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A middleware architecture supporting seamless and secure multimedia services across an intertechnology radio access network - Seamless content delivery in the future mobile internet
Abstract
This article presents a middleware architecture to support multimedia services across intertechnology radio access networks in a secure and seamless manner. The proposed architecture uses the media-independent handover framework, where the handover decision function is based on triggering/collecting statistics from the physical, network, and application layers so that an ongoing multimedia session (video) can be transferred seamlessly and securely (using context transfer) across intertechnology radio access networks. Simulation results show that when a vertical handover is based on the proposed MIH framework (including the context transfer of AAA information), handover latency is reduced by 38 percent during WiFi to UMTS handover and 20 percent during UMTS to WiFi handover compared to a non-MIH-based handover scheme.
... Mobility management has enabled MUs to maintain their ongoing sessions particularly when traversing between different RATs (3GPP and non-3GPP). In order to fulfill these requirements for seamless mobility the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) was produced mobility management protocols; these can be classified into five types [19]: ...
... MIPv4 and MIPv6 are the best standard for handling wide mobility in IP based networks (macro-mobility) such that MUs traversing different RATs and keeping two IP addresses one for identification and the other for routing [19]. ...
... Unlike MIP protocols, this type of protocols is suitable for local movements (micro-mobility) such that MUs roaming within same RATs coverage areas [19]. ...
One challenge of wireless networks integration is to provide ubiquitous wireless access abilities and seamless handover for mobile communication devices between different types of technologies (3GPP and non-3GPP), such as Global System for Mobile Communication, Wireless Fidelity, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System and Long Term Evolution. This challenge is critical as mobile users are becoming increasingly demanding for services regardless of the technological complexities associated with them. To fulfil these requirements for seamless vertical handover (VHO) two main interworking frameworks have been proposed by IEEE Group and 3GPP for integration between the aforementioned technologies; namely, Media Independent Handover IEEE 802.21 and IP Multimedia Subsystem, where each of them requires mobility management protocol to complement its work, such as Mobile IP and Session Initiation Protocol, respectively. Various VHO approaches have been proposed in the literature based on these frameworks. In this paper, we survey the VHO approaches proposed in the literature and classify them into four categories based on these frameworks for which we present their objectives and performances issues.
... Switching between different interfaces is known as vertical handover and the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) [110,233] standard facilitates the handover initiation and handover preparation (network selection and interface activation). However, it does not standardise the handover execution mechanism and thus improvements have proposed [118,209]. In this context, Rahmati et al. [204] addresses the TCP/IP flow migration when performing a horizontal (i.e., same technology) or vertical handoff. ...
... Technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is being widely applied for identification of user and processioning of personalized service. Similarly, a media independent framework is proposed by [7] for seamless and secure transfer of media content. In [8] WLAN technology is employed for providing multimedia service framework. ...
Due to immense importance of real-life applications like e-health and energy efficiency smart home has become the center of attention for many researchers. Recently plethora of techniques and approaches have been proposed by researchers for improving the efficiency of smart homes. Besides, 'Internet of Things' (IoT) also gets enormous attention from the research community due to its wide range applications. Due to enormous growth of smart devices, the amount of data generated by these devices has outgrown the expected limits. In this paper we describe the entertainment enrichment of a smart home by providing seamless and uninterrupted multimedia services. We utilize the IoT architecture for communication between things/objects. Moreover, we also utilize multimedia data as an object of IoT which we called soft thing. We believe that, with the advent of uninterrupted multimedia services, the comfort level of smart home shall be increased for inhabitants. We propose context-aware service provision architecture in the smart home for multimedia services. Our architecture consists of context reasoning-based contents and devices recommendation along with uninterrupted transfer of content between the devices based on the user context.
... MIPv4 and MIPv6 are the best mobility management protocols used to maintain VHO ongoing sessions [20]. However, the MIPv6 is more secure than MIPv4 as it provides Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) for all security requirements [21]. ...
