Article

Lavender Essential Oil in the Treatment of Migraine Headache: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

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Abstract

Lavender essential oil has been used as an anxiolytic drug, a mood stabilizer, a sedative, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, analgesic agent as well as a wound healing accelerator. We have studied for the first time the efficacy of lavender essential oil inhalation for the treatment of migraine in a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Forty-seven patients with definite diagnosis of migraine headache were divided into cases and controls. Cases inhaled lavender essential oil for 15 min, whereas the control group used liquid paraffin for the same time period. Patients were asked to record their headache severity and associated symptoms in 30-min intervals for a total of 2 h. We matched the two groups for key confounding factors. The mean reduction of headache severity in cases was 3.6 ± 2.8 based on Visual Analogue Scale score. The reduction was 1.6 ± 1.6 in controls. This difference between the controls and cases was statistically significant with p < 0.0001. From 129 headache attacks in cases, 92 responded entirely or partially to lavender. In the control group, 32 out of 68 recorded headache attacks responded to placebo. The percentage of responders was significantly higher in the lavender group than the placebo group (p = 0.001). The present study suggests that inhalation of lavender essential oil may be an effective and safe treatment modality in acute management of migraine headaches.

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... The trials involved lavender oil, 10,11) anise oil, 12) basil oil, 13) rose oil, 14) peppermint oil, 15) and chamomile oil. 16) Four trials topically applied essential oils topically, [12][13][14]16) one involved oral consumption, 10) one involved intranasal administration, 15) and one involved inhalation. ...
... 16) Four trials topically applied essential oils topically, [12][13][14]16) one involved oral consumption, 10) one involved intranasal administration, 15) and one involved inhalation. 11) Four of seven trials tested liquid paraffin as a placebo, 11,13,14,16) one used a hydroalcoholic solvent, 10) one used a cold cream base as a placebo, 12) and one did not describe the composition of the placebo. 15) Five trials excluded pregnant participants. ...
... 16) Four trials topically applied essential oils topically, [12][13][14]16) one involved oral consumption, 10) one involved intranasal administration, 15) and one involved inhalation. 11) Four of seven trials tested liquid paraffin as a placebo, 11,13,14,16) one used a hydroalcoholic solvent, 10) one used a cold cream base as a placebo, 12) and one did not describe the composition of the placebo. 15) Five trials excluded pregnant participants. ...
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Alternative and complementary medicines are widely used to treat migraine headaches. This review aimed to determine the effectiveness of essential oils as an alternative treatment approach. A structured search was conducted to identify randomized trials comparing essential oils with a placebo for migraine headaches, using databases (MEDLINE and CENTRAL) to search for articles published between 1966 and 2021. We included trials involving adult males and females diagnosed with migraine headaches according to the International Headache Society. The outcomes included number of attacks, headache severity, associated symptoms, number of days of limited activity, headache duration, use of analgesics, and adverse effects. Seven trials were included with a total of 558 participants. No difference was observed in the number of migraine headache attacks compared to placebo (mean difference [MD], -1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], -3.31 to 0.64; I2=94%; P=0.190; four trials, 242 participants; moderatequality evidence). There was no difference in this outcome between the essential oils treated group and the placebo (MD, -0.38; 95% CI, -1.76 to 0.99; I2 statistics=86%; P=0.580; five trials, 240 participants; moderate-quality evidence). We found no significant difference between the use of essential oils and placebo in managing migraine headaches.
... Lavender essential oil (EO) has been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries (Cavanagh and Wilkinson, 2002). It has been used as an anxiolytic drug, a mood stabilizer, a sedative, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and analgesic agent as well as a wound healing accelerator (Sasannejad et al., 2012). Several studies have investigated the antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of compounds found in lavender EO (Silva et al., 2015). ...
... The two primary terpenoid constituents of lavender EO, linalool and linalyl acetate, may produce an anxiolytic effect in combination with inhibition of voltage-gated calcium channels, reduction of 5HT1A receptor activity, and increased parasympathetic tone (Malcolm and Tallian, 2018). Sasannejad et al. (2012) have studied the efficacy of lavender EO inhalation for the treatment of migraine in a placebo-controlled clinical trial. That study suggests that inhalation of lavender EO may be an effective and safe treatment modality in the acute management of migraine headaches (Sasannejad et al., 2012). ...
... Sasannejad et al. (2012) have studied the efficacy of lavender EO inhalation for the treatment of migraine in a placebo-controlled clinical trial. That study suggests that inhalation of lavender EO may be an effective and safe treatment modality in the acute management of migraine headaches (Sasannejad et al., 2012). Also, the current body of literature suggests apotential therapeutic benefit of lavender EO in wound healing. ...
Article
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Herbs and essential oils (EOs) have been used in medicine and veterinary, agriculture, the food industry, and cosmetology. Many EOs possess various biological properties, i.e. antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant, fungicide, larvicidal, antitumor activities, etc. Lavender oil is one of the most valuable aromatherapy oils. Its antibacterial and antifungal activities have been revealed in many studies. In the current study, the antibacterial properties of commercial lavender EO against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were studied. To this intent, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was used (the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion test for measuring zone diameters of bacterial growth inhibition). In the current study, Gram-negative strains such as Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™), Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™) and Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213™), methicillin-resistant (MRSA), mecA positive Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC® 12493), Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™) (resistant to vancomycin; sensitive to teicoplanin) and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™). Results of the current study revealed that resistant to the lavender EO were Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 25922™), E. coli (Migula) Castellani and Chalmers (ATCC® 35218™), P. aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula (ATCC® 27853™) strains. The diameters of inhibition zones after the application of lavender EO were similar to control samples (96% ethanol). On the other hand, Gram-positive strains such as S. aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (ATCC® 29213™), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (NCTC® 12493), E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 51299™) and E. faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) Schleifer and Kilpper-Balz (ATCC® 29212™) were sensitive to lavender EO. The highest diameters of inhibition zones after the application of lavender EO were observed for E. faecalis strains. This study demonstrates the potential of commercial lavender essential oil as an antibacterial agent and for use in the treatment of MRSA infection. The data contributes to the ongoing scientific investigation regarding the application of essential oils as natural antibacterial agents.
... The results revealed that the pain significantly decreased in the intervention group after cesarean section in 4, 8 and 12 hours after the onset of symptoms following inspiration of lavender essential oil. Results of the study of [30] also showed that smelling lavender extract for 15 minutes reduced migraine pain in the intervention group, so that the decrease was statistically significant (P=0.001). Also in the intervention group, 71.31% of the participants responded to lavender and their pain reduced [30]. ...
... Results of the study of [30] also showed that smelling lavender extract for 15 minutes reduced migraine pain in the intervention group, so that the decrease was statistically significant (P=0.001). Also in the intervention group, 71.31% of the participants responded to lavender and their pain reduced [30]. In another study by [31] on the impact of lavender on pain intensity of venipuncture, it was found that stress level, the spectral index (STI to monitor sedation), and the pain of needle insertion in a group that received oxygen mixed with lavender for 5 minutes was significantly decreased comparing with the inspection group that took only pure oxygen [31]. ...
... Some of them produce relief from nausea, vomiting, photophobia and other symptoms. This effect is different in different people with different doses (Niazi et al. 2017;Sasannejad et al. 2012;Yuan et al. 2021). Essential oils from Lavandula angustifolia Mill (dried fower heads and aerial foliage) (Sasannejad et al. 2012), garlic (bulb) (Marschollek et al. 2017 (Ahmadifard et al. 2020) are also used to treat migraines. ...
... This effect is different in different people with different doses (Niazi et al. 2017;Sasannejad et al. 2012;Yuan et al. 2021). Essential oils from Lavandula angustifolia Mill (dried fower heads and aerial foliage) (Sasannejad et al. 2012), garlic (bulb) (Marschollek et al. 2017 (Ahmadifard et al. 2020) are also used to treat migraines. ...
Chapter
Aromatherapy is a rapidly growing, alternative and integrative therapy that can replace the conventional medical treatment with essential oils for managing conditions like depression, anxiety, pain, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, joint pains, sleep disturbance, and muscle tension, and also to enhance physical and psychological wellbeing. The essential oils, which are derived from different plant parts like leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, roots, bark, grass etc., are used for the aromatherapy. Usually the oils are applied topically for massage or through inhalation. Olfactory stimulation of aromatherapy can result in immediate reduction in pain and other physiological parameters like blood pressure, pulse, skin temperature and activity of brain. Nowadays, aromatherapy is the most attractive therapy for treating illness and for enhancing wellbeing because of less side effects and low cost, so the use of essential oils for aromatherapy has increased in recent years. In the scientific literature, there is an increasing amount of evidence suggesting that there may be beneficial effects in treating a number of health conditions with plant essential oils, alone or in combination with other therapies. This review explores the latest information on literature of plants and their essential oils used in aromatherapy.
... Neuroprotective properties of Lavandula angustifolia have been described in the literature. Dementia, glioblastoma, neuroblastoma, neurotoxicity, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and migraine have been found to respond to treatment with Lavandula angustifolia (Arzi et al., 2011;Sasannejad et al., 2012;Hancianu et al., 2013;Caputo et al., 2016Caputo et al., , 2021Nikolova et al., 2016;Chan et al., 2020). Salvia officinalis is a plant in the family of Labiatae/Lamiaceae. ...
... Also, it has been shown that using lavender can develop the risk of recurrent migraine. Lavender is better than oral triptans, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs without many remarkable side effects (Sasannejad et al., 2012). Rafie et al., in a randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the impact of lavender as a prophylactic treatment for migraine over 3 months. ...
Article
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Hundreds of millions of people around the world suffer from neurological disorders or have experienced them intermittently, which has significantly reduced their quality of life. The common treatments for neurological disorders are relatively expensive and may lead to a wide variety of side effects including sleep attacks, gastrointestinal side effects, blood pressure changes, etc. On the other hand, several herbal medications have attracted colossal popularity worldwide in the recent years due to their availability, affordable prices, and few side effects. Aromatic plants, sage (Salvia officinalis), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), and rosemary (Salvia Rosmarinus) have already shown anxiolytics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. They have also shown potential in treating common neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and cognitive disorders. This review summarizes the data on the neuroprotective potential of aromatic herbs, sage, lavender, and rosemary.
