(PDF) Challenges and opportunities for intelligent buildings in the 21st century: An energy focus

Institution of Engineering Technology

Dec 2

Dec 2nd

nd 2009 London

2009 London

Keynote Lecture

Prof. Derek Clements-Croome

The University of Reading

Challenges and Opportunities

for Intelligent Buildings in the 21

for Intelligent Buildings in the 21st

st

Century: An Energy Focus

Overview

Energy and Emissions Context

Environmental Design Affects Well-Being of People

Some Innovations

Some Innovations

Nanotechnology and New Materials

Nanotechnology and New Materials

Lessons from Nature

Lessons from Nature

Sensory World

Sensory World

Case Studies

Case Studies

Recommendations

Recommendations

Meeting the Challenges

Meeting the Challenges

Tenets for Intelligent Buildings Design and

Management

Energy and Emissions Context

Zero Carbon?

People need to have energy interchange

People need to have energy interchange

Everything has embodied energy

Everything has embodied energy

Low Carbon or Net Zero Carbon?

Low Carbon or Net Zero Carbon?

Links with water, waste and pollution.

Links with water, waste and pollution.

Low carbon buildings can be

unsustainable if the human needs

are neglected.

Occupant

Observer / passer by

External environment

Building

Internal environment

Buildings, Environment &

People

GNP Per Capita Per Capita versus

Energy Consumption

Countries over 20 million inhabitants (more than 90% of the

world's population(. Key World Energy Statistics" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2006.

Wealth

Energy

World Energy Consumption

Rate of world energy usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005

"World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups, 1980-2004" (XLS).

Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. July 31 2006.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls. Retrieved 2007-01-20.

Source: Bos etc al, 1992, World Energy Council 2005

Global Primary Energy Use, Historical Development from 1850 to 1990 in the

three cases to 2100, in Gto.

Population Growth, 1850 to 1990 and projections

to 2100, in billion people

Worldwide Energy Sources (TW)

(2004)

World Energy Intensity: Total Primary Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product using

Purchasing Power Parities, 1980-2004" (XLS). Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.

August 23 2006.

CLEAN ENERGY TRENDS 2007, Clean Edge Ic

Available Renewable Energy

The volume of the cubes represent the amount of available

geothermal, hydropower, wind and solar energy in TW, although

only a small portion is recoverable. The small red cube shows the

proportional global energy consumption http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy

Renewable Energy Sources

Worldwide at the End of 2008

Renewables Global Status Report 2009

1

1st

st Technology Map 2007

Technology Map 2007

UK Input into the Research Agenda for the E2B European Initiative, 17th March 2009 Marta Fernandez. Arup

MacKay D, 2009, Sustainable Energy-without the hot air, p15

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000 History Projections

Developing

Industrialized

East Europe/Federation of Soviet Union

Total

World Carbon Dioxide Consumptions by

Region

Million Ton ne s Carbon Equivalent

List of Countries by Carbon

Dioxide Emissions Per Capita

http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions

SOURCE: CLIMATE MODELLING FORUM INDIA'S GHG

EMISSIONS PROFILE: RESULTS OF FIVE CLIMATE

MODELLING STUDIES (2009)

SOURCE: 2050 CHINA ENERGY AND CO2

EMISSIONS REPORT (SCIENCE PRESS,

2009)

http://www.nature.com

Global Commons Institute, Contraction and Convergence, A Global Solution to a global Problem

How to shape a global GHG abatement strategy so as

to solve the political and ecological double-jeopardy of

climate change

Big Scale Solutions

Demand

Demand Supply

Supply

Reduce population (?)

Reduce population (?)

