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Abstract
Five selected edible wild Australian mushrooms, Morchella elata, Suillus luteus, Pleurotus eryngii, Cyttaria gunnii, and Flammulina velutipes, were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity and mineral contents. The antioxidant capacities of the methanolic extracts of the dried caps of the mushrooms were determined using a number of different chemical reactions in evaluating multi-mechanistic antioxidant activities. These included the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ion chelating activity. Mineral contents of the dried caps of the mushrooms were also determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The results indicated that these edible wild mushrooms have a high antioxidant capacity and all, except C. gunnii, have a high level of several essential micro-nutrients such as copper, magnesium, and zinc. It can be concluded that these edible wild mushrooms are good sources of nutritional antioxidants and a number of mineral elements.
... (Table 2). These species provide examples that mushroom NPs can alleviate neuroinflammation-mediated cell death, increase abnormal protein clearance, and promote anti-neuroinflammatory effects in both animal and cell models, without displaying cytotoxicity [112][113][114][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128]. As seen in Table 2, a wide variety of compounds have been at the forefront of recent ND research, including but are not limited to polysaccharides, variations of di, tri, sesqui, and lanostane-based terpenoids, and phenols. ...
... Other examples of mushroom NPs, with relevance to neuroinflammation in NDs, include the 3 -nucleoside analogue cordycepin, isolated from the extensively investigated mushroom species C. millitaris, a polysaccharide extract from F. velutipes, and phenolicbased extracts from the species M. elata, S. luteus, P. eryngii, C. gunnii, and F. velutipes (Table 2) [112,113,126,127]. These compounds and extracts exhibit a wide variety of biological activities ranging from antioxidant activity, ferrous ion chelating activity, anti-apoptosis, ROS reversing activity, restoration of AChE activity, inhibition of the formation of p-tau in vivo, and the regulation of Ca 2+ efflux associated neurotoxicity and downstream neuroinflammation [112,113,126,127]. ...
... Other examples of mushroom NPs, with relevance to neuroinflammation in NDs, include the 3 -nucleoside analogue cordycepin, isolated from the extensively investigated mushroom species C. millitaris, a polysaccharide extract from F. velutipes, and phenolicbased extracts from the species M. elata, S. luteus, P. eryngii, C. gunnii, and F. velutipes (Table 2) [112,113,126,127]. These compounds and extracts exhibit a wide variety of biological activities ranging from antioxidant activity, ferrous ion chelating activity, anti-apoptosis, ROS reversing activity, restoration of AChE activity, inhibition of the formation of p-tau in vivo, and the regulation of Ca 2+ efflux associated neurotoxicity and downstream neuroinflammation [112,113,126,127]. ...
The variety of drugs available to treat neurodegenerative diseases is limited. Most of these drug’s efficacy is restricted by individual genetics and disease stages and usually do not prevent neurodegeneration acting long after irreversible damage has already occurred. Thus, drugs targeting the molecular mechanisms underlying subsequent neurodegeneration have the potential to negate symptom manifestation and subsequent neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, and is associated with the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which in turn leads to neurodegeneration. Inflammasome activation and oligomerisation is suggested to be a major driver of disease progression occurring in microglia. With several natural products and natural product derivatives currently in clinical trials, mushrooms have been highlighted as a rich and largely untapped source of biologically active compounds in both in vitro and in vivo neurodegenerative disease models, partially supported by successful clinical trial evaluations. Additionally, novel high-throughput methods for the screening of natural product compound libraries are being developed to help accelerate the neurodegenerative disease drug discovery process, targeting neuroinflammation. However, the breadth of research relating to mushroom natural product high-throughput screening is limited, providing an exciting opportunity for further detailed investigations.
... Morchella elata (M. elata) belongs to the family Morchellaceae, is also known as black morels, is a rare mycorrhizal fungus originating with pines and is one of the few species that prefer to grow on burnt areas [99]. When it comes to the mineral content, M. elata has been shown to contain K (21 mg/g), P (16.9 mg/g), S (6.57 ...
... mg/g), Ca (1039.59 µg/g), Cu (29.49 µg/g), Zn (150.32 µg/g), Na (668.3 µg/g) and Mg (870 µg/g) [99]. M. Elata has been shown in the analyses of the University of Thessaly to contain 28.2% protein, 33.5% carbohydrates, 13.4% fiber, and 3.6% fat, which provides similar proportions of macronutrients as the U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes recommend [100]. ...
... M. Elata has been shown in the analyses of the University of Thessaly to contain 28.2% protein, 33.5% carbohydrates, 13.4% fiber, and 3.6% fat, which provides similar proportions of macronutrients as the U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes recommend [100]. Lastly, M. elata possesses antioxidant properties and has a total phenol content of 1.732 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract and 0.46 mg GAE/g dried mushroom [99]. ...
Mushrooms are considered to be functional foods with high nutritional, culinary, and pharmacological values, and there has been an increase in their consumption, both through the diet and in the form of dietary supplements. The present study aimed to briefly review the nutritional composition and biological properties of sixteen mushroom species, as well as to compare the mushrooms’ proximate composition to the analyses conducted at the University of Thessaly, Greece, in cooperation with the Natural History Museum of Meteora and Mushroom Museum. The macronutrient profile of each mushroom was analyzed according to the methods described in the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, at the School of Agricultural Sciences of the University of Thessaly. The protein content of the mushrooms was found to range between 13.8 g/100 g and 38.5 g/100 g, carbohydrate content ranged between 32 g/100 g and 61.4 g/100 g, and fat content ranged between 0.4 g/100 g and 5.9 g/100 g. Additionally, a serving of 100 g of most species of mushrooms covers 15 to 30% of the daily recommendation of vitamins and trace elements. Based on their compositions, mushrooms were shown to constitute excellent food sources from a nutritional point of view, containing high amounts of dietary fiber and protein, low fat, and reasonable sources of phosphorus, although they were shown to be poor in vitamin C.
... The phenolics content of mushrooms has been shown to be positively correlated with the results of the DPPH assay and other antioxidant assays [4]. Previous studies have shown that enoki mushrooms have higher phenolics contents, ferric reducing powers, and ferrous chelating activities than other mushrooms [43]. Taken together, these studies suggest that enoki mushroom extracts are a good source of natural antioxidants. ...
... This is in agreement with the findings of different researchers who reported significantly increased TPC of meat nuggets upon addition of guava powder [16] and dragon fruit peel powder [9]. The increased phenolics content in treated meat nuggets could be due to addition of powdered enoki mushroom stem extract, which is reported to possess several bioactive phenolic and polyphenolic compounds [40,42,43]. ...
... These effects can be attributed to the presence of relatively high levels of minerals and dietary fibers in the mushrooms. It has been reported that this kind of mushroom is not only rich in potassium and phosphorus [43,48], but also contains several other minerals in minor amounts such as sulfur, sodium, copper, iron, and zinc [31]. In addition, the powdered enoki mushroom extract contained higher levels of TDF (32%), which would contribute to the fiber content of the final meat product. ...
The impact of different amounts (2%, 4% and 6%) of enoki (Flammulina velutipes) mushroom stem waste (MSW) powder on the physicochemical quality, color and textural, oxidative stability, sensory attributes and shelf-life of goat meat nuggets was evaluated. These mushroom by-products (MSW powder) contained a good source of protein (13.5%), ash (8.2%), total phenolics content (6.3 mg GAE/g), and dietary fiber (32.3%) and also exhibited the potential to be strong antioxidants, due to their good metal chelating ability (41.3%), reducing power (60.1%), and free radical scavenging activity (84.2%). Mushroom stem waste improved (p < 0.05) the emulsion stability, dietary fiber, ash and phenolics content of nuggets compared to control. Although no significant differences (p > 0.05) in expressible water and textural properties were observed among the formulations, but MSW powder improved the water holding capacity and slightly decreased the hardness. Further, the inclusion of MSW significantly (p < 0.05) improved the oxidative stability and shelf-life of treated nuggets by reducing lipid oxidation during the nine-day storage period. Again, the inclusion of MSW did not negatively affect the color and sensory attributes of treated meat nuggets. Overall, our results suggest that enoki mushroom stem waste (4%) can be used as a value-added functional ingredient to produce nutritionally improved and healthier meat products.
... The concentration of elements contained in F. velutipes are tabulated in Table 5. Similar to other mushrooms (Manzi et al., 1999;Smiderle et al., 2008;Zeng et al., 2012), potassium is the most abundant mineral element contained in F. velutipes (28.00-28.98mg/g dry weight), followed by phosphorus (8.80-9.40 ...
... The chemical structures of these bioactive compounds are illustrated in Figure 1. Interestingly, an interspecies comparison study by Zeng et al. (2012) showed that F. velutipes had the highest phenolic content of 2.823 ± 0.007 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract among other mushrooms harvested from Australia. The study also suggested the variation in the phenolic content in those mushrooms may be ascribed to the different geographical locations and also dependent on the ability of a particular subspecies in the synthesis of phenolic compounds . ...
... The total phenolic content in the mushrooms has a positive correlation with its antioxidant property measured by in vitro assays such as DPPH assay, hydroxyl assay and lipid peroxidation assay (Karaman et al., 2010). Zeng et al. (2012) demonstrated that F. velutipes possesses the highest phenolic content based on it having the highest antioxidant activities in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power and ferrous ion chelating activity among three other Australian mushrooms. In contrast, Karaman et al. (2009) found that F. velutipes has poorer phenolic content compared to other lignicolous fungi, suggesting that the prominent antioxidant activity may due to other secondary biomolecules which had yet to be identified at the time of the study. ...
Flammulina velutipes (enoki, velvet shank, golden needle mushroom or winter mushroom), one of the main edible mushrooms on the market, has long been recognized for its nutritional value and delicious taste. In recent decades, research has expanded beyond detailing its nutritional composition and delved into the biological activities and potential health benefits of its constituents. Many bioactive constituents from a range of families have been isolated from different parts of the mushroom, including carbohydrates, protein, lipids, glycoproteins, phenols, and sesquiterpenes. These compounds have been demonstrated to exhibit various biological activities, such as antitumour and anticancer activities, anti-atherosclerotic and thrombosis inhibition activity, antihypertensive and cholesterol lowering effects, anti-aging and antioxidant properties, ability to aid with restoring memory and overcoming learning deficits, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, ribosome inactivation and melanosis inhibition. This review aims to consolidate the information concerning the phytochemistry and biological activities of various compounds isolated from F. velutipes to demonstrate that this mushroom is not only a great source of nutrients but also possesses tremendous potential in pharmaceutical drug development.
... The obtained TPC in a C. aegerita extract was also greater compared to other samples from Serbia, where EtOH (17.36 ± 0.88 mg GAE/g d.w.) and MeOH (13.80 ± 0.21 mg GAE/g d.w.) extracts were analyzed [41,44]. The most impressive difference in TPC was observed in M. elata, since the MeOH extract from Australia exhibited 86 times lower content (0.46 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g d.w.) [45]. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the TFC of the C. aegerita MeOH extract from other parts of Serbia [44] was quantified at a very low level (0.73 ± 0.37 mg QE/g d.w.), contrary to the findings in this study. ...
... Also, the ethyl acetate and MeOH extracts of M. elata from India showed a higher DPPH, NO, and ABTS neutralization compared to the results of this study [56], while Kalyoncu et al. [57] reported a lower antioxidant activity of M. elata from Turkey, with 59.22% of DPPH inhibition. The reduction potential of this species collected in Australia was also significantly higher (63.0 ± 0.3 mmol Fe[II]-E/g extract) [45], supporting the notion that habitat ecology, the extraction procedure, and solvent polarity may affect antioxidant activity. ...
The therapeutic effectiveness of current neurodegenerative disease treatments is still under debate because of problems with bioavailability and a range of side effects. Fungi, which are increasingly recognized as sources of natural antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme inhibitors, may thus serve as potent neuroprotective agents. Previous studies have associated the anti-AChE and antioxidant activities of fungi mostly with polysaccharides and phenolic compounds , while other secondary metabolites such as polyamines (PAs) have been neglected. This study aimed to investigate eight edible and medicinal fungi from Serbia, marking the initial investigation into the neuroprotective capabilities of Postia caesia, Clitocybe odora, Clitopilus prunulus, and Morchella elata. Neuroprotective activity was examined using the Ellman assay, while the an-tioxidant capacity was tested by conducting DPPH, NO, ABTS, and FRAP tests. PA levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescent detection. Ganoderma applanatum and Lepista nuda exhibited the most robust anti-AChE (98.05 ± 0.83% and 99.94 ± 3.10%, respectively) and antioxidant activities, attributed to the synergistic effects of the total protein, total phenolic, and PA levels. Furthermore, P. caesia displayed significant AChE inhibition (88.21 ± 4.76%), primarily linked to the elevated spermidine (SPD) (62.98 ± 3.19 mg/kg d.w.) and putrescine (PUT) levels (55.87 ± 3.16 mg/kg d.w.). Our results highlight the need for thorough research to comprehend the intricate relationships between distinct fungus species and AChE inhibition. However, it is important to recognize that more research is required to identify the precise substances causing the reported inhibitory effects.
... The highest TPC value was found in fresh mushroom samples. Zeng et al. (2012) investigated 5 different Australian edible mushrooms, and determined the TPC of mushrooms using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. According to this research, the TPC of samples was measured between 63.4 and 282.3 mg GAE/100 g DM. ...
... Mushrooms have phenolic acid, monophenolic acid and polyphenolic constituents. These phenolic compounds are effective in the TAC of foods (Zeng et al., 2012). In our study, the fresh sample had the highest FRAP value; also, the most phenolic content was detected in fresh mushrooms compared to other samples. ...
An infrared-assisted heat pump drying (IR-HPD) was designed and used for drying of mushroom slices at three different infrared (IR) powers (50, 100, and 150 W) and a fixed drying temperature of 40°C and air velocity of 1 m/s. The changes in total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and individual phenolic contents bioaccessibility, drying characteristics, and colour values of mushroom slices were investigated. IR-HPD provided 13.11 to 30.77% higher energy savings than HPD and reduced drying time between 9.48 and 26.72%. Page, Modified
Page models were considered the best for predicting the thin layer drying behaviour of mushroom slices. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) value increased with IR power and ranged between 6.491x10-10 and 9.023x10-10 m2s-1. The contents of TPC, TAC, and individual phenolics in mushroom slices were significantly reduced (p<0.05) after drying. In vitro the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and TAC generally decreased, whereas TPC bioaccessibility was increased. Colour values were decreased except for a* value that increased after drying. Thermal imaging
results showed that IR lamps increase the temperature of the products in the middle close to the lamp by approximately 1.5°C. In addition, thermal imaging gave a better understanding and visualised the effect of different power IR lamps on the temperature distribution of the products according to their distance from the
lamp. As a result, drying mushrooms with a hybrid drying system combined with IR and heat pump dryer provided higher energy savings than HPD, reduced drying time, and maintained the physical and nutritional characteristics of mushrooms. Overall, the use of IR-HPD is an alternative tool that allows us to obtain high-quality
dried mushrooms with good nutritional attributes and a high amount of bioaccessible polyphenols.