... Aroma essential oils are made from concentrated plant extracts and have various benefits. For example, lavender oil can treat migraine headaches [1], improve sleep quality [2,3], and offer antidepressant effects [4], and melissa oil can improve cognitive performance [5][6][7], reduce stress [8], and offer antibacterial activity [9]. In addition, tea tree oil has anti-inflammatory [10] and antibacterial activities [11], while eucalyptus oil exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in the bronchi [12,13]. ...
Article
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Aroma essential oils contain ingredients that are beneficial to the human body. A gas sensor array is required to monitor the concentration of these essential oil components to regulate their concentration by air conditioning systems. Therefore, we investigated the discrimination ability and concentration measurement accuracy of 14 effective components, including four aroma essential oils (lavender, melissa, tea tree, and eucalyptus), from a single gas sample and mixtures of two gases using sensor arrays. To obtain our data, we used two sensor arrays comprising commercially available semiconductor sensors and our developed semiconductor sensors. For machine learning, principal component analysis was used to visualize the dataset obtained from the sensor signals, and an artificial neural network was used for a detailed analysis. Our developed sensor array, which included sensors that possessed excellent sensor responses to 14 effective components and combined different semiconductive sensor principles, showed a better discrimination and prediction accuracy than the commercially available sensors investigated in this study.
... Aromatherapy, the medical use of oils derived from plants, is often used in addition to acupuncture due to its anxiolytic properties. It has been observed in a trial that inhaling lavender essential oil for 15 min may significantly reduce the severity of migraine respected the placebo control group [84]. Moreover, the United States Headache Consortium Guidelines recommended with a grade A evidence cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques and biofeedback in migraine prevention [85]. ...
Article
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Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) consist of a broad group of restorative resources often linked to existing local cultures and established health care systems and are also increasingly used in children with some serious illnesses. In this narrative review, we examine the epidemiology of the use, efficacy, and safety of complementary and alternative medicine in pediatric oncology, neurology, and hepatology. We searched for relevant articles published in Pubmed evaluating CAM use and its efficacy in safety in children affected by oncologic, neurologic and liver diseases . CAM is used to improve the success of conventional therapies, but also to alleviate the pain, discomfort, and suffering resulting from the diseases and their treatment, which are often associated with a significant burden of adverse effects. CAM use must be evaluated in children with neurological, oncological and liver diseases.
... Lavandula officinalis (lavender) essential oil was used by the ancient Egyptians as a part of the mummification process (Sasannejad et al. 2012). In modern medicine, it was found that it is effective in relieving anxiety and insomnia owing to its sedative action. ...
... Additionally, studies on rats and humans reported that it was antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties (Yang et al., 2010;Prusinowska & Śmigielski 2014;Carrasco et al., 2016;and Giovannini et al., 2016). It was reported in studies that lavender had immunostimulant, anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, analgesic and anticonvulsant effects, and that it can have positive effects on the mental health of humans (Ghelardini et al., 1999;Sasannejad et al., 2012;Prusinowska & Śmigielski, 2014). There are studies investigating the effect of essential oils on the intestinal microflora of poultry (Erhan et al., 2012;Hong et al., 2012;Zeng et al., 2015). ...
Article
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This study examined the effects of lavender essential oil on performance, meat quality, microbial load, fatty acid profile and gut microbiota in quails. In the study, 200 quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were divided into 4 groups and 5 subgroups. The groups consisted of a control group (0 mg/kg feed) and three lavender essential oil groups, namely Lav125 (125 mg/kg feed), Lav250 (250 mg/kg feed), and Lav500 (500 mg/kg feed). In terms of body weight change, Lav500 group had the best results after the control group (p>0.05). It was observed that, compared to the control group, pH levels were high (p<0.05) in Lav250 and Lav500 groups on the 9th day of storage. The effect of storage time on malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as a parameter of lipid peroxidation in meat, and the Lav250 and Lav500 groups presented lower concentrations as compared to the control group (p<0.05). In this study, the addition of lavender essential oil to the diet enriched the concentrations of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Moreover, the height of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, and consequently absorption, increased significantly in the Lav500 group as compared to the control group. The concentration of MDA, a blood serum antioxidant enzyme, decreased with the addition of lavender oil. Additionally, lavender essential oil added to quail diets was observed to increase the number of Lactobacillus spp. (probiotic bacteria) colonies (p<0.05). Keywords: Fatty acid; lavender; meat; microbiota; quail
... While during massage essential oil uses may help relieve stress but may last during massage time only(Steflitsch et al. 2015).Headaches and migraines:Research studies observed during 90's that headache pain can be relieved by mixing peppermint oil and ethanol oil and dapping on person foreheads and temples(Gobel et al. 1995). In addition, recent studies shows positive results that applying peppermint and lavender oil to the skin can reduce headache pain(Sasannejad et al. 2012). Headache remedy has been suggested by traditional Persian that headaches and migraines can be treated by applying a mixture of chamomile and sesame oil to the temples(Zargaran et al. 2014).Sleep and insomnia: Studies shows that by smelling lavender oil improves the sleep quality of women after childbirth, as well as patients with heart disease(Karadag et al. 2017). ...
Chapter
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Chapter 7: Role of Aroma Therapy in relieving pain Chapter 8: Aromatherapy for relieving mental stress
... The lavender is used in perfumery industry for its strong odor. In a study, it was seen that oil of lavender plant can decrease the effects of migraine (Sasannejad et al., 2012). Also, in different studies, it is claimed that lavender is beneficial for sleeping problems. ...
Chapter
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THE POTENTIAL OF TOTAL MIXED RATION (TMR) SILAGE IN RUMINANT NUTRITION To minimize metabolic problems caused by feed-in ruminant animals, it is widely recommended to give it to animals by mixing coarse and precise feed rates using total mixed ration (TMR). With the use of TMR, animals are more prone to group feeding and are less affected by ration changes, and economic loss can be prevented by not being affected by changing feed costs. In recent years, silage has been widely used in rations. The inclusion of TMR silage in this allows the use of feed raw materials with high nutritional value, but not consumed because they are tasteless, apart from roughage. According to TMR, it increases the digestibility of freshly prepared feeds and increases appetite by keeping the pH at a certain level. It also ensures efficient use of energy and protein in feeds, improving milk yield, milk composition and especially mechanization.
... Oral dosing of lavender is most usually advised. It is also used in aromatherapy (Setzer, 2009;Sasannejad et al., 2012), dripping oil (Xu et al., 2008), aromatherapy massage (Xu et al., 2008), and bathing (Morris, 2002). The herb exhibits antioxidant, anti-depressant, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-bacterial, anticholinesterase, and antifungal properties (Cardia, 2018). ...
Chapter
Natural products have been used to prevent and to treat various diseases from thousands of years. Cancer chemoprevention with natural phytochemical compounds is an emerging strategy to preventor cure cancer with affordable conditions. Several unfavourable side effects might arise with chemotherapy. Certain bioactive components from the plants have been used for their anticancer activities. These include curcumin, andrographolide, asiaticoside, phyllanthin, withaferin A, gingerol etc. In cancer therapy, using plant-derived compounds may help to reduce negative side effects. However, a myriad of many plant products exist that have shown very promising anti-cancer properties in vitro, but have yet to be evaluated for human’s use. Further study is required to determine the efficacy of these phytochemicals in treating cancers. In recent years, the various plants derived chemical compounds that have shown as anticancer agents and will outline their potential mechanism of action.
... These results were confirmed in a clinical study involving patients with depression who were treated with lavender flower tincture. There was a significant improvement as measured by the Hamilton scale (from 19 to 12 points), comparable to that of imipramine (from 19 to 9 points) [67]. Based on pharmacological and clinical studies, it can be concluded that lavender oil and lavender flower work to improve mood, have an antianxiety effect, and are more antidepressants than a sedative. ...
Article
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COVID-19 infection causes complications, even in people who have had a mild course of the disease. The most dangerous seem to be neurological ailments: anxiety, depression, mixed anxiety–depressive (MAD) syndromes, and irreversible dementia. These conditions can negatively affect the respiratory system, circulatory system, and heart functioning. We believe that phytotherapy can be helpful in all of these conditions. Clinical trials confirm this possibility. The work presents plant materials (Valeriana officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Passiflora incarnata, Piper methysticum, Humulus lupulus, Ballota nigra, Hypericum perforatum, Rhodiola rosea, Lavandula officinalis, Paullinia cupana, Ginkgo biloba, Murraya koenigii, Crataegus monogyna and oxyacantha, Hedera helix, Polygala senega, Pelargonium sidoides, Lichen islandicus, Plantago lanceolata) and their dominant compounds (valeranon, valtrat, apigenin, citronellal, isovitexin, isoorientin, methysticin, humulone, farnesene, acteoside, hypericin, hyperforin, biapigenin, rosavidin, salidroside, linalool acetate, linalool, caffeine, ginkgolide, bilobalide, mihanimbine, epicatechin, hederacoside C,α-hederine, presegenin, umkaline, 6,7,8-trixydroxybenzopyranone disulfate, fumaroprotocetric acid, protolichesteric acid, aucubin, acteoside) responsible for their activity. It also shows the possibility of reducing post-COVID-19 neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular complications, which can affect the functioning of the nervous system.
... Finally, olfactory stimuli have also been shown to produce odour-induced analgesia [65]. For example, aromatherapy using lavender essence has been reported to reduce pain after episiotomy [66], reduce the severity of migraine attacks [67], and can reduce demand for postoperative opioids [68]. Neurons in the olfactory cortices project directly and indirectly via the amygdala to the hypothalamus [69], an area that is known to modulate pain via connections with the brainstem, in particular the PAG [70,71]. ...
