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The Role of Time in the Global Tourism Market - A Demand Perspective
... Nevertheless, a switch in people's time use patterns towards less energy-intensive activities could be a way to curb overall energy consumption (Buhl et al., 2017), such as through local living, increased community engagement or improved accessibility to nature by public transport. Lifestyle can be shaped by socio-cultural factors such as national culture when it comes to energy-related behaviour and use of energy and/or time-efficient technologies; e.g. using a big car as a social status symbol (Gołembski & Niezgoda, 2012). Therefore, it is important to understand what particular changes in consumers' everyday life imply significant changes in energy consumption in the cultural context. ...
... Availability of time is a necessary pre-condition to engage in tourist activities (Gołembski & Niezgoda, 2012) and therefore people are willing to invest time (as well as money), which is saved elsewhere, in tourism. Accordingly, time is a cost in terms of the time length of a journey (Jacobsen, G€ ossling, Dybedal, & Skogheim, 2018). ...
... The experience of time varies in response to the social context of individuals (Stein, 2012). As Gołembski and Niezgoda (2012) assert, perception of time and the use of it varies across social groups and societies; therefore, the flow and pace of time are culturally specific, which often plays a significant role in the dynamics of tourist behaviour (Kim & Filimonau, 2017) and can be used to categorise tourists (Lewis, 2006). Therefore, social and cultural perception of time is essential to understand changes in tourist consumption. ...
The growing awareness of tourism’s environmental impacts has facilitated energy efficiency improvements in all tourism sub-sectors, especially in tourist transport. Further technological improvements are envisaged to save travel time as well as to reduce travel costs. However, the time savings achieved can potentially trigger behavioural responses of tourists that are unexpected and can intensify consumption. Ultimately, this intensified consumption can negate the positive effect of energy efficiency improvements in tourism, the phenomenon known as the time use rebound effect. Existing literature fails to account for this effect as a driver of unsustainable consumer behaviour in tourism. This paper proposes a framework to conceptualise the potential time use rebound effect in tourism and discusses the importance of considering it for better understanding and management of pro-environmental tourist behaviour. The paper elaborates upon the implications of the time use rebound effect for sustainable tourism development.
• Highlights
• Discusses the effect of energy efficiency improvements in tourism on consumption
• Demonstrates this effect is not always positive
• Conceptualises the rebound effect in tourism with respect to time
• Discusses how the time use rebound effect can reduce the positive effect of energy efficiency improvements in tourism
... Time constraints on vacation makes people to use more time-efficient travel options that are associated with higher greenhouse gases emissions, such as personal cars and flights (Dickinson & Peeters, 2014). Perception of time depends on the culture of the society, and higher income is positively correlated with the perceived price of free time (Goembski & Niezgoda, 2012). Our interviewees mentioned that while travelling, on the one hand, they have more time to observe and try new things, but on the other hand, they were less likely to invest time and efforts into pro-environmental behaviours, which were time consuming-tourists are overwhelmed with other things, such as searching for information or planning the route in the unfamiliar environment. ...
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... According to Commons and Page (2001), tourist flows are heavily conditioned by the availability of free time, concerning both time available and the way it is used. There is a trend towards the growth of available time and, therefore, towards a larger number of holidays, or at least short-break opportunities (Eadington & Smith, 1992;Gołembski & Niezgoda, 2012). This evolution is, amongst other factors-and despite adverse temporary trends in some crisis-affected countries, justified by the trends of reduced working schedules; the increase of time devoted to leisure; the lowering of retirement age; and increased life expectancy. ...
This paper explores seasonality in tourism from the specific point of view of consumer behaviour. The suggested conceptual approach combines research in seasonality in tourism with the leisure constraints theory. From this synergic research perspective, an extensive literature review explores the main determinants of seasonal tourism consumption behaviour. The aim of the study is the development of an original theoretical model that contributes to explain the seasonal behaviour of tourists, integrating its most relevant determinants, with a particular focus on those of a psychosocial character. The new model re-equates the—in diverse studies distinctly discussed—seasonality determinants, classifying them as interpersonal and intrapersonal antecedents and structural factors, with a focus on demand rather than supply for explaining seasonality at destinations. Leisure constraints theory inspires this classification, leading to a comprehensive theoretical proposal. Complementarily, a set of theoretical hypotheses are suggested in the scope of an original model novel in its complexity and combination of diverse research streams, in a highly relevant field of tourism research, which still lacks a more comprehensive and systematic framework of analysis.
... It is associated with the changes occurring in time organisation and divisions, a departure from synchronization (i.e. blurring of differences between work and leisure time -TOFFLER 2001), and time compression (CZAJA 2011, GOŁEMBSKI, NIEZGODA 2012, NIEZGODA 2017. On the other hand, participation in recreation is increasingly common and linked to the emergence of new recreational activities and their associated spaces as well. ...