One of the most important concepts in the heterogeneous mobile networks is Vertical Handover (VHO). The VHO is a vital process taken place by Mobile Users (MUs) in order to satisfy their preferences of security and cost, in addition to the rest of parameters of network and terminal such as latency and velocity, respectively. However, a proactive security for upcoming sensitive connection and performing VHO between heterogeneous mobile networks have not been considered. This paper therefore comes up with a new secure algorithm to address this issue: Proactive Security for Upcoming Sensitive Connection (PSUSC). Analysis of the PSUSC algorithm proves reducing potential attacks extremely compared with previous works which rely on using less secure RAT.
... • Rodriguez et al. [25] -Use a cost function for the network selection ...
... Several works consider the problem of selecting the most efficient interface at a certain point in time based on energy [53][54][55] or QoS criteria [56][57][58]. These works are orthogonal to our scheme since the link selection algorithms run in each user device, and do not consider cooperation among devices. ...
This work studies the energy and quality of service (QoS) trade-off in the context of mobile devices with two communication interfaces (a high energy and a low energy interface). We propose an optimisation scheme during underload scenarios where proxy groups are dynamically formed exploiting both interfaces. The scheme integrates a reward mechanism that compensates a proxy while carrying other group members’ traffic, and deals with churn (joining and leaving of nodes) in a cell area. For traffic flows that approximate knowledge about current services we show that the scheme can achieve energy savings of 60% for all mobile nodes as whole. We also demonstrate the impact on disruption-sensitive flows as a function of the traffic mix, and that the use of rewards for selection of proxies is a fair mechanism in the long term.
... With this interoperability, mobile users carrying mobile terminals equipped with multiple interfaces can access a wide range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks in an Always Best Connected mode [3][4][5]. Heterogeneous wireless networks also enable mobile users to access communication services anytime, anywhere with higher quality of service at a minimum cost. ...
Vertical Handoff Decision Making problem is one of the significant technical issues in the development of Heterogeneous wireless networks. This paper presents a vertical handoff decision algorithm based on game theory approach. In this algorithm, the handoff decision problem is formulated as a non cooperative game between the mobile users and the wireless networks that are available in the vicinity of the mobile user. It considers terminal parameters such as QOS requirements of the mobile application along with the velocity of the mobile terminal. It also considers network parameters such as available bandwidth and cost per bit offered by each network. The algorithm chooses the target network with maximum network utilization that offers services at lower prices.
... Several network selection schemes make use of utility/cost functions to provide performance metrics for different types of criteria. Rodriguez et al. [21] use a cost fuction for the network selection that includes the rules and policies for selecting the best candidate network or for adapting ongoing session parameters. Wu et al. [36] used a set of utility functions to quantify selection criteria including the link quality (RSS), battery power, average throughput, network delay, monetary cost and application type. ...
Next generation wireless networks consist of many heterogeneous access technologies that should support various service types with different quality of service (QoS) constraints, as well as user, requirements and provider policies. Therefore, the need for network selection mechanisms that consider multiple factors must be addressed. In this paper, a network selection method is proposed by applying the analytic network process to estimate the weights of the selection criteria, as well as a fuzzy version of technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to perform the ranking of network alternatives. The method is applied to a heterogeneous network environment providing different QoS classes and policy characteristics. Each user applies the method to select the most appropriate network, which satisfies his or her requirements in respect of his or her service-level agreement (SLA). Performance evaluation shows that when the user requests only one service, the proposed method performs better compared to the original technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, as well as the Fuzzy AHP-ELECTRE method. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied in cases where a user requires multiple services simultaneously on a device. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed method shows that it can be properly adjusted to conform to network environment changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... WLAN, WiMax, LTE etc) [3], [6], [7]. It has been reported that video quality can be better maintained when QoE driven handoff is triggered by taking into account parameters from the network and the application layers [4][5]. In particular, network layer triggered handoff schemes do not capture the application-related QoS requirements in order to support session continuity and maintain QoS of on-going sessions. ...
This paper studies the impact of mobility management and seamless handover mechanisms on the perceived quality of video streaming applications. A seamless handoff scheme is proposed that incorporates IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover framework and a QoE-driven rate adaptation scheme, for both scalable and single layer coding. Quality of Experience (QoE) has been considered as an important parameter for network selection. The proposed scheme has been implemented and evaluated in a real test-bed network. Objective and subjective quality evaluation measurements for both H.264/AVC and H.264/SVC have been carried out. Through experimentation, QoE driven mobility of video streaming can be better maintained with H.264/SVC under the combined seamless handoff and rate adaptation functionality.