Article
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Purpose of review: It is well established in experimental settings that brainstem circuits powerfully modulate the multidimensional experience of pain. This review summarizes current understanding of the roles of brainstem nuclei in modulating the intensity of pain, and how these circuits might be recruited therapeutically for pain relief in chronic and palliative settings. Recent findings: The development of ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and more robust statistical analyses has led to a more integrated understanding of brainstem function during pain. It is clear that a number of brainstem nuclei and their overlapping pathways are recruited to either enhance or inhibit incoming nociceptive signals. This review reflects on early preclinical research, which identified in detail brainstem analgesic function, putting into context contemporary investigations in humans that have identified the role of specific brainstem circuits in modulating pain, their contribution to pain chronicity, and even the alleviation of palliative comorbidities. Summary: The brainstem is an integral component of the circuitry underpinning pain perception. Enhanced understanding of its circuitry in experimental studies in humans has, in recent years, increased the possibility for better optimized pain-relief strategies and the identification of vulnerabilities to postsurgical pain problems. When integrated into the clinical landscape, these experimental findings of brainstem modulation of pain signalling have the potential to contribute to the optimization of pain management and patient care from acute, to chronic, to palliative states.
... Mengenai efek aromaterapi lavender terhadap nyeri kepala, studi di Korea menunjukkan bahwa aromaterapi jenis lavender ini dapat menurunkan nyeri kepala (Jafari-Koulaee et al., 2019). Hal yang sama ditemukan oleh Sasannejad et al., (2012) dengan menspesifikkan aromaterapi lavender dengan metode administrasi inhalasi yang terbukti dapat menurunkan nyeri kepala migrain. ...
Article
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ABSTRAK Aromaterapi sering disalahartikan dalam opsi penanganan nyeri. Penggunaan aromaterapi pada pasien dewasa di Indonesia diinvestigasi dengan penelitian tinjauan integratif Whitemore and Knoff, memuat artikel yang dipublikasi tahun 2012-2021, full paper, dalam Bahasa Indonesia, dari google cendekia, dan fokus pada pasien nyeri medikal-bedah, dengan kata kunci “aromaterapi untuk nyeri” dilaporkan dalam diagram pelaporan PRISMA. Enam artikel memenuhi kriteria “tinggi” oleh QualSyst tool. Ditemukan bahwa, indikasi penggunaan dari aromaterapi dalam bidang medikal adalah nyeri kepala dan kanker, dimana aromaterapi lavender serta aromaterapi lemon (kombinasi dengan progressive muscle relaxation). Selanjutnya, dalam bidang bedah, indikasi penggunaan aromaterapi adalah nyeri paska bedah mayor, post-laparatomy dan fraktur ekstremitas, dimana aromaterapi lavender, aromaterapi lemon dan juga lemon yang dikombinasi dengan guided imagery adalah pilihan-pilihan aromaterapi. Umumnya aromaterapi diberikan melalui administrasi inhalasi. Secara umum, ditemukan aromaterapi efektif menurunkan nyeri pada pasien medikal bedah. Perawat dapat mempertimbangkan penggunaan aromaterapi lemon dan lavender untuk manajemen nyeri. Bagi manajemen Rumah Sakit untuk dapat mempertimbangkan penggunaan aromaterapi ini karena terbukti efektif dengan efek samping minimal dan rendah biaya. Kata kunci: aromaterapi, Indonesia, medikal-bedah, nyeri ABSTRACT Aromatherapy is often misinterpreted in pain management options. The use of aromatherapy in adult patients in Indonesia was investigated with Whitemore and Knoff integrative review design, including articles published in 2012-2021, full paper, in Indonesian, from Google Scholar, and focus on patients of medical-surgical pain, with the keyword of "aromatherapy for pain" reported in PRISMA reporting diagram. Six articles meet "high" criteria by the QualSyst tool. It was found that, indications of the use of aromatherapy in the field of “medical” are headaches and cancer, where lavender aromatherapy and lemon aromatherapy (combined with progressive muscle relaxation). Furthermore, in the field of “surgical”, indications of the use of aromatherapy are major post-surgical pain, post-laparatomy and fractures of extremities, where lavender aromatherapy, lemon aromatherapy and lemon combined with guided imagery are aromatherapy options. Generally, aromatherapy is administered via inhalation. In general, it was found that aromatherapy is effective in pain alleviation for medical-surgical patients. Nurses may consider the use of lemon and lavender aromatherapy for pain management. For hospital management to consider the use of aromatherapy because it has been proven effective with minimal side effects and low cost. Keywords: aromatherapy, Indonesia, medical-surgical, pain
... Aromatherapy is a very popular complementary therapy and is widely used in many health care settings and services. For example, the effect of the treatment of migraine headache and sleep disturbances by lavender oil [1,2], suppression of the inflammatory mediator by tea tree oil [3], anti-inflammatory activity on bronchial asthma by eucalyptus oil [4], and management of agitation in dementia by melissa oil [5]. Some of the people believe that their routine healthcare on aromatherapy is low cost for preventing to take medical care for illness. ...
Article
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This study analyzed temporal variation of the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at different diffusion time of gaseous phase of aroma compounds of four essential oils, lavender, tea tree, eucalyptus, and melissa. GC/MS methodology with the trace gas sampling by a thermal desorption tube is used to quantitatively determine the concentration of the corresponding 14 kinds of major and original VOCs in four essential oils. This study revealed for the first time that the concentration level of gaseous phase composition is varied, with a diffusion time from that of the liquid phase at equilibrium with it and the VOCs in the essential oils are classified into two groups, depending on whether their concentration with the time. It is verified that the total concentration of VOCs of these essential oils in the room air diffused by the ultrasonic diffuser is as low as 0.6 ppb and decreased soon below 0.1 ppb.
... Most commonly lavender is recommended for oral administration. However, it is also being employed in aromatherapy (inhalation of lavender) (Sasannejad et al., 2012), aromatherapy massage, dripping oil and bathing (Xu et al., 2008). In this paper we review the therapeutical effects of lavender oil components that have valuable effects like antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites (Morris, 2002). ...
... Exposure to nature Green LED light • Exposure to green LED light significantly decreases headache days in migraine patients [65] Aromatherapy • Aromatherapy with lavender significantly reduces headache severity in migraine patients [74] • Inhalation of peppermint essential oil reduces the intensity and frequency of headaches [75] Relaxation and mindfulness meditation • Relaxation training improves headache frequency and pain severity [76] • Mindfulness-based stress reduction decreases migraine days [77] • Mindfulness can improve headache-related disabilities and well-being [78] • Relaxation and mindfulness meditation are suggested for migraine prophylaxis [79] Yoga • Yoga practice reduces headache frequency and intensity in migraine patients [80] Sleep hygiene • Sleep disorders are associated with more frequent and severe migraines [81] • Behavioral sleep treatment can reduce headache frequency and intensity [82,83] Nutrition • Magnesium can be used as prophylactic treatment of migraines [84,85] • Ginger can reduce headache severity in migraine patients [86] As illustrated in Figure 2A, the customized interior design for people with migraines includes biophilic elements and features supporting migraine self-care. Ambient conditions are complex and varied, but familiar and comfortable. ...
Article
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The benefits of biophilic interior design have been recognized by healthcare facilities, but residential environments receive relatively less attention with respect to improving the health of people living with chronic diseases. Recent “stay-at-home” restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic further emphasized the importance of creating interior spaces that directly and indirectly support physical and mental health. In this viewpoint article, we discuss opportunities for combining biophilic interventions with interior design, fostering disease-specific self-care. We provide examples of designing residential spaces integrating biophilic interventions, light therapy, relaxation opportunities, mindfulness meditation, listening to music, physical activities, aromatherapy, and quality sleep. These modalities can provide the clinical benefits of reducing migraine headaches and chronic pain, as well as improving depressive symptoms. The disease-specific interior environment can be incorporated into residential homes, workplaces, assisted-living residences, hospitals and hospital at home programs. This work aims to promote a cross-disciplinary dialogue towards combining biophilic design and advances in lifestyle medicine to create therapeutic interior environments and to improve healthcare outcomes.
... It was thought that because alkaloid causes brain constriction, it can prevent headaches. The function of vasodilation in migraines, on the other hand, is uncertain, and recent findings cast doubt on its necessity [87]. Nowadays, it is wonderful that headache can be classified as a medical specialty rather than a tube-shaped structure disease and that alkaloid therapy seems to be superior to tube-shaped structure symptoms. ...
Article
Background Migraine is a common neurological condition marked by frequent mild to extreme headaches that last 4 to 72 hours. A migraine headache may cause a pulsing or concentrated throbbing pain in one part of the brain. Nausea, vomiting, excessive sensitivity to light and sound, smell, feeling sick, vomiting, painful headache, and blurred vision are all symptoms of migraine disorder. Females are more affected by migraines in comparison to males. Objective The present review article summarizes preventive and therapeutic measures including allopathic and herbal remedies for the treatment of migraine. Results Review has highlighted the current aspects of migraine pathophysiology, covered an understanding of the complex workings of the migraine state. Therapeutic agents which could give an effective treatment have also been discussed. Conclusion It can be concluded that different migraines could be treated based on their type and severity.
... The lavender is used in perfumery industry for its strong odor. In a study, it was seen that oil of lavender plant can decrease the effects of migraine (Sasannejad et al., 2012). Also, in different studies, it is claimed that lavender is beneficial for sleeping problems. ...
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The Oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the main potato pathogen that causes great losses in the production of the tuber, constituting a threat to food security. Recently in Europe, new and more aggressive races have been described, linked to a A2 breeding sort, that appears being more complicated than the initial A1 breeding sort and may be expelling it. This study evaluated 52 isolates of P. infestans from diverse potato farms from the Spanish population (33 from 2003 to 2005 and 19 from 2011 to 2013). CAPs markers were used to classify breeding sorts A1 and A2 in Spain for the first time. In 23 samples were identified as A1 mating type, whereas 29 were classed as A2 type. Furthermore, 3 clonal linkeages of P. infestans remained identified employing SSR markers: 2 A1, 3 A2, and 13 A2 (Blue 13), with sub-clonal variability seen within this linkeage (13 A2 1, 13 A2 2, 13 A2 3, 13 A2 4, 13 A2 15, 13 A2 68, and 13 A2 new). Two detaches labeled 'Misc' might not be assigned to some of the alleles investigated. Such findings show expansion clones of pathogens throughout Europe throughout in that time frame, as well as hazards associated to the existence both breeding forms of P. infestans.
... The lavender is used in perfumery industry for its strong odor. In a study, it was seen that oil of lavender plant can decrease the effects of migraine (Sasannejad et al., 2012). Also, in different studies, it is claimed that lavender is beneficial for sleeping problems. ...