... 4 Recently, S. luteus has been investigated for its genetic structure and diversity, 5 heavy metal elements content, 6,7 and improvement of salinity tolerance in plants. 8 Additionally, many previous studies have reported that the extracts of S. luteus possessed extensive pharmacological and biological activities such as antioxidant, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] anticancer, [17][18][19] hypoglycemic, 20 antibacterial, 21,22 and immunomodulatory activity. 23 However, to the best of our knowledge, only one report about isolating and identifying compounds from S. luteus was available, and some ceramides, steroids and polyprenylphenols have been isolated. ...
... 34 Many previous studies indicate that the extracts from S. luteus have good antioxidant activity. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] However, the main active ingredients responsible for their antioxidant activity are unknown. In our research, all of the isolated polyprenylphenol derivatives (1-7) exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. ...
Wild edible mushrooms are a huge source to discover bioactive natural products. In this work, one new polyprenylphenol derivative, termed 2-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzenediol 1-O-acetate (1), together with eight known compounds (2-9) were isolated from wild edible mushroom Suillus luteus. The structure of new compound was elucidated by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance data. The structures of known compounds were elucidated by comparison of their nuclear magnetic resonance data with literature data. Compounds 1-7 exhibited significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values ranging from 1.55 ± 0.29 to 19.89 ± 2.28 μM. In addition, compounds 1-7 also showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 21.97 ± 3.74 to 66.26 ± 6.85 μM.
... The inorganic components contained in the fruiting body of Enokitake mushrooms reported so far were Na, P, Ca, K, and Mg at 65.7-75.5 mg/100 g-D.M., 940.3 mg/100 g-D.M., 36.0-117.6 mg/100 g-D.M., 2800.0-2897.6 mg/100 g-D.M., and 68.0-113.0 mg/100g-D.M., which is similar to the inorganic component ratio of fruiting bodies in this study (Smiderle et al., 2008;Zeng et al., 2012). Since mushrooms absorb a large amount of potassium and grow when forming fruiting bodies, it is considered that the same applies to Enokitake mushroom fruiting bodies (Sekiya, 1999). ...
... All the results obtained in this study concluded that when each SMS-ADR was replaced with corn cob, which is the base material of the conventional medium, in the cultivation of Enokitake mushrooms, the yield equivalent to that of the conventional medium was achieved. In addition, by comparing the data obtained in this study with that reported by several researchers (Ko et al., 2007;Pereira et al., 2012;Smiderle et al., 2008;Zeng et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2009;Beluhan and Ranogajec, 2011), it was observed that SMS-ADR can be applied to mushroom cultivation as a medium base material . Evidently, when SMS was used as a material for the Enokitake mushroom medium, it adversely affected the air permeability of the medium, inhibiting mycelial growth and fruiting body formation. ...
The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) generated by mushroom production is applicable to the anaerobic digestion process. However, SMS-anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) can be produced. In this study, SMS-ADR was used as a medium base material for Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) mushroom cultivation to examine the potential for food production. Two types of pretreated SMS-ADR prior to the anaerobic digestion process-KOH pretreated (KOH-treated SMS-ADR), and NaOH pretreated (NaOH-treated SMS-ADR) were carried out in this study. The KOH- and NaOH- treated SMS-ADR contained 1340.6 mg/100 g-Dry Matter (D.M.) of K, and 941.2 mg/100 g-D.M. of Na, respectively, indicating a large inorganic component derived from the chemicals used for pretreatment. The yields were 244.1 ± 3.7 g-Fresh Matter (F.M.)/bottle (10.5 ± 0.2 g-F.M./10 g medium-D.M.) for KOH-treated SMS-ADR with 75% and 255.5 ± 4.3 g-F.M./bottle (11.7 ± 0.5 g-F.M./10 g medium-D.M.) for NaOH-treated SMS-ADR with 50% as medium base material, which were closed to the standard medium. In KOH- and NaOH-treated SMS-ADR medium, the spread of the fungus on the 29th day of culture was more than 90%, suggesting sufficient mycelial growth. The amounts of general components, inorganic components and free amino acids in the fruiting bodies were the same as those obtained from the standard medium. In addition, we prepared the testing section, where SMS not applied to the anaerobic digestion process was used as the medium base material, and the inhibition of mycelial growth and fruiting bodies were observed.
... Edible mushrooms such as Pleurotus eryngii are consumed worldwide. [1][2][3] Apart from their flavor and taste, the fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms are considered to be a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. [1][2][3] Mushrooms are also recognized as functional foods due to their bioactive components with potential healthpromoting effects. ...
... [1][2][3] Apart from their flavor and taste, the fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms are considered to be a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. [1][2][3] Mushrooms are also recognized as functional foods due to their bioactive components with potential healthpromoting effects. 4 Several studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus sp. ...
Edible mushrooms are rich sources of bioactive components. In this study, a bioactive protein, PEP, was isolated from an edible mushroom, Pleurotus Eryngii, through (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and ion-exchange chromatograph. Proteomic analysis by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry showed that PEP was a novel protein with molecular weight of 40kDa. PEP exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting the overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), cytokine IL-1 and IL-6. It was further demonstrated that these anti-inflammatory effects of PEP were associated with the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and the deactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Our results demonstrated that PEP might be a good candidate for anti-inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the colon.
... Numerous significant positive correlations were observed between phenolic compounds and detected antioxidative potential. The result proved Pleurotus eryngii has currently been found to possess antioxidant activity which was also correlated with their total phenolic content [16][17][18][19]. Pleurotus eryngii contained 69.67% DPPH scavenging activity and 70.82% chelating activity, which increased with increase in concentration [20]. ...
... They found the peptide inhibited mycelial growth in Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola at the IC50 values of 1.35 ± 0.15M and 3.5 ± 0.4M, respectively [28]. Certainly, some studies reported that Pleurotus eryngii extracts also performed inhibitory property against a group of bacterial reference strains of medical relevance [19,29,30]. According to results of the antimicrobial screening assay, PEE showed weak activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, but inhibited obviously the growth of the 2 Helicobacter pylori test strains (ATCC43504 and SS1) with MIC values in most cases of ≤ 3.0 mg/mL. ...
Pleurotus eryngii, commonly known as the king oyster mushroom, has been used extensively in North Africa, Europe and Asia. A great deal of work has been carried out on therapeutic potential of Pleurotus eryngii. The edible Fungi perform multiple bioactivities: anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-leukaemia, hypolipidemic, immuno-modulating and estrogen-like activity. These bioactive properties depend on its bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, eryngiolide A, ubiquinone-9, pentacyclic triterpenoid and so on. The present review focuses on the potential pharmacological activities and provides reference for the study of Pleurotus eryngii in the future.
... Among the 14 types of fungi, this mushroom has the highest concentration of natural estrogen and improves bone health (Shimizu et al. 2006). In addition, it reduces blood cholesterol (Alam et al. 2011) and is nutritionally considered as a rich source of proteins, carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins, and minerals (SyNytSyA et al. 2008;Krüzselyi et al. 2016;Caglarlrmak 2007;Wang et al. 2014;Zeng et al. 2012). ...
This study aimed to investigate the ability of Pleurotus eryngii fungus to absorb lead and cadmium from industrial wastewater. After culturing the fungus on a potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium containing 0 (control), 150 mg L⁻¹, 250 mg L⁻¹, and 350 mg L⁻¹ concentrations of lead and cademium for 30 days, the mycelia were isolated from the culture medium and their extracts were used to measure protein content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Also, heavy metal contents were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry using flame photometry. Results showed that the growth of mycelia was significantly affected by different concentrations of the two heavy metals. High tolerance of heavy metal pollution in the culture media and the ability to accumulate lead and cademium confirmed that Pleurotus eryngii is a favorable option for mycoremediation. Also, molecular studies for fungal sequencing were investigated using the trench method, the sequence of the fungus was recorded in the gene bank, and finally the fungus was identified in the study.
... Originally, this species was cultivated in Switzerland and Northern Italy where it is known as cardoncello [12]. It is a highly nutritive, low-calorie food with high-quality proteins, vitamins, and minerals, and this fungus can be used as an important natural source of food and medicine [8,13,14]. The China Edible Fungi Association estimated that 2.05 × 10 6 tons of P. eryngii were grown in the country in 2021. ...
Corn is widely planted in China, but corn stalks have not been adequately utilized for a long time. Here, the potential of corn stalks to serve as an ingredient in the composition of substrates to cultivate king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) was studied. Corn stalks were added to the matrix at a ratio of 10.5%, 21%, or 42% to replace sawdust or sugarcane bagasse in the typical matrix. Analysis of the mycelia growth rate, production days, agronomic traits, and nutrient content confirmed the feasibility of using corn stalk instead of sawdust and bagasse for the cultivation of P. eryngii. The samples grown on Y5 (without sawdust and bagasse) has more crude fiber (8.3%) and polysaccharide (5.05%) content compared to those of the control substrate (7.1% and 4.16%, respectively), moreover, it also conteined more zinc and calcium than others. Therefore, these findings indicate that corn stalks could be used as an alternative to sawdust and sugarcane bagasse for P. eryngii production, which would not only reduce costs and improve food quality, but also improve waste utilisation.
... Mushrooms contain varied minerals which can be used by the body to carry out various biological functions throughout the human body (Zeng et al., 2012). The mineral components of mushrooms vary hinge on species and ecosystems (Genccelep et al., 2009). ...
Lactarius semisanguifluus R. Heim & Leclair (L. semisanguifluus) is one of the wild-grown edible mushroom types. Wild-grown edible mushrooms are widely consumed or sold by people in fresh form. However, due to the high respiration ratio and moisture content, the mushrooms lose their quality immediately after harvest. This causes their shelf life to be very short. For this reason, it is necessary to know the best storage conditions as well as its nutritional content. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different treatment techniques (drying, canning, and freezing) on the chemical components (dry matter, crude protein, crude fats, ash, and total carbohydrates) and the mineral matters (Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) of the L. semisanguifluus. The results show that the moisture content varied between 8.86% to 90.43% (w/w) in the fresh, dried, canned and frozen mushroom samples. The protein content of the with and without processed samples was in the ranged of 1.21% and 18.53%. The ash and fat content of the all samples ranged from 2.79% to 5.94% and from 0.53% to 7.99%, respectively. Additionally, the carbohydrate content was found to be between 0.85 and 58.68%. The energy values of the all samples were estimated to be between 27.56-380.75 kcal 100g-1 and 115.63-1608.20 kJ 100g-1. Potassium (108.6-2367.4 mg 100g-1) and phosphor (37.4-182.7 mg 100g-1) were the most abundant minerals in the analysed samples. The chemical composition of the frozen samples had the closest results to the fresh samples. The results of the present research showed that L. semisanguifluus has a high nutritional quality especially the freezing process is the best protection technique rather than the canning process and was suitable especially for consumption in low caloric diets. Based on overall evaluations, it can be deduced that especially dried mushroom samples can be used in powder form (such as spices and enrichment component in many food formulations) in the production of various food products due to their high nutritional components.
... There are many functional components in P. eryngii (such as polysaccharides, triterpenes, and ergosterol), the medicinal function of which is its hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, as well as its ability to lower the risks of cardiovascular disease [21,22]. A variety of functional enzymes are biosynthesized by P. eryngii (ligninolytic enzyme, laccase, Mn-oxidizing peroxidases, and aryl-alcohol oxidase), which are beneficial for decomposing lignin and promoting the use of biomass materials [23][24][25]. In a word, P. eryngii is a popular edible fungus and has been widely researched by experts and scholars at home and abroad for its unique flavor, high nutritional value, and numerous medicinal functions [26,27]. ...
There are a variety of amino acids and polysaccharides contained in Pleurotus eryngii that can improve immunity and prevent cancer in humans. The purpose of this research was to investigate the improved quality hypha of P. eryngii-3, which could shorten the ripening cycle of the hypha and increase economic benefits to industries. In this paper, the quality hypha of P. eryngii-3 was investigated for the DCW, total protein, polysaccharides, laccase activity, and so on. The medium was screened and carbon and nitrogen sources were screened and optimized as 40 g/L of corn flour and soybean meal by P. eryngii-3. Then, the effects of pH, temperature, volume, and rotation speed were investigated, in which the suitable fermentation conditions were, respectively, pH = 6, a temperature of 27 °C, 90 mL of fermentation broth, and a 150 r/min rotation speed. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of Lcc1, Lcc5, Lcc8, and Lcc12 were upregulated by 10.25-, 3.32-, 2.33-, and 6.29-fold, respectively, after the optimization. In addition, the response surface method of the BBD was utilized for further improvements to the DCW by P. eryngii-3, in which the optimized DCW reached 17.2345 ± 0.7845 g/L.
... There were many functional components in P. eryngii (such as polysaccharides, triterpenes, ergosterol), the medicinal function of which was hypolipidemic effects, antioxidant, anticancer activity, and lowering the risks of cardiovascular diseases (Stajic et al., 2009;Wei et al., 2018). A variety of functional enzymes were biosynthesized by P. eryngii (ligninolytic enzyme, laccase, Mn-oxidizing peroxidases, and arylalcohol oxidase), which were bene cial to decompose lignin and promote the use of biomass materials (Wang, 2020;Zeng et al., 2012;Wyman et al., 2018). In a word, P. eryngii was a popular edible fungus and had been widely researched by experts and scholars at home and abroad for unique avor, high nutritional value, and numerous medicinal function (Zhang et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021). ...