Wireless and mobile networks are evolving very rapidly. The mobile nodes in the wireless networks are having multiple interfaces with different radio access technologies (RATs) which are having different capabilities, cost and performance ratio. The use of non-PC based portable devices is increasing due to their flexible usage. The wireless and mobile network which is formed by these non-PC and PC based devices is heterogeneous in nature and these networks are co-located. Multiple interfaces can be included in the mobile device by using separate hardware and software modules. A mobile user wants to be Always Best Connected (ABC) as per its various requirements and availability in a particular environment. When a mobile node leaves the current network and joins the other network, a handover operation is needed and performed. The Handover operation is used to achieve seamless mobility and is of two types, first is in between same RATs and second is in between different RATs. For seamless and smooth handover operations across heterogeneous networks, IEEE has published a standard, named as IEEE 802.21. This paper presents a comprehensive description on the issues and challenges for achieving the seamless mobility in a heterogeneous environment. Apart from this, we also present the description of services provided by IEEE 802.21 standard and related vertical handover schemes to realize seamless mobility in heterogeneous network.
Deployment of multiple wireless technologies is useful to provide higher bandwidth, low latency, Low power consumption, wide area data service to a large number of users. However, the increasing demand and penetration of wireless services enhance the user's expectation for Quality of Service (QoS). Different type of networks with different service capabilities raises the concept of QoS at time of handover. As WLAN has high data rate and UMTS has wider coverage, so integration among these two helps in achieving QoS. This paper is focused on handover approach with modification to achieve the better response in throughput, jitter and delay in integrated environment of WLAN and UMTS networks.
This paper examines the quality assessment of video streaming applications in a heterogeneous wireless environment, where the user hands off across inter-technology radio access networks. Three different scenarios have been considered: scenario with seamless handover using the media handover framework to initiate handover, seamless handoff combined with rate adaptation that is based on Rate-Distortion and seamless handoff with rate adaptation that is optimized using network bandwidth and packet loss parameters. The results from two video sequences have shown that both objective quality evaluation and the subjective evaluation (double stimulus- SDSCE, DSCQS) are optimized under the combined seamless handover and rate adaptation functionalities. © 2012 ICST Institute for Computer Science, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.
This paper evaluates the performance of IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) framework through test-bed experiments conducted on a wireless platform that allows seamless handoff across heterogeneous radio access technology networks of mobile terminals with on-going video sessions. The scope of the study is to evaluate how MIH performs under different handover triggering techniques and to monitor the impact at both packet loss and perceived video quality due to vertical handover. We propose a handover decision policy as part of the MIH framework, which is based on parameters from the physical, network and application layers, gathered from MIH capable mobile terminals and MIH controlled radio access networks. Real testbed experiments demonstrate that triggering from application layer can maintain and optimize QoS better than the network layer triggering. © 2012 ICST Institute for Computer Science, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering.
Applications running on mobile networks have different requirements. Thus it is very difficult to provide best services even during vertical handoff. IEEE 802.21 provides a very good framework using Media Independent Handoff (MIHF). In this paper we have proposed a system for Vertical Handoff by enhancing the capability of Link Going Down event to take decision fast and selecting best interface. The system takes into account the user preferences, application requirements, lower layer network information and make decisions depending on that information. This system will allow the mobile terminals to be always best connected and provide seamless mobility in vertical handoff.
Modern smartphones and wireless-enabled devices are equipped with a number of interfaces to access multiple networks in heterogeneous wireless networks. Seamless mobility between these networks can be achieved by optimizing parameters related with vertical handover management
. This paper presents a detailed review of the recent schemes used for context-aware vertical handover management in heterogeneous wireless networks. In particular, we reviewed user-centric, network centric, and hybrid schemes, and compare them in context of throughput, packet loss ratio, and other advantages such as handover delay, cost, energy, and bandwidth optimization.
