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"Shankha prakshalana" (gastrointestinal lavage) in health and disease

Authors:
s. N. Singh at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University
s. N. Singh
V Jaiswal
V Jaiswal
V Jaiswal
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S P Maurya
S P Maurya
S P Maurya
  • This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
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Abstract

Shankha Prakshalana is an easy and effective technique for cleansing the gastrointestinal canal, thereby removing all the autointoxicants present in the alimentary canal. Moreover, it is a very economical procedure which can be performed by the patients at his own residence. The role of Shankha Prakshalana from our own experience is very effective in overcoming the irritable bowel syndrome. Shankha Prakshalana may also be given to the patients of anxiety neurosis with satisfactory results. Its role in the treatment of renal disorder is encouraging in early cases only. However, in the second and third degree chronic renal failure cases its role is yet to be established and needs further investigation. Similarly, in the case of thyrotoxicosis no conclusive evidence could be observed due to very limited number of cases.
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Pages 157 - 163
Ancient Science of Life, Vol No. VII Nos. 3 & 4, January & April 1988, Pages 157 - 163
“SHANKHA PRAKSHALANA” (GASTROINTESTINAL LAVAGE) IN
HEALTH AND DISEASE
S. N. SINGH, V. JAISWAL and S. P. MAURYA
Yoga Research Ward, University Hospital, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221 005,
India.
Received: 16 July, 1986 Accepted: 20 February , 1987
ABSTRACT: Shankha Prakshalana is an easy and effective technique for cleansing the
gastrointestinal canal, thereby removing all the autointoxicants present in the alimentary canal.
Moreover, it is a very economical procedure which can be performed by the patients at his own
residence. The role of Shankha Prakshalana from our own experience is very effective in
overcoming the irritable bowel syndrome. Shankha Prakshalana may also be given to the
patients of anxiety neurosis with satisfactory results. Its role in the treatment of renal disorder is
encouraging in early cases only. However, in the second and third degree chronic renal failure
cases its role is yet to be established and needs further investigation. Similarly, in the case of
thyrotoxicosis no conclusive evidence could be observed due to very limited number of cases.
INTRODUCTION
Shankha Prakshalana literally means
cleansing of the counch. It is a technique by
which all the toxic materials accumulated in
the gastrointestinal canal are washed in the
gastrointestinal canal are washed out. It is
well established fact that our intestines are
the carriers of many of the substances
capable of causing the diseases. If by a
natural process they are cleaned regularly
one can maintain a good health over a long
period of time. There are a number of
laxatives and purgatives in use which may
resemble Shankha Prakshalana. But there
are some basic differences between the two.
In Shankha Prakshalana, in take of plain
saline water and some yogic assanas are the
only requirements for the process. No drugs
are required. All the deleterious effects or
after effects of purgatives are totally absent.
The effect of Shankha Prakshalana on bowel
is more effective than purgatives which take
much more time to work out. Further,
Laxatives may also produce habituating
tendency to the digestive system. But, after
doing Shankha Prakshalana one feels very
light and also a sense of rejuvenation in the
body, whereas after taking the purgatives a
feeling of heaviness, weakness and dullness
in the body occurs. The objective of the
Shankha Prakshalana is not only to cleanse
the gastrointestinal tract but also to bring
about a conditioning effect on the
psychophysiological plane.
Ancient Texts
In ancient text of Yoga it has been given a
very high place. The “Gheranda Samhita”,
one of the most authentic and ancient text on
Yogas has described it in some detail. It says
Varisaram Param Gopyam
Dehe Nirmalakarakam
Sadhayet Prayatnena Deva Deham
Prapadyate 1 : 1811
Pages 157 - 163
That, this process is very secret. It cleanse
the whole body and by practicing it with
(ease and) care one gets a luminous body. It
has been placed at the top of all the
cleansing processes.
Varisaram Param Dhouti
Sadhayedyah Prayatanatah
Maladeham Sodhayitva
Devadeham Prapadyate 1 : 1911
One who practices it, purifies his filthy
body, removes all the toxins and gets a
shining body.
