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Information Visualization: Perception for Design: Second Edition
Abstract and Figures
Most designers know that yellow text presented against a blue background reads clearly and easily, but how many can explain why, and what really are the best ways to help others and ourselves clearly see key patterns in a bunch of data? This book explores the art and science of why we see objects the way we do. Based on the science of perception and vision, the author presents the key principles at work for a wide range of applications--resulting in visualization of improved clarity, utility, and persuasiveness. The book offers practical guidelines that can be applied by anyone: interaction designers, graphic designers of all kinds (including web designers), data miners, and financial analysts.
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... Visual depth cues, including shadows, gradients, and layering, are extensively utilized in graphical user interface design to improve readability, clarity, and interaction flow [Ware, 2012;Norman, 2013]. ...
... Perceptual Hierarchy: Leveraging perceptual phenomena aligns with cognitive principles suggesting that visual differenti-ation can implicitly guide user attention and enhance hierarchical comprehension [Ware, 2012]. ...
We propose leveraging chromostereopsis, a perceptual phenomenon inducing depth perception through color contrast, as a novel approach to visually differentiating conversational roles in text-based AI interfaces. This method aims to implicitly communicate role hierarchy and add a subtle sense of physical space.
... One more issue is human perception which does not allow to explore an infinite number of colors in a diagram [23,24]. ...
Eye movement data occurs in various application domains including visual stimuli for which visual attention has been recorded. The challenging aspect with respect to eye movement data analysis comes from the fact that it has a spatio-temporal nature and hence, can be explored from several views and perspectives, typically with user tasks in mind and a research question to be answered. To support eye movement data analysts at their tasks-at-hand we focus on a list of important chart types that cover the range of data perspectives. The charts are interactively linked and integrated into a dashboard that is accessible online. In this paper we introduce the developed tool that allows to analyze and transform eye movement data to make it visually explorable in charts focusing on the fixation durations, fixation points, fixation aggregations, metric-to-metric comparisons, metric trends, traces over space and time, as well as fixation clusters. We illustrate the usefulness of the approach by applying it to eye movement data from a formerly conducted eye tracking study with 40 participants investigating the readability of public transport maps and discuss scalability issues and limitations.
... The findings related to INDEX (icons designed to leverage pre-attentive visual processing) offer actionable insights for mobile map design. These symbols, characterized by high visual salience and distinctiveness, significantly improved user search performance by reducing cognitive load and enabling rapid visual recognition [75]. For instance, incorporating symbols with unique geometric shapes or exaggerated semantic associations (e.g., a bold "!" for emergencies) aligns with the principles of pre-attentive processing, where features like orientation and curvature are detected subconsciously [76]. ...
Mobile map landmark symbols are pivotal in conveying spatial semantics and enhancing users’ perception of digital maps. This study employs a three-factor hybrid experimental design to investigate the effects of different landmark symbol types and their color associations with annotations on search performance using eye tracking methods. Utilizing the Tobii X2-60 eye tracker, 40 participants engaged in a visual search task across three symbol types (icons, indexes, and symbols) and two color conditions (consistent and inconsistent). This study also examines the impact of gender on search performance. The results indicate that INDEX, emphasizing the landmarks’ functions and key features, most effectively improve search accuracy and efficiency while demanding the least cognitive effort. In contrast, SYMBOL type characters, with clear semantics and minimal information, require less visual attention, facilitating faster preliminary processing. Additionally, cognitive style differences between genders affect these symbols’ effectiveness in visual searches. A careful selection of symbol types and color combinations can significantly enhance user interaction with mobile maps.
... In our opinion, the shift from visual to tactile representation challenges designers to rethink the way information is structured. Visual information can often be processed quickly, with elements such as colors and large fonts capturing attention almost instantaneously (Healey and Enns, 2012;Ware, 2019). In contrast, tactile graphics require more time for exploration and interpretation as users must physically interact with the material to extract the encoded information. ...