Wireless networking is becoming an increasingly important and popular way of providing global information access to users on the move. One of the main challenges for seamless mobility is the availability of simple and robust vertical handoff algorithms, which allow a mobile node to roam among heterogeneous wireless networks. The next generation of mobile networks will support not just simple mobile connectivity but access to evolving smart space environments. In this paper, we propose a novel vertical handoff decision algorithm for overlay wireless networks consisting of heterogeneous wireless environment. This paper presents the proposal of optimal network selection algorithm in wireless heterogeneous environment that is based on TOPSIS method when solving the multi criteria analysis. The target network is selected using TOPSIS based decision algorithm which, in addition to usual parameters, also takes a prediction of the RSS into account
Future Media Internet has been designed to overcome current limitations and address emerging trends including: network architecture, content and service delivery across heterogeneous networks, diffusion of heterogeneous nodes and devices, mass digitisation, new forms of (3D) user centric/user generated content provisioning, emergence of software as a service and interaction with improved security, trustworthiness and privacy. This paper presents current and future research trends for 3D Video Delivery across the entire networked-media ecosystem (from the encoding/packetisation, through the transmission and up to end-user experience).
One challenge of wireless networks integration is to provide ubiquitous wireless access abilities seamless handover for mobile communication devices between the different types of technologies (3GPP and non-3GPP), such as GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE). This challenge is critical as Mobile Users (MUs) are becoming increasingly demanding for services regardless of the technological complexities associated with it. To fulfill these requirements for seamless Vertical Handover (VHO) the Media Independent Handover IEEE 802.21 (MIH) which was produced by IEEE group as mechanism to provide seamless VHO between the aforementioned technologies which requires mobility management protocols, such as Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4) or Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) to complement its work . Various VHO approaches have been proposed in the literature applied in conjunction with MIPv4 and MIPv6 under MIH, using empirical work real environment, testbed, simulation tools and analytical medoling. In this paper, we survey the VHO approaches proposed in the literature and classify them into two categories based on mobility management protocols (MIPv4 and MIPv6) for which we compare their performances and characteristics. Finally, through this survey, we conclude that MIPv4 under MIH is expected to continue in the future. Keywords ?? Vertical Handover (VHO), Media Independent Handover (MIH), Heterogeneous Wireless Networks.
Wireless and mobile networks are evolving very rapidly. The mobile nodes in the wireless networks are having multiple interfaces with different radio access technologies (RATs) which are having different capabilities, cost and performance ratio. The use of non-PC based portable devices is increasing due to their flexible usage. The wireless and mobile network which is formed by these non-PC and PC based devices is heterogeneous in nature and these networks are co-located. Multiple interfaces can be included in the mobile device by using separate hardware and software modules. A mobile user wants to be Always Best Connected (ABC) as per its various requirements and availability in a particular environment. When a mobile node leaves the current network and joins the other network, a handover operation is needed and performed. The Handover operation is used to achieve seamless mobility and is of two types, first is in between same RATs and second is in between different RATs. For seamless and smooth handover operations across heterogeneous networks, IEEE has published a standard, named as IEEE 802.21. This paper presents a comprehensive description on the issues and challenges for achieving the seamless mobility in a heterogeneous environment. Apart from this, we also present the description of services provided by IEEE 802.21 standard and related vertical handover schemes to realize seamless mobility in heterogeneous network.
In this paper we present a framework, called Futon, which provides a platform to integrate heterogeneous radio access networks. Futon is a hybrid fibre-radio network that replaces legacy base stations with simple remote antenna units, which are connected to a central unit. As a part of the Futon framework, a generic middleware architecture is discussed in detail, which provides interoperability, cooperative management and service provisioning to both underlying radio access networks (RANs) and IP layer for a heterogeneous network scenario. One of the middleware’s functionality is to provide vertical handover between heterogeneous IP-based radio access technologies and to ensure seamless mobility and service continuity, which is implemented on top of an IPv4/IPv6 Mobile IP (MIP) core. In this paper, the Futon framework and a generic middleware architecture as a part of Futon framework for heterogeneous RANs is discussed. The main modules of the middleware, namely common radio resource management (CRRM), media independent handover, Service/Connection Manager and link selection are explained in detail. Radio over fibre (RoF) Manager is an important part of Central unit, which does performance, fault and security management of network elements. RoF manager helps middleware during handoff, by providing the status of fibre optic links. The implementation of Security management module as a part of RoF manager, and results of authentication with AAA protocol are explained. The CRRM as part of middleware is simulated and the results of experimental evaluation are presented.