Change lifestyle

Change lifestyle

Technology

Technology

Clean Coal

Clean Coal

Nuclear

Nuclear



Renewables (UK and

import)

D MacKay, I0P, 28th October 2009

£20.9bn

£3.8bn

£4.0bn

£3.2bn

£2.3bn

Severn Wonders

NCE, 10.09

Smith L, The Times, Nov 5, 07

Phovoltaic Solar Cells

Source

Source Cost

Cost

($ per kWh)

Solar PV

Wind

Natural Gas

0.30 (current)

0.02 (25 years)

0.05

0.03

Generation

Generation Characteristic

Characteristic

First

Second

Third

Single crystal of silicon

18% efficiency

Silicon thin films

Other components such as cadmium telluride

< 18% efficiency

Quantum dot or nano crystals

Efficiency 48%

Quantum –well solar cell and

Dye sanitised solar cell

Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7

Asia’s First Solar-Thermal

Power Plant to Open in China

May 2009, construction on the

first large scale, solar-thermal

power plant in Asia began

near the Great Wall in China.

The Chinese-designed,

1.5MW ‘Dahan’ plant is

projected to power 30,000

households by 2010 and “will

serve as a platform for

experiments on different solar-

power technologies.”

http://www.psfk.com/2009/04/asias-first-solar-thermal-plant-to-open-in-china.html

Use of solar cells for energy generation is growing 40%

per year

www.ausra.com, California, 2007

Rules of Thumb for Solar Design

Form

Form •create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation:

Orientation: •main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south

main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south

•reduce north glazing

reduce north glazing

•minimise tree over-shadowing

minimise tree over-shadowing

•on housing estates build to a density of

on housing estates build to a density of <

< 40 properties/ha

40 properties/ha

•design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the

design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the

sun in both summer and winter

Fabric:

•fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation

fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation

or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Rawlings (1999)

Thermal Mass

Conventional masonry houses with thermal mass can save significant amounts of energy

compared to lightweight structures. These savings can offset the slightly higher level of

embodied CO2 in a masonry house in as little as ten years and ultimately lead to the lowest

whole life CO2 emissions. This is achieved by the thermal mass of a dwelling enabling it to

store more heat and remain cooler than lightweight structures. The result is that the

dwelling remains warmer for longer in the winter and stays cooler in the summer.

Combined

Heat and

Power

Site Energy Savings

Cousins, Down to Zero, The Arup Journal, 2/2007 p23

Source Energy Savings

Environmental Design Affects

Well-Being of People

Overheated buildings are wasteful

Overheated buildings are wasteful

uncomfortable and lower

productivity

Each deg C increase is about 8%

Each deg C increase is about 8%

in energy terms

(Seppanen et al, Proceedings of Healthy Buildings, Singapore, Volume 3

Decrease of Performance and

Productivity with Temperature

2,.5% decrease per deg C above 250C and below 200C

Life Cost Value Ratios:

Whole Life Value

Design & Construction

Design & Construction (X)

(X)

Facilities Management

Facilities Management (Y)

(Y)

Utilisation

Utilisation (Z)

(Z)

Z

Z >>

>> Y

Y > X

> X

e.g. 80 : 8 : 1

Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004

Saves Energy

Care

of People

Leaner and Fresher

Environments

Greener

Some Innovations

Nanotechnology and

New Materials

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with

novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide

variety of applications. They exhibit extraordinary strength

and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors

of heat.

Intelligent facades

Intelligent facades

Self Cleaning concrete

Self Cleaning concrete

Lightweight stronger concrete with

Lightweight stronger concrete with

nanotubes

Plastic electronics

Plastic electronics

Invisible buildings using special crystals

Invisible buildings using special crystals

Low energy lighting

Low energy lighting

Some Developments

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface

may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for

windows or spectacle lenses

Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

Smart Window Features

System Type

System Type Spectral response

Spectral response

(bleaced to coloured)

(bleaced to coloured) Interior result visual

Interior result visual Interior result

Interior result

thermal

Input energy

Photochromic

Photochromic Specular to specular

Specular to specular

transmission at high

UV levels

Reduction in intensity

but still transparent

but still transparent Reduction in

Reduction in

transmitted radiation

transmitted radiation UV radiation

UV radiation

Thermochromic

Thermochromic Specular to specular

Specular to specular

transmission at high

IR levels

Reduction in intensity

but still transparent

but still transparent Reduction in

Reduction in

transmitted radiation

transmitted radiation Heat (high

Heat (high

surface

temperature)

