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Introduction and design of straw bale masonry
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... Thermal insulation: According to Asonibare (2007), Fadil (2007), Adedeji (2007) and Adedeji (2002) fiber glass has an R-value of about 3.7 per inch (RS1-0.26 per centimeter) and strawbales have about 3.2 per inch (RS1-0.22 per centimeter). ...
... Simplicity: Strawbale building utilizes locally available materials, and basic construction techniques that require little specialized or proprietary materials and equipment. Inexperience builders working on their own homes have often successfully used it as identified by Adedeji (2007) and Jones (2001). ...
... Function of plastered strawbales: Plasters serve many functions in a wall system. According to Adedeji (2007), the functions include: protection of the underlying surface, permission or prevention of the migration of vapor or liquid moisture and air current, carrying structural loads, provision of fire resistance, sound and thermal insulation, provision of smooth and hygienic surface and the resistance of surface abrasion and accepts a decorative finishes. Types of failure due to loading. ...
The concept design of the typha strawbale masonry came up as a result of the urgent demand for a means of constructing sustainable buildings, both in rural and urban settlement, not only suitable for dwellers but for keeping farm products by structures that will respond to the environmental ecosystem , coupled with the fact that such structures are also affordable, durable and easy to maintain during their service period. The effects of contact between plaster and the stacked strawbale of a masonry needs to be established and design optimization for durability and stability of the masonry be obtained. The assessment will involve the application of plaster materials (cement and natural earth) to the wall specimen panels. Past works have shown that plastered strawbale walls have adequate resistance against the appropriate vertical loads, and further showed that the earth plaster can bear higher stress than the cement plastered straw bale. There is the implication that the collapse or response of the earth-strawbale wall is significantly higher compared to that of cement-strawbale from other straw-based masonries. Therefore the allowable stresses of plastered typha strawbale shall be predicted for their optimum values using SAP2000. The stress stability of each masonry is obtained by analytical model using the best fit variables for the wall height and thickness.
... . Thermal insulation. According to DuLithgow (2006), Nehemiah (2003 and Adedeji (2002Adedeji ( , 2007, a fiber glass has R-value (the resistance to the heat flow) of 0.05 W/mK while straw bale of 457 mm with three strings varies between 0.035 and 0.032 W/mK. Stone (1999) and Steen et al. (1994) estimated the insulation value for the straw bale walls with R-value of 0.04 and 0.061 W/mK, respectively. ...
... Straw bale building utilizes locally available materials, and basic construction techniques that require little specialized or proprietary materials and equipment. Inexperience builders working on their own homes have often successfully used it (Adedeji, 2007;Jones, 2001Jones, , 2005b. ...
... Plasters serve many functions in a wall system. According to Adedeji (2007), the functions include: protection of the underlying surface, permission or prevention of the migration of vapour or liquid moisture and air current, carrying structural loads, provision of fire resistance, sound and thermal insulation, provision of smooth and hygienic surface and the resistance of surface abrasion and accepts a decorative finishes. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the effects of cement‐ and earth‐plastered straw bale walls against the appropriate vertical loads.
Design/methodology/approach
The effects of contact between two common types of plasters and the stacked straw bale by the optimal design analysis have been assessed in this work with the use of finite element method.
Findings
Cement‐ and earth‐plastered straw bale walls have shown adequate resistance against the appropriate vertical loads and showed that the earth‐plaster can bear higher stress than the cement plastered straw bale. There is the implication that the collapse or response of the earth‐straw bale wall will be significantly higher compared to that of cement‐straw bale wall.
Practical implications
The stress stability obtained of the analytical walls is adequate after using the best fit variables for the wall height and thickness.
Originality/value
The paper shows that the allowable stresses of 70.14 kN/m ² for cement plastered straw bale wall and 73.14 kN/m ² for earth‐plastered straw bale wall are higher than the calculated stress values using SAP2000 of 18.836 and 64.2 kN/m ² for cement plastered straw bale wall, respectively.
... Thus giving rise to the periodic increase in the demands for housing and the escalating cost of conventional building materials. Hence, the need to construct buildings with viable low cost materials has become a necessity in our fast growing society in other to overcome the problem in the housing sector (Adedeji, et al., 2007). With this problem at hand, there is need to develop alternatives, which have to be cost effective and create an ecological friendly room for the comfortability of the dwellers, due to the fact that some building materials may impair the ecological friendly condition of our rooms i.e. more economical, ecological friendly and readily available thus making this research important. ...
In this study, the influence of the plastering materials on the thermal performance of three (3) straw bale building models were evaluated. The plastering materials considered are laterite mortal, laterite mortal with nanoparticle clay screeding and cement-sand mortal. The results were based on the experimentally measured thermal conductance, thermal resistance and thermal transmittance of the building model according to ASTM C1045-90 standard specification. The analysis of the measured data revealed that the laterite plaster significantly improve the thermal resistivity of the building model compared to cement-sand mortal. However, clay nano particle screeding on the laterite plaster does not significantly affect the thermal performance of the straw bale building model.
... Besides, straw bale has quite good thermal insulation value. According to the Adedeji (2007) statement, the straw bale of width exceeds 450 mm have a U-value of 0.13 W/m 2 K, which is considered the best value in comparison with other conventional wall materials such as brickwork of thickness 105 mm have U-value of 0.33 and concrete block of thickness 100 mm have U-value of 0.4 (Adedeji, 2007). ...