Such is the lure of Shankha Prakshalana.
Procedure
Shankha Prakshalana should be performed
on an empty stomach putting on a light and
comfortable clothing. Bed tea or coffee
should also be avoided. Slightly warm
(36oC) saline solution (1% concentration) is
used in the procedure. Accordingly two
glasses of warm saline water is given to
drink quickly (see Fig. 1). Thereafter
without wasting any time the following
asanas should be performed.
Tadasana – Standing pose with raised arms
(see Fig. 2).
Tiryak Tadasana – Raised arms with side
tilting (see Fig. 3).
Katichakrasana - Turning right and left by
giving a rotational movement to the spine
(see Fig. 4).
Tiryak Bhujangasana – Serpent pose
looking at the heels alter-natively from right
and left side (see Fig. 5).
Udarakarasan – Giving a twisting pressure
on the abdomen from both sides (see Fig. 6).
Pages 157 - 163
Pages 157 - 163
Pages 157 - 163
All the above five asanas should be
performed 6 times each, thus the procedure
forms one round. After the first round is
over, another 2 glasses of warm saline water
should be taken and all the asanas are
repeated in the same order and number.
After the third round is over it is advisable
to go the toilet whether one fees the
necessity or not. Many a times the subject
feels an urge to pass stools. Thereafter he
again take 2 glasses of water and repeats the
same procedure from beginning to end. This
process of drinking water, doing the asanas
and going to the toilet should be continued
till a perfectly clear water is evacuated from
the rectum. Generally on an average 12 to
16 glasses of water is sufficient for getting
the clean water to come out from the rectum.
However, from the time of first evacuation
till the procedure is completed total intake of
water greatly varies from individual to
individual depending upon the constitution
of each person.
In short this process is very much effective
and should be performed with ease. The
above asanas along with sufficient quantity
of saline water are very much effective in
opening the sphincters of alimentary canal.
Moreover, warm saline solution produces
stimulation and peristalsis of the entire
gastro-intestinal canal leading to a free and
quick discharge of all the residual materials
from the body. Shankha Prakshalana thus
opens up all the channels of flow such as,
the sphincture of oddi, where the bile duct
from the liver opens into the duodenum, or
the glands of mucus membrane engaged in
the secretion of gastric juices, enzymes and
gut hormones, or the mucus substances
which prevents from digesting itself by its
own secretions. The Shankha Prakshalana
not only cleans up the alimentary canal but
also very favourably acts on several organs
like liver, pancreas and kidneys by inducing
a sort of internal massage to them. It also
cleanses the circulatory system by bringing
down the urea, creatinine and other toxic
materials through its osmotic effect.
After Shankha Prakshalana is over, it is
better to relax, preferably in Shavasana, or
sit quietly for at least half an hour. During
this period, sleep should be avoided. At this
juncture whole of the alimentary canal, from
mouth to anus, is totally at rest and all the
systems of the body are quite relaxed. This
procedure is contraindicated in cases of
Chronic Peptic Ulcer, Ischaemic Heart
Disease, and Severe Hypertension and
Advanced cases of Chronic Renal Failure. It
should also be avoided in weak and
debilitated patients.
Diet Restrictions after Shankha
Prakshalana
A special food (Khicheri) is cooked with
equal quantity of rice and Kidney Beans
(Mung) by mixing sufficient quantity of
ghee (clarified butter). It is taken in about
one hour after whole process of Shankha
Prakshalana is over. This food provides as
an active lubricant in a gentler way to the
bare walls of digestive tract.
Milk and its preparation should be avoided
at least two days, for it may cause diarrhoea
effect in some individuals. Lemon or fruit
juice should not be taken on the very day of
Shankha Prakshalana. Spicy food and non-
vegetarian preparations should also be
avoided for about 4 days. Alcohol,
sodawater or such other drinks are also to be
avoided.