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Whilst world's climate crises worsen, the crucial limitations of natural assets are quickly dwindling. Since agriculture is the initial step of the food chain, the basic concepts of sustainability in agriculture are to protect the soil, and nature, agriculture and livestock resources while increasing productivity in agriculture with providing sufficient and quality food to insure the food security for the rapidly increasing world population. Both food and nutrition security is one of the key issues for current and close future of humanity. Thus, we have to practice the most effective agricultural activities in order to provide the maximum and best quality yield from the unit area of agricultural lands. In a drastically changing world, considering the changing climate and changing needs, different disciplines come together to provide innovative remedies, and we aim to determine and find solutions to the problems of the world we live in together with interdisciplinary approaches. In this context, new engineering sciences including the application of interdisciplinary engineering sciences such as Biosystems Engineering and Bioengineering to biological systems and processes have emerged, bringing together complementary and comparative studies in changing conditions, and increasing interdisciplinary studies with the application of multidisciplinary approaches and opportunities. In the book in your hand, you will find the comparative studies of different disciplines such as agricultural engineering, biosystem engineering, livestock, agricultural economics, and soil science for the changing world and climate conditions. We would like to thank our respected colleagues for their contributions to the book and engineering science via their scientific investigations, and we wish the best of success to the readers and all science enthusiasts who pursue multidisciplinary studies
... Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is one of the most widely cultivated essential oil crops in the world. It has been used as an anxiolytic drug, mood stabilizer, sedative, spasmolytic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, analgesic, and accelerator of wound healing [116]. Lavender essential oil is said to possess antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxant), sedative, antidepressant properties, and effective activity for healing burns and insect bites [117]. ...
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Burns are a major threat to public health and the economy due to their costly and laborious treatment and high susceptibility to infection. Efforts have been made recently to investigate natural bioactive compounds with potential use in wound healing. The importance lies in the capacities that these compounds could possess both in infection control by common and resistant microorganisms, as well as in the regeneration of the affected tissues, having in both cases low adverse effects. However, some bioactive molecules are chemically unstable, poorly soluble, and susceptible to oxidative degradation or have low bioavailability. Therefore, developing new technologies for an efficient treatment of wound healing poses a real challenge. In this context, electrospun nanofibers have gained increasing research interest because bioactive molecules can be easily loaded within the nanofiber, resulting in optimal burst control and enhanced drug stability. Additionally, the nanofibers can mimic the extracellular collagen matrix, providing a suitable highly porous structural support for growing cells that facilitate and accelerate skin burns healing. This review gives an overview of the current state of electrospun fibers loaded with natural bioactive compounds as a biomedical system for skin burn treatment.
... Most commonly lavender is recommended for oral administration. However, it is also being employed in aromatherapy (inhalation of lavender) (Sasannejad et al., 2012), aromatherapy massage, dripping oil and bathing (Xu et al., 2008). In this paper we review the therapeutical effects of lavender oil components that have valuable effects like antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites (Morris, 2002). ...
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This present review aimed to focus on the lavender oil which used in alternative medicine for many centuries. Because of Lavandula species are highly aromatic plants and produce essential oils wich composition varies within the same species and among different species. The oil contains hundreds of chemical compounds and the major compounds such as linalool, linalyl acetate, β-ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, lavandulyl acetate and more others act on many chronic and degenerative illnesses, such as cancer autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular, rheumatoid arthritis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The secondary metabolites found in this plant have high antioxidant activity, important antimicrobial agents, several microorganisms, have activity against many fungal species, antiproliferative activity, anti-inflammatory activity, pain relief effect, wound healing effect and recognized as an antiseptic and insecticide agent. Also used as an ingredient in bath salts and washing agents as well as commercial cosmetic products: hair shampoo, cosmetic and bath products.
... The reaction mixture was heated for 25 min to get a ruby red copolymer with better T g and sulfur stabilizing property [44]. Perillyl alcohol is extracted from essential plant oils like lemongrass, peppermint, sage and lavender and can also be obtained from bioreactor [46,47]. They also synthesized Ssqualene copolymer maintaining the same reaction procedure [44]. ...
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Elemental sulfur, an industrial by-product from petroleum industries worldwide, has drawn sufficientattention to researchers. The limited scope of application has caused a colossal surplus amount of ele-mental sulfur stacked in the open places. Several polysulfide synthesis processes, including condensation,free-radical process, and ionic copolymerization technique, were used but resulted in unstable products.A new polymerization technique, termed inverse vulcanization, has been introduced, which enabled dif-ferent types of crosslinkers for polysulfide production and their scopes to explore numerous applications.The current paper concisely reviews the evolution and advances of using vegetable oils and plant extractsin inverse vulcanization to produce polysulfides. The alluring applications and properties have also beendiscussed briefly.
... [43] Migraine headaches There is a placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that inhalation of lavender essential oil may be an effective and safe treatment modality in acute management of migraine headaches. [44] Chronic sinusitis A Preliminary clinical trial was conducted on 63 patients of chronic sinusitis and 4.5 grams of Ustukhuddoos tablets daily in three divided doses for three weeks showed complete recovery in 7.93% and improvement in 71.43% of the patients. [45] CONCLUSION Ustukhuddoos (Lavandula stoechas) is an important drugs wich is being used in unani medicine since ancient time in different ailments like epilepsy, paralysis, dementia, amnesia, migraine, melancholia, anxiety, convulsions, chronic catarrh, liver disorders, urinary disorders. ...
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ABSTRACT Ustukhuddoos is named on „Stoechades‟ a group of Islands on the south coast of Gaul, where this shrub is basically grown. Scientific name of Ustukhuddoos is Lavandula stoechas Linn and belong to family „Lamiaceae‟. It is very popular drug and also called “Jaroob-e-Dimagh” (broom of brain) in unani medicine, because it remove the black bile from the brain, give strengthens and improves the brain condition. Many of the unani physicians like Jalinus, Dioscorides and Ibn Sina have also described in their books about the morphological characters, temperament and medicinal uses of Ustukhuddoos. There are a number of pharmacological actions of this drug such as Munaqqi-eDimagh (Brain purifier), Dafa-e-Tashannuj (anti-convulsant), Mufarrah-e-Qalb- wa- Dimagh (exhilarant of heart and brain), Muqawwi-e-Aasab (nervine tonic) Dafa-e-Sauda (evacuation of black bile), Jaroob-e-Dimagh (brain scavenger) etc, and it is used in several ailments such as nisyan (dementia), malankholia (malancholia), waja-ulqalb (angina pectoris), suda-e-muzmin (a chronic headache), falij (paralysis), laqwa (facial paralysis), zo’af-edimagh, sahar (insomnia), anxiety, depression, sidr (Giddiness) etc. This review paper covers the pharmacognostic character, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and therapeutic approaches of Ustukhuddoos (Lavandula stoechas) in the perspective of unani literature. KEYWORDS: Ustukhuddoos, Lavandula stoechas, Jaroob-e-Dimagh.
... Essential oils have both ecological benefits such as decreased residual actions and economical benefits such as diverse market values (Regnault-Roger, 1997) and increasing popularity among organic farmers and environmentally conscious consumers and hence used as green pesticides(Koul et al. 2008) Headaches and migraines: Research studies observed during 90's that headache pain can be relieved by mixing peppermint oil and ethanol oil and dapping on person foreheads and temples(Gobel et al. 1995). In addition, recent studies shows positive results that applying peppermint and lavender oil to the skin can reduce headache pain(Sasannejad et al. 2012). Headache remedy has been suggested by traditional Persian that headaches and migraines can be treated by applying a mixture of chamomile and sesame oil to the temples(Zargaran et al. 2014). ...
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Essential oils are aromatic liquids composed of terpenes, aldehydes, fatty acids, phenols, sulphur and nitrogen components derived from the plant material. Essential oils are used in cosmetics, perfumes, medical industry. It has antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-cancerous, anti-microbial activity. Oils derived from the medicinal plants are non-toxic to normal cells which modulates the immune system. They play a major role in drug discovery. It retains the aroma of the original plant. There are many methods for extraction of essential oils. Steam distillation method is one among them and considered as the most common and efficient method. Supercritical CO 2 method is used for the extraction of pure, clean and safe essential oils which separates various metabolic components from the plant material. Supercritical CO 2 is regarded as the industry's gold standard which can show both the properties of liquid and gas. This method is carried out above critical temperature of 31 degree Celsius and 74 bar of critical pressure. Its main advantages includes faster separation speed, high productivity, CO 2 can be recycled. Extracts recovered by supercritical CO 2 extraction can be analysed by GC-MS analysis method. GC-MS has the ability for separation of complex mixtures and tracing very tiny level of contamination. This study revealed the significance and usefulness of essential oil which provides an approach towards better quality product composed of superior bioactive constituents.
... Quarenta e sete pacientes com ataques de enxaqueca relataram significante redução da intensidade da dor e sintomas associados após inalação de óleo de lavanda nos estágios iniciais dos ataques. (35) O uso da camomila é difuso entre diversas culturas, ao longo dos séculos, principalmente na forma de infusão, para cuidados com mais diversas queixas de saúde. Estima-se que sejam consumidos cerca de um milhão de xícaras de chá de camomila no mundo por dia. ...
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Plantas são usadas para fins medicinais desde primórdios da humanidade. Durante muito tempo constituiu principal forma de abordagem terapêutica, ainda conservando significativa aplicação nos países em desenvolvimento, através do conhecimento popular. Há um aumento da demanda por produtos derivados de plantas em países desenvolvidos, na forma de suplementos ou extratos processados, para promoção de saúde e bem-estar geral. Ainda há limitação à prescrição de ervas para uso clínico por carência de evidências acerca de sua eficácia e efeitos colaterais possíveis, apesar do uso consolidado pela prática popular. Este trabalho objetiva registrar quais são as plantas comumente indicadas e como são utilizadas para o tratamento de cefaleia por herbolários na cidade de Caruaru.