Rapid population growth and increased energy consumption along with urbanization led to many problems such as climate change and global warming. Sustainable building design and construction has become an essential concept. New construction technologies and the use of sustainable materials are quite significant in terms of energy efficiency in order to improve building envelope. In the first step of the study, three of the most preferred external wall systems in low-rise buildings in Turkey construction industry have been selected and examined in detail. In the following step, timber-framed (infill) and load-bearing straw bale wall systems that have an ancient history and known as a traditional construction system have been selected in order to make a comparative analysis. In the evaluation part, five different wall systems are compared to each other in terms of their physical and thermal properties (density, weight, U and R values), embodied carbon/energy amounts and costs. The results are summarized in tables and figures. Straw bale construction is preferred in most continents like Europe, Asia, America because of its easy applicability, sustainability, good thermal insulation value, locality, economically applicable. However, these kinds of applications are very limited in Turkey due to the lack of knowledge about construction techniques. Besides, there has been no regulation or standards in Turkey about straw bale construction yet. With this research, it is aimed to emphasize the importance of straw bale construction in terms of energy efficiency and to discuss the applicability of straw bale buildings for Turkey.
... Besides, straw bale has quite good thermal insulation value. According to the Adedeji (2007) statement, the straw bale of width exceeds 450 mm have a U-value of 0.13 W/m 2 K, which is considered the best value in comparison with other conventional wall materials such as brickwork of thickness 105 mm have U-value of 0.33 and concrete block of thickness 100 mm have U-value of 0.4 (Adedeji, 2007). ...
... A strawbale of 450mm has a U-value of 0.13W/m2K. (Michael 2006, Otiki 2004, Jones 2001, Adedeji 2007, DuLithgow 2006, Nehemiah 2003MacDougall 2006, Asonibare 2007 Figure 2 Stacked strawbales before plastering and under construction ...
The concept design of the typha strawbale masonry came up as a result of the urgent demand for a means of constructing sustainable buildings. In the past, typha-styled structures are suitable for dwellers, keeping farm products that will respond to the environmental eco-system both in rural and urban settlements. This composite masonry material is assessed for its adequate strength for its optimal design, which can be incorporated in the masonry standards.
... Thus giving rise to the periodic increase in the demands for housing and the escalating cost of conventional building materials. Hence, the need to construct buildings with viable low cost materials has become a necessity in our fast growing society in other to overcome the problem in the housing sector [1]. With this problem at hand, there is need to develop alternatives, which have to be cost effective and create an ecological friendly room for the comfortability of the dwellers, due to the fact that some building materials may impair the ecological friendly condition of our rooms i.e. more economical, ecological friendly and readily available thus making this research important. ...
In this study, the influence of the plastering materials on the thermal performance of three (3) straw bale building models were evaluated. The plastering materials considered are laterite mortal, laterite mortal with nanoparticle clay screeding and cement-sand mortal. The results were based on the experimentally measured thermal conductance, thermal resistance and thermal transmittance of the building model according to ASTM C1045-90 standard specification. The analysis of the measured data revealed that the laterite plaster significantly improve the thermal resistivity of the building model compared to cementsand mortal. However, clay nano particle screeding on the laterite plaster does not significantly affect the thermal performance of the straw bale building model.
... Post-processing: Results were obtained and processed for the reflection in terms of tables, charts, graphs, contours, bar charts etc. (i.e. This stage involves the interpretation of the results produced by the software (Adedeji, 2007). ...
The paper reports the response of termitarium-strawbale composite prism (T-SBP) under compression (vertical) and thermal (lateral) loads, using SAP2000 for the finite element method of analysis. The analysis was carried out considering the same thickness of T-SBP formed rectangular section with different heights. The parameters of stresses under certain pressures and their comparative results were obtained from stresses and applied loads. The comparison of the results between the termitarium plastered strawbale masonry and the cement plastered strawbale masonry shows that the former has much more stresses affected by the loadings than the later, given that maximum allowable stress, due to compression and thermal loads, for termitarium plastered strawbale wall is 62.2kN/m2 and of the cement is 9.6kN/m2.
... Strength and stability: -The wall should be strong enough to carry imposed load without excessive deformation. The strength of a wall depends on the strength of the material of the wall and its (wall) thickness (Ruppert and Grandseat 1999, Adedeji 2002, 2007. Weather exclusion: -It is extremely important to keep weather out of a building if the internal environment is to remain constant. ...
This study highlights the use of plastered straw bale as a load bearing element, its method of construction and specification required to obtain maximum benefits from the use of this material. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) was used in formulating, scheduling and managing the various milestones or activities in the construction of a plastered straw bale walled building. CPA arising from this work provides an empirically constructed schedule of planning activities for straw bale wall and other auxiliary building elements (foundations, roof, lintel and brick columns) to meet some self-imposed or institutionally required calendar of events. The critical path analysis was developed using Microsoft Visual Basic 6 Software to determine the critical path in the construction schedule. The construction basic data are input into the activity interface which comprises the activity name, description, predecessor activity, start node and end node. The economic analysis of the construction work has shown that the total actual cost of the residential building is 0.77 of the same building built with sandcrete wall with scheduled times of 29.64 and 28.64 weeks respectively.
This paper is a presentation of compressive strength testresults on plastered straw bale block. Guinea corn – straw fiber were baled and plastered with mortar into straw bale blocks of fibers with an average of 6mm thickness, 11.2% moisture content, and baled at a density of range between 0.161-0.190 kg/ mm 2. The fiber blocks were subjected to vertical loading on different plaster thickness of 10, 15 and 20mm using 1:3, 1:4 and 1:6 mix proportion of cement to sand. The results showed that the maximum compressive strength of 6.046 N/mm 2 was obtained with amix ratio 1:3 and 20mm plaster thickness, while the minimum compressive strength of 1.698 N/mm 2 was obtained with a 10mm plaster thickness which meet the requirement of standard compressive strength of sand Crete block (1.8-2.5 N/mm 2) stipulated by the British standard (BS 6073).
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