Recently multimedia distribution systems can provide the predetermined services according to user requests. However, the existing systems are not flexible with respect to a device, user, and service provider (SP). Researchers have focused on new multimedia services to deal with important issues about user mobility management, and device/SP independent services. In line with these efforts, one-source multi-use (OsMu) services have been proposed. However, the typical OsMu-based system cannot support seamless multimedia delivery among different SPs. Therefore, we propose a multi-source multi-use (MsMu) service concept. We subsequently suggest a service management framework to provide the seamless device/SP independent multimedia services for multi users. The proposed system automatically reconfigures the devices interacting with the MsMu service middleware to support pervasive multimedia content distribution services. We implemented the proposed system and the simple service example in a test bed. The proposed system achieves 22.9% smaller service response time with extended service coverage.
The IEEE Media Independent Handover (MIH) services are not aware of different user contexts, and thus cannot provide context-aware services to improve user experience. To address this problem, we extend MIH with a context-awareness module. More specifically, we present a context-aware mechanism for generating timely MIH Link Going Down (LGD) event that triggers handover preparation before losing the current connection. Unlike existing works, which focus on signal strength threshold, our proposed mechanism can guarantee user required handover preparation time. Experiment results show that our mechanism can generate timely MIH LGD event. Keywords-IEEE 802.21; MIH link going down event; Context- Awareness; Handover preparation time estimation;
This paper proposes a novel architecture that integrates Media Independent Handover (MIH) 802.21 framework and IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) functionalities in order to support multimedia services across intertechnology Radio Access Networks (RANs) in a secure and seamless manner. MIH framework is responsible for deciding and triggering a handoff based on physical, network and application layer statistics so that an ongoing multimedia session can be transferred seamlessly and securely (using context transfer) across inter-technology Radio Access Networks. In parallel, IMS provides the functionalities for providing uninterrupted service continuity across different network domains during vertical handoffs. The paper proposes a novel integration between MIH and IMS that results in minimizing handoff latency and improving perceived video quality in terms of PSNR. Real testbed experiments indicate that during a inter IMS domain, MIH vertical handoff with security enhancements, the handoff delay is reduced by 12sec during a 3G-WiFi handover as opposed to a non-integrated MIH/IMS architecture.
Coexisting heterogeneous wireless access networks are nowadays common in many places, and growing fast. This, together with the increasing service demand from nomad end-users, indicates that a re-assessment of current mobile terminals' management mechanisms, namely concerning QoS, energy efficiency, etc., is necessary, as well as more suitable access selection polices. The IEEE 802.21 standard provides link layer intelligence as well as associated network information to the layers above in order to optimize handovers between heterogeneous networks, of different technologies, such as Wi-Fi, 3GPP and WiMAX. It is key to manage efficiently the available interfaces embedded in the modern mobile terminals, not only to appropriately provide the requested services to the end-user, but also to do that in an energy efficient way. This will allow extending the battery life of the mobile terminal integrating multiple wireless interfaces, and ultimately allowing higher mobility to the nomad user. A customized impl
Capacity in Wideband Code Multiple Access (WCDMA) systems is interference limited, it is also strongly linked with coverage. The greater the level of influx of users within the cell, the higher the interference and hence the lower the cell coverage becomes and vice versa. This is called Cell Breathing. In this paper a Walsh coding is used as a precoding stage to the Multiple-Input Multiple Output-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system. The results of this work are compared with a conventional work that is based on convolutional coding. This is in order to check its fitness to the current system structure and the enhancement of the Eb/No, which will directly result in a better cell coverage and continued reliable services for the area of the cell as the load increases. Based on the simulation results, Walsh coding shows a slight improvement of complemetary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). As a consiquence, the MIMO-OFDM systems' performance is improved comparing with the covolutionally coded MIMO-OFDM system. Thus, not only the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is saved, but also the frequency spectrum efficiency is improved.