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Aromatherapy is a medical practice that uses aromatic compounds or essential oils to influence mood and health. Essential oils used in aromatherapy are created from a wide variety of medicinal plants, flowers, herbs, roots, and trees that are found all over the world and have significant, well-documented benefits on enhancing physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing. This book is a comprehensive reference on aromatic compounds present in essential oils and their therapeutic use. Starting from fundamentals of essential oil biosynthesis the book guides the reader through their basic biochemistry, toxicology, profiling, blending and clinical applications. The concluding chapters also present focused information about the therapeutic effects of essential oils on specific physiological systems, plant sources, skin treatment and cancer therapeutics. The combination of basic and applied knowledge will provide readers with all the necessary information for understanding how to develop preclinical formulations and standard clinical therapies with essential oils. This is an essential reference for anyone interested in aromatherapy and the science of essential oils.
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The broiler is the largest sector producing protein sources in Indonesia. Poultry farms are susceptible to viral diseases, including the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). Viral diseases can be prevented by vaccination to increase antibody titters in broiler chickens. Induction of antibody titters can be increased by providing additional ingredients such as immune system stimulants known as immunomodulators. One material that can be used as an immunomodulator is the NATURALGUARD (NG). This research was conducted to determine the effect of NG supplementation in drinking water on ND antibody titters in broilers. This study used a completely randomized design with four treatments, namely P0 as a control without NG treatment, and P1, P2, and P3 were given NG treatment at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/L, respectively adlibitum for 30 days starting at three days of age. Blood samples were taken on day one before treatment, 15 and 30 days after treatment for the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The results showed that maternal antibodies against ND on the first day were protective but not uniform; the highest mean HI 4 log 2 titter was at P0 (512 ± 280.43) and the lowest at P2 (384 ± 140.21). The decrease in antibodies occurred at the age of 18 days to the highest at P0 and P3, namely 16 ± 0, and the highest at P2 (16.66 ± 4.13), and at the age of 33 days, the lowest titter was at P1 (4 ± 0) and the highest was at P2 and P3 (10±6.57). It can be concluded that NATURALGUARD supplementation shows an immunomodulating effect in broiler chickens that have not been re-vaccinated with Newcastle Disease through a slower regulation of decreasing antibody titters at NG supplementation doses of 2 and 4 g/L.
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The awareness and usage of aromatherapy applications are increasing day by day in society. The current study aims to evaluate the thoughts and attitudes of individuals toward aromatherapy in Türkiye and to determine factors affecting the use of aromatherapy. This community-based descriptive study is conducted throughout Türkiye. Nine hundred eighty-five questionnaires were suitable for data quality. SPSS 23.0 statistical package program was used, and the statistical significance level was accepted as P value of less than .05. Approximately 72.4% of the participants have heard of aromatherapy. The rate of hearing about the concept of aromatherapy was found to be statistically significantly higher among women (P = .000), those residing in a province/district (P = .011), and those working in an income-generating positions (P = .003). It was determined that 58.9% of the participants used any essential oil. The 5 most commonly used essential oils are lavender, tea tree, peppermint, rose, and thyme, respectively. The rate of essential oil use in women is higher than in men (P = .000). The conditions in which essential oils are most frequently used are to provide beauty to the skin (51.7%), skin diseases (51.0%), and respiratory tract diseases (46.0%), respectively. The most common sources of information about the essential oils used by the participants are the Internet/social media (57.6%) and pharmacists (53.4%). The results of this research revealed that the awareness and use of aromatherapy practice in the community are high according to the literature. Considering the high tendency to use these products among the public, physicians, pharmacists, and nurses must provide consultancy services on the use of these products.
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Kronik ağrı, yaşlıların yaşadığı semptomlardan birisidir. Kronik ağrı için yaygın farmakolojik müdahalelerin kullanımı kısa süreli semptomların hafifletilmesinde etkili olsa da uzun süreli kullanımları ciddi yan etkilere ve sağlık bakım sisteminde yüksek maliyetlere neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle yaşlılarda görülen kronik ağrıyı hafifletmek için diğer destekleyici yöntemlere de ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Son zamanlarda, tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tıp uygulamaları semptom yönetiminde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tamamlayıcı ve alternatif tedavi yöntemlerinden biri olan aromaterapinin kronik ağrı yönetiminde etkili olduğu yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Bu bakımdan ele alındığında; bireylerin bakımında temel rol üstlenen, sezgileri yüksek ve bireyi bütüncül olarak değerlendirebilme yetisine sahip hemşirelerin, aromaterapiyi bireylerin verimliliğini ve yaşam kalitesini ciddi düzeyde azaltan bir durum olan kronik ağrının yönetiminde kullanması önem arz etmektedir. Böylece hemşirelik bakımının kalitesi de arttırılabilecek ve bireylerin optimal düzeyde iyilik hali sağlanabilecektir. Bu derleme ile yaşlılarda kronik ağrı, aromaterapi, aromaterapinin kronik ağrıya etkisi konuları hakkında bir çerçeve oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaşlı; kronik; ağrı; aromaterapi.
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The Lavandula genus, belonging to the Lamiaceae, includes 39 species, with nearly 400 registered cultivars. Lavandula are worldwide plants that occur over the Mediterranean, Europe, North Africa, southwest Asia to southeast India. Lavandula plants have been used since ancient time to flavor and preserved food, to treat diseases including wound healing, sedative, antispasmodic, microbial and viral infections. Numerous researches have described the chemical composition and the primary components of lavender oils are the monoterpenoids (linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-ocimene, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor), sesquiterpenoids (β-caryophyllene and nerolidol) and other terpenoid compounds (e.g., perillyl alcohol). The high concentrations of linalyl acetate make them attractive in perfumery, flavoring, cosmetics and soap industries. Currently, data on the antimicrobial activity of lavender plants have been scientifically confirmed. Indeed, lavender essential oils possess wide spectra of biological activities such as antispasmodic, carminative, analgesic, sedative, hypotensive, antiseptic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antidiuretic and general tonic action. In addition, clinical studies support their uses as treatment of health conditions. However, further clinical studies are necessary to define the magnitude of the efficacy, mechanisms of action, optimal doses, long-term safety, and, potential side effects of lavender plants.
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Background: This project originated from the study of an 18th century manuscript found in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy) which contains 200 plant-based medicinal remedies. A first comparison with published books concerning 20th century folk medicine in the Valley led to the designing of an ethnobotanical investigation, aimed at making a thorough comparison between past and current phytotherapy knowledge in this territory. Methods: The field investigation was conducted through semi-structured interviews. All data collected was entered in a database and subsequently processed. A diachronic comparison between the field results, the manuscript, and a 20th century book was then performed. Results: A total of 109 interviews were conducted and the use of 103 medicinal plants, belonging to 46 families, was noted. A decrease in number of plant taxa and uses was observed over time, with only 42 taxa and 34 uses reported in the manuscript being currently known by the people of the valley. A thorough comparison with the remedies in the manuscript highlighted similar recipes for 12 species. Specifically, the use of agrimony in Valle Imagna for the treatment of deep wounds calls back to an ancient remedy against leg ulcers based on this species. Conclusions: The preliminary results of this study allow us to outline the partial passage through time fragments of ancient plant-based remedies once used in the investigated area.
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Complementary therapies are commonly sought for treatment of pediatric headache by primary care physicians, specialists, and parents alike. Herein, we describe the use of nutraceuticals, manual therapies, and acupuncture for headache treatment. We specifically address safety and efficacy evidence when available for children and teens.
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Within the context of a visual-dominated world and regarding the conventional way of approaching spatial design, spatial designers predominate sight to generate and express ideas and concepts. This research aims to challenge the role of ‘visuals’ in spatial design processes and shift the focus to ‘senses’ and ‘sensation design’. The study [1] reverses the prioritisation of ‘visualisation’ in spatial design processes, and [2] focuses on an alternative spatial design experience that stresses the awareness of all senses except sight. Hence, [3] to question how sensations can be spatialised as ‘conceptual representations’ in the minds, and [4] how these ‘conceptual representations’ can be expressed into new forms of representation. Employing the findings from a design experiment that invited master architecture students to participate in a blind journey and to draw ‘mind maps’ that spatialise their sensory experience, the paper proposes a new perspective to understand and design spaces as [a] a space-time relation and [b] as a series of sensory-stimulating moments that establishes new assemblages of sensory experiences. This paper concludes how participants spatialised sensations and visualised their perception of spaces in three main approaches, arguing about the use of sensory cues other than ocular-centric ones in architectural practice. Suggestions are given on utilising and visualising sensory cues in the spatial design process, which emphasises the awareness and detailing of sensory experiences. Moreover, future research opportunities are discussed, including the potential for the visually impaired to actively engage in the spatial design processes.KeywordsSense and sensation designVisualisationSpatial experience and space-time relationAffect theoryArchitecture
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ÖZET Amaç Bu sistematik derlemede, randomize kontrollü çalışmalarda baş ağrısı yönetiminde lavanta yağının etkinliğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem Sistematik derleme, Cochrane kılavuzuna göre randomize kontrollü çalışmaların sistematik bir incelemesiyle hazırlanarak sunulmuştur. İngilizce dilinde yayınlanan çalışmalar yıl sınırlaması olmaksızın Science Direct, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Ulakbim, CINAHL Complete, Pubmed ve Cochrane library veri tabanları arasında taranmıştır. Taramada MESH terimlerine uygun olan “lavender, lavandula, headache, migraine, head pain” anahtar kelimeleri ve kombinasyonları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaların yanlılık riski, her iki yazar tarafından Cochrane Yanlılık Riski Değerlendirme Aracı (Rob 2) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular Lavanta uygulamasının baş ağrısı üzerindeki etkisinin incelendiği üç çalışma belirlenmiştir. Dahil edilen çalışmaların örneklem sayısı 47-60 arasındadır. Müdahale çalışmalarından birinde on damla lavanta yağı suya damlatılıp içirilerek, diğer ikisinde ise iki- üç damla üst dudağa damlatılarak inhalasyon yöntemleri ile uygulanmıştır. Bir çalışmada değerlendirme Migren Özürlülük Değerlendirilmesi Ölçeği (MIDAS), diğer ikisinde ise Vizuel Analog Skala (VAS) ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmalarda lavanta uygulamasının baş ağrısının sıklığını, şiddetini ve eşlik eden semptomları azaltmada etkili bir yaklaşım olduğu bildirilmiştir. Sonuç Bu sistematik derlemeye dahil edilen çalışmalar kapsamında, lavanta yağının migren tipi baş ağrısı ve dural ponksiyon sonrası gelişen baş ağrısı yönetiminde etkili bir yaklaşım olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak, bu konuda daha fazla güçlü kanıtlara gereksinim vardır. Lavanta yağının farklı tipteki baş ağrısı yönetimine etkilerinin incelendiği yöntemi iyi tasarlanmış daha fazla sayıda çalışma yapılması önerilmektedir.