There were a variety of amino acids and polysaccharides in Pleurotus eryngii contained that could improve human immunity and prevent cancer. In this paper, the medium was screened and carton and nitrogen sources were screened and optimized as 40 g/L corn flour and soybean meal by P. eryngii -3. Then, the effect of pH, temperature, volume, and rotate speed were investigated, in which the suitable fermentation conditions were respectively pH = 6, 27 ℃, 90 mL of fermentation broth, and 150 r/min of rotate speed. Meanwhile, the transcription levels of lcc1 , lcc5 , lcc8 , and lcc12 were up-regulated by 10.25-, 3.32-, 2.33- and 6.29-fold respectively after optimization. In addition, the box-behnken design was utilized to improve DCW (17.23 g/L). This research was optimized the medium and condition of fermentation by P. eryngii -3, which could shorten the ripening cycle of seeds and improve economic benefits for industries.
... Despite employing the same assays, comparing antioxidant activity to previously published data is difficult due to a lack of uniformity in techniques and data interpretation. The FRAP values of Kanagasabapathy et al. (2011) on ethanol aqueous extract of P. sajor-caju (26.29 µmol/g) and Zeng et al. (2012) (13 µmol/g extract) are likewise comparable. Mushroom antioxidant activity was shown to be substantially linked with total polyphenol content. ...
Pleurotus spp. and Auricularia spp. are popular species consumed by the Malaysian community. Recently, due to increased awareness, both mushrooms are also being consumed for their bioactive compounds, ergothioneine, and antioxidant properties and has been used since earlier ages as therapeutic remedies. The bioactive compounds such as phenol, flavonoid and ergothioneine found in both Pleurotus and Auricularia mushrooms were explored. Differences in heat treatments (microwave, hot air drying, and solar drying) and cooking methods may affect the content of bioactive compounds and their properties. Similarly, sensory acceptance by consumers may be affected too. Antioxidant properties using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay of both raw and heat-treated mushrooms are included. Microwave drying retained color characteristics and bioactive compounds in both mushrooms. To add value to this review, a survey on the consumption pattern of Pleurotus and Auricularia species among Malaysians has been conducted online and concluded that Pleurotus species is the most considered species compared to Auricularia mushroom and almost half of the respondents were not aware that heat may deplete nutritional contents in mushroom despite agreeing both gave beneficial health in diets.
... Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) have been widely used to determine the trace and ultra-trace elements in biological, environmental [12,13], and food samples [14][15][16][17]. Although ICP-MS is a powerful and fascinating technique, it suffers from spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences while handling complex sample matrices such as food products [18]. ...
The precise characterization of the elemental composition of cereals and cereal products is becoming crucial to assess their nutritional values, geographical labeling, and also toxicological profile. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has become popular for the elemental analysis of foods in recent years. Analytical performance of the inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) is improved with a reaction/collision cell that provides an interference-free analysis of most of the elements including phosphorus and sulfur. In this study, an analytical method was optimized for the quantification of 57 elements using ICP-MS/MS technique and validated for 25 elements that were available in certified reference materials (CRMs). Then, the mineral contents of semolina samples obtained from the durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars were analyzed according to the validation procedure. Recoveries of the elements were found in the range of 92–108% for the digested CRM. The method was robust for all elements and the results indicated good precision for the analytical method. The inter- and intra-day precision values were found below 5%, and in the range of 0.11–3.31% and 0.09–4.51%, respectively. Analyzed elements showed significant variability among the semolina samples. The variety and growing conditions might have influences on the elemental composition of semolina samples.
... The results indicated that Cyttaria gunnii edible wild mushrooms have a high antioxidant capacity. It can be concluded that Cyttaria gunnii edible wild mushroom are good source of nutritional antioxidants and a number of mineral elements [41]. ...
Fungi exist everywhere around us. However, edible Mushrooms represent promising source for novel compounds with potential uses in different biotechnological fields. Many mushrooms were sources of novel compounds showing biological actions such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antiinflammatory activities. Likewise, mushrooms are macrofungi that exist everywhere around us. They have significant roles in human life as source of nutrition and bioactive compounds. Many mushrooms have been reported as promising biotechnological tools for production of secondary metabolites of various biological activities. Favolaschia sp.; Cyttaria sp. mushrooms are especially interesting due to the rareness of Basidiomycetes. In this review, the ecology, occurrence, of unique Favolaschia sp.; Cyttaria sp. mushrooms were described, and their biological activities.
... Among the various methods commonly used to determine antioxidant activity, based on the deactivation of a radical whose concentration is known, (ORAC, ABTS, DPPH, reduction of thiobarbituric acid, reduction of Fe, etc.), the ABTS method as described by Miller et al. [54] and usually employed to study P. eryngii antioxidant activity [55][56][57] was used in this study. This generates the radical starting from the oxidation of the ammonium salt of 2,2-azobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulphonic acid-ABTS) by means of a solution of potassium persulphate K 2 S 2 O 8 . ...
Mushrooms belonging to Pleurotus genus have been demonstrated to have important nutritional and medicinal value and their regular intake prevent many diseases, reduce the infection probability and increase immunity. In order to investigate the bioactive compounds produced by seven commercial (‘142 F’, ‘142 E’, ‘D+’, ‘V turbo’, ‘V 142’, ‘A 12’, ‘V 160’) and five wild-type (‘Albino 1107’, ‘Altamura 1603’, ‘Muro Lucano 139’, ‘Conversano 1250’, ‘Albino beige chiaro 1094’) P. eryngii isolates, the following qualitative analyses were performed: Total polyphenol content, antioxidant activity (EC50 of ABTS) and antiradical power (ARP) in fresh lyophilized and dry basidioma, and water content, β-glucans and phenolic compounds in fresh samples. Standard methods were employed for each of the above mentioned aims. Total polyphenol content was diverse among the P. eryngii isolates. In particular, an elevated polyphenolic content was found in fresh lyophilized P. eryngii samples of the commercial isolates ‘V 142’ followed by ‘A 12’. The highest antiradical activity (ARP) was obtained by ‘Muro Lucano 139’ isolate. Wild P. eryngii isolates were characterized by higher water and β-glucans contents compared to the commercial ones, and the highest values were registered for the ‘Albino beige chiaro 1094’ isolate. In conclusion, the present study allowed us to identify the commercial and wild-type P. eryngii isolates from the Basilicata region, with high nutritional and medicinal value based on their bioactive compounds.
... Wild mushrooms are a popular delicacy collected in many countries around the world, for example, in Central, East, and South Europe and in Asia [1][2][3][4]. They are traditionally recognized as a valuable source of nutrients and as being useful in the prevention of diseases such as hypertension and cancer [5][6][7]. ...
In this study, the contents of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) and macroelements (C, N, K, P, S, Mg, Na, and Ca) were measured in wild mushrooms growing in a heavily polluted forest ecosystem in the northeastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region. The research was conducted on 10 species of mushrooms belonging to three families: Boletaceae, Russulaceae, and Suillaceae. Using a spatial autoregressive model, the study showed a strong relationship between heavy metal concentrations (especially Zn, Pb, and Cd) and the distance from a source of industrial pollution (a zinc smelter, Huta Miasteczko Śląskie). The concentrations of potentially toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in mushrooms significantly exceeded food-acceptable standards. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), calculated as the ratio between the concentration in mushroom tissues and in forest soils overall, reached the highest values for cadmium (Cd). The highest accumulation capacity for Cd was noted for Imleria badia (BCF = 9.18), which was also the most abundant mushroom species in the study plots. In general, the established threshold values for Pb and Cd concentrations in consumer mushrooms and food products were exceeded up to almost 30-fold in the studied area. We conclude that the potential risk to human health of the toxic elements that enter the food chain through the harvesting and consumption of wild mushrooms from this region is significant.
... Furthermore, antioxidant genes expression (mRNA) in the nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) were found to be higher in broilers offered with mushroom stalk residue and with mushroom waste compost diets Hsieh et al. 2020). Flammulina velutipes contains high phenolic amount that exhibit highest antioxidant functions (Zeng et al. 2012;Rahman et al. 2015). In addition, the polysaccharides and oligosaccharide presence in Flammulina velutipes mushroom shows the antioxidant function Xia 2015). ...
Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem residue (MSR) is rich with bioactive ingredients. This study aimed to assess the role of mushroom stem residue (MSR) on growth performance, meat quality, antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism of broilers. A total 168 Arbour Acres male broilers were assigned into 3 treatments (7 replications, 8 chicks each) and fed a basal diet as control (CON); 1% mushroom stem residue containing diet (1% MSR); and 2% MSR containing diet. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase value in serum, thigh muscle, breast muscle and liver sample, were higher (linear and quadratic, p < .05) in MSR groups than that of CON. Malondialdehyde content in serum, thigh muscle, breast muscle and liver tissue sample, were lower (linear and quadratic, p < .05) in MSR diets than CON. Compared with control, total cholesterol value of liver sample was lower (linear and quadratic, p < .05) in 2% MSR diet on day 21 and day 42. Triglyceride value was also lower (linear and quadratic, p < .05) in both levels of MSR diets than control on day 21 and day 42. MSR at 2% level can be applied on improving antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of broilers.
• HIGHLIGHTS
• Flammulina velutipes mushroom stem residue (MSR) contains different bio-active ingredients which can be used in broiler diets.
• MSR had no any adverse effects on growth performance and normal meat quality of broilers.
• MSR could improve different antioxidant enzyme activities in breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver tissue and serum of broilers.
• MSR could reduce cholesterol levels in liver tissue of broilers.
• MSR at 2% level can be applied on improving antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in broilers.
... The antioxidant function depends on the various mushroom sections and varieties. Zeng et al. (80) suggested that with the highest antioxidant activity F. velutipes Mushroom hold a higher phenolic content. Various mushrooms have been noted to contain vitamin C and selenium, which may have an antioxidant functions role (81). ...
Oyster mushroom waste (OMW) is a by-product of the agriculture industry with valuable antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, and prebiotic properties. This by-product might be a useful alternative to antibiotic growth stimulators in poultry nutrition. The purpose of this research was to test the impact of OMW on the immune responses and on the morphology of intestine of broiler chickens. Four dietary therapies with five replicas of 15 birds in each, totalling 300 day- Ross 308 broiler chickens, were utilized in this study. Control chickens were fed a mixed diet that included a maize-soybean meal complemented by 1 and 2% OMW in addition to the basal diet. Furthermore, Enramycin (125 g/kg) was added to the control diet as an antibiotic. Throughout this experiment, performance was studied as well as the immune response to the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and intestinal morphological traits. A substantial surge was noted in body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of chickens after the addition of 1% OMW (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, feed supplementation with 2% OMW, compared with the control diet, produced no noteworthy increase in BWG or the feed conversion rate (FCR). Antibiotic addition, on the other hand, increased serum cholesterol (p ≤ 0.05). After 42 days, neither OMW nor antibiotic addition affected organ mass. In contrast, antibiotic addition reduced the small intestine percentage, crypt depth and villus height (p ≤ 0.05). The Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV) antibody titer improved after feed supplementation with 1% OMW comparing with the control and antibiotic diet group. Furthermore, OMW supplementation decreased the heterophil-to-lymphocyte H/L ratio (p ≤ 0.05). The use of OMW led to a reduction in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the breast and liver and an increase in glutathione peroxidase. It helped to reduce glutathione, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase. In conclusion, the impact of OMW were dose-dependent, and the use of 1% OMW in broiler diets enhanced their growth and immunity. Nonetheless, supplementation with 2% OMW produced conflicting results.
... The antioxidant activities depend on different parts and varieties of mushrooms. Zeng et al. [26] stated that F. velutipes mushroom hold a higher phenolic amount with the highest antioxidant activities. Different mushrooms were found to exhibit vitaminC and selenium that can play a role in antioxidant functions [14]. ...
Application of different medicinal mushrooms intended to enhance production performance and health status has created an importance demand in poultry production. One goal of using medicinal mushrooms is to get rid of antibiotics in poultry feed without affecting the optimum performance. Increasing concerns about this issue have led to more attention on antibiotic substitutes and a significant demand for them for organic egg production. Thus, supplementation with medicinal mushrooms is a new concept for research in layer production, however, there is still a great deal of confusion about inclusion levels and the mode of action of medicinal mushrooms on production performance and health status in laying hens. Taking this into account, this review outlines the experimental uses of medicinal fungi on the growth performance, laying performance, egg quality, and health status of layer birds based on previous findings to date. Finally, we highlight that supplementation with medicinal fungi can play a role on the immunity, health, and production performance in laying hens.
... Liu et al. (2016) reported that different polysaccharides originated from F. velutipes mushroom residue were purified and the antioxidant function has been considered in the study. Zeng et al. (2012) stated that F. velutipes mushroom holds the higher phenolic with the highest antioxidant activities. Besides, F. velutipes mushroom was found to exhibit vitamin-C that may play a role in antioxidant function (Tang et al., 2016). ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of serum and egg yolk in ISA Brown layer hens fed with mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stembase (FVS). A total 150 hens of 30 wk old were grouped into 5 equal treatments with 5 replications of 6 hens each. Dietary treatments included basal diet as a control group; control diet including antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin) as an antibiotic group; 2%FVS fed group; 4% FVS fed group and 6%FVS fed group. The experimental duration was total 63 days, from 30 wk to 39 wk. Serum total antioxidant (T-AOC) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in 6%FVS than control; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in FVS fed groups and control groups than in the antibiotic fed group; Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly lower (P<0.05) in FVS fed groups and antibiotic groups than in the control fed group. However, there was no significant difference were observed for serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) in among experimental groups. Yolk antioxidant T-AOC and T-SOD were significantly higher (P<0.05) in 4%FVS than the control group and antibiotic fed groups; MDA was significantly lower (P<0.05) in FVS fed groups than antibiotic group and control fed groups. Mushroom stembase can be used as a dietary supplement at 6%level to improve the antioxidant capacity of serum and egg yolk in ISA Brown laying hens.
... Liu et al. (2016) reported that different polysaccharides originated from F. velutipes mushroom residue were purified and the antioxidant function has been considered in the study. Zeng et al. (2012) stated that F. velutipes mushroom holds the higher phenolic with the highest antioxidant activities. Besides, F. velutipes mushroom was found to exhibit vitamin-C that may play a role in antioxidant function (Tang et al., 2016). ...
... In addition, it has been reported as an immune modulatory effect via stimulating immune response, production of cytokines, and antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities [9,10]. F. velutipes mushroom hold the phenolic component with the higher antioxidant and immune activities [11]. Higher market demand has led the increased production of mushroom stem base, which is treated as a waste material in the environment, but its utilization is still limited [12]. ...