Thermothropic

Thermothropic Specular to specular

Specular to specular

transmission at high

and low temperatures

Reduction in intensity

and visibility,

becomes diffuse

Reduction in

transmitted radiation,

emitted radiation, and

conductivity

Heat (high and/or

low surface

temperature)

Electrothropic*

Electrothropic* Specular to specular

Specular to specular

transmission toward

short wavelength

region (blue)

Reduction in intensity

Reduction in intensity Proportional reduction

Proportional reduction

in transmitted

radiation

Voltage or

current pulse

Liquid Crystals*

Liquid Crystals* Specular to diffuse

Specular to diffuse

transmission

transmission Minimal reduction in

Minimal reduction in

intensity, reduction in

visibility, becomes

diffuse

Minimal impact on

transmitted radiation

transmitted radiation Voltage

Voltage

Suspended

particle

particle Specular to diffuse

Specular to diffuse

transmission

transmission Reduction in intensity

Reduction in intensity

and visibility,

becomes diffuse

Minimal impact on

transmitted radiation

transmitted radiation Current

Current

*indicates that a control system and associated

electrical supply are required

electrical supply are required Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, Smart Materials and Technologies,

Although human ingenuity makes various

inventions it will never discover inventions

more beautiful, appropriate and more

direct than in Nature because in her

nothing is lacking and nothing is

superfluous.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Lessons from Nature

Architecture inspired by termite

nests

Bio-inspired

Architecture

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Longitudinal section through the nest

of Macroternes bellicosus from Ivory

Coast. Air is circulated by buoyancy.

SENSORY WORLD

Embedded Sensors in

Buildings, Equipment and

Clothing

Occupants lifestyle affect energy

consumption

Embedded sensors help occupants

to save money and society save

energy

Energy Consumption per m

Energy Consumption per m3

3 for

for

964 Dwellings: Human Behaviour

Impacts on Energy Consumption

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

Specific transmission losse s per unit of volume (W/(m

3

.K))

Energy for heating per unit of volume

(MJ/(m

3

.a))

H. Hens., et al, 2007, Energy Consumption and Rebound Effects, Civil Engineering, K U Leuven

Typical Energy Use per day(kWh)

Kettle (20 minutes)

Kettle (20 minutes) 1

1

Food

Food 3

3

Bath

Bath 5

5

1 litre petrol

1 litre petrol 10

10

plus

Transport

Transport 125 per person per day

125 per person per day

Heating

Heating or

or

Electricity

Electricity 12.5 tonnes CO

12.5 tonnes CO2

2 per day

per day

D MacKay, IOP, 28th October 2009 and p51 Sustainable Energy, 2009

BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on

body” (external) sensors and integration with home,

working, and hospital environments.

Systems Performance and

Human Reaction

Building and Environmental Systems People

Physiological Judgement

(Sense diary)

Objective Data

Comparator

Profiling Differences

Facilities Management Systems

+ TEMPERATURE -

+ LIGHT -

+ SOUND -

+ AIR QUALITY -

AUTOMATIC

DAY

HOUR

MINUTES

Programming Automatic Manual

10:38 24oC 22oC

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

TEMPERATURE AIR QUALITY

LIGHT SOUND

Automatic

Thu

Touch sense mode for

recording judgement

For setting the

time and date

To select the

automatic mode

Day of the week Touch display

The actual room condition

Room conditionSense Mode

Time, and date record

Sense Diary

Evaluation of Environmental Conditions by Occupants

Clements-Croome, Inaugural Lecture 1989

Body Parameters

Armband

Ear Clip

Plaster

Headset

Agent System

Sensor

input Actuator

control

Agent System

People:

