were exposed to 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 kilorad (kr) of gamma irradiation. The irradiated buds were grafted to rootstocks in the nursery and greenhouse. The LD 50 was near 5 kr for buds grafted in the greenhouse and 9 kr for those in the nursery; however, no buds receiving more than 5 kr initiated growth. Grafted trees that grew were field grown until fruiting and seed per fruit was counted. Several nonjuvenile, commercially seedless clones were developed among small populations of plants, and in significantly less time than required through seed irradiation.
Seed of ‘Pineapple’ orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] and ‘Duncan’ and ‘Foster’ grapefruit ( C. paradisi Macf.) were exposed to gamma rays at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 krad. Seedling emergence was delayed. LD 50 levels were 10-15 krad for ‘Pineapple’, 15 krad for ‘Duncan’, and ≤10 krad for ‘Foster’. The greater sensitivity of ‘Foster’ may have been due in part to higher seed moisture content at treatment. Seedless mutants were obtained following gamma irradiation and fruiting of small numbers of seed and seedlings. The frequency of seedless mutants of ‘Pineapple’ and ‘Duncan’ was highest following treatments of 20-25 krad.
‘Melogold’ is an early-maturing, seedless, hybrid grapefruit-type citrus released for use in interior areas of California. It may be suitable for intermediate climate zones in other citrus areas. Fruit quality has not been satisfactory in cool, humid climates nor in hot desert areas.
‘O roblanco’ is an early-maturing, seedless grapefruit-type citrus released for use in the interior areas of California. It may be suitable for interm ediate climate zones in other citrus areas. Fruit quality has not been satisfactory in cool, humid climates nor in hot desert areas.
Adjacent but separate trials of 'Oroblanco' and 'Melogold', both triploid pummelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] x grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) hybrids, were established on nine rootstocks in the Indian River citrus region of Florida in 1993. The trees on the citrandarin rootstock x639 [Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) x trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L.)] were significantly more productive than trees on any other rootstock tested for 'Oroblanco' and all rootstocks except Swingle citrumelo (C. paradisi x P. trifoliata) and Cleopatra mandarin for 'Melogold'. Cumulative production of 'Oroblanco' on x639, through year 9, was 50% higher than for Swingle or Volkamer lemon [C. limon (L.)], which were the next highest in yield. 'Melogold' displayed extremely low yield, with 45% of trees producing fewer than 50 fruit total in the 9 years of this study. Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis Osbeck x P. trifoliata) produced the smallest trees with both scion varieties, reflecting poor adaptation of this rootstock to the calcareous soil at the trial site. As expected, acidity of 'Oroblanco' and 'Melogold' was much lower than would be observed for grapefruit when fall harvested, with similar total soluble solids (TSS), and much higher TSS : titratable acidity ratio. Some rootstock effects on internal quality were observed.
The performance of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] on 18 rootstocks was evaluated with trees spaced 3.1 × 4.6 m and planted in 1968 in a deep, sandy soil. Rootstocks had significant effects on tree size, yield, production efficiency (kg of fruit/m ³ of canopy), fruit quality and the quantity of soluble solids/tree. The largest, most productive trees were generally those on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) in contrast to the smallest trees on the hybrid C. sunki Hort. ex Tanaka × Swingle trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata Raf.). Rootstocks that showed promise for use in close-spaced plantings were Rubidoux trifoliate orange, Rusk citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) Koethen sweet orange × Rubidoux, Rangpur lime (C. limonia Osb.) × Troyer citrange, and a mandarin.
The first pink pigmented grapefruit variety, Foster, was discovered in Florida in 1907 as a budsport of Walters grapefruit. The second, Thompson Pink, was also found in Florida in 1913 as a budsport on a Marsh tree. Both Marsh and Walters are derived from Duncan grapefruit. Thompson grapefruit was planted in south Texas where it produced two budsports with indistinguishable darker pink pigmented fruits, Ruby Red in 1929, and Redblush in 1931; these two were later widely planted in Texas, Florida and elsewhere. Further Thompson budsports lead to other minor darker varieties, such as Shambar (California), and Burgundy (Florida). Induced radiation mutants were produced from two Texas sources; irradiated seed of Hudson, a dark red seedy variety derived from a Foster Seedless budsport, lead to Star Ruby (1959), and irradiated nucellar Ruby Red budwood produced the non-commercial A&I 1-48 (1971), which in turn produced a darker budsport, Rio Red (1976), the main variety now grown in Texas and Mexico. Further variety development has produced several other dark red varieties: Ray Ruby, a Ruby Red budsport (Texas, 1970); Flame, a Henderson seedling (Florida, 1983); Nel Ruby, a Ray Ruby seedling (South Africa, 1987); Rouge La Toma, a Ruby Red budsport, and its own seedling, Oran Red (Argentina, 1989). Because Rio Red has some shape and late season external appearance drawbacks, an active program to find alternative varieties for Texas has been initiated. Budwood and/or seed from varieties found and developed elsewhere have been introduced, new budsports discovered on A&I 1-48 trees are being tested, plants from fruit chimeras and chromosome transfer have been established, and irradiation of budwood, seed and tissue culture of several varieties has been carried out. grown in Texas is grapefruit, all of it pigmented (da Graça and Sauls, 2000). It is estimated that pink and red varieties account for 75% of all sales of US grapefruit (Saunt, 2000). In Florida, 59% of all grapefruit propagations are now pink and red varieties (Kesinger, 2002), in Israel they constitute 52% of the plantings (M.Bar-Joseph, pers.comm.), and in South Africa pigmented types were expected to overtake white by 2003 (Stanbury, 1996). In Argentina, pink and red varieties comprise 94% of grapefruit production (Accari, 2000), in California it is approximately 95% (T.Batkin, pers.comm.), and in Turkey 70% (Anon., 2003). In Spain, dark red varieties have almost completely replaced white and even pink ones (Porras et al., 1996).
Tree growth, yield, and fruit quality of nucellar `Frost Marsh Seedless' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) on 15 rootstocks were evaluated under Cyprus conditions. Over the 9-year production period, trees on Palestine sweet lime, the group of rough lemon, and Citrus volkameriana Pasq. were more productive per unit of tree size, and their cumulative yields per tree were significantly higher than those of trees on sour orange, which is the standard rootstock commercially used in Cyprus. Rootstocks affected fruit size and weight, rind thickness, juice content, total soluble solids concentration (SSC), and total acids, but the differences were not large enough to affect the market value of the fruit, On the basis of the results of this trial and because sour orange is highly susceptible to tristeza, the C. volkameriana and rough lemon group, which are tolerant to tristeza, should be included in further trial plantings as a potential commercial rootstock.
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