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (MW) on growth performance, antibody response, immune status, and serum cholesterol in broiler chickens. A total of 252 1 day old Arbor Acres (AA) male broiler chicks were randomly assigned into four treatments with seven replications of nine chicks each. The duration of experimental period was total 42 days. Dietary treatments includes a standard basal diet as negative control (NC) group; control diet with antibiotics (Chlortetracycline) considered as positive control (PC) group; 1% mushroom stem waste (MW) fed group; and 2% MW fed group. No significant differences (p > 0.05) was observed on average daily feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio among experimental groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease (IBD) were higher (p < 0.05) in 2% MW fed group than NC and PC fed groups. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) was higher (p < 0.05) in both levels of MW fed groups than in the NC and PC. Serum interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), were higher (p < 0.05) in 2% MW fed groups than in the NC and PC fed groups. Total cholesterol concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in both levels MW fed groups than in the NC. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) was lower (p < 0.05) in both levels of MW fed groups than that of NC and PC fed groups. MW at 2% level can be used as potential phytogenic feed supplement in broilers.
... Several authors have indicated that edible mushrooms are highly nutritional and compared favourably with meat, egg and milk. Furthermore, chemical analysis shows that more than one third of the iron in the mushrooms is in available form and they are increasingly being recognised as one of the important food items for their significant roles in human health, nutrition and diseases (Kumari, Reddy et al. 2011, Zeng, Suwandi et al. 2012, Teke, Kinge et al. 2018 Many medicinal mushrooms have been found to be suitable for diabetic and heart patients due to low starch and low cholesterol content. Several mushroom species have been reported to be effective for both the control of blood glucose levels and the modification of the course of diabetic complications (Wasser 2011(Wasser , 2014D DE et al. 2012;Wu and Xu 2015;Alam et al. 2016;Friedman 2016;Zhang et al. 2016). ...
Mushrooms are cherished as sources of food, nutrients and medicine. Inadequate data on the identity and medicinal properties of many wild Nigerian mushrooms has limited their utilization. This work was carried out to identify and authenticate a puffball mushroom using molecular tools and investigate its antidiabetic properties. Taxonomic guides were employed in morphological identifying the mushroom as Lycoperdon umbrinum, methanol extract of fruiting bodies was evaluated for antidiabetic activity using in vitro α-amylase assay and in vivo activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rat model. The macro fungus was identified using Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) sequence analysis after which sequences generated were compared using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) at NCBI GenBank. In the acute in vivo test, the 400 mg/kg dose showed the best activity with percentage reduction in blood glucose 29.3%, compared with 5 mg/kg glibenclamide at 15%. The in vitro assay established that the extract possessed potent activity with IC50 of 0.46 µg/mL compared to its DCM, butanol fractions and acarbose (IC50 5.3 µg/mL, 5.6 µg/mL, 45 µg/mL) respectively. BLAST analysis revealed the mushroom (accession number, KRO78278.1) to show 98% identity to Calvatia gigantea. The study established the identity of this mushroom and confirmed its antidiabetic activity. ARTICLE HISTORY
... ± 0.028 mg GAE/g) in mushroom cultivated on peanut wastes. These values are higher than some vegetables consumed frequently in Turkey such as Chicory and Lepidium sativum (1.091 and 1.261 mg GAE/g, respectively) [30] and higher than other wild mushroom's content such as Pleurotus eryngii (0.634 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g) and Cyttaria gunnii (0.761 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g) [31]. ...
In this study, the usage possibilities of some agro-industrial wastes such as; peanut wastes, potatoes farm wastes, walnut and orange tree sawdust in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation were investigated and total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin content and antioxidant properties of these methanolic mushroom extracts were examined. For the determination of the total phenolic contents, the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure was used. The content of total flavonoid present in the methanolic extracts was measured using a spectrophotometric assay. Condensed tannins were determined according to the method by Julkunen-Tıtto. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. The highest total phenolic content (2.672 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g) was found in mushroom cultivated on walnut sawdust. The highest condensed tannin (1.011 ± 0.088 CE mg/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (12.332 ± 0.017 μmol FeSO4.7H 2 O/g) were observed in the same mushroom extract. The highest total flavonoid and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH were found in extract of mushroom cultivated on potatoes handle. Bioactive properties of P. ostreatus cultivated on walnut tree sawdust were generally exhibited remarkable results.
... ± 0.028 mg GAE/g) in mushroom cultivated on peanut wastes. These values are higher than some vegetables consumed frequently in Turkey such as Chicory and Lepidium sativum (1.091 and 1.261 mg GAE/g, respectively) [30] and higher than other wild mushroom's content such as Pleurotus eryngii (0.634 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g) and Cyttaria gunnii (0.761 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g) [31]. High level of phenolic compounds in mushrooms have been attributed to antioxidant activity and they were recorded as natural substrates of oxidative enzymes in the literature [32, 33]. ...
In this study, the usage possibilities of some agro-industrial wastes such as; peanut wastes, potatoes
farm wastes, walnut and orange tree sawdust in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation were investigated and total
phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin content and antioxidant properties of these methanolic mushroom extracts
were examined. For the determination of the total phenolic contents, the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure was used.
The content of total flavonoid present in the methanolic extracts was measured using a spectrophotometric assay.
Condensed tannins were determined according to the method by Julkunen-Tıtto. The antioxidant capacity was
determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. The
highest total phenolic content (2.672 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g) was found in mushroom cultivated on walnut sawdust.
The highest condensed tannin (1.011 ± 0.088 CE mg/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (12.332 ±
0.017 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g) were observed in the same mushroom extract. The highest total flavonoid and free
radical scavenging activity of DPPH were found in extract of mushroom cultivated on potatoes handle. Bioactive
properties of P. ostreatus cultivated on walnut tree sawdust were generally exhibited remarkable results.
... It can be conluded that substrate can effect total phenolic content of mushrooms. When the antioxidant activity values of the mushrooms determined by the FRAP method where compared with other vegatables, it was observed that mushroom rown on Tilia tomentosa leaves presented higher antioxidant activity than those reported for chicory (1.0912 mg GAE/g), Lepidium sativum (1.2614 mg GAE/g) [42] and other mushroom's content was reported for Pleurotus eryngii (0.634 ±0.004 mg GAE/g), Cyttaria gunnii (0.761 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g) [43]. ...
... When we compare both the groups of mushrooms, significant differences in As, Au (α = 0.05), and Se (α = 0.01) accumulation were revealed between the groups on the basis of the Welch Two-Sample t test. Literature data on trace elements for most of the tested wood-growing species are very limited, dealing preferably with Armillaria mellea, Flammulina velutipes, Pleurotus ostreatus and sporadically with Laetiporus sulphureus (Durkan et al. 2011;Gramss and Voigt 2013;Huang et al. 2015;Kaya and Bag 2010;Sarikurkcu et al. 2012;Severoglu et al. 2013;Zeng et al. 2012;Zhu et al. 2011). Moreover, the reported trace elements are considerably limited when compared to the present work. ...
The aim of this work was to compare 10 mostly edible aboveground and 10 wood-growing mushroom species collected near a heavily trafficked road (approximately 28,000 vehicles per 24 h) in Poland with regard to their capacity to accumulate 26 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, In, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Re, Sb, Se, Sr, Te, Tl, and Zn) in their fruit bodies in order to illustrate mushroom diversity in element accumulation. All analyses were performed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) spectrometer in synchronous dual view mode. The aboveground species had significantly higher levels of 12 elements, including Ag, As, Pb, and Se, compared to the wood-growing species. An opposite relationship was observed only for Au, Ba, and Sr. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) implied some new relationships among the analyzed species and elements. Of the analyzed mushroom species, lead content in Macrolepiota procera would seem to pose a health risk; however, at present knowledge regarding lead bioaccessibility from mushrooms is quite limited.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6760-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... In this context it becomes less clear that the differences are due to interspecies diversity and not analytical variability. There are especially numerous and frequent reports on the content of elements in mushrooms (e.g., Gucia et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2012; Ouzounia et al., 2009; Sanmee et al., 2003; Sarikirkcu et al., 2012; Zeng et al., 2012) and biodiversity within and between sampling locations (e.g., Kalač, 2001, 2009, 2010; Kalač & Svoboda, 2000; Pereira et al., 2012; Reis et al., 2012; Senatore, 1988). There is a natural instinct to accept a published value as accurate and of some presumed acceptable precision, even in the absence of adequate data on method validation and quality control of analyses. ...
A wide range of nutrients and health-promoting non-nutrient components in mushrooms are a subject of international research, but specific reference materials to facilitate comparison of results among laboratories are lacking. Commercially available food matrix reference materials do not contain components unique to mushrooms (e.g., ergosterol, vitamin D2, chitin, beta-glucans, agaritine, ergothioneine). A Mixed Mushroom Control Material (CM) (homogeneous mixture of 15 types of mushrooms) was prepared and characterized for selected components, including proximates (moisture, protein, ash), total folate, folate vitamers, ergosterol, ergosterol metabolites, vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), amino acids, total dietary fiber, agaritine, elements (sodium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc), riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid. Subsamples of the CM are available to qualified laboratories from the Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center at Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA, USA), to be assayed concurrently with mushroom samples for which food composition data will be published along with results for the CM. Implementation of this CM should facilitate comparison of published data on mushroom composition and health benefit among species, and biodiversity within species by serving as common control sample that allows the separation of analytical variability from true differences in sample composition determined at different laboratories.
... Phenolic compounds Zeng et al. (2012) Morchella esculenta ...
Ecologically, edible mushrooms can be: (i) parasites of plants or animals, (ii) saprotrophs, which live and feed on dead organisms, such as the industrially cultivated button, oyster or shiitake mushrooms, or (iii) ectomycorrhizal, which establish mutually beneficial symbiosis with the roots of host plants. Ectomycorrhizal wild mushrooms, which are the subject of this chapter, embrace the most expensive edible fungi, including truffles, porcini, matsutake, chanterelles, Caesar's mushrooms, or saffron milk caps. The international commerce of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms (EEMs) annually is worth billions of dollars. However, EEMs have been a largely unexplored source of bioactive compounds. Despite this fact, analgesic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antipyretic, antivenom, antiviral (including anti-HIV), cholesterol-lowering, hepatoprotective, and immune enhancement properties have been found in more than 100 species of EEMs. Some bioactive compounds including grifolin, polyozelyn, and novel lectins or ribonucleases produced by Albatrellus, Boletopsis, Hygrophorus, Thelephora, and Polyozellus, respectively, are exclusive of EEMs. Additionally, insecticide, nematicide, and allelophatic compounds with potential application to control agricultural pests and weeds have been found in EEM. Despite the fact that most EEMs have defied cultivation, some advances have been made in cultivation of truffles and broth cultures of species included in the genera Hygrophorus, Lactarius, Morchella, Rhizopogon, Suillus, and Tuber as a potential source of bioactive compounds with medical or nutraceutical importance. In addition, EEMs as a valuable non-timber forest product contributes to rural development and the establishment of truffle plantations contributes to rehabilitation of degraded areas and global carbon sequestration. In the future, advances in the cultivation of EEMs might produce bioactive compounds in industrial amounts. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014. All rights are reserved.
... There are limited published trace metal concentration data for Australian lichens (Vitarana, 2013), fungi (Zeng et al., 2012), and mosses (Godbeer et al., 1981;Archibold and Crisp, 1983;Swaine et al., 1983;Huang and Gulson, 2002), which have been used to assess atmospheric lead depositions or the source apportionment of lead. This is surprising given the abundance of lichen and fungi genera present in Australia and that many have been stored at various herbaria (Archer, 1992;Walker, 1996;Stevens, 2004). ...
To study the best substrate for the Indian subcontinent, four different substrates (sawdust + wheat bran, wheat straw + wheat bran + corn cobs, sawdust + corn cobs and wheat straw + wheat bran) were screened for six different Flammulina velutipes strains. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties were studied for these strains. In study it was found that the strain DMRX-767 and DMRX-768 were the most promising for yield and biological efficiency in all substrates and wheat straw + wheat bran being the best with respect to BE. To corroborate the findings, the best strain and best substrate trails were repeated. DMRX-767 and DMRX-768 were the most promising for yield and biological efficiency in all substrates, with wheat straw+wheat bran were again found the best. The methanolic extract of strain DMRX-166 showed highest antibacterial properties as highest inhibition is found for Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas syringae . However, DMRO-253 inhibited Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris . DMRX-768 has the best scavenging ability followed by DMRO-253.
Pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology has been used as a sustainable method for extracting antioxidant bioactive compounds from different food matrices. In the present study, the optimal conditions of PEF extraction for mushrooms (2.5 kV/cm, 50 kJ/kg, 6 h) were applied to Lentinula edodes, Agaricus brunnescens, and Pleurotus ostreatus to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of the extracts, followed by the Triple TOF-LC-MS-MS analysis of the phenolic profile compared to A. bisporus by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. In addition, the microporation effect of the technology on the mushroom surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. A comparison was made with a maceration extraction (aqueous stirring for 6 h). The results showed that PEF-assisted extraction enhanced the recovery of antioxidant compounds such as 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic and cinnamic acid with contents up to 236.85 µg/100 g dry weight and 2043.26 µg/100 g dry weight from A. bisporus, respectively. However, mixed results were obtained for certain phenolic compounds, including vanillic acid from L. edodes, ellagic acid from P. ostreatus, and thymol from all mushrooms. These results indicate that the application of PEF technology is effective for the extraction of antioxidant compounds in fungal matrices by creating micropores in cell membranes that allow great recovery in matrices with high content of bioactive compounds.
Fungal natural products are among some of the earliest described sources of bioactive compounds. Basidiomycetes have been a prolific source of compounds, particularly as a source of antibiotics and antifungals. Despite advances in target-based and synthetic methods for drug discovery, natural products continue to be an important source of novel compounds.
This book is a comprehensive guide to many important fungal species with a focus on their phytochemistry, potential sources of bioactive compounds, known chemistry and toxicology. This book is an ideal companion to researchers and postgraduates in phytochemistry and natural product pharmacology, and mycologists.