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Zusammenfassung Angststörungen sind als Gruppe betrachtet die häufigsten psychiatrischen Erkrankungen überhaupt, die Ein-Jahres-Prävalenz beträgt 14%. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden zunächst die wichtigsten klinischen Charakteristika dieser Erkrankungen vorgestellt und wie zu einer differentialdiagnostischen Einschätzung gelangt werden kann. Die wichtigsten Behandlungsmethoden für diese Störungen sind Psychotherapie und Pharmakotherapie. Bei letzterer Option besitzt das Phytopharmakon Silexan einen besonderen Stellenwert, da dessen Effektivität und Verträglichkeit in einer Reihe von doppelblinden, meist placebokontrollierten Studien im Indikationsbereich subsyndromale Angststörungen und generalisierte Angststörung gezeigt werden konnten; auch Metaanalysen über diese Studien bestätigten diese günstigen Ergebnisse. Zudem liegen Interaktionsstudien und spezielle Studien zur Fahrfähigkeit und zu dem Fehlen von Absetzeffekten vor. Insofern stellt Lavendelöl eine wertvolle Alternative zur Pharmakotherapie der Angststörungen dar.
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Objective: Gather scientific evidence on the application of inhalation aromatherapy for pain relief and estimate the effect measure of this practice on pain reduction. Methods: Searches were performed in 2021 in the Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Science direct, Lilacs, Scielo databases. We selected 44 articles demonstrating the effect of aromatherapy on different painful conditions, of which 17 were inserted in the meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane methodology. Results: In 35 (79.55%) studies was observed a significant reduction in pain, especially pain labor and postoperative pain. Through the meta-analysis, it was found that inhalation aromatherapy reduces by up to -1.73 points of the visual analog scale (VAS), indicating that this practice contributes to the reduction of pain perception in different painful conditions. In addition, the meta-analysis indicated that the time after inhalation, the type of oil used and the type of pain treated are important variables that interfere with the magnitude of the effect. These effects are attributed to the ability of essential oils to modulate nerve control centers and neurotransmission systems involved in pain control. Conclusion: From the gathering of articles on aromatherapy, it can be noted that aromatherapy appears to be helpful in alleviating acute pain, however there is an imminent need to improve aromatherapy studies to reduce the risk of bias and increase the power of its clinical evidence. Prospero: CRD42019121665.
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Zusammenfassung Monoterpene können die Nozizeption, also die Wahrnehmung von Schmerzen im Körper, deutlich herabsetzen und haben so eine beruhigende Wirkung auf das Schmerzgeschehen. Dies macht man sich bei der Aromatherapie zunutze. Dieser sog. Counterirritant-Effekt, ausgelöst durch Monoterpene, wurde bereits in zahlreichen Studien nachgewiesen. Der Beitrag zeigt die breite Studienlage auf und geht auf verschiedene Studien in unterschiedlichen Schmerzarealen und Körperregionen ein.
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Background: The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). Methods: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. Results: The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. Conclusion: This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Background & Aim: Dialysis headache is one of the most common complications of hemodialysis and is often a challenge for nephrologists, neurologists and headache specialists. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of inhalation aromatherapy using lavender on the severity of headache in hemodialysis patients. Methods & Materials: In this randomized clinical trial, 82 patients from hemodialysis wards of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz and Shahidzadeh Hospital in Behbahan in 2019 were selected and randomly assigned to either intervention or control groups using the stratified permuted block randomization. For the intervention group, cotton soaked in three drops of lavender essential oil 20% was attached to the collar of the patient and he/she was asked to inhale it for 30 minutes. For the control group, distilled water was used. The intervention was repeated for four weeks (three days per week). The severity of dialysis headache was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale. Results: In the intervention group, both the severity and the frequency of dialysis headache decreased during 12 sessions of aromatherapy, compared to the control group (placebo), and the decrease was statistically significant (P˂0.001). Conclusion: Due to the fact that complementary medicine has increasingly become a part of nursing care, aromatherapy with lavender can be used as a complementary measure reducing the severity and frequency of dialysis headaches. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
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Nutraceuticals are pharmaceutical alternatives, which many patients use for management of their migraines. The American Academy of Neurology is in the process of updating their guidelines regarding nutraceuticals due to recent safety concerns. Magnesium, Vitamin D, Riboflavin, and Coq10 are better known examples; however, the list of options is extensive. Data for nutraceuticals is limited. Further studies should be completed to assess their effect on migraine and safety of use.
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Importance Migraine is common and can be associated with significant morbidity, and several treatment options exist for acute therapy. Objective To evaluate the benefits and harms associated with acute treatments for episodic migraine in adults. Data Sources Multiple databases from database inception to February 24, 2021. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews that assessed effectiveness or harms of acute therapy for migraine attacks. Data Extraction and Synthesis Independent reviewers selected studies and extracted data. Meta-analysis was performed with the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman variance correction or by using a fixed-effect model based on the Mantel-Haenszel method if the number of studies was small. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes included pain freedom, pain relief, sustained pain freedom, sustained pain relief, and adverse events. The strength of evidence (SOE) was graded with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Findings Evidence on triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was summarized from 15 systematic reviews. For other interventions, 115 randomized clinical trials with 28 803 patients were included. Compared with placebo, triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used individually were significantly associated with reduced pain at 2 hours and 1 day (moderate to high SOE) and increased risk of mild and transient adverse events. Compared with placebo, calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists (low to high SOE), lasmiditan (5-HT1F receptor agonist; high SOE), dihydroergotamine (moderate to high SOE), ergotamine plus caffeine (moderate SOE), acetaminophen (moderate SOE), antiemetics (low SOE), butorphanol (low SOE), and tramadol in combination with acetaminophen (low SOE) were significantly associated with pain reduction and increase in mild adverse events. The findings for opioids were based on low or insufficient SOE. Several nonpharmacologic treatments were significantly associated with improved pain, including remote electrical neuromodulation (moderate SOE), transcranial magnetic stimulation (low SOE), external trigeminal nerve stimulation (low SOE), and noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (moderate SOE). No significant difference in adverse events was found between nonpharmacologic treatments and sham. Conclusions and Relevance There are several acute treatments for migraine, with varying strength of supporting evidence. Use of triptans, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, dihydroergotamine, calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists, lasmiditan, and some nonpharmacologic treatments was associated with improved pain and function. The evidence for many other interventions, including opioids, was limited.
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The first 'International Classification of Headache Disorders' by The International Headache Society (1988) was a major landmark document. It helped develop a common language for understanding headaches and advanced research in this neglected field. It was found to be useful, but because it was complex and cumbersome, it remained underutilised in practice. An evidence-based revised second edition was launched in 2004. This article analyses the Contributions and Limitations of this Classification. The important changes that pertain to 'Migraine' in the revised 2004 Classification have been listed. It is hoped that this Classification will be used more often in practice not only by Neurologists but by all who see headache patients in their routine practice.
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Folk and traditional therapeutic use of the essential oil of English lavender for pain, infection, relaxation, and sedation dates back centuries. Current research focusing on the inherent synergism of Lavandula angustifolia Miller demonstrates great potential for future applications. Today's investigations may provide the key to eradicating degenerative inflammatory disease, infectious disease, and carcinogenesis.
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The sedative properties of the essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and of its main constituents--linalool and linalyl acetate--were investigated in mice followed up in a series of experimental procedures. The significant decrease in the motility of female and male laboratory animals under standardized experimental conditions is found to be closely dependent on the exposure time to the drugs. Nevertheless after an injection of caffeine into mice a hyperactivity was observed which was reduced to nearly a normal motility only by inhalation of these fragrance drugs. In particular the correlation of the motility of the animals to linalool in serum is experimentally proven, thus furnishing evidence of the aromatherapeutical use of herbal pillows employed in folk medicine since ancient times in order to facilitate falling asleep or to minimize stressful situations of man.
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Although the migraine clinical trials literature is enormous, we identified only nine published double-blind studies which compare an oral triptan with a non-triptan acute treatment. Of the nine comparative trials that met inclusion criteria for this review, six compared sumatriptan with other drugs, zolmitriptan was studied in two trials and eletriptan in one trial. In seven of the nine studies reviewed herein, differences between active treatments on the primary endpoints were not dramatic. Experience in clinical practice suggests that, for many patients, oral triptans are superior to non-specific acute treatments, creating a discrepancy between clinical trials results and clinical practice experience. Four possible explanations for the disparities between clinical trials and clinical practice are likely: (i) statistically significant differences may not have emerged because the studies lack adequate statistical power; (ii) patients treated with triptans in clinical practice may be relatively more responsive to triptans and relatively less responsive to other agents than those who participate in clinical trials (patient selection); (iii) headache response at 2 h, as measured in clinical trials, may not fully capture the benefits of triptans relative to other therapies, as assessed in clinical practice; (iv) waiting until pain is moderate or severe, as required in clinical trials, may disadvantage triptans relative to comparators.
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An evidence-based systematic review including scientific evidence, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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The antifungal activity of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender oil) and its main components, linalool and linalyl acetate, was investigated against 50 clinical isolates of Candida albicans (28 oropharyngeal strains, 22 vaginal strains) and C. albicans ATCC 3153. Growth inhibition, killing time and inhibition of germ tube formation were evaluated. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Lavender oil inhibited C. albicans growth: mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.69% (vol./vol.) (vaginal strains) and 1.04% (oropharyngeal strains); mean MFC of 1.1% (vaginal strains) and 1.8% (oropharyngeal strains). Linalool was more effective than essential oil: mean MIC of 0.09% (vaginal strains) and 0.29% (oropharyngeal strains); mean MFC of 0.1% (vaginal strains) and 0.3% (oropharyngeal strains). Linalyl acetate was almost ineffective. Lavender oil (2%) killed 100% of the C. albicans ATCC 3153 cells within 15 min; linalool (0.5%) killed 100% of the cells within 30 s. The essential oil inhibited germ tube formation (mean MIC of 0.09%), as did the main components (MIC of 0.11% for linalool and 0.08% for linalyl acetate). Both the essential oil and its main components inhibited hyphal elongation of C. albicans ATCC 3153 (about 50% inhibition at 0.016% with each substance). Lavender oil shows both fungistatic and fungicidal activity against C. albicans strains. At lower concentrations, it inhibits germ tube formation and hyphal elongation, indicating that it is effective against C. albicans dimorphism and may thus reduce fungal progression and the spread of infection in host tissues.