Multiple types of networks are evolving with different radio technologies (RATs) which are having different capabilities, price and performance ratio. When these networks are collocated with each other and when mobile devices roam around across these networks, a heterogeneous network access is formed. Each mobile device is equipped with multiple interfaces to access all types of networks of heterogeneous system. Multiple interfaces can be included in the mobile device by using separate hardware and software modules. The mobile user always wanted to be Always Best Connected (ABC) as per its requirements and availability in a given scenario. When the mobile user leaves and joins the networks, a handover operation is performed. The Handover operation is used to achieve seamless mobility. Handover operation is of two types, one is in between the same RAT and the other is in between the different RAT. For seamless and smooth handover operations across heterogeneous networks, IEEE has defined a standard named as IEEE 802.21. This paper presents a novel vertical handover scheme applicable for IEEE 802.11 (WLAN) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) based on IEEE 802.21. UMTS is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) technology, which is being used in cellular networks. WLAN is a LAN technology which supports smaller coverage area than the cellular networks. Vertical handover between these two is needed because they have different RAT.
This paper presents an experimental wireless platform allowing the seamless handoff of mobile terminals with on-going video sessions across heterogeneous radio access technology networks. The handover decision is taken by considering parameters from the physical and network layers from both the mobile terminal and radio access networks using Media Independent Handover (MIH) concept. It is demonstrated that when the network is congested, triggering handover from MIH improves and maintains the perceived video quality of service.
This paper investigates the problem of assessing the quality of video transmitted over IP networks. Our goal is to develop a methodology that is both reasonably accurate and simple enough to support the large-scale deployments that the increasing use of video over IP are likely to demand. For that purpose, we focus on developing an approach that is capable of mapping network statistics, e.g., packet losses, available from simple measurements, to the quality of video sequences reconstructed by receivers. A first step in that direction is a loss-distortion model that accounts for the impact of network losses on video quality, as a function of application-specific parameters such as video codec, loss recovery technique, coded bit rate, packetization, video characteristics, etc. The model, although accurate, is poorly suited to large-scale, on-line monitoring, because of its dependency on parameters that are difficult to estimate in real-time. As a result, we introduce a ldquorelative qualityrdquo metric (rPSNR) that bypasses this problem by measuring video quality against a quality benchmark that the network is expected to provide. The approach offers a lightweight video quality monitoring solution that is suitable for large-scale deployments. We assess its feasibility and accuracy through extensive simulations and experiments.
Ambient Networks (AN) aim to embrace the heterogeneity arising from different network technologies such that it appears homogeneous to the potential users at the level of network service provisioning. This paper focuses on the employment of a State Transfer Module (STM) in AN for enhancing mobility and minimising the impact of multimedia service discrepancy (e.g., security, session continuity) by supporting the transfer of authentication and authorisation states upon handoff as well as supporting multimedia session continuation while the users roam and handoff across heterogeneous wireless networks.
This paper presents a generic framework solution for minimizing video distortion of all multiple video streams transmitted over 802.11e wireless networks, including intelligent packet scheduling and channel access differentiation mechanisms. A distortion prediction model designed to capture the multireferenced frame coding characteristic of H.264/AVC encoded videos is used to predetermine the distortion importance of each video packet in all streams. Two intelligent scheduling algorithms are proposed: the “even-loss distribution,†where each video sender is experiencing the same loss and the “greedy-loss distribution†packet scheduling, where selected packets are dropped over all streams, ensuring that the most significant video stream in terms of picture context and quality characteristics will experience minimum losses. The proposed model has been verified with actual distortion measurements and has been found more accurate than the “additive distortion†model that omits the correlation among lost frames. The paper includes analytical and simulation results from the comparison of both schemes and from their comparison to the simplified additive model, for different video sequences and channel conditions.