Dünyanın birçok bölgesinde farklı mantar türleri besin kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Ayrıca mantarlar besinsel özelliklerine ek olarak ilk medeniyetlerden günümüze kadar tıbbi
alanda da kullanılmaktadır. Biyolojik döngünün sağlanmasında çok önemli bir yeri olan
mantarlar, diğer canlılara sağladığı faydalar açısından da önemlidir. Mantarlar diğer birçok
canlı için olduğu gibi insanoğlunun yaşamında da çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmada
Suillus luteus mantarının literatürde bildirilen terapötik özelliklerinin üzerinde durulmuştur. S.
luteus dünyanın birçok bölgesinde yayılış gösteren kozmopolit mantarlardandır. Özellikle
iğne yapraklı ormanlarda sonbahar ve yaz aylarında yoğun olarak bulunan mantarlardır. S.
luteus’un protokatekhuik asit, sinnamik asit, α-tokoferol , β-tokoferol ,γ-tokoferol , δ-
tokoferol, mannitol, thehalose, linoleik asit, oleik asit gibi birçok biyolojik olarak aktif
bileşikleri bünyesinde barındırdığı bildirilmiştir. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda S. luteus’un
antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, sitotoksik aktivite, antikanser, antiproliferatif, anti-inflammatör,
immunomodulating gibi birçok biyolojik aktiviteye sahip olduğu bildirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak
literatür verileri baz alınarak, S. luteus’un teröpatik yönden önemli doğal mantarlardan olduğu
belirlenmiştir.
It can classify mushrooms as edible, inedible and poisonous. Edible mushrooms are natural sources that are very important in terms of food. Inedible mushrooms generally come to the fore with their medicinal properties and are not consumed due to their taste. Poisonous mushrooms, on the other hand, are fungi that have toxic effects when consumed and even
contain lethal toxic compounds. In this study, the biological activities of Tricholoma sp., which is distributed worldwide as a cosmopolitan, were investigated. As a result, it was determined by the literature search that the species belonging to the Tricholoma sp. have important biological activities.
Mushrooms are a group of organisms that play an important role in the ecosystem. They play
a role in decomposing organic cover in nature. In addition to its consumption as a nutrient in
different parts of the world, it has also used in alternative medicine. Many studies supporting the use of alternative medicine in recent years have been conducted. In this study, the biological activities of Russula species were investigated. As a result of the literature studies, it is thought that Russula species can be used as natural material in pharmacological designs
Introduction: Mushrooms have valuable nutrients and physiological traits which has made it a suitable food for households. Among the various mushrooms, the King Oyster (Pleurotus eryngii) is considered as the best species among Oyster mushrooms, due to its superiority in stem and cap strength, thickness and fleshiness of its white stem, long shelf life, good taste and aroma, and numerous nutritional and medicinal properties. In addition, the edible-medicinal mushroom of the King Oyster, due to its very low moisture content and high strength between the stem and the cap, has a very long shelf life compared to other mushrooms and is therefore introduced as a high durability product. The King Oyster can remain fresh for 15 to 18 days after harvesting in suitable storage conditions. Also, this mushroom which is produced without application of any fertilizer or toxins is widely used as a healthy food, and in many countries, including Korea, China and Japan, it is facing widespread consumer demand. Therefore, considering the numerous characteristics of King Oyster and its substitution with Button mushroom, the aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting household preferences for its replacement with Button mushroom.
Methodology: The study population of this research includes households living in Mashhad. As the edible-medicinal King Oyster mushroom is a special mushroom, this product is distributed only in some specific areas due to its unique features. Therefore, the Convenience sampling method was used. Sample size was determined based on the Morgan Table, and the highest volume, 400 samples, was selected to accurately assess consumer behavior. Also, the questionnaire was completed in 2019. Due to the sequential nature of household consumption preferences, the ordered logit model has been carried out to achieve the research objectives. The ordered logit model is a useful tool when the researcher seeks to analyze the behavior of consumers (households) in different groups.
Results and Discussion: In the present study, after creating a consumption experience for households that had not previously consumed the King Oyster, empirical findings showed that a significant percentage of households (47.5%) preferred to substitute the King Oyster for Button mushroom, and only 12.5% of households had low tendency to do that. The Brant test results showed that the values of the status parameters for all the dependent variables were constant and uniform, and in this respect, it is permissible to apply the Ordered Logit model. Our results indicated that variables such as household income, importance index of pre- and post-cooking appearance characteristics, food and medicine awareness index, sales promotion index, product accessibility index, and familiarity with the King Oyster had a positive and statistically significant effect on the probability of consumption. On the contrary, variables such as age of the head of household and price index of the King Oyster had negative and significant effect on the probability of being in groups with higher levels of consumption preferences.
Conclusion and Suggestions: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting household preferences for its replacement with Button mushroom. For this purpose, ordered logit model was applied in the households’ consumption in Mashhad city. Based on the results, the familiarity with the King Oyster mushroom had positive and significant effect on household consumption preferences, indicating that cognition and awareness of this product will increase household preference for substituting this mushroom for button mushroom. Thus, it is suggested that marketing policies and programs focus on introducing this product. In addition, creating a consumer experience for households initially led to familiarity and ultimately to the preference of the King Oyster rather than the button mushroom. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to create a consumer experience for households that have not yet consumed this product before. This can be done through King Oyster distribution stands as a useful tool in a well-designed program.
Mantarların tıbbi amaçlı olarak kullanımlarının geçmişi Asya bölgesi için oldukça eskiye dayanmaktadır ve son zamanlarda Batı’da kullanımları kabul görmektedir. Uzakdoğu
ülkelerinde, kurutulmuş mantar materyalleri modern klinik uygulamalarda halen güvenle kullanılmaya devam edilmektedir. Makromantarlardan elde edilen ekstrelerin
antimikrobiyal, antiviral, antitümör, immünomodülatör, antiinflamatuar, hipoglisemik, hepatoprotektif etki gibi çeşitli biyolojik aktivitelerinin olduğu bildirilmiştir. Makromantarlar antimikrobiyal, antioksidan, antikanser moleküller bakımından zengindir ve biyoaktif bileşikler içeren önemli doğal kaynaklardan biridir. Bu biyoaktif bileşenler polisakkaritler, proteinler, lipitler gibi yüksek moleküler ağırlığa sahip bileşikler yanında lektinler, terpenoidler, alkaloidler ve fenolik bileşikler gibi düşük moleküler ağırlığa sahip molekülleri yapılarında barındırabilmektedir. Sahip oldukları terapötik potansiyellerinden
dolayı kanser tedavisine yönelik çalışmalarda önem kazanmış durumdadır. Tıbbi mantarlardan izole edilen biyoaktif moleküllerin kanser hücrelerine karşı immün sistemi stimüle eden biyolojik immünoterapötik ajanlar olarak kullanımıyla başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Dünyada her yıl 14 milyon kanser vakası görülmektedir, bu vakalardan 8 milyonu ölümle sonuçlanmaktadır. The World Cancer Report’a göre, 2020 yılında yeni kanser vakalarının yaklaşık 15 milyona ulaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Akciğer kanserleri en sık görülen kanser tipidir. Akciğer kanserinde hastaların yarısından fazlası ileri evrede teşhis edilmektedir. Bundan dolayı akciğer kanserleri, erkeklerde görülen ölüme en çok neden olan
kanser türüdür. Şimdiye kadar yapılan literatür çalışmaları incelendiğinde, A431 epidermoid karsinoma ve Bj Fibroblast hücrelerinde Pyrofomes demidoffii ekstraktı ile ilgili fonksiyonel herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, P. demidoffii türü mantarlarının A431 hücre dizisi üzerinde hücre gelişimini engelleyen doğal ve yeni antikanser ajan olup olmadıklarının ve mantar ekstraktının sitotoksik etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Karşılaştırma amacıyla sağlıklı Bj fibrablast hücreleri kullanılmıştır. Kanser hücrelerinde direnç mekanizmalarının moleküler prensiplerinin ortaya konulması hem akıllı tedavi
stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve hasta yaşam kalitesinin korunması, hem de bu mekanizmaları
hedefleyebilecek yeni moleküllerin keşfi için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmamızda P. demidoffii makromantarının metanol ve su ekstraktları kullanılmıştır. Hücrelere MTT (3-
(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) testi yapılarak etkenlerin
proliferatif/sitotoksik etkileri ve IC50 dozları belirlenmiştir. 0,5 g MTT, 100 ml PBS içerisinde çözülmüş, stok bir çözelti elde edilmiştir. Bu stok çözeltiden MTT solüsyonu hazırlanmıştır. 96 kuyulu plaklara 100 μl MTT solüsyonu eklenmiştir. Bu plaklar 2 saat
inkübe edilmiştir. Sonrasında plak içerisinde bulunan çözelti uzaklaştırılmış, DMSO ilave edilmiştir. Hücre canlılığı ELISA okuyucuda 490 nm dalga boyunda belirlenmiştir. Çıkan
sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak analiz edilmiştir.
P. demidoffii metanol ekstresinin A431 hücrelerinde 24, 48, 72 saatteki IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 175, 133, 120 μg/ml, su ekstresinin IC50 değerleri 200-191-176 μg/ml olarak bulunmuştur. P. demidoffii metanol ekstresinin Bj fibroblast hücrelerinde 24-48-72 saatteki IC50 değerleri sırasıyla 257-238-210 μg/ml, su ekstresinin IC50 değerleri 280, 261, 240 μg/ml olarak bulunmuştur.
Objective: Many drug discovery have used nature as an inspiration for the design of naturel products like compound classes. From ancient times edible mushrooms have been used both as food and medicine. People living in Turkey widely consume Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel wild edible mushrooms In this study, we were investigated antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of various extracts of S.luteus. Material and Method: Antioxidant activity of S.luteus was detected method by DPHH free radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating ability. In addition, the concent of the components with antioxidant properties, such as total phenols,β-caratone and lycopene were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The antimicrobial potential was demonstrated with a agar well diffusion method on 14 microorganisms. Finally, the cytotoxic effect of methanolic extract of S. luteus on MCF-7 cancer cell lines were evaluated by using MTT method. Result and Discussion: The results indicated that S.luteus methanolic and ethanolic extracts have more abundant phenols (153, 49.33 mg GAE/g extract, respectively).In addition β-caratone and lycopene content detected. (from 0.120 to 0.606μg/mL).S.luteus extracts had more potent free radical scavenging activity than standard antioxidants BHT. (Methanol extract (IC50: 63.72μg/mL) > Ethanol extract (IC50: 80.72 μg/mL) > BHT (IC50: 96.47μg/mL). In addition, methanol extracts possessed higher ferrous ion chelating ability than ethanol extracts(2.72, 3.45 μg/mL, respectively) .Generally, the tested mushroom extracts had relatively low antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms (9 and 10 mm zone diameter). Also, S.luteus methanolic extract was found to kill all cancer cells at a concentration of 1mg/mL. These results showed that S.luteus, especially methanol extracts, have potential medical.
Recently, many culinary mushrooms have become attractive sources of biologically but non-pharmacological activities including
immune modulating activities. In this study, the fibrinolytic activities of freeze-dried basidiocarps of ten edible mushrooms
were determined using a qualitative fibrin plate assay and a quantitative enzyme assay using spectrophotometric method.
Further, the crude extracts of all the ten mushrooms were subjected to an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to recover
the fibrinolytic enzymes. The crude extracts and ATPS extracts of Lentinula edodes showed the highest fibrinolytic activity
of 48.06 U/mg and 54.28 U/mg, respectively assessed via the Folin-spectrophotometric method. The recovery of fibrinolytic
enzymes from L. edodes was the highest and the fibrinolytic enzymes were further analysed through gel electrophoresis study.
A 50 kDa sized fibrinolytic enzyme from L. edodes was revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE). Biomed Rev 2017; 28:95-103.
Wild edible mushrooms have been collected and consumed by people from many countries for thousands of years, having been known to possess various pharmacological benefits. There is a great variety of wild populations of mushrooms in different climate and geographical regions in the world. However, there is inadequate data in the literature regarding identity and medicinal and biochemical properties of Iranian wild mushrooms. The focus of this mini-review is largely on identification of Iranian wild mushrooms and their antioxidant potential. In addition, it tries to outline achievements in investigation of other pharmacological activities of these wild mushrooms. This review may encourage more research into biochemical properties and chemical analysis in a range of edible mushrooms growing wild in various climatic regions of the country. It might also be helpful for researchers from other countries that have a significant resource of wild mushrooms but have not yet launched research programs on collection, identification, recovery, and assessment of wild edible mushrooms.
Antioxidant activities of the extract containing anthocyanins from fruit of Sageretia theezans Brongn were investigated in this work. The fruit of Sageretia theezans Brongn was treated with 0.001 mol·L-1 HCl in a solid (g): liquid (mL) ratio 1:10 to give extract. Total anthocyanins content was 253.10 ± 2.31 mg in 100 g fruit. The anthocyanins in extract were determined as cyanidin-3-sophorose-5-glucoside (Cy-3-Sp-5-Glu), petunidin-3-(6′-malonyl)-glucoside (Pt-3-(6-Mal)-Glu), malvinidin-3-glucosid (Mv-3-Glu), and peonidin-3-(6′-malonyl)-glucoside (Pn-3-(6-Mal)Glu) in 0.38, 22.57, 44.32, and 30.86%, respectively, by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Antioxidant activities of the anthocyanins in extract were evaluated by methods of ferric reducing antioxidant power, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, and superoxide radical scavenging assay. The anthocyanins in extract exhibited obvious antioxidative activities. These results suggested that the fruit of Sageretia theezans Brongn could be considered as a good source of natural antioxidants.
The nutritive value of Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii grown on various agro-wastes was determined.
Dry matter, moisture, crude ash, protein, fat and organic matter were 91.1–92.8, 7.2–8.9, 4.8–6.7,
13.6–29.9, 0.3–2.9 and 85.1–87.4% dry weight, respectively. Crude ash, protein and fat contents
varied significantly, the lowest protein content was obtained with wheat straw (13.6%), whereas
the highest was obtained in the mixture of wheat-soybean straw (1:1) + 20% rice bran (29.9%).
Minimum fat level was 0.3% in wheat straw (WS) and maximum was 2.9% obtained in wheat
straw- soybean straw (WS-SS) (1:1). There were no significant differences in dry matter, moisture
and organic matter content for P. eryngii var. ferulae grown on different agricultural wastes. The
difference between the obtained values may be due to the biological structure of substrates and
additive material. In order to enrich the value of protein in species of mushroom growth in culture,
a 1:1 ratio of the compost should be used.