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Most cases of male prepubertal gynecomastia are classified as idiopathic. We investigated possible causes of gynecomastia in three prepubertal boys who were otherwise healthy and had normal serum concentrations of endogenous steroids. In all three boys, gynecomastia coincided with the topical application of products that contained lavender and tea tree oils. Gynecomastia resolved in each patient shortly after the use of products containing these oils was discontinued. Furthermore, studies in human cell lines indicated that the two oils had estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities. We conclude that repeated topical exposure to lavender and tea tree oils probably caused prepubertal gynecomastia in these boys.
Article
This review provides a comprehensive selection of the latest clinical trial results in antimigraine treatment. The oral calcitonine gene-related peptide antagonist telcagepant is efficacious in acute treatment. Compared to triptans, its efficacy is almost comparable but its tolerance is superior. The same is true for the 5HT-1F agonist lasmiditan, another agent devoid of vascular effects. Triptans, as other drugs, are more efficient if taken early but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics remain useful for acute treatment, according to several meta-analyses. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation during the aura rendered more patients pain-free (39%) than sham stimulation (22%) in one study. Topiramate could be effective for migrainous vertigo, but it did not prevent transformation to chronic migraine in patients with high attack frequency. Onabotulinumtoxin A was effective for chronic migraine and well tolerated, but the therapeutic gain over placebo was modest; the clinical profile of responders remains to be determined before widespread use. Occipital nerve stimulation was effective in intractable chronic migraine with 39% of responders compared to 6% after sham stimulation. This and other neuromodulation techniques, such as sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation, are promising treatments for medically refractory patients but large controlled trials are necessary. One study suggests that outcome of patent foramen ovale closure in migraine might depend on anatomic and functional characteristics. Drugs with a better efficacy or side-effect profile than triptans may soon become available for acute treatment. The future may also look brighter for some of the very disabled chronic migraineurs thanks to novel drug and neuromodulation therapies.
Article
Episiotomy is the most common perineal incision in obstetric and midwifery. Nowadays alternative and complementary methods such as Aromatherapy using essential oils are established as an alternative therapy. This research was carried out to assess the effect of lavender oil in wound healing. This randomized control trial was conducted on 120 primiparous women with singleton pregnancy, without any acute and chronic disease and allergy who had undergone normal spontaneous vaginal delivery and episiotomy. They were randomly allocated in case and control groups. Case group received lavender oil and controls received povidone-iodine. Incision sites were assessed on the 10th day postpartum. 25 out of 60 women in lavender group and 17 mothers in control group had no pain (p = 0.06). There was no significant difference between two groups in surgery site complications. However, redness in lavender group was significantly less than controls (p < 0.001). This study suggests application of lavender essential oil instead of povidone-iodine for episiotomy wound care.
Article
An otherwise healthy 23-year-old woman presents to her internist with a report of headaches and associated symptoms that occur twice a month. A diagnosis of migraine without aura is made. The patient's headaches last up to a day and cause her to miss work. The headaches have not responded reliably to analgesics or to combinations of analgesics with caffeine. Her internist has previously recommended the combination of aspirin and metoclopramide, which usually diminishes but does not eliminate her headache pain. On one occasion, her headache progressed despite treatment, and the patient went to the emergency department. She received subcutaneous sumatriptan for a presumptive diagnosis of migraine. Her headache and nausea resolved, but she had a sensation of mild chest pressure for about 5 minutes, without associated symptoms. Her internist refers her to a headache specialist with the question of what therapy should be used to treat her headache episodes.
Article
Multiple parenteral medications are used to treat migraine and other acute primary headaches in the emergency department (ED). Regardless of specific headache diagnosis, no medication eliminates the frequent recurrence of primary headache after ED discharge. It is uncertain which medication primary headache patients should be given on discharge from an ED. The aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of oral sumatriptan with naproxen for treatment of post-ED recurrent primary headache. This was a randomized, double-blind efficacy trial. We randomized patients to either naproxen 500 mg or sumatriptan 100 mg for headache recurrence after ED discharge. Patients were eligible if they received parenteral therapy for an acute exacerbation of a primary headache in the ED. Patients who met established criteria for migraine without aura were designated a priori as a homogenous subgroup of interest. We followed all patients by telephone 48 hours after ED discharge. The primary endpoint was the between-group difference in change in pain intensity during the 2-hour period after ingestion of either 500 mg naproxen or 100 mg sumatriptan. This difference was measured on a validated 11-point (0 to 10) verbal numeric rating scale (NRS). Satisfaction with the medication and adverse effects were also assessed. Patients who met criteria for migraine without aura were analyzed twice according to a priori design: once as a homogenous subgroup and then again combined with all other primary headaches. Of 410 patients randomized, 383 (93%) had outcome data available for analysis. Two hundred eighty (73%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 68% to 77%) reported headache post-ED discharge and 196 (51%; 95% CI 44% to 58%), including 88 with migraine, took the investigational medication provided to them. The naproxen group improved by a mean of 4.3 NRS points, whereas the sumatriptan group improved by 4.1 points (95% CI for difference of 0.2 points: -0.7 to 1.1 points). Findings were virtually identical among the migraine subset (4.3 versus 4.2 NRS points; 95% CI for difference of 0.1 points: -1.3 to 1.5 points). Seventy-one percent (95% CI 62% to 80%) of naproxen patients and 75% (95% CI 66% to 84%) of sumatriptan patients would want to take the same medication the next time. Adverse effect profiles were also comparable. In this trial, nearly three quarters of patients reported headache recurrence within 48 hours of ED discharge. Naproxen 500 mg and sumatriptan 100 mg taken orally relieve post-ED recurrent primary headache and migraine comparably. Clinicians should be guided by medication costs, contraindications, and a patient's previous experience with the medication.
Article
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of acetaminophen 1000 mg for the treatment of episodic migraine headache. While acetaminophen is commonly used to treat migraine, there have been limited published clinical trial efficacy results. Ten investigators at 13 private, ambulatory, primary care sites in the United States enrolled and treated 346 outpatient adults 18-72 years of age with migraine headache of moderate to severe intensity into a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of 6 hours duration. Each patient was randomly assigned to a single dose of study medication of acetaminophen 1000 mg (n = 177) or placebo (n = 169). The percentage of patients with a reduction in baseline headache pain intensity from severe or moderate to mild or none 2 hours after treatment and the headache pain intensity difference from baseline at 2 hours were the primary efficacy measures. Other measures of pain relief, severity differences from baseline for migraine-associated symptoms of nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability, and percentage of patients with migraine-associated symptoms reduced to none were also assessed. Significantly (P = .001) more patients treated with acetaminophen 1000 mg reported mild to no pain after 2 hours (52.0%) compared with those treated with placebo (32.0%). The mean pain intensity difference from baseline measured at 2 hours was significantly (P < .001) greater for patients treated with acetaminophen 1000 mg (0.82) compared with those treated with placebo (0.46). A significant difference in favor of acetaminophen 1000 mg over placebo was also observed at 1 hour after treatment for the percentage of patients with mild to no pain and for mean pain intensity difference from baseline. Acetaminophen 1000 mg was significantly more effective than placebo for all but 1 (pain reduced to none at 2 hours) clinically important secondary pain relief outcomes. Mean severity changes from baseline in migraine-associated symptoms of nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability at 2 and 6 hours were significantly (P < .001) in favor of acetaminophen over placebo; the percentage of patients with no symptoms at 2 and 6 hours statistically significantly favored acetaminophen in 6 of 8 comparisons. Adverse events, overall, and specifically for nausea, were reported more frequently in the placebo group. Acetaminophen 1000 mg, a nonprescription drug, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for episodic and moderate migraine headache. In addition, acetaminophen generally provided a beneficial effect on associated symptoms of migraine including nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability.
Article
This article is based on work into the sexual health needs of people with learning disabilities, carried out by a working group of the RCN Family Planning Forum. Literature searches were conducted, and local initiatives, specialist services and information sources for training and education for clients and staff were identified. The authors' aim in this article is to increase awareness among those involved in the care of people with learning disabilities and those providing family planning and sexual health services, so that these services are appropriate, accessible and sensitive to the needs of this vulnerable client group.
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In an attempt to redress the lack of research into the use of complementary therapy in the nursing care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the author studied the effects of massage and aromatherapy on patients' wellbeing.
Article
The antibacterial activity of 14 essential oils and their major constituents in the gaseous state was evaluated against Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. For most essential oils examined, H. influenzae was most susceptible, followed by S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, and then S. aureus. Penicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. pneumoniae were comparable in susceptibility. Escherichia coli, which was used as a control, showed least susceptibility. A minimal inhibitory dose (MID) was introduced as a measure of the vapour activity. Among 14 essential oils, cinnamon bark, lemongrass and thyme oils showed the lowest MID, followed by essential oils containing terpene alcohols as major constituents. The essential oils containing terpene ketone, ether and, in particular, hydrocarbon had high MIDs. The vapour activity on short exposure was comparable to that following overnight exposure, and rapid evaporation was more effective than slow evaporation of essential oils. The vapour concentration and absorption into agar of essential oils reached a maximum 1 or 2 h after rapid evaporation. These results indicate that the antibacterial action of essential oils was most effective when at high vapour concentration for a short time.