The performance of current Internet applications is based mainly on the capabilities of the underlying network technologies. Modern access systems usually can satisfy delay, loss, or bandwidth requirements; however, design inconsistencies can lead to service degradation as the terminals move across different systems. In this article, the focal point is the satisfaction of service requirements during mobility and more specifically, how the emerging IEEE 802.21 standard enables seamless, inter-technology handover. Based on prior work and a well-known example of seamless mobility, the main seamless mobility principles are identified and used as the basis for further evaluating the potential of the IEEE 802.21 standard to meet the requirements of applications for minimum disruption during an inter-technology handover.
This paper investigates the problem of assessing the quality of video transmitted over IP networks. Our goal is to develop a methodology that is both reasonably accurate and simple enough to support the large-scale deployments that the increasing use of video over IP are likely to demand. For that purpose, we focus on developing an approach that is capable of mapping network statistics, e.g., packet losses, available from simple measurements, to the quality of video sequences reconstructed by receivers. A first step in that direction is a loss-distortion model that accounts for the impact of network losses on video quality, as a function of application-specific parameters such as video codec, loss recovery technique, coded bit rate, packetization, video characteristics, etc. The model, although accurate, is poorly suited to large-scale, on-line monitoring, because of its dependency on parameters that are difficult to estimate in real-time. As a result, we introduce a "relative quality" metric (rPSNR) that bypasses this problem by measuring video quality against a quality benchmark that the network is expected to provide. The approach offers a lightweight video quality monitoring solution that is suitable for large-scale deployments. We assess its feasibility and accuracy through extensive simulations and experiments.
In this paper, we propose a suitable set of protocols schematically combining both radio handover and IP handover for heterogeneous network with the enhancement of relay nodes, that is considered as an important feature of the future radio network. Based on that, we develop the functional allocation of media independent handover entities for a 4G communication system developed by the European WINNER project. The allocation is suitable for decentralized radio resource and mobility management as proposed by the system architecture evolution. Performance evaluation of the handover signaling delay for media independent handover enabled relay enhanced cells is presented. Conclusions derived from this work serve as a reference for the design of future radio network and the associated protocols.
In this paper we compare different authentication techniques that may be used in order to reduce the time and resources required to perform a handover: namely, re- authentication and pre-authentication. We provide a detailed analysis of each mechanism, and highlight key performance trade-offs for select scenarios and parameters of interest. Index Terms—Handover, Authentication, EAP, Performance, Pre-authentication, Re-authentication I. INTRODUCTION Key characteristics of today's networking environment are the availability of different types of networks and the ability to roam across these networks on an as needed basis. As network heterogeneity has become more present, user mobility has also increased, making roaming from one network to another a common practice. However, in many cases roaming often implies a temporary service disruption, which is unaccept- able for many user applications that have stringent quality of service requirements, such as voice and video. Thus, a number of tools and mechanisms have to be provided in order to minimize any service disruption. At a minimum, these mechanisms should include mobility protocols to manage
In an all-IP-based network architecture that provides multimedia services for 3G and WLAN users, security provisioning is a para- mount requirement. However, a security infrastructure (e.g., AAA) introduces additional impairments, in the form of delay components, to the total handoff performance crucially affecting the prime objective towards seamless and secure mobility. In this work, a Context Transfer solution is proposed, in order to support seamless and secure multimedia services over all-IP infrastructures. The solution acts as an adhesive between the AAA and mobility management entities by using the latter to forward AAA state information locally. In this solution, the mobility management protocol is used to trigger Context Transfer and additional messages have been introduced to carry the desired AAA context information. The results presented here show that the overall handoff delay is reduced significantly and a con- siderable improvement is seen in the performance of real-time and non-real-time applications. � 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to have an IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies. One of the research challenges for next generation all-IP-based wireless systems is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. Next-generation wireless systems call for the integration and interoperation of mobility management techniques in heterogeneous networks. In this article the current state of the art for mobility management in next-generation all-IP-based wireless systems is presented. The previously proposed solutions based on different layers are reviewed, and their qualitative comparisons are given. A new wireless network architecture for mobility management is introduced, and related open research issues are discussed in detail.
Beyond 3G/4G Radio Access Technologies (RATs) and Standards Roadmaps
- D Bourse
- R Tafazolli
Using the EAP Framework for Fast Media Independent Handover Authentication
- A Izquierdo