In this study, the concentrations of K, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co, Ni and Pb in P. eryngii var. eryngii grown on various agro-wastes were investigated. Mineral element contents were determined as 11.0-18.9 mg g-1 K, 0.35-1.03 mg g-1 Ca, 0.16-0.88 mg g-1 Na, 602.4-1524.5 mg kg-1 Fe, 44.7-102.7 mg kg-1 Zn, 17.7-37.5 mg kg-1 Mn, and 12.6-36.0 mg kg-1 Cu (dry weight). Contents of metals varied significantly, with the (highest) potassium contents ranging from 11.0 to 18.9 mg g-1 and the (lowest) copper contents ranging from 12.6 to 36.0 mg kg-1 of dry weight detected among seven mineral elements. Furthermore, toxic elements such as Cr, Cd, Co, Ni and Pb were not determined in all testing groups. Keywords: Agro-wastes, edible mushroom, mineral element, P. eryngii var. eryngii. Bazý Tarýmsal Atýklar Üzerinde Yetiþtirilen Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Quel. var. eryngii'nin Element Ýçeriði Özet Bu çalýþmada; çeþitli tarýmsal atýklar üzerinde yetiþtirilen P. eryngii var. eryngii'de; K, Ca, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Co, Ni ve Pb konsantrasyonlarý araþtýrýldý. Mineral element içeriði: 11.0-18.9 mg g-1 K, 0.35-1.03 mg g-1 Ca, 0.16-0.88 mg g-1 Na, 602.4-1524.5 mg kg-1 Fe, 44.7-102.7 mg kg-1 Zn, 17.7-37.5 mg kg-1 Mn ve 12.6-36.0 mg kg-1 Cu olarak belirlendi. Element düzeylerinin deðiþken olduðu, miktarlarý tespit edilen yedi element arasýnda, en yüksek 11.0-18.9 mg g-1 ile potasyum, en düþük 12.6-36.0 mg kg-1 ile bakýr'da saptandý. Ayrýca, tüm deneme gruplarýnda ise; Cr, Cd, Co, Ni ve Pb gibi aðýr metaller gözlenmedi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mineral element, P. eryngii var. eryngii, tarýmsal atýklar, yenen mantar. Akyüz M, Kýrbag S(2010) Element Contents of Pleurotus eryngii (DC. ex Fr.) Quel. var. eryngii grown on Some Various Agro-Wastes.
Production and consume of mushrooms have grown in the world, and beside these, the nutritional properties and biological active components of fungi have received more attention by researchers. Considering these, a mannofucogalactan was isolated from Flammulina velutipes, and characterized using 13C and 1H (obs.), 13C HMQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. The monosaccharide composition of this polymer was determined by GC–MS and showed Fucp, Manp, and Galp in the molar ratio 20:16:64, respectively. 13C NMR and 1H (obs.), 13C HMQC indicated an anomeric region containing signals (C-1/H-1) at δ 102.9/5.19, 102.0/5.16, and 98.8/5.05 corresponding, sequentially, to non-reducing end of α-d-Manp, 3-O-substituted α-l-Fucp, and 6-O- and 2,6-di-O-substituted α-d-Galp units. Along with methylation analysis, these data showed a structure with a main chain composed of 6-O-substituted Galp units, partially substituted at O-2 by 3-O-d-mannopyranosyl-l-fucopyranosyl, α-d-mannopyranosyl, and in a minor proportion, α-l-fucopyranosyl groups. Furthermore, some nutritional values of this edible mushroom were evaluated, like amino acid and mineral nutrient contents.
Antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activities of Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill. extracts obtained with ethanol were investigated in this study. The study was aimed at determining the antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical-scavenging, β-carotene/linoleic acid systems), total phenolic content and total flavonoid concentration of L. sulphureus. Inhibition values both of L. sulphureus ethanol and the standards increased parallel with the elevation of concentration in the linoleic acid system. Inhibition values of L. sulphureus (LS) extract, BHA and α-tocopherol standards were found to be 82.2%, 96.4% and 98.6%, respectively, at a concentration of 160μg/ml. DPPH free radical-scavenging activity was found to exhibit 14%, 26%, 55% and 86% inhibition, respectively, at concentrations of 100, 200, 400 and 800μg/ml. Total flavanoids were 14.2±0.12μgmg−1 (quercetin equivalent) while the phenolics were 63.8±0.25μg mg−1 (pyrocatechol equivalent) in the extract. Positive correlations were found between total phenolic content in the mushroom extracts and their antioxidant activities. Edible mushrooms may have potential as natural antioxidants. L. sulphureus showed narrow antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and strongly inhibited the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria tested. The crude extract exhibited high anticandidal activity on Candida albicans. Therefore, the extracts could be suitable as antimicrobial and antioxidative agents in the food industry.
Sodic soils are widespread in Australia reflecting the predominance of sodium chloride in groundwaters and soil solutions. Sodic soils are subject to severe structural degradation and restrict plant performance through poor soil-water and soil-air relations. Sodicity is shown to be a latent problem in saline-sodic soils where deleterious effects are evident only after leaching profiles free of salts. A classification of sodic soils based on sodium adsorption ratio, pH and electrolyte conductivity is outlined. Current understanding of the processes and the component mechanisms of sodic soil behaviour are integrated to form the necessary bases for practical solutions in the long term and to define areas for research. The principles of organic and biological amelioration of sodicity, as alternatives to costly inorganic amendments, are discussed.
The aim of this study was to determine the mineral contents of wild edible mushrooms. The phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) contents of thirty wild-grown common edible mushrooms, collected from Erzurum province, Turkey, were analyzed. The minimum and maximum macronutrient contents of mushrooms were determined as mg/g dw for Mg (0.90–4.54), Ca (0.17–8.80), K (12.6–29.1), Na (0.03–4.85) and P (0.64–4.49), while minimum and maximum micronutrient contents of mushrooms were determined as mg/kg dw for Zn (26.7–185), Fe (50.1–842), Cu (9.23–107) and Mn (5.54–135). The potassium content was found to be higher than those of the other minerals in all the mushrooms. The K, P and Cu concentrations were determined to be highest in Suillus granulatus.
Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr and Ni) were determined in wild-grown edible mushrooms. The mushroom samples were collected from Tokat in the Middle Black Sea region of Turkey. The analyses were performed using a Perkin–Elmer Analyst 700 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The results indicated that the levels of heavy metals in mushrooms were high in some species. The level of Cu was the highest in Agaricus bisporus as 107 ± 8.5 μg/g. The levels of Cd, Pb, Zn and Mn conformed to the FAO/WHO (1976) standards. Fe content was higher than other metals in all mushroom species. The concentrations of Cr were highest in Marasmius oreades, Armillaria mellea and Morchella elata in this study. The highest Ni contents were observed in Armillaria mellea, Marasmius oreades, Morchella vulgaris and Agaricus bisporus.
One of the nutritional benefits of mushrooms is the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites which have been reported to exert various beneficial effects in vivo. Therefore, we selected thirteen frequently consumed species of Polish mushrooms and determined the concentration of polyphenols, flavonoids, β-carotene, and lycopene in aqueous and methanolic extracts of dried fruiting bodies as well as their reducing power and ability to scavenge ABTS cation radical.
We found that the concentration of antioxidants is different in different species and in various parts of the fruiting body of mushrooms. We observed a strong correlation (r > 0.9) between the concentration of total phenolics and reducing power/scavenging effects in both aqueous and methanolic extracts, while this correlation was moderate for flavonoids. Beta-carotene did not contribute discernibly to the antioxidative properties of the extracts, while lycopene had a significant contribution to the scavenging activity of methanolic mushroom extracts.
Seven Morchella species were analyzed for their antioxidant activities in different test systems namely beta-carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH, reducing power, chelating effect and scavenging effect (%) on the stable ABTS*(+), in addition to their heavy metals, total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In beta-carotene/linoleic acid system, the most active mushrooms were M. esculenta var. umbrina and M.angusticeps. In the case of DPPH, methanol extract of M. conica showed high antioxidant activity. The reducing power of the methanol extracts of mushrooms increased with concentration. Chelating capacity of the extracts was also increased with the concentration. On the other hand, in 40 microg ml(-1) concentration, methanol extract of M. conica, exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (78.66+/-2.07%) when reacted with the ABTS*(+) radical. Amounts of seven elements (Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Fe, Ca, and Mg) and five heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Al) were also determined in all species. M. conica was found to have the highest phenolic content among the samples. Flavonoid content of M. rotunda was also found superior (0.59+/-0.01 microg QEs/mg extract).
In recent years there has been a remarkable increment in scientific articles dealing with oxidative stress. Several reasons justify this trend: knowledge about reactive oxygen and nitrogen species metabolism; definition of markers for oxidative damage; evidence linking chronic diseases and oxidative stress; identification of flavonoids and other dietary polyphenol antioxidants present in plant foods as bioactive molecules; and data supporting the idea that health benefits associated with fruits, vegetables and red wine in the diet are probably linked to the polyphenol antioxidants they contain. In this review we examine some of the evidence linking chronic diseases and oxidative stress, the distribution and basic structure of plant polyphenol antioxidants, some biological effects of polyphenols, and data related to their bioavailability and the metabolic changes they undergo in the intestinal lumen and after absorption into the organism. Finally, we consider some of the challenges that research in this area currently faces, with particular emphasis on the contributions made at the International Symposium "Biology and Pathology of Free Radicals: Plant and Wine Polyphenol Antioxidants" held July 29-30, 1999, at the Catholic University, Santiago, Chile and collected in this special issue of Biological Research.
Medicinal mushrooms occurring in South India namely Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus rimosus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus pulmonaris possessed profound antioxidant and antitumor activities. This indicated that these mushrooms would be valuable sources of antioxidant and antitumor compounds. Investigations also revealed that they had significant antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities. Thus, Indian medicinal mushrooms are potential sources of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. However, intensive and extensive investigations are needed to exploit their valuable therapeutic use.
A fully automated-continuous flow 40-sample/ hour procedure was adapted from the Singleton-Rossi method of analysis for total phenols in wine and other plant extracts. It was compared with small-volume manual and semiautomated versions of this analysis. The agreement in mg of gallic acid equivalent phenol (GAE) per liter among a series of dry wines was excellent by all three procedures. The coefficients of variation in replicate analyses averaged 5.8% for the manual, 6.2% for the semi-automated and 2.2% for the automated procedure. This greater reproducibility, plus savings of about 70% in labor and up to 40% in reagents, makes the automated procedure attractive for laboratories doing enough total phenol analyses to recoup the cost of the automating equipment. For continuous flow, color development with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline solution must be hastened by heating compared to slower room temperature development for the manual methods. Heating of sugar-containing samples in the alkaline solution gives interference presumably from endiol formation. Examples are given of corrections which were used successfully to estimate the true phenol content of sweet wines.
Free radicals and other so-called ‘reactive species’ are constantly produced in the brain in vivo. Some arise by ‘accidents of chemistry’, an example of which may be the leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial electron transport chain to generate superoxide radical (O2 −). Others are generated for useful purposes, such as the role of nitric oxide in neurotransmission and the production of O2 − by activated microglia. Because of its high ATP demand, the brain consumes O2 rapidly, and is thus susceptible to interference with mitochondrial function, which can in turn lead to increased O2 − formation. The brain contains multiple antioxidant defences, of which the mitochondrial manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione seem especially important. Iron is a powerful promoter of free radical damage, able to catalyse generation of highly reactive hydroxyl, alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides, respectively. Although most iron in the brain is stored in ferritin, ‘catalytic’ iron is readily mobilised from injured brain tissue. Increased levels of oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins have been detected by a range of assays in post-mortem tissues from patients with Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and at least some of these changes may occur early in disease progression. The accumulation and precipitation of proteins that occur in these diseases may be aggravated by oxidative damage, and may in turn cause more oxidative damage by interfering with the function of the proteasome. Indeed, it has been shown that proteasomal inhibition increases levels of oxidative damage not only to proteins but also to other biomolecules. Hence, there are many attempts to develop antioxidants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and decrease oxidative damage. Natural antioxidants such as vitamin E (tocopherol), carotenoids and flavonoids do not readily enter the brain in the adult, and the lazaroid antioxidant tirilazad (U-74006F) appears to localise in the blood-brain barrier. Other antioxidants under development include modified spin traps and low molecular mass scavengers of O2 −. One possible source of lead compounds is the use of traditional remedies claimed to improve brain function. Little is known about the impact of dietary antioxidants upon the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer’s disease. Several agents already in therapeutic use might exert some of their effects by antioxidant action, including selegiline (deprenyl), apomorphine and nitecapone.
Medicinal mushrooms occurring in South India namely Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus rimosus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus pulmonaris possessed profound antioxidant and antitumor activities. This indicated that these mushrooms would be valuable sources of antioxidant and antitumor compounds. Investigations also revealed that they had significant antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities. Thus, Indian medicinal mushrooms are potential sources of antioxidant and anticancer compounds. However, intensive and extensive investigations are needed to exploit their valuable therapeutic use.
There are about 2500 recorded species of edible mushrooms. The most expensive and sought after of these mushrooms belong to the mycorrhizal group and include Tuber melanosporum Vitt. (Perigord black truffle), Tuber magnatum Pico & Vitt. (Italian white truffle), Tricholoma matsutake (Ito & Imai) Sing. (matsutake), Boletus edulis Bull: Fr. sensu lato (porcini) Cantharellus cibarius Fr.: Fr. (chanterelle), and Amanita caesarea (Scop.: Fr.) Pers: Schw. (Caesar's mushroom). The total market for these is measured in billions of US dollars. Over the past 100 years, harvests of many mycorrhizal mushrooms have declined dramatically, which has prompted interest in the development of methods for their cultivation. So far only a few species of truffles have been produced in commercial quantities, although methods have been developed that may see the cultivation of species such as Cantharellus cibarius, Lyophyllum shimeji (Kawam.) Hongo, and Lactarius deliciosus (L.: Fr.) Gray. Despite this, many of the most expensive mycorrhizal mushrooms, including Tuber magnatum Pico & Vitt. and Tricholoma matsutake, have defied cultivation. Our paper will attempt to highlight possible reasons why mycorrhizal mushrooms have proven to be so difficult to grow and how we might better manage mycorrhizal mushroom forests to sustain natural production.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the nutritional content of some wild edible mushrooms from Turkey Trabzon-Maçka District. Methods: Eight different species of wild edible mushrooms (Craterellus cornuco- pioides (L.) P. Karst, Armillaria mellea (Vahl) P. Kumm., Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst., Lycoperdon perlatum Pers., Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr., Ramaria flava (Schaeff.) Quél. Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Hydnum repandum L.) were analyzed in terms of moisture, protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, ash zinc, manganese, iron and copper contents. The identification of the species was made according to anatomi- cal and morphological properties of mushrooms. Results: The protein, crude fat and carbohydrate contents (limit values%:avarage) of investigated mushroom samples were found to be 21.12-50.10:34.08, 1.40-10.58:6.34 and 34-70:55, respectively. The zinc, manganese, iron and copper contents of the mushrooms samples were found to be in the range of 47.00-370.00 mg/kg, 7.10- 143.00 mg/kg, 30.20-550.00 mg/kg and 15.20-330.00 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: It is shown that the investigated mushrooms were rich sources of pro- tein and carbohydrates and had low amounts of fat. Metal contents and energy val- ues of the studied mushrooms were nearly similar to each other and agreed-well with the previous data. The results make these wild edible mushrooms popular to consume as good food sources.