occupants

People:

facilities

manager etc

environment

data

occupancy

data

settings

preferences

policy

Prof Kecheng Liu, Dr Penny Noy

Fibres could Generate

Electricity from Body Motion

Pair of trousers would allow the

wearer to generate enough

electricity to power a portable

electronic device or to change a

mobile phone. Each fibre

consist of millions of tiny, 100

mm diameter zinc-oxide

nanowires grown onto much

longer strand of Kevlar. A fabric

made of the material containing

millions of such strands could

generate a power of as much as

80 mWm

-2

Physics World Vol 21, No 3 March 08

M-Dress by Adam

Chang works with a

standard SIM card.

When the dress

rings, you raise your

hand to your head to

answer the call.

http://www.thestar.com/living/Fashion/article/529211

jumpsuit with built-in iPod control and

pocket

The Hug Shirt™ is a

Bluetooth accessory for Java

enabled mobile phones

KineticDress is a

Victorian inspired

evening gown reactive

to the wearer’s

activities and mood.

Mystique (the shape shifter): dress

changes shape and length during the

course of an evening

Accessory Nerve is a Bluetooth mono-

sleeve accessory for mobile phones that

changes pattern (creating pleats on the

fabric) when a user receives phone calls

Embedded Theater) is a system

that allows to interactively

navigate audio-augmented

environments and create mobile

storytelling experiences

Using Electrical Energy of Human Body

Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005

Case Studies

The Heritance Kandalama

Eco Hotel in Sri Lanka

http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720

The Heritance Kandalama - Eco

Hotel in Sri Lanka

The property embraces a philosophy of sustainable

development that encompasses the following areas:

Energy efficiency, conservation and management

Energy efficiency, conservation and management

Reduction of freshwater consumption

Reduction of freshwater consumption

Waste water management

Waste water management

Minimization of waste, reuse and recycling

Minimization of waste, reuse and recycling

Air quality protection and noise control

Air quality protection and noise control

Land use planning

Land use planning

Social and cultural development

Social and cultural development

Ecosystem conservation

Ecosystem conservation

Environmental and Social Policy

Environmental and Social Policy

Resource Conservation

Resource Conservation

http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720

MASDAR City Project Overview

Possible Although Challenging to Achieve

All Energy consumption must come from renewable

sources and life-cycle materials. and consumption.

Electrical Energy Production

• PV : 71%

• WTE : 6%

• CSP : 5%

• Others : 18%

Minimizing the demands and

Specific Energy Consumptions

Average 80% energy

consumption reductions

XERITOWN: New Sustainable

Urban Complex for Dubailand

July 14, 2008

www.inhabitat.com

Proposed to be built in the emerging

Proposed to be built in the emerging Dubailand

Dubailand, a new

, a new

extension of Dubai, the master plan of Xeritown consists of a

number of

number of dense urban clusters

dense urban clusters located within the landscape.

located within the landscape.

The 60-acre town will be built across a

The 60-acre town will be built across a north-south axis

north-south axis to

to

exploit the cool breezes blowing in off the sea.

The

The orientation

orientation of the town will allow the cool sea breeze into

of the town will allow the cool sea breeze into

the town and block the hot desert breeze out. The whole town

has been designed keeping in mind the climate, landscape

and environment of Dubai.

Xeritown has been designed to minimize water use.

Xeritown has been designed to minimize water use. Greywater

Greywater

or industrial waste water will be used.

The town will encourage a

The town will encourage a pedestrian-orientated lifestyle

pedestrian-orientated lifestyle, and

, and

only two-lane streets will be made to significantly reduce the

number of vehicles.

The buildings will be

The buildings will be tall

tall and provide

and provide shades for the streets

shades for the streets,

,

instead of water dependent trees.