In the information age, a significant portion of information is disseminated visually, yet this mode of presentation is inaccessible to individuals with visual impairments. Instead, they rely on tactile graphics, which utilize raised lines, to convey visual information. This article undertakes a scoping review, following the PRISMA guidelines, to ascertain the current state of research in the field of tactile graphics design. The analysis rigorously examines the fundamentals of tactile graphics design, exploring how visual information can be effectively translated into tactile formats to meet the unique needs of visually impaired individuals. The study advocates for a redefinition of visual impairment, suggesting it should be perceived as a distinct way of processing information, rather than a barrier. By presenting the current state of research and pinpointing areas for future investigation, this study seeks to inspire the tactile graphics design community to embrace new challenges and opportunities, ultimately fostering inclusive communication and understanding across diverse user groups.
... In this light, one of the fundamental purposes of perception evaluation is to create design guidelines grounded in how people process visual information with their perception and cognitive abilities (Munzner, 2014;Ware, 2019). In particular, these guidelines often focus on mapping task types and graphical channels in a ranking system to guide practitioners in developing their visualizations (McColeman et al., 2021). ...
Understanding which factors affect information visualization transparency continues to be one of the most relevant challenges in current research, especially since trust models how users build on the knowledge and use it. This work extends the current body of research by studying the user’s subjective evaluation of the visualization transparency of hierarchical charts through the clarity, coverage, and look and feel dimensions. Additionally, we extend the user profile to better understand whether personality facets manifest a biasing effect on the trust-building process. Our results show that the data encodings do not affect how users perceive visualization transparency while controlling for personality factors. Regarding personality, the propensity to trust affects how they judge the clarity of a hierarchical chart. Our findings provide new insights into the research challenges of measuring trust and understanding the transparency of information visualization. Specifically, we explore how personality factors manifest in this trust-building relationship and user interaction within visualization systems.
Data visualization is crucial for informed decision-making in today's data-driven world. It transforms complex data sets into visually engaging representations, enhancing cognitive processes and fostering insights. The report explores the principles, tools, and impact of data visualization, highlighting its ability to streamline operations, identify market trends, optimize resource allocation, and mitigate risks. It provides an overview of various data visualization tools and types, ranging from basic charts and graphs to advanced interactive dashboards and geospatial visualizations. Organizations can leverage these tools to gain a competitive edge and make informed decisions that drive sustainable success. By harnessing the power of visual analytics, decision-makers can make informed choices that drive business growth and innovation.
The paper explores the benefits of using various software-generated visualization techniques to engage the public in decision-making, particularly at the local level. In this context, issues of development and use of visualization tools for effective support of landscape planning and effective integration of visualization into the planning process of urban development have received special attention. Modeling methods, GIS, social networks, and automatic text analysis are considered as components for building a powerful e-government system to facilitate public participation in it.
Diagrammatische Praktiken in Literatur-, Medien-, Wissenschafts- und Wissensgeschichte
Buku Ini Membahas Pengenalan Statistik Dalam
Pendidikan, Analisis Deskriptif Dalam Pendidikan, Inferensi
Statistik Untuk Evaluasi Pendidikan, Statistik Nonparametrik
Dalam Pendidikan, Penggunaan Perangkat Lunak Statistik Dalam
Analisis Pendidikan.
Safety is the main concern in human-robot collaboration (HRC) in work environments. Standard safety measures based on reducing robot speed affect productivity of collaboration, and do not inform workers adequately about the state of the robot, leading to stressful situations due to uncertainty. To grant the user control over safety, we investigate using audio, visual and audio-visual mixed reality displays that inform about the boundaries of zones with different levels of hazard. We describe the design of the hazard displays for scenario of collaboration with a real robot. We then report an experimental user study with 24 users, comparing performance and user experience (UX) obtained with the auditory display, the visual display, and the audio-visual display resulting from combining both. Findings suggest that all modalities are suitable for HRC scenarios, warranting similar performance during collaboration. However, distinct qualitative results were observed between displays, indicating differences in the UX obtained.