Iron was released from ferritin by both cysteine and ascorbate at the pH found in muscle foods (5.5-6.9). The rate of iron release from ferritin was influenced by temperature and ferritin and reducing agent concentrations. Storing beef muscle at 4°C for 11 days resulted in a decrease in the concentration of ferritin antibody precipitatable iron, suggesting that iron is released from ferritin in situ. Physiological concentrations of ferritin catalyzed lipid oxidation in vitro, and heating ferritin increased the rate of lipid oxidation. These data suggest that ferritin could be involved in the development of off-flavors in both cooked and uncooked muscle foods.
The trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay is a popular method for assessing the capacity of a compound to scavenge ABTS radicals (ABTS). Under the conditions in which the assay is performed, the reaction between most antioxidants and ABTS does not reach completion within the time span applied. This leads to an underestimation of the TEAC of these antioxidants. In the present study, incubations with different concentrations of ABTS and a fixed concentration of antioxidant were performed. The decrease in ABTS concentration in 6 min was plotted against the initial concentration of ABTS and fitted by an exponential function. Extrapolation of the fit to an infinite excess of ABTS gives the maximal concentration of ABTS that can be scavenged by the antioxidant at the concentration employed. This can be used to determine the actual TEAC of antioxidants, i.e. the total antioxidant capacity.
Numerous species of wild growing mushrooms are widely consumed as a delicacy in central and eastern Europe. Credible evaluation of their nutritional value has so far been limited due to fragmentary knowledge of their composition and mainly due to the very limited information on the availability of their constituents. Dry matter content is usually about 100 g kg−1. Structural polysaccharides and proteins comprise the main components of dry matter, while the lipid content is low. Chitin, glycogen, mannitol and trehalose are typical carbohydrate constituents. The proportion of essential amino acids is nutritionally favourable, while the content of n−3 fatty acid is negligible. Low energy, high proportion of indigestible fibre, specific β-glucans and antioxidative and flavour constituents provoke the increasing interest of both researchers and consumers. The ability of some species to accumulate several detrimental trace elements and radiocaesium, and occurrence of detrimental constituents in edible mushrooms are also briefly reviewed.
Winter (strains white and yellow), shiitake (strains 271 and Tainung 1) and oyster mushrooms (abalone and tree oyster mushrooms) were obtained commercially and methanolic extracts were prepared from these mushrooms and their antioxidant properties were studied. The antioxidant activities by the 1,3-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid method were moderate to high at 1.2 mg ml−1. Reducing powers were excellent (and higher than 1.28 absorbance) at 40 mg ml−1. Scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were moderate to high (42.9–81.8%) at 6.4 mg ml−1. With regards to the scavenging effect on hydroxyl free radicals, tree oyster mushrooms were the highest (54.3%) at 40 mg ml−1 whereas other commercial mushrooms were low. Chelating effects on ferrous ions were 45.6–81.6% at 1.6 mg ml−1. Total phenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant components found. Overall, tree oyster mushrooms were better in antioxidant activity, reducing power and scavenging abilities and higher in total phenol content.
A comparative study of the organic acids and phenolics composition and of the total alkaloids content of entire wild edible mushrooms (Russula cyanoxantha, Amanita rubescens, Suillus granulatus and Boletus edulis) and correspondent caps and stipes was performed. All species presented oxalic, citric, malic and fumaric acids, with A. rubescens exhibiting the highest total organic acids content. Organic acids were preferably fixed in the cap. Among phenolics, only p-hydroxybenzoic acid was found in A. rubescens and S. granulatus, in very low amounts. B. edulis was the species that presented the highest total alkaloid amounts. Except for this species, alkaloids mainly accumulated in the cap. All of the species exhibited a concentration-dependent scavenging ability against DPPH(·). B. edulis revealed the highest antioxidant capacity. The cap seemed to be the part with highest antioxidant potential. Some relationships between chemical composition and antioxidant capacity were considered.
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Methanol and water extracts, with antioxidant activity, from two edible mushrooms (Lentinus edodes and Volvariella volvacea) were subfractionated by liquid–liquid partition using organic solvents and by membrane ultrafiltration, respectively. The dichloromethane subfraction of the methanol extract of V. volvacea and the low molecular weight (LMW) subfraction of the water extract of L. edodes had the highest antioxidant activity against lipid peroxidation of rat brain homogenate with IC50 values of 0.109 and 1.05 mg/ml, respectively. The ethyl acetate subfraction of the methanol extract of V. volvacea was found to have comparable antioxidant activity (p>0.05) to caffeic acid against the oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The antioxidant activities against lipid peroxidation in the above assays were found to correlate with the phenolic content in different subfractions of mushroom extracts.
Methanol and water crude extracts from Shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) were investigated for their antioxidant capacity in three different assays, namely, the β-carotene and linoleic acid system, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of hemolysis of rat erythrocyte induced by peroxyl radicals. Among the four mushroom extracts, the water extract from L. edodes showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 75.9% (at 20 mg/ml) in the β-carotene bleaching method, 55.4% in the DPPH radical scavenging method (at 6 mg/ml) and 94.9% of inhibition of erythrocyte hemolysis (at 5 mg/ml). Total phenolics in the water extracts were higher than that of the methanol ones. Positive correlations were found between total phenolic content in the mushroom extracts and their antioxidant activities. Edible mushrooms may have potential as natural antioxidants.
Ganoderma tsugae Murrill (Ganodermataceae) were available in the form of mature and baby Ling chih, mycelia and fermentation filtrate. From these four forms, hot water extracts were prepared and their antioxidant properties were studied. Hot water extracts from mature and baby Ling chih showed high antioxidant activities (78.5% and 78.2%) at 20 mg/ml, and had EC50 values of 7.25 and 5.89 mg extract/ml, respectively. EC50 values in reducing power were 1.12, 1.37, 2.48 and 1.41 mg extract/ml, whereas those in scavenging abilities of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 0.30, 0.40, 0.72 and 5.00 mg extract/ml for Ling chih, baby Ling chih, mycelia and filtrate, respectively. At 20 mg/ml, scavenging abilities on hydroxyl radicals were in the descending order of Ling chih>baby Ling chih>mycelia>filtrate. Total phenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant components found in hot water extracts and in the range of 40.86–42.34 mg/g. From EC50 values obtained, fruit bodies of G. tsugae (Ling chih and baby Ling chih) were good in antioxidant properties, except for the chelating ability on ferrous ions.
The complex formation capacity of caffeine, a highly-consumed tea and coffee component, was determined for Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Co and Cr metal ions. The binding constants of metal ion–caffeine complexes for the metals chosen were determined spectrophotometrically. The results were compared with the known stability constants of metal ion–EDTA complexes, EDTA being known for its high metal binding capacity. Furthermore, iron chelating activity of caffeine, using the ferrozine reference method, was studied and compared with that of EDTA. The results showed very little complex formation capacity of caffeine with binding constants of 29.6, 22.4, 59, 396, 55, 9.3, 83 and 592 M−1 for Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Co and Cr metal ions, respectively, in contrast to that of EDTA. The iron chelating activity of caffeine was also found to be 6%, which was considered to be quite low compared with EDTA.
The antioxidant activities of three Portuguese wild edible mushroom species, Leucopaxillus giganteus, Sarcodon imbricatus, andAgaricus arvensis, were evaluated. Methanolic extracts were screened for their reducing power, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity, inhibition of erythrocytes hemolysis and antioxidant activity using the β-carotene linoleate model system. The amounts of ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene found in the mushroom extracts were very low. Otherwise, the high contents of phenolic compounds might account for the good antioxidant properties found in all species. L. giganteus had the highest content of phenols and proved to be the most active, presenting lower EC50 values in all the antioxidant activity assays.
Fractions from methanol extracts of four grades of pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) were evaluated for their free radical-scavenging and inhibition of nitric oxide production, and the underlying mechanisms were elucidated. The fractions from first-grade pine mushroom exhibited the highest degree of free radical-scavenging and inhibition of nitric oxide production among the various grades of mushroom tested, and free radical-scavenging and inhibition of nitric oxide production by the second-, third-, and fourth-grade mushroom fractions were successively lower. The degree of free radical-scavenging by each fraction decreased in the order ethyl acetate > butanol > diethyl ether > water. Inhibition of nitric oxide production by each fraction decreased in the order ethyl acetate > butanol > water. The ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of methanol-extracted pine mushroom samples exhibited potential anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that might be attributable to phenolics or flavonoids.
The review follows a previous report (Kalač & Svoboda, 2000), focused on cadmium, mercury and lead. Numerous papers on the topic, published during the last decade, rendered a lot of new information on 15 reviewed metals and metalloids and limited information on a further 14 elements and lanthanides. Usual reported contents for most of species grown in unpolluted sites are 20–150 (Al), 0.5–5 (As), 2–4 (Ba), 1–5 (Cd), <0.5 (Co), 0.5–5 (Cr), 20–100 (Cu), 50–300 (Fe), <0.5–5 (Hg), 10–60 (Mn), traces-15 (Ni), <5 (Pb), <2 (Se), <0.1 (Sb) and 25–200 (Zn) mg kg−1 dry matter. These values can be considerably, even by order of magnitude, increased in mushrooms picked in polluted areas. Moreover, some species have accumulating and even hyperaccumulating ability for various elements. The possibility to evaluate toxicological risk or nutritional asset has been thus limited.
Edible mushrooms are a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in addition to a growing appeal for humans by their flavors and culinary features. Recently, they have become increasingly attractive as functional foods for their potential beneficial effects on human health. Hence, food industry is especially interested in cultivated and wild edible mushrooms. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Several investigations have shown the influence of mushrooms intake on some metabolic markers (total, LDL, HDL cholesterol, fasting triacylglycerol, homocysteine, blood pressure, homeostatic function and oxidative and inflammatory damage), which potentially may reduce the risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases. Relevant nutritional aspects of mushrooms include a high fiber supply, a low fat content with low trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids and a low concentration of sodium as well as the occurrence of components such as eritadenine, phenolic compounds, sterols (such as ergosterol), chitosan, triterpenes, etc., which are considered as important responsible agents for some hitherto healthy properties. The aims of this review are to report putative positive effects of mushrooms consumption on cardiovascular diseases risk markers and to identify some putative bioactive compounds involved in these effects.
The role and beneficial effects of antioxidants against various disorders and diseases induced by oxidative stress have received much attention. Many types of antioxidants with different functions play their role in the defense network in vivo. The free radical scavenging antioxidants are one of the important classes of antioxidants and the assessment of their capacity has been the subject of extensive studies and argument. Various methods have been developed and applied in different systems, but many available methods result in inconsistent results. There is no simple universal method by which antioxidant capacity can be assessed accurately and quantitatively. In this review article, the available methods are critically reviewed on the basis of the mechanisms and dynamics of antioxidant action, and the methods are proposed to assess the capacity of radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation both in vitro and in vivo. It is emphasized that the prevailing competition methods such as oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) using a reference probe may be useful for assessing the capacity for scavenging free radicals but that such methods do not evaluate the characteristics of antioxidants and do not necessarily show the capacity to suppress the oxidation, that is, antioxidation. It is recommended that the capacity of antioxidant compounds and their mixtures for antioxidation should be assessed from their effect on the levels of plasma lipid peroxidation in vitro and biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo.
A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as a novel method for assessing "antioxidant power." Ferric to ferrous ion reduction at low pH causes a colored ferrous-tripyridyltriazine complex to form. FRAP values are obtained by comparing the absorbance change at 593 nm in test reaction mixtures with those containing ferrous ions in known concentration. Absorbance changes are linear over a wide concentration range with antioxidant mixtures, including plasma, and with solutions containing one antioxidant in purified form. There is no apparent interaction between antioxidants. Measured stoichiometric factors of Trolox, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and uric acid are all 2.0; that of bilirubin is 4.0. Activity of albumin is very low. Within- and between-run CVs are <1.0 and <3.0%, respectively, at 100-1000 micromol/liter. FRAP values of fresh plasma of healthy Chinese adults: 612-1634 micromol/liter (mean, 1017; SD, 206; n = 141). The FRAP assay is inexpensive, reagents are simple to prepare, results are highly reproducible, and the procedure is straightforward and speedy. The FRAP assay offers a putative index of antioxidant, or reducing, potential of biological fluids within the technological reach of every laboratory and researcher interested in oxidative stress and its effects.