Large flat circular structures fitted with

Large flat circular structures fitted with photovoltaic cells

photovoltaic cells will

will

hang over walkways on the streets. The photovoltaics will

collect solar energy to generate power to be used in the town.

www.inhabitat.com

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent

Callebout

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent

Callebout

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO

Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2

2

2 seater electric pod cars

2 seater electric pod cars

Biodiesel/electric buses guided by embedded

Biodiesel/electric buses guided by embedded

road magnets

Footstep energy

Footstep energy

Wind turbines using air movement

Wind turbines using air movement

Hydrogen from an Algae Park

Hydrogen from an Algae Park

Tidal power from wind from passing car

Tidal power from wind from passing car

Solar energy from paint containing solar

Solar energy from paint containing solar

nanoparticles

Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent

Callebout

http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html

Solar energy from paint containing solar

Solar energy from paint containing solar

nanoparticles

Clear water from desalination

Clear water from desalination

Robotic maintenance

Robotic maintenance

Bubble Houses

Bubble Houses

Phase change materials give temperature regulation

Phase change materials give temperature regulation

Hydroponic farms

Hydroponic farms

Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra mussels

Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra mussels

10 storey concrete tower with embedded

10 storey concrete tower with embedded

photovoltaics

Geothermal wells for heating/cooling

Geothermal wells for heating/cooling

Sustainability

Risk or opportunity?

Can you afford to be sustainable?

Can you afford to be sustainable?

–(Perceived) higher build cost

(Perceived) higher build cost

Can you

Can you not

not afford to be sustainable?

afford to be sustainable?

–Taxes

Taxes

–Penalties

Penalties

–Rising prices

Rising prices

–A changing environment

A changing environment

–Occupier awareness

Occupier awareness

–Increasing legislation

Increasing legislation

–Shareholder pressure

Shareholder pressure

–New investment opportunities

New investment opportunities

–Capital value - ‘two tier market’

Capital value - ‘two tier market’

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

Business Case

Green office buildings

Green office buildings

–Rents 2 - 6% higher (RICS, Nils Kok)

Rents 2 - 6% higher (RICS, Nils Kok)

–Energy cost savings between 10% and 50+

Energy cost savings between 10% and 50+

% (

% (depending on the level of improvement

depending on the level of improvement)

)

(CBRE)

–Energy Star properties demonstrate higher

Energy Star properties demonstrate higher

income and income growth over 10 years

(Pivo)

–Two-tier market widely expected, evidence

Two-tier market widely expected, evidence

emerging in Australia and USA

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

Business Case

LEED rated buildings in US

LEED rated buildings in USA

A

–Build cost only 2 - 7% more

Build cost only 2 - 7% more

–Occupancy rates 4.1% higher

Occupancy rates 4.1% higher

–Command $11.33 more rent per sq/ft

Command $11.33 more rent per sq/ft

(Costar Green study 2008)

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

Empire State Building

Integrated Sustainability Refurbishment

Programme

The plan is projected to:

Cost $13.2 million with payback in 3 yrs - through

Cost $13.2 million with payback in 3 yrs - through

energy & operational savings

Reduce energy use by up to 38 percent

Reduce energy use by up to 38 percent

Achieve annual savings of $4.4million

Achieve annual savings of $4.4million

Reduce carbon emissions by 105,000 metric tons

Reduce carbon emissions by 105,000 metric tons

over the next 15 years

Be complete within two years

Be complete within two years

Serve as a global model for owners of existing buildings

Serve as a global model for owners of existing buildings

Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle

Recommendations

Step 1

DQI

Step 2

ILS

Step 3

BQA

Step 5

POE

Step 5

BREEAM

Feedback loop

Step Procedure for ILS

•Decompose the system into

sub-systems

•Decompose the subs-

systems into components

•Do a reliability block

diagram of the entire system

•Perform FMECA and FTA

•Perform HFA

•Perform RCM

•Perform TNA

•Perform LORA

•Perform WLC

The Stepwise application of tools to determine the whole-life business model

BQA :Building Quality Assessment –Bernard Williams Associate (Williams 2005)