Human Applications Standard Computer Interface - HASCI. Examines the stages of technological adoption and the tool/user nature of human/computer interaction. Defines the interface as the handle of a tool. Equates ease-of-use with transparency - i.e. if the handle of a tool draws attention to itself it distracts from the task. Thus, through design and/or user familiarity the handle must be transparent to the user. The computer is defined as a symbol manipulation tool extending the native capabilities of the user. This human interface design was nominated for the Alexander C. Williams award by the American Human Factors Society.
This chapter focuses on information-foraging theory as it relates to understanding individual behavior. The field of Internet ecology uses complex computational models to understand how local actions by individuals are related to complex global phenomena, both social and computational in nature. The Internet and the Web provide detailed quantitative measurements of large-scale ecological phenomena. One novel aspect of information-foraging theory is that it begins to deal with the interaction of the user with information content, rather than just application interfaces. There has been considerable research in psychology and artificial intelligence on image understanding, but there has been no detailed psychological research on how people browse or navigate through hypermedia that includes images, video, and animation. Information-foraging theory could be of great use to designers interested in visual layout.
Dynamic viewpoint tethering is an innovative display technique which has been proposed to support effective navigation in large-scale virtual environments, by integrating information from different frames of reference. The present study examines the effect of dynamic viewpoint tethering on performance, with respect to both local guidance and global awareness measures, in comparison with three conventional display formats: egocentric, exocentric and rigidly tethered displays. Participants were instructed to control an aircraft-shaped cursor navigating in a virtual tunnel and to answer questions about the environment. The results confirmed that global awareness performance decreased with increased egocentricity in the display frame of reference. The two tethered displays (dynamic and rigid) supported the best local guidance performance. No significant performance differences were found between the two tethered displays.
This paper discusses visual search theories that explain how humans search for objects on maps. A map-reading experiment considered variations in visual search processes related to searching for targets with unique features and targets that share features with other objects. Experimental objects differing in colour, shape, size, and orientation were constructed. The importance of these characteristics was evaluated, as was the effect of the location of the target on the map. The time needed to find a target in a display and the proportion of incorrect decisions were measures of efficiency in spatial-search studies. The most efficient spatial searches occur when targets 'pop out' of the map. These searches use parallel processes and are indicated by reaction times being independent of the number of symbols on the map. Pop-out' effects occur when targets have some unique characteristics that distinguish them from other symbols. Results indicated that 'pop-out' effects could be produced by colour differences between targets and distractor symbols, or by differences that combined colour with other dimensions. The location of the target on the map also had a significant effect on reaction time. This could be partially explained by the size of the map relative to people's fields of vision.
One of the basic challenges facing geographic authors is to determine how effectively the maps in their papers and books communicate information. Such a challenge can be met if the geographer has a method available for predicting the spatial patterns that readers are likely to perceive. By comparing these predicted patterns with their own, geographers can determine the communicative effectiveness of maps they use. A logit model can predict map readers’ responses to one particular type of pattern feature, the visual cluster, on graduated circle maps. The model, based on measured map characteristics, correctly predicts 92 percent of all circles as clustered or unclustered and generally predicts the correct number of clusters. Although the model does not predict clusters equally well on all maps, it does provide a useful starting point for further research on this topic.
This paper introduces a gestural theory for the origin of syntax, certainly one of the most difficult questions in the study of language origins. This proposal recognizes both visible and vocal gestures as having an evolutionary role but suggests that visible gestures played a special role in the emergence of syntax. The fundamental kernal of syntax is seen as inherent in visible gestural communication and available for extension by means of ordinary evolutionary processes. In manual gesturing, a hand (as agent) moves (what verbs imply) and may act on another part of the body (as patient). It is proposed, then, that the formation of a manual gesture entails a preadaptive elementary syntax. As gesture becomes linguistic sign, it carries with it the seed of the basic syntactic relationship-it refers and also relates. The social behavior of the hominids could have supplied conditions that enhanced the fitness of individuals and groups with increasingly sophisticated communication systems. The embryo sentences already present in gestural communication might then have constituted preadaptive behaviors available for extension into increasingly complex syntactic structures.