Our Experiences with Shankha
Prakshalana
(A) Healthy Volunteers
In all 12 normal persons underwent this
procedure showed by satisfactory results.
Pages 157 - 163
Their biochemical changes are being studied
and would be reported elsewhere.
(B) (i) Irritable Bowel Syndrome : Out of a
total of 27 cases of Irritable bowel
syndrome who underwent Shankha
Prakshalana, 21 patients were males and
six females. The average age was 42
years ranging between 20 – 45 years.
For evaluating the overall effect of
Shankha Prakshalana, seven variables
were taken in to consideration and each
variable was assessed before and after
treatment. These were – (i)
constipation, (ii) vague abdominal pain,
(iii) loss of appetite, (iv) vomiting
tendency, (v) diarrhoea, (vi) irregular
bowel habits and (vii) drugs. From the
precipitation of the final score value it
became obvious that there is significant
percentage of relief in patients
complaining of constipation and vague
abdominal pain 85.71 and 87.37%
respectively. Irregular bowel habits and
diarrhoeal cases showed a noticeable
improvement by 42.85% and 50.00%
respectively. 40% of the patients,
complaining of the loss of appetite were
satisfied with an increase in their
hunger. As far as vomiting tendency is
concerned, only 33% of the cases were
relieved and the rest remained status
quo. Drug dependency was drastically
cut-off, either totally or partially in
57.14% of the cases, thus reducing
many of its side effects and ultimately
help developing a drug free life style.
Moreover, these patients of irritable
bowel syndrome were given Shankha
Prakshalana within an interval of 5 days
and then 4 Shankha Prakshalana within
an interval of 7 days. After this they
were advised short form of Shankha
Prakshalana every fortnightly or weekly
according to their need.
Anxiety Neurosis The present material
includes 17 diagnosed cases of anxiety
neurosis who were given repeated course of
Shankha Prakshalana as an additional part of
their usual treatment regime of Yogic
postures and Shavasana. In these patients
there was a significant symptomatic relief
and a subjective feeling of well being.
Whereas side by side another group of 29
patients were tried on similar lines but with
out of addition of Shankha Prakshalana.
The percentage relief in this latter group was
much lower than that of former one. This
marked differences in their results may be
the effect of Shankha Prakshalana.
Chronic Renal Failure
Only six patients suffering from chronic
renal failure underwent repeated course of
Shankha Prakshalana within an interval of
10 days. Out of the six, three were male and
three females. They all had blood urea level
very high ranging from 80 to 200 mg%.
Three patients were having vomiting
tendency and oedema. Two were known
cases of hypertension and one was having
breathlessness off and on and the other one
had undergone bilateral operation for
multiple renal calculi. However, in all the
above six patients who were given five
courses of Shankha Prakshalana, not much
change was noticed in their blood urea and
creatinine. The earlier work done by Young
and Lee and CK Tang, et al by adding
manitol to saline solution was also tried but
the results were not very encouraging.
However, later on two early cases of renal
failure were tried by giving a more vigorous
and frequent courses of Shankha
Prakshalana. Every third day they were
given the course of 5 – 6 litres of prepared
saline solution without adding manitol. In
these cases the results were very much
encouraging. Blood urea level was
drastically reduced in three weeks from 175
Pages 157 - 163
mg% and 215 mg% to 32 mg% and 38 mg%
respectively. Patients were then asked to
continue the treatment at their home every
fourth day and to report to our Clinic
periodically for a check up.
Thus, the patients of chronic renal failure
who have financial constraints for
haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, this
method of Shankha Prakshalana may be
considered as an alternative strategy for the
management of renal disorders. Moreover,
it needs no technical know-how or
equipments and can be easily carried out by
the patients themselves at their home. The
selection of patients for Shankha
Prakshalana is very important. However, in
view of the limited number of case studies,
further investigations are required to
establish the lasting role of Shankha
Prakshalana in the management of renal
disorders.