BREEAM :Building research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methods

DQI Design Quality Indicator (Gannn, 2003a)

FMCEA: Failure mode effect and critically analysis

FTA Fault –tree analysis

HFA Human factor analysis

ILS Integrated logistic support MoD (DEFSTAN 66)

LORA Level of repair analysis

POE Post-occupancy evaluation

RCM Reliability-centred maintenance

TNA Training need analysis

WLC Whole- life Cost

Clements-Croome, Wu, John, 2007,

High Quality Building Services,

Latimer Trend

Ten Rules for Building Green

Way

Focus on the big picture for Design and Planning

Focus on the big picture for Design and Planning

Choose Sustainable Site

Choose Sustainable Site

Assess Value Balancing Quality and Wholelife Cost

Assess Value Balancing Quality and Wholelife Cost

Make Site Plan Work with Intelligent Infrastructure

Make Site Plan Work with Intelligent Infrastructure

Landscape: Green Roofs and Around the Building

Landscape: Green Roofs and Around the Building

Use Effective Built Form

Use Effective Built Form

Judicious Use of Technology as an Enabler

Judicious Use of Technology as an Enabler

Save and Manage Energy, Water and Pollution

Save and Manage Energy, Water and Pollution

Select Low VOC Materials

Select Low VOC Materials

Use Green Construction

Use Green Construction

Lockwood, C., 2006, Building the Green Way, Harvard Business Review

The 9 General Principles of

Sustainability in Building Construction

(ISO 15392:2008)

Continual improvement

Continual improvement

Equity

Equity

Global thinking and local action

Global thinking and local action

Holistic approach

Holistic approach

Involvement of interest parties

Involvement of interest parties

Long term consideration

Long term consideration

Precaution and risk

Precaution and risk

Transparency

Transparency

http://www.iso.org

The Use Function of a Building

(CIB W052 Procurement Systems -1995)

Provide space

Provide space

Provide an indoor climate

Provide an indoor climate

Guarantee safety and security

Guarantee safety and security

Allow the use oif goods and tools

Allow the use oif goods and tools

Allow the control of nearby relationships

Allow the control of nearby relationships

Take advantage of the site without

Take advantage of the site without

damaging it

Bring meaning (semiology)

Bring meaning (semiology)

Meeting the Challenges

Processes, Products (Systems), People Integration

Processes, Products (Systems), People Integration

Whole Life Value

Whole Life Value

Cross-Sectoral Learning

Cross-Sectoral Learning

Design for Sustainable Healthy Environments

Design for Sustainable Healthy Environments

Consider Environmental, Economic and Social

Consider Environmental, Economic and Social

Values

Use Innovation as an Enabler

Use Innovation as an Enabler

Use Smart Materials and Biomimetic Principles

Use Smart Materials and Biomimetic Principles

Use of Embedded Sensor Technology

Use of Embedded Sensor Technology

Interdisciplinary Education for Architects and

Interdisciplinary Education for Architects and

Engineers plus Social Scientists and Others

Aim to increase the

Aim to increase the built asset value

built asset value for the

for the

organisation

Understand

Understand users perceptions

users perceptions : understand

: understand

the physical and psychological well-being.

Flexible

Flexible and

and agile space

agile space

Individual control

Individual control of environmental

of environmental

conditions

Interoperability

Interoperability of systems

of systems

Necessities for Intelligent

Buildings

Understand the

Understand the interaction

interaction between the

between the

building, systems and the occupants

Use

Use sensory wireless networks

sensory wireless networks for enhanced

for enhanced

feedback

Effect

Effect fully integrated design, construction

fully integrated design, construction and

and

operation

operation to include client, designers,

to include client, designers,

manufacturers, construction and facilities

managers

Commissioning pre-occupancy

Commissioning pre-occupancy and

and post-

post-

occupancy evaluation

occupancy evaluation are vital.

are vital.