This paper assesses critically the science base that underpins the argument that oxidative damage is a significant causative factor in the development of human diseases and that antioxidants are capable of preventing or ameliorating these disease processes. The assessment has been carried out under a number of headings, and some recommendations for future research are made based on the present day knowledge base. The knowledge database (1) Consideration of the basic science that underlies understanding of the role of free radicals in causing cellular pathologies, and the role of antioxidants in preventing this, shows that an imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defence systems may lead to chemical modifications of biologically relevant macromolecules. This imbalance provides a logical pathobiochemical mechanism for the initiation and development of several disease states. Experimental data obtained in vivo provide evidence that antioxidants function in systems that scavenge reactive oxygen species and that these are relevant to what occurs in vivo. The relevance in vivo of these observations depends inter alia on knowledge of the uptake and distribution of the antioxidant within the human body, and on what tissue levels of the antioxidant may be expected in relation to dietary levels. (2) There is some way to go until validated precise methods are available for measuring biomarkers of oxidative damage in human subjects in vivo under minimally invasive conditions. With respect to oxidative damage in DNa, HPLC and GC-mass spectrophotometry methods have both merits and limitations. Lipid oxidation products in plasma are best measured as isoprostanes or as lipid hydroperoxides using specific HPLC techniques. Development of isoprostane measurement will advance specificity and precision. The measurement of oxidative damage to proteins has some potential but such methods have not been effectively exploited. (3) Epidemiological studies support the hypothesis that the major antioxidant nutrients vitamin E and vitamin C, and beta-carotene (which may or may not be acting as an antioxidant in vivo), may play a beneficial role in prevention of several chronic disorders. More research is needed on the impact of other non-nutrient compounds, such as other carotenoids and flavonoids, on human health. In general, human intervention studies using hard end-points are the gold standard. Trials are restricted mainly to the major antioxidants and do not allow firm conclusions because of inconsistent findings, an insufficient number of studies and the use of varying doses. There is evidence that large doses of beta-carotene may be deleterious to the health of certain subgroups of the population such as heavy habitual smokers. (4) With respect to the safety of administration of supplementary vitamins, vitamin C is safe at levels of supplementation up to 600 mg/d, and higher levels, up to 2000 mg/d, are without risk. Vitamin E has a very low human toxicity and an intake of 1000 mg/d is without risk; 3200 mg/d has been shown to be without any consistent risk. Large intakes of beta-carotene must be viewed with caution because they have been shown to confer detriment to a population at high risk of lung cancer when administered after many years of high risk (smoking) behaviour. Until further work clarifies the situation in heavy smokers with respect to taking supplements, larger doses should be avoided by such individuals. There is little reliable information about the human toxicology of flavonoids and related non-nutrient antioxidant constituents of the diet. (5) The food industry has long experience in the control of oxidative damage in foods and this experience can be used to advantage for the protection of food antioxidants which are beneficial. Some of these, such as vitamins C and E and beta-carotene, are well known, and strategies for their protection in foods are already exploited by food technologies. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Iron EDTA [sodium iron (Fe(3+)) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)], shown to have a significant beneficial effect on iron status by increasing iron bioavailability in human diets, has been proposed for use as a fortificant in certain grain-based products including breakfast cereals and cereal bars. This paper presents an assessment of the safety of iron EDTA for its intended uses in these products. Iron EDTA, like other EDTA-metal complexes, dissociates in the gastrointestinal tract to form iron, which is bioavailable, and an EDTA salt; absorption of the metal ion and EDTA are independent. Because of this dissociation, consideration of information on EDTA compounds other than iron EDTA is relevant to this safety assessment. EDTA compounds are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and do not undergo significant metabolic conversion. They have a low degree of acute oral toxicity. EDTA compounds are not reproductive or developmental toxicants when fed with a nutrient-sufficient diet or minimal diets supplemented with zinc. In chronic toxicity studies, diets containing as much as 5% EDTA were without adverse effects. EDTA compounds were not carcinogenic in experimental animal bioassays and are not directly genotoxic. This lack of significant toxicity is consistent with a history of safe use of other EDTA compounds (CaNa(2)EDTA and Na(2)EDTA) approved by the FDA for use as direct food additives. An upper-bound estimated daily intake (EDI) of EDTA from iron EDTA (1.15mg/kg bw/day for the US population) is less than half the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for EDTA of 2. 5mg/kg bw/day established by JECFA. The data collected and published over the past 20 to 30 years demonstrate that iron EDTA is safe and effective for iron fortification of food products and meets the standard of "reasonable certainty of no harm". Based on the published record, iron EDTA may be regarded as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for the intended food uses and maximum use levels.
Edible mushrooms such as shiitake may have important salutary effects on health or even in treating disease. A mushroom characteristically contains many different bioactive compounds with diverse biological activity, and the content and bioactivity of these compounds depend on how the mushroom is prepared and consumed. It is estimated that approximately 50% of the annual 5 million metric tons of cultivated edible mushrooms contain functional "nutraceutical" or medicinal properties. In order of decreasing cultivated tonnage, Lentinus (shiitake), Pleurotus (oyster), Auricularia (mu-er), Flammulina (enokitake), Tremella (yin-er), Hericium, and Grifola (maitake) mushrooms have various degrees of immunomodulatory, lipid-lowering, antitumor, and other beneficial or therapeutic health effects without any significant toxicity. Although the data for this functional food class are not as strong as those for other functional foods such as cruciferous vegetables, because of their potential usefulness in preventing or treating serious health conditions such as cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and hypercholesterolemia, functional mushrooms deserve further serious investigation. Additionally, there is a need for epidemiological evidence of the role of this functional food class.
Thirty-eight elements, including toxic cadmium, lead, mercury, silver and thallium, were determined in 18 species of wild edible mushrooms collected from several sites in Pomorskie Voivodeship in northern Poland in 1994. Elements were determined by double focused high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), after wet digestion of the dried samples with concentrated nitric acid in closed PTFE vessels using a microwave oven. K, P and Mg were present at levels of mg/g dry matter; Na, Zn, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, Rb, Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cs, Sr, Al and Si were present at microg/g levels, while Tl, In, Bi, Th, U, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, La, Lu and Ba were present at ng/g levels.
Free radicals and other so-called 'reactive species' are constantly produced in the brain in vivo. Some arise by 'accidents of chemistry', an example of which may be the leakage of electrons from the mitochondrial electron transport chain to generate superoxide radical (O2*-). Others are generated for useful purposes, such as the role of nitric oxide in neurotransmission and the production of O2*- by activated microglia. Because of its high ATP demand, the brain consumes O2 rapidly, and is thus susceptible to interference with mitochondrial function, which can in turn lead to increased O2*- formation. The brain contains multiple antioxidant defences, of which the mitochondrial manganese-containing superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione seem especially important. Iron is a powerful promoter of free radical damage, able to catalyse generation of highly reactive hydroxyl, alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides, respectively. Although most iron in the brain is stored in ferritin, 'catalytic' iron is readily mobilised from injured brain tissue. Increased levels of oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins have been detected by a range of assays in post-mortem tissues from patients with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and at least some of these changes may occur early in disease progression. The accumulation and precipitation of proteins that occur in these diseases may be aggravated by oxidative damage, and may in turn cause more oxidative damage by interfering with the function of the proteasome. Indeed, it has been shown that proteasomal inhibition increases levels of oxidative damage not only to proteins but also to other biomolecules. Hence, there are many attempts to develop antioxidants that can cross the blood-brain barrier and decrease oxidative damage. Natural antioxidants such as vitamin E (tocopherol), carotenoids and flavonoids do not readily enter the brain in the adult, and the lazaroid antioxidant tirilazad (U-74006F) appears to localise in the blood-brain barrier. Other antioxidants under development include modified spin traps and low molecular mass scavengers of O2*-. One possible source of lead compounds is the use of traditional remedies claimed to improve brain function. Little is known about the impact of dietary antioxidants upon the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. Several agents already in therapeutic use might exert some of their effects by antioxidant action, including selegiline (deprenyl), apomorphine and nitecapone.
This review summarizes the multifaceted aspects of antioxidants and the basic kinetic models of inhibited autoxidation and analyzes the chemical principles of antioxidant capacity assays. Depending upon the reactions involved, these assays can roughly be classified into two types: assays based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions and assays based on electron transfer (ET). The majority of HAT-based assays apply a competitive reaction scheme, in which antioxidant and substrate compete for thermally generated peroxyl radicals through the decomposition of azo compounds. These assays include inhibition of induced low-density lipoprotein autoxidation, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and crocin bleaching assays. ET-based assays measure the capacity of an antioxidant in the reduction of an oxidant, which changes color when reduced. The degree of color change is correlated with the sample's antioxidant concentrations. ET-based assays include the total phenols assay by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR), Trolox equivalence antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), "total antioxidant potential" assay using a Cu(II) complex as an oxidant, and DPPH. In addition, other assays intended to measure a sample's scavenging capacity of biologically relevant oxidants such as singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radical are also summarized. On the basis of this analysis, it is suggested that the total phenols assay by FCR be used to quantify an antioxidant's reducing capacity and the ORAC assay to quantify peroxyl radical scavenging capacity. To comprehensively study different aspects of antioxidants, validated and specific assays are needed in addition to these two commonly accepted assays.
The current study was undertaken to measure the antioxidant potential from water and methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of 23 species of mushrooms naturally grown in different geographic locations of India. The antioxidant ability of each species was analyzed for the total antioxidative status, employing multimechanistic antioxidative assays such as inhibition of lipid peroxidation, determination of reducing power, and free radical scavenging ability, in addition to determination of total phenolics and identification of phenolic acids by HPLC analysis, because the phenolics are known to contribute largely to antioxidant potential. The antioxidant potential of these varieties of mushrooms was determined by summing the antioxidative activity (AOA) of each variety by varied antioxidant assays followed by determining the relative percent of AOA defined as the "antioxidant index" (AI). On the basis of the AI, the mushroom species were graded as very high, high, moderate, and low. Termitomyces heimii was identified as the best variety, which showed 100% AI with 37 mg of phenolics/g of sample, 418 units of reducing power ability (RPA)/g, and an IC50 of approximately 1.1 mg (dry weight)/mL, free radical scavenging activity (FRS) in the water extract followed by 11.2 mg of phenolics/g, 275 units of RPA/g, and an IC50 of approximately 2.7 mg (dry weight)/mL of FRS in the methanolic extract. Following T. heimii, Termitomyces mummiformis exhibited an AI of 86% within the "very high" group. Potent inhibitions of lipid peroxidation of approximately 100 and 69% was also observed in T. heimii and T. mummiformis, respectively. Water extracts ranged from 34 to 49% and methanolic extracts varied from 20 to 32% on dry weight of mushroom fruiting body. Total phenolic compounds were higher in the water extracts (2-37 mg/g) than in methanolic extract (0.7-11.2 mg/g). The AOA measured in the water extract was better than that from the methanolic extract. HPLC analysis of phenolic acids in the two mushroom species, namely, T. heimii and T. mummiformis, displaying maximum AOA potential indicated a preponderance of tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatacheuic acid, and gentisic acid. Studies thus provide the precise antioxidant status of 23 indigenous species of mushrooms, which can serve as a useful database for the selection of mushrooms for the function of preparation of mushroom-based nutraceutics.
Nowadays macrofungi are distinguished as important natural resources of immunomodulating and anticancer agents and with regard to the increase in diseases involving immune dysfunction, cancer, autoimmune conditions in recent years, applying such immunomodulator agents especially with the natural original is vital. These compounds belong mainly to polysaccharides especially beta-d-glucan derivates, glycopeptide/protein complexes (polysaccharide-peptide/protein complexes), proteoglycans, proteins and triterpenoids. Among polysaccharides, beta(1-->3)-d-glucans and their peptide/protein derivates and among proteins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (Fips) have more important role in immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Immunomodulating and antitumor activity of these metabolites related to their effects to act of immune effecter cells such as hematpoietic stem cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells involved in the innate and adaptive immunity, resulting in the production of biologic response modifiers. In this review we have introduced the medicinal mushrooms' metabolites with immunomoduling and antitumor activities according to immunological evidences and then demonstrated their effects on innate and adaptive immunity and also the mechanisms of activation of immune responses and signaling cascade. In addition, their molecular structure and their relation to these activities have been shown. The important instances of these metabolites along with their immunomodulating and/or antitumor activities isolated from putative medicinal mushrooms are also introduced.
The choice of reference compounds is examined as a "critical control point" of antioxidant activity assessment. Gallic, caffeic, sinapic, uric, and ascorbic acids, isoeugenol, and Trolox were tested using different redox (FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteu) and radical scavenging (DPPH*, ABTS*+, CBA, ORAC) assays. The ability to chelate transition metals was assessed to support some of the findings. Analytes were also tested in liposomes. On the basis of the findings, we do not recommend uric acid (due to solubility constrains) and ascorbic acid (due to fast degradation kinetics) as references. The behavior of the rest of the compounds could not always be attributed to typical structural characteristics. Selection of suitable reference compounds for in vitro antioxidant activity assays is not an easy task to achieve. The choice of reference compounds has to remain at the convenience of the researchers, with regard to the aim of the study.
In order to promote the use of mushrooms as source of nutrients and nutraceuticals, several experiments were performed in wild and commercial species. The analysis of nutrients included determination of proteins, fats, ash, and carbohydrates, particularly sugars by HPLC-RI. The analysis of nutraceuticals included determination of fatty acids by GC-FID, and other phytochemicals such as tocopherols, by HPLC-fluorescence, and phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, by spectrophotometer techniques. The antimicrobial properties of the mushrooms were also screened against fungi, Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The wild mushroom species proved to be less energetic than the commercial sp., containing higher contents of protein and lower fat concentrations. In general, commercial species seem to have higher concentrations of sugars, while wild sp. contained lower values of MUFA but also higher contents of PUFA. alpha-Tocopherol was detected in higher amounts in the wild species, while gamma-tocopherol was not found in these species. Wild mushrooms revealed a higher content of phenols but a lower content of ascorbic acid, than commercial mushrooms. There were no differences between the antimicrobial properties of wild and commercial species. The ongoing research will lead to a new generation of foods, and will certainly promote their nutritional and medicinal use.
A study was conducted to determine the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidative activity of five edible and five medicinal mushrooms commonly cultivated in Korea. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase activity. A total of 28 phenolic compounds were detected in the mushrooms studied. The average total concentration of phenolic compounds was 326 microg/g, the average being of 174 microg/g in edible mushrooms and 477 microg/g in medicinal mushrooms. The average total flavonoids concentration was 49 microg/g, with averages of 22 and 76 microg/g in edible and medicinal mushrooms, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged between 15 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 70% (Ganoderma lucidum) when reaction time was for 1 min. When reaction time was 30 min, the values ranged between 5 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 78% (Agaricus bisporus). The SOD activity averaged 28% among the 10 mushroom species, averages for edible and medicinal mushrooms being comparable. DPPH activities was significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with total content of phenolic compounds in edible mushrooms, while in medicinal mushrooms there was a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between SOD activity and total concentration of phenolic compounds. Numerous significant positive correlations were observed between phenolic compounds detected and antioxidative potential.
Total phenols, ascorbic acid, b-caro-tene and lycopene in Portugese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘‘antioxidant power
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Micronutrients. In CSIRO's Soils: An Australian View Point
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Tiller KG (1983). Micronutrients. In CSIRO's Soils: An Australian View Point. London: Academic Press, Chapter 25, pp.365–387.
Association State of the Australian mushroom industry
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Australian Mushroom Growers' Association (2006). State of the Australian mushroom industry. Available at: http:// www.mushrooms.net.au/2005-2006_statisticsV2.pdf (accessed 28 October 2010).