Article
The triptans, selective serotonin 5-HT1B/1D agonists, are very effective acute migraine drugs. Soon, seven different triptans will be clinically available at 13 different oral doses, making evidence-based selection guidelines necessary. Triptan trials have similar designs, facilitating meta-analysis. We wished to provide an evidence-based foundation for using triptans in clinical practice, and to review the methodological issues surrounding triptan trials. We asked pharmaceutical companies and the principal investigators of company-independent trials for the ‘raw patient data’ of all double-blind, randomized, controlled, clinical trials with oral triptans in migraine. All data were cross-checked with published or presented data. We calculated summary estimates across studies for important efficacy and tolerability parameters, and compared these with those from direct, head-to-head, comparator trials. Out of 76 eligible clinical trials, 53 (12 not yet published) involving 24 089 patients met the criteria for inclusion. Mean results (and 95% confidence intervals) for sumatriptan 100 mg, the first available and most widely prescribed oral triptan, are 59% (57–60) for 2 h headache response (improvement from moderate or severe to mild or no pain); 29% (27–30) for 2 h pain free (improvement to no pain); 20% (18–21) for sustained pain free (pain free by 2 h and no headache recurrence or use of rescue medication 2–24 h post-dose), and 67% (63–70) for consistency (response in at least two out of three treated attacks); placebo-subtracted proportions for patients with at least one adverse event (AE) are 13% (8–18), for at least one central nervous system AE 6% (3–9), and for at least one chest AE 1.9% (1.0–2.7). Compared with these data: rizatriptan 10 mg shows better efficacy and consistency, and similar tolerability; eletriptan 80 mg shows better efficacy, similar consistency, but lower tolerability; almotriptan 12.5 mg shows similar efficacy at 2 h but better sustained pain-free response, consistency, and tolerability; sumatriptan 25 mg, naratriptan 2.5 mg and eletriptan 20 mg show lower efficacy and better tolerability; zolmitriptan 2.5 mg and 5 mg, eletriptan 40 mg, and rizatriptan 5 mg show very similar results. The results of the 22 trials that directly compared triptans show the same overall pattern. We received no data on frovatriptan, but publicly available data suggest substantially lower efficacy. The major methodological issues involve the choice of the primary endpoint, consistency over multiple attacks, how to evaluate headache recurrence, use of placebo-subtracted proportions to control for across-study differences, and the difference between tolerability and safety. In addition, there are a number of methodological issues specific for direct comparator trials, including encapsulation and patient selection. At marketed doses, all oral triptans are effective and well tolerated. Differences among them are in general relatively small, but clinically relevant for individual patients. Rizatriptan 10 mg, eletriptan 80 mg and almotriptan 12.5 mg provide the highest likelihood of consistent success. Sumatriptan features the longest clinical experience and the widest range of formulations. All triptans are contra-indicated in the presence of cardiovascular disease.
Article
Two important aspects of psychological well-being are positive mood state and a positive outlook with respect to the future. This study investigates the use of lavender baths to improve these aspects of psychological well-being. A single blind, randomised control trial. The participants' home and interview rooms at the University of Wolverhampton. Eighty women not receiving treatment for psychological disorders who were staff or students at the University of Wolverhampton. Forty participated in Study 1 and 40 in Study 2. Participants were randomly allocated to use either grapeseed oil or 80% grapeseed oil and 20% lavender oil in their bath for 14 days. In Study 1, the UWIST mood adjective checklist. In Study 2, the MacLeod and Byrne Future Events procedure. In Study 1 psychologically positive mood changes were found after the bathing regimen for energetic arousal, tense arousal, hedonic tone and anger-frustration. Only anger-frustration showed a selective effect for lavender oil. In the second study negative responses about the future were selectively reduced after lavender oil baths. These results are encouraging and suggest further investigation using potential patients may result in the development of a useful procedure for improving psychological well-being.
Article
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil, chiefly composed of linalyl acetate (51%) and linalool (35%), is considered to be one of the mildest of known plant essential oils and has a history in wound healing. Concerns are building about the potential for irritant or allergenic skin reactions with the use of lavender oil. This study has demonstrated that lavender oil is cytotoxic to human skin cells in vitro (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) at a concentration of 0.25% (v/v) in all cell types tested (HMEC-1, HNDF and 153BR). The major components of the oil, linalyl acetate and linalool, were also assayed under similar conditions for their cytotoxicity. The activity of linalool reflected that of the whole oil, indicating that linalool may be the active component of lavender oil. Linalyl acetate cytotoxicity was higher than that of the oil itself, suggesting suppression of its activity by an unknown factor in the oil. Membrane damage is proposed as the possible mechanism of action.
Article
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of olfactory absorption of two commonly used therapeutic essential oils on sensory and affective responses to experimentally induced pain. A sex-balanced (13 men and 13 women) randomized crossover design was used to obtain pre- and posttreatment change scores for quantitative sensory ratings of contact heat, pressure, and ischemic pain across separate inhalation treatment conditions using essential oil of lavender, essential oil of rosemary, and distilled water (control). Subjective reports of treatment-related changes in pain intensity and pain unpleasantness were obtained for each condition using a visual analog scale. We interpret our findings with respect to the separate dimensions of sensory and affective processing of pain. Analyses revealed the absence of changes in quantitative pain sensitivity ratings between conditions. However, retrospectively, subjects' global impression of treatment outcome indicated that both pain intensity and pain unpleasantness were reduced after treatment with lavender and marginally reduced after treatment with rosemary, compared with the control condition. These findings suggest that aromatherapy may not elicit a direct analgesic effect but instead may alter affective appraisal of the experience and consequent retrospective evaluation of treatment-related pain.
Article
To assess the efficacy of acupressure using an aromatic essential oil (lavender) as an add-on treatment for pain relief and enhancing physical functional activities among adults with sub-acute non-specific neck pain. Experimental study design. The Telehealth clinic and the community centre, Hong Kong. A course of 8-session manual acupressure with lavender oil over a 3 week period. Changes from baseline to the end of treatment were assessed on neck pain intensity [by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)]; stiffness level; stress level; neck lateral flexion, forward flexion and extension in cm, and interference with daily activities. The baseline VAS score for the intervention and control groups were 5.12 and 4.91 out of 10, respectively (P = 0.72). One month after the end of treatment, compared to the control group, the manual acupressure group had 23% reduced pain intensity (P = 0.02), 23% reduced neck stiffness (P = 0.001), 39% reduced stress level (P = 0.0001), improved neck flexion (P = 0.02), neck lateral flexion (P = 0.02), and neck extension (P = 0.01). However, improvements in functional disability level were found in both the manual acupressure group (P = 0.001) and control group (P = 0.02). Our results show that eight sessions of acupressure with aromatic lavender oil were an effective method for short-term neck pain relief.
Article
In a preliminary experiment, we found that lavender essential oil relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Thus, the present experiments were designed to investigate the relaxation mechanism of linalyl acetate as the major ingredient of lavender essential oil in rabbit carotid artery specimens. Linalyl acetate produced sustained and progressive relaxation during the contraction caused by phenylephrine. The relaxation effect of linalyl acetate at a concentration near the EC50 was partially but significantly attenuated by nitroarginine as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one as an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, or by the denudation of endothelial cells. In specimens without endothelium, the phenylephrine-induced contraction and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) were significantly attenuated after the pretreatment with linalyl acetate. The relaxation caused by linalyl acetate in the endothelium-denuded specimens was clearly inhibited by calyculin A as an inhibitor of MLC phosphatase, although not by ML-9 as an inhibitor of MLC kinase. Furthermore, suppression of the phenylephrine-induced contraction and MLC phosphorylation with linalyl acetate was canceled by the pretreatment with calyculin A. These results suggest that linalyl acetate relaxes the vascular smooth muscle through partially activation of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, and partially MLC dephosphorylation via activating MLC phosphatase.
Article
Randomized clinical trial. To evaluate the effectiveness of a back support plus education versus education alone in promoting recovery from a work-related low back disorder (WR-LBD) while simultaneously considering personal, health, and occupational factors and the impact of occupational factors on recovery. No randomized studies of active industrial workers with low back disorders exist regarding the effectiveness of back supports plus education. A total of 433 actively employed hourly union workers who had a recent diagnosis of a WR-LBD: 1) those who wore a specially designed back support plus received education on back health; and 2) those who received education on back health only. Demographic, health, medical, and occupational factors were obtained through interview or abstraction of computer files; individual ergonomic exposures were measured with a lumbar motion monitor. Outcomes evaluated over a 12-month period included: self-reported measures of back pain, back pain disability level, physical health, mental health, and administrative measures of recurrence, lost work time, and medical care utilization. There was no difference between the study groups with respect to mental or physical health, low back pain, back pain disability, neurogenic symptoms, lost work time, likelihood of recurrence of an episode of a back disorder, or other administrative measures of healthcare utilization or lost work time. However, significant decreases in low back pain, low back pain disability, neurogenic symptoms, and an increase in physical health were observed over the 12 months of observation in both study groups. The only occupational variable found to influence was plant group whereby service parts operations workers in the back support plus education group experienced a lower likelihood of WR-LBD recurrence. Although there was no overall effect on self-reported recovery or administrative measures or lost work time between the study groups, a back support plus health education may have some value in preventing recurrent WR-LBD in industrial workers who work in psychosocial environments and perform manual material handling tasks similar to those found in parts distribution centers.
Article
Extracts obtained from the leaves of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) are used in Iranian folk medicine as remedies for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. For evaluation of its probable analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, hydroalcoholic extract, polyphenolic fraction and essential oil of the leaves of the herb were prepared and their analgesic effects were studied in mice using formalin and acetic acid-induced writhing tests. Carrageenan test in rats was used for assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of above-mentioned fractions. Results showed that while the hydroalcoholic extract (400-1600 mg/kg, p.o.) inhibited only the second phase of formalin test, the polyphenolic fraction (800 and 1600 mg/kg, p.o.) and essential oil (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) suppressed both phases. In acetic acid-induced writhing test, polyphenolic fraction (400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) and essential oil (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced the number of abdominal constrictions. Essential oil at a dose of 200mg/kg also inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema. Results of the present study confirm the traditional use of Lavandula angustifolia for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions and calls for further investigations to determine the active chemical constituent(s).
) -contributions, limitations and suggestions
  • K Ravishankar
Ravishankar K: The 'IHS' Classification (1988, 2004) -contributions, limitations and suggestions. J Assoc Physicians India 2010; 58(suppl):7-9.
  • Basch E