The purpose of the present paper is to attempt to identify relations between the changing perception of leisure and the creation of tourism and recreational spaces in urban areas. The authors focus in particular on changes associated with the so-called ‘third wave’ (TOFFLER 2001), time compression (NIEZGODA 2017), and departure from synchronization. These considerations are illustrated by an analysis of the recreational activity of Szczecin residents and of tourists, and attempt identifying the relations between recreational space and tourism space. With the constant compression of leisure time, tourism activities become more similar to the leisure activities of residents, which means both types occur in the same environment. Urban recreational and tourism spaces overlap in a way that makes it impossible to separate them, but still allows the distinction of certain sub-spaces where either tourism or recreational behavior prevails.
... synchronizacji, czyli zacierania różnic pomiędzy czasem pracy a czasem wolnym (TOFFLER 2001), oraz tzw. kompresji czasu (CZAJA 2011, GOŁEMBSKI, NIEZGODA 2012, 2017. Udział w rekreacji staje się jednak zjawiskiem coraz powszechniejszym, co jest związane również z pojawianiem się nowych form rekreacji i przestrzeni z nimi związanych. ...
Celem autorek artykułu jest próba identyfikacji relacji pomiędzy zmianami w postrzeganiu czasu wolnego a kreowaniem przestrzeni rekreacji i przestrzeni turystycznej na obszarach miejskich. Autorki w szczególności śledzą zmiany związane z tzw. trzecią falą (TOFFLER 2001), kompresją czasu (NIEZGODA 2017) oraz odejściem od tzw. synchronizacji. Ilustracją prowadzonych wcześniej rozważań jest analiza aktywności rekreacyjnej mieszkańców i turystów w Szczecinie oraz próba identyfikacji relacji przestrzeni rekreacji i przestrzeni turystycznej. Wraz z postępującą kompresją czasu wolnego aktywność turystów w odwiedzanych obszarach staje się podobna do form aktywności wolnoczasowej mieszkańców, co powoduje jej realizację w tym samym otoczeniu. W przestrzeni miasta postępuje interferencja przestrzeni rekreacji i przestrzeni turystycznej, uniemożliwiająca ich rozdzielenie, ale nadal pozwalająca na wyodrębnienie pewnych podprzestrzeni, o wyższej intensywności zachowań turystycznych lub rekreacyjnych.
... It is associated with the changes occurring in time organisation and divisions, a departure from synchronization (i.e. blurring of differences between work and leisure time -TOFFLER 2001), and time compression (CZAJA 2011, GOŁEMBSKI, NIEZGODA 2012, NIEZGODA 2017. On the other hand, participation in recreation is increasingly common and linked to the emergence of new recreational activities and their associated spaces as well. ...
The purpose of the present paper is to attempt to identify relations between the changing perception of leisure and the creation of tourism and recreational spaces in urban areas. The authors focus in particular on changes associated with the so-called ‘third wave’ (T offler 2001), time compression (N iezgoda 2017), and departure from synchronization. These considerations are illustrated by an analysis of the recreational activity of Szczecin residents and of tourists, and attempt identifying the relations between recreational space and tourism space. With the constant compression of leisure time, tourism activities become more similar to the leisure activities of residents, which means both types occur in the same environment. Urban recreational and tourism spaces overlap in a way that makes it impossible to separate them, but still allows the distinction of certain sub-spaces where either tourism or recreational behavior prevails.
Tourism is considered one of the fastest-growing sectors, holding a significant place in both developed and developing countries. Among the key reasons for supporting and promoting tourism are its ability to create employment opportunities, increase foreign exchange earnings, make positive contributions to the balance of payments, and mitigate regional imbalances. Therefore, it is acknowledged that the tourism sector is one of the most important factors contributing to the economic development and advancement of a country. Additionally, economic freedom, which is prominent in ensuring economic growth, is also of great importance in enhancing competitiveness in tourism. Furthermore, a high level of economic freedom positively influences the tourism sector by increasing the number of tourists and revenues. In line with this, this research aims to empirically examine the impact of economic freedom on tourism. For this purpose, five countries that stand out in terms of tourist arrivals (USA, Spain, Türkiye, France, and Italy) have been selected. Annual data from 1995 to 2022 for these countries have been used, and empirical analysis has been conducted using panel data methodology. According to the causality test results by Canning and Pedroni (2008), causality from economic freedom to tourism revenues has been observed in the USA, Spain, France, and Italy. Another finding of the study is that an increase in the economic freedom index leads to an increase in tourism revenues. In this regard, it was determined that the highest increase occurred in the USA, while the smallest increase occurred in Spain.