Thyrotoxicosis
Out of a total number of five cases of
thyrotoxicosis, Shankha Prakshalana yielded
very satisfactory result in all of them. The
number of case studies being limited, no
definite conclusion can be arrived at.
However all the subjects felt a general
feeling of well being and lightness after the
Shankha Prakshalana.
TABLE – I
S. No.
Diseases
No. of Cases
Result
1
2
3
4
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Anxiety Neuroses
Chronic Renal Failure
Thyrotoxicosis
27
17
08
05
Encouraging
Satisfactory
Encouraging in early cases only
Yet to establish
Annotations, References / Further Readings
1. The statement ‘feels very light and also a sense of rejuvenation in the body’ is based on
the personal experience of 57 patients of varying disorders and 12 healthy volunteers who
practiced Shankha Prakshalan.
2. Saline stimulates peristalsis thereby quickening the onset of the evacuation. The use of
saline also prevents the loss of necessary salts from the body. Infer Ref. Nos. 3 & 4.
3. Saraswati, Swami Satyananda Asana, Pranayam, Mudra Bandh, The Bihar School of
Yoga, Munger, (1973).
4. Saraswathi, Dr. Swami Shankardevanads ‘Cleaning of inner Lining’, Yoga, Bihar School
of Yoga, Munger, Vol. XX, No. 9, September, pp. 15 – 19 (1982).
Pages 157 - 163
5. Young, T. K. and Lee, S. C. Gastrointestinal dialysis, in the therapy of uraemia, Kidney
International Vol. 13, suppl. S. pp. S – 185 – S – 187 (1978).
6. Tang, C. K. and others ‘Home treatment of uraemia with gastrointestinal dialysis’,
Clinical Nephrology, Vol. 10 (1) pp. 21 – 26 (1978).
7. Sigdall, J. E. ‘An ancient method of Kriya Yoga : a modern alternative to artificial
kidney, Indian Review Oct. pp 39 – 44. (1979).
8. Phillips, R. A. and others “A new approach to the study of gastrointestinal functions in
man by an Oral Lavage method’ Chinese Medical Journal, Vol. 23, pp. 85 – 95 (1976).
9. Young, T. K. and others ‘Diarrhoea Therapy of uraemia’ Clinical Nephrology, Vol. 11
(2), pp. 86 – 91 (1979).
10. Young, T. K. and others Intestinal nitrogen excretion during whole gut perfusion in
chronic uraemic patients ‘Chinese Medical Journal” Vol. 24 pp. 222 – 228 (1977).
11. Malhotra, K. K. and others ‘Gastrointestinal Dialysis, JAPI, Vol. 31 (11), pp. 705 – 707
(1983).
... In two studies, LSP has been performed once a week for 1 [7] and 2 [8] months, respectively. Other studies have included -three sessions of LSP within a gap of 10 days; [9] two sessions of SP within a gap of 2 days; [10] SP within a gap of 5 days, then 4 SP once a week; [11] five sessions of SP within a gap of 10 days; [11] and SP within a gap of 2 days for 3 weeks. [11] Seven studies have included only one session of LSP. ...
... In two studies, LSP has been performed once a week for 1 [7] and 2 [8] months, respectively. Other studies have included -three sessions of LSP within a gap of 10 days; [9] two sessions of SP within a gap of 2 days; [10] SP within a gap of 5 days, then 4 SP once a week; [11] five sessions of SP within a gap of 10 days; [11] and SP within a gap of 2 days for 3 weeks. [11] Seven studies have included only one session of LSP. ...
... Other studies have included -three sessions of LSP within a gap of 10 days; [9] two sessions of SP within a gap of 2 days; [10] SP within a gap of 5 days, then 4 SP once a week; [11] five sessions of SP within a gap of 10 days; [11] and SP within a gap of 2 days for 3 weeks. [11] Seven studies have included only one session of LSP. [4,6,[12][13][14][15][16] ...