Tenets for Intelligent Buildings

Design and Management

Plan and design with an

Plan and design with an integrated team

integrated team so that clients,

so that clients,

consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a

commitment to the project and want to fulfil the

environmental, social and economic aims.

Systems and holistic thinking

Systems and holistic thinking are key.

are key.

Assess the

Assess the impacts

impacts of the buildings on occupants and

of the buildings on occupants and

communities nearby.

Occupants behaviour

Occupants behaviour has a large effect on the consumption

has a large effect on the consumption

of energy and water so try to increase awareness of

occupants to the impact of their actions on

resources.

Smart metering

Smart metering is a start but

is a start but sensor technology

sensor technology is

is

rapidly becoming applicable in building operation and for

the use by consumers.

Data management systems

Data management systems are important to give feedback on

are important to give feedback on

the performance of different spaces in the building.

Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process.

Use a

Use a whole life value

whole life value approach to ensure quality as well

approach to ensure quality as well

as whole life costs are taken into account.

Aim for

Aim for simplicity

simplicity

rather than complexity in operation.

Think about

Think about well-being and freshness

well-being and freshness rather than

rather than

comfort and consider all the senses and how air, view,

daylight, sound, colour, greenery and space affect

us in the workplace.

Connectivity

Connectivity is important so there is interoperability not on

is important so there is interoperability not on

ly between the systems and the building but also

between the occupant and the building

Design for

Design for flexibility and adaptability

flexibility and adaptability

Think of an intelligent building as

Think of an intelligent building as an organism

an organism

responding to human and environmental needs but also

one that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facade

between the external and internal environments.

The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and

moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so

intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be

controlled in a way which is functional but also enjoyable

to those working and living inside the building.

Plan the

Plan the facilities management

facilities management so the building is cared

so the building is cared

for

Balance efficiency with effectiveness.

Balance efficiency with effectiveness. An air supply

An air supply

system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air

to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be

effective in the space because it has no impact on the

breathing zone where the people are.

Design beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.

Design beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.

Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledge.

Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledge.

Learn from other sectors and disciplines

Learn from other sectors and disciplines

Practical Scenarios for UK

Interplay of:

–Wind

Wind

–Wave

Wave

–Solar

Solar

–Nuclear

Nuclear

Use:

–Waste incinerators

Waste incinerators

–Ground air source heat pumps (COP ~ 4)

Ground air source heat pumps (COP ~ 4)

–Condensing boilers (COP ~ 0.9)

Condensing boilers (COP ~ 0.9)

–Wear clothes to suit temperature needs

Wear clothes to suit temperature needs

–Insulation

Insulation

–Smart metering/wireless sensors

Smart metering/wireless sensors

–Electricity transport

Electricity transport

Based on D MacKay, I0P, 28th October 2009

Overall CO2 savings in tonnes/year from energy

efficiency (EE), CHP/CCHP and Renewable Energy

measures (113 developments in Greater London)

CCHP Combined Cooling

Heat and power

CHP Combined Heat and power

Day at al, The use of the planning system to encourage low carbon energy

technologies in buildings, Renewable Energy, No 9, Vol 34 p.2019 Sept 09

Power Intensity of Renewables (W/m

Power Intensity of Renewables (W/m2

2)

)

Wind

Solar PV

Tidal Streams

Ocean Thermals

Concentrated Solar Power

Nuclear Fusion

2.5

5-20

8

5

5-20

1000

D MacKay, I0P, 28th October 2009

MacKay D, 2009, Sustainable Energy-without the hot air, p212

Five Energy Plans for Britain according to MacKay

A Vision of the Future

www.ukgbc.org

Challenges and opportunities for intelligent buildings in the 21st century: An energy focus

Abstract

Recommendations

Intelligent Buildings: An Introduction

CIB Commission W098-Intelligent and Responsive Buildings Roadmap

Research Roadmap for Intelligent and Responsive Buildings

What do we mean by intelligent buildings?