Turizm en hızlı büyüyen sektörlerden biri olarak kabul edilmesi nedeniyle hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Turizmin desteklenmesinin ve teşvik edilmesinin temel nedenleri arasında; istihdam olanağı yaratması, döviz gelirlerinin artırılması, ödemeler dengesine olumlu katkı sağlaması ve bölgeler arası dengesizliği giderici etkileri gösterilmektedir. Dolayısıyla turizm sektörünün ülke ekonomisin gelişmesini ve kalkınmasını sağlayan en önemli unsurlardan biri olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte ekonomik büyümenin sağlanması açısından ön plana çıkan ekonomik özgürlük turizmde rekabet gücünün artırılması bakımından da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca ekonomik özgürlük seviyesinin yüksek düzeyde olması, turist sayısının ve gelirlerin artmasını sağladığı için turizm sektörünü olumlu bir şekilde etkilediği belirtilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın amacı ekonomik özgürlüğün turizm üzerindeki etkisinin ampirik olarak incelenmesidir. Araştırmada turist sayısı bakımından dünya sıralamasında öne çıkan beş ülke (ABD, İspanya, Türkiye, Fransa ve İtalya) seçilmiştir. Bu ülkelere yönelik 1995-2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak panel veri yöntemiyle ampirik analizde bulunulmuştur. Canning ve Pedroni (2008) nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre, ABD, İspanya, Fransa ve İtalya ülkelerinde ekonomik özgürlükten turizm gelirlerine yönelik nedensellik olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen bir diğer sonuca göre ekonomik özgürlük endeksinde meydana gelen artışın turizm gelirlerinde artış meydana getirdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda en yüksek artışın ABD’de en küçük artışın ise İspanya’da gerçekleştiği belirlenmiştir.
Given the growing environmental impact of tourism, understanding how information influences tourists’ sustainable choices is essential. This study focuses on the relatively under-researched area of how information on carbon emissions and travel distance affects tourists’ environmentally friendly choices at destinations across various time intervals. Hypothetical dichotomous questions were employed in three online surveys with 991 participants. T-tests were used to compare the effects of carbon emissions and distance information over eight, five, three, and one-hour intervals. The results indicate that both carbon emissions and distance information positively influence preferences for environmentally friendly behaviour. Additionally, more available time can lead to less environmentally friendly choices. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and tourism stakeholders aiming to foster sustainable practices in the industry. Please use this link for a free e-print: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/YF2GDQEQNZM6ZUEBV8WD/full?target=10.1080/13032917.2024.2404908
Purpose. The article considers the role of leisure in the changing phenomenon of tourism. The relationship between leisure and tourism is analysed from the perspective of changes in the perception of time, including its division into free- and work-time, compression of time, moving away from so-called synchronization, and the changes resulting from growing affluence of developed societies and the accompanying growth of the services market (simultaneous development of “time-consuming” and “time-saving” services). In particular, the analysis explores the phenomenon of “time-space compression” with reference to two levels: general social processes and tourism as a leisure time filling activity. Method. A review of literature discussing leisure (free time) from the perspective of the tourism market, with the author’s interpretation. This is explorative research. Findings. The article demonstrates a reciprocal relationship between changes in the perception of leisure and development of tourist services and shows the impact of the changing character of leisure on consumer behaviour in general social terms and in tourism. Research limitations and conclusions. The study is exploratory in nature, and was used to identify changes of leisure issues from the perspective of the tourist market. Originality. The broad view on the relationship between leisure and tourism is presented, departing from a simple perspective showing that free time is merely a necessary and basiccondition for engaging in tourism. The author proposes a thesis that the relationship between leisure and tourism is multifaceted and reciprocal, and that the phenomenon of time-space compression is apparent not only at a general social level, but also during tourist travel. Practical implications. Interactions presented in the article, particularly concerning changing consumer needs and behaviour, can be utilized by tourism service providers to adjust their services to contemporary demand. Type of paper. This is a theoretical/review article.
This chapter is the last factual part of the book. It is divided into three sections covering various issues related to car tourism events and spaces associated with this phenomenon (e.g. race tracks). The first section presents the concept of an event and the causes of the rapid development of events globally, as well as their main functions. It also presents a brief description of various types of events, including car tourism events. The second section refers to car-related events, such as races and rallies, including classic car rallies and vintage car exhibitions. The section also presents car race tracks as car tourism spaces and the offer of these tracks, including the organization of car races as well as other sporting or cultural-entertainment events. The third section is devoted to car fair events as a part of the MICE sector, which is often identified with the business tourism sector. First, the basic concepts, such as the MICE industry, business tourism and events like trade fairs, trade shows and car trade fairs, were described. This section also includes a detailed case study of one of the largest car trade fairs in Poland, i.e. Poznań Motor Show.
Keywords
Car tourism Car events Races Race tracks Rallies Classic cars MICE sector Business tourism Car trade fairs
This study employed a cross-country panel data model to investigate the relative contributions of sociopolitical, natural and cultural characteristics and national tourism policies to international tourism growth. International tourism receipt data were adjusted for country-specific inflation and then analyzed in relation to standardized measures of the World Economic Forum’s “pillars of tourism competitiveness.” Results indicated that international tourism receipts are more responsive to policies and regulations favoring tourism, abundance of natural resources, richness in cultural heritage, and health and hygiene than they are to infrastructure, safety, price competitiveness, and other variables. Findings highlight key factors associated with international tourism receipts and provide a general framework that could inform policies and management strategies designed to promote sustainable international tourism development.
Tourist activity of secondary school students between 15 and 19 was evaluated. Research focuses on social factors influencing tourist activity among Kraków's youths. Observation of leisure activities, frequency of travel, and reasons for travelling leads to the determination of probable main trends in youth tourism.