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Śankhaprakṣhālana (SP) kriyā is an integral component of ṣaṭkarmas (the six cleansing practices of haṭha yoga). It involves drinking lukewarm saltwater in combination with dynamic yoga āsanas which leads to the cleansing of the entire alimentary canal. The objectives of this study are to systematically elucidate the practice of SP kriyā and to collate and review studies that highlight its immediate and long-term physiological and therapeutic effects. Keywords like “shankha prakshalana, laghu shankha prakshalana, varisara dhauti, yogic colon cleansing” were used for search in multiple research databases. Total 12 studies with śankhaprakṣhālana kriyā as the main intervention were included in this review. Eight studies have reported the immediate effects of SP. The practice of SP immediately benefits in primary hypertension and chronic low back pain. Clinical studies support its effective use as a colonoscopy preparation. There is no risk of electrolyte imbalance, blood pressure and pulse rate changes in healthy individuals after SP. The technique of drinking saline along with dynamic āsanas plays a significant role in faster bowel cleansing. Other four studies have reported the long-term (1-2 months) effects of SP with variations in the frequency and duration of practice. SP is found beneficial in managing digestive issues like constipation, migraine-associated abdominal discomfort and irritable bowel syndrome. It is also an effective weight management practice for obese. Hence, the practice offers diverse health benefits. Further clinical trials are required to support the findings in clinical populations and to determine the effective frequency and total duration of the practice in the long term. Keywords: Hatha yoga, shatkarma, dhauti kriya, yogic colon cleansing, shankha prakshalana, laghu shankha prakshalana
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... 5 The study has shown that people use laxatives or purgatives to relieve these symptoms, which have to habituate a tendency to the digestive system. 6 Hatha Yoga has mentioned Shatkarmaas a cleansing technique and Dhautiis the cleansing technique for the gastrointestinal tract. VarisaraAntardhauti / Shankh Prakshalan is a practice included under Dhauti Karma 7 ...
... This technique is simple & efficient for purging the whole gut, which means extracting the toxins found within the gut. 6 ...
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View
... 5 The study has shown that people use laxatives or purgatives to relieve these symptoms, which have to habituate a tendency to the digestive system. 6 Hatha Yoga has mentioned Shatkarmaas a cleansing technique and Dhautiis the cleansing technique for the gastrointestinal tract. VarisaraAntardhauti / Shankh Prakshalan is a practice included under Dhauti Karma 7 ...
... This technique is simple & efficient for purging the whole gut, which means extracting the toxins found within the gut. 6 ...
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF SHANKH-PRAKSHALAN IN PURISH- VEGA AS ADHARNIYA VEGA
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Full-text available
  • Jul 2024
Purish Vega, the urge to defecate, is considered an Adharniya Vega (non-suppressible urge) in Ayurveda. Suppressing this urge, known as Purish Vega Dharana, can lead to various health complications. Ayurvedic texts and modern medicine describe these effects, including abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, rectal pain, and disorders related to the small intestine. The management of these complications involves addressing the underlying cause and promoting regular bowel movements. Shankh-Prakshalan, an easy and effective gastrointestinal cleansing technique, is recommended for managing the adverse effects of Purish-Vega Dharana. The study was conducted in 30 clinically diagnosed patients of purish as adharniyavega with an objective of alleviating symptoms arising from purishvegadharan viz-pakvashya-shoola, shiro-shoola, vata-varchoapravartanam, adhmanam, pindiko-udveshtan& its management was done by shankh-prakshalan.It was observed that suppressing the urge to defecate can impact both physical and mental well-being. Defecation is a crucial part of our daily routine, essential for eliminating waste from the body and preventing potential illnesses.It was observed that Shankh prakshalanhas demonstrated noteworthy outcomes in alleviating symptoms arising from purishvegadharan.
View
... Shankhaprakshalana cleans the stomach and intestine. It is a simple and effective technique used in traditional systems to clean the gastrointestinal canal, which removes auto-intoxicants in the alimentary canal [3]. The intestine is usually more than 6 metres long and fits in the abdominal cavity in a coiled form, which is most difficult to clean and remove the feces from it. ...
... A comparative study by Garg et al. reported the efficacy of Shankhaprakshalana in diabetes patients [11]. Shankhaprakshalana is believed to have various benefits, including detoxification of the digestive system, improved digestion, relief from constipation and increased energy levels [3]. ...
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... The practice of SP cleanses the intestine. A few small studies have found beneficial effect of SP on hypertension [14], irritable bowel syndrome [15] and back pain [16]. The quality of bowel preparation with SP has been found to be comparable to PEG. ...
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... Normally, bulk and movement of stool that acts as a trigger which, in turn, stimulates the nerves which activate peristalsis. The lukewarm saline water softens the hardened stool to move, which prompts the nerve to carry out their normal functions of the GI tract (Singh, Jaiswal & Maurya, 1988). LSP clears the bowel by the activation of local peristaltic reflex during the various set of physical postures and strengthens the whole body (Saraswati, 2013;Talley, 2008). ...
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Introduction: Laghu sankhaprakshalana (LSP) is a type of yogic cleansing technique (Shatkarma) which is being practiced since ancient time. In this technique, set of Asanas that aid the intestinal motility are practiced along with intake of lukewarm saline water. It is an easy and effective technique to clean the gastrointestinal canal. This study aims to study the effect of LSP on bowel health. Aim and Objectives: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of LSP practice on bowel health in normal individuals and safety of it. Materials and Methods: Sixty healthy individuals (males – 30 and females – 30) of the mean age 20.70 ± 2.89 were randomly recruited for study group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30). The study group was made to practice LSP once a week, for 4 weeks. The control group received no intervention. Constipation score (CS) was recorded by using the Cleveland Clinic CS, before and after completion of four sessions of LSP. Results: There was a significant reduction in CS, p < 0.0001 after the four sessions of LSP practice. Conclusion: The present study showed that LSP has a tendency to improve the bowel health. The practice of LSP once a week, for 4 weeks is safe and effective in a normal individual.
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Introduction: Obesity and overweight are growing diseases all over the world. These are also the cause of many non-communicable diseases. There is evidence that Yoga is a nonpharmacological intervention that can balance and improves serum lipid concentrations, adipose tissue, metabolic syndrome factors, improve eating habits, and helps in weight reduction. Aim: The purpose of the study is to observe and access the outcome of the effect of shankhaprakshalana practice in overweight and obese adults. Methods: It is a camp based clinical Study carried out at Andhra University for eight weeks, the purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of shankhaprakshalana and diet on 52 adults with BMI, ≥25 to ˂35 and age group of 20-50 years without referred to intricacies was chosen as subjects for the study of pre-post trial. Before and after the yoga intervention, we measured their anthropometric parameters like height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist/hip ratio, and BMI. The data were analyzed through the student paired t-test and the significance value of 0.05 was considered for all analyses. Results: The results had shown that there is a substantial decrease in weight from 78.8 ± 4.9 to 73.64 ± 4.5 and 73.5 ± 3.2 to 67.40 ± 3.1 and in BMI from 27.87 ± 0.7 to 26.08 ± 0.6 and 28 ± 1 to 25.66 ± 1 of the male and female overweight participants. Also, decrease in weight from 92.71 ± 7.5 to 82.44 ± 6.6 and 86.67 ± 7.7 to 76.67 ± 6.1 and BMI from 32.21 ± 1.3 to 28.64 ± 1 and 32.32 ± 1.2 to 28.61 ± 1.3 of the male and female obese participants. Similarly, there is a substantial decrease in waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, body fat percentage, and body fat mass of the overweight and obese participants. It observed that the p-value for all the variables is less than 5%, which is statistical significance. Conclusion: According to the findings, the practice of shankhaprakshalana and yogic diet for eight weeks reduces overall body weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio, body fat mass, and body fat percentage of the overweight and obese subjects.
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