No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The role of materials identification and selection in engineering design
Abstract
Engineering design relates to the design of engineered artifacts formed by materials of various types. Materials play an important role during the entire design process. At the early design stage, materials may achieve some of the required functions. Hence, designers may need to identify materials with specific functionalities in order to find feasible design concepts. ‘Materials identification’ is used to refer to this materials-related design activity. At the downstream design stages, when the physical structure for a design has been determined, materials with specific properties should be selected from a set of candidates, which is commonly referred to as ‘materials selection’.In this paper, an overview of recent research in materials identification and materials selection is conducted, that provides materials support for the early and downstream stages of engineering design respectively. The purpose of this work is to provide a documentary of latest research efforts in this area, to recognize the importance of materials identification and selection for engineering design problem solving, as well as to propose prospects of future research, so that more effort can be spent on those lacking materials-related research.
... And the S e of predicted fatigue life using physics-informed influencing factors and mechanical properties was 16.1%, which was 69.6% smaller than that using mechanical properties (52.9%), and % smaller than that using conventional influencing factors (82.4%). Previous studies [56,57] concluded that the embedding of physical laws in the data-driven model and the reasonable identification of different inputs contributed to effective data-driven algorithms, while the unified data-driven prediction model considering physical laws still lacked of further research. Therefore, this study proposed to identify different materials via mechanical properties to clarify the characteristics of inputs (multiple influencing factors) and highlight the multiple nonlinear relationship between input and output (fatigue life). ...
... In the study of multiple materials via data-driven method, the effective identification of metallic materials was constructive for reliable fatigue behavior analysis [56,57]. The general prediction model proposed in this study can well describe and identify the common metallic materials, which revealed the potential of the proposed model in fatigue life estimation of engineering components. ...
... In the study of multiple materials via data-driven method, the effective characterization of metallic materials was constructive for reliable fatigue behavior analysis [56,57]. Therefore, the mechanical properties-based fatigue life prediction method can realize more reliable fatigue life prediction of welded joints of different materials than other prediction methods. ...
... Par conséquent, sur la base de la lacune identifiée au chapitre 2, la méthodologie de décision proposée dans ce chapitre suit une procédure étape par étape pour obtenir des combinaisons matériau-processusmachine FA pour un produit lors de la conception. La procédure comporte trois étapes (Deng et Edwards, 2007). ...
... MPS problem requires input from various corners such as industrial engineering, material science and engineering, and mechanical engineering (Jahan et al., 2010). It involves several conflicting objectives and can be best solved using Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods (Deng and Edwards, 2007). The idea is to get one solution which is a good compromise and acceptable to the entire team. ...
... Strategies such as rulebased system approach (Zarandi et al., 2011) have been widely used to help in knowledge acquisition, choosing the selection criteria, building hierarchical definition of knowledge, selection of a user interface, and finally the implementation. But prior to all this, it is necessary to capture the voice of the customer in terms of needs, specifications, aesthetic preferences, and constraints, to formulate requirements and functionality (Deng and Edwards, 2007). The inner circle represents the potentials of AM such as complexity for free, individualization, etc., while the outer circle shows the measures that need to be taken to achieve each of the shown potentials. ...
The doctoral research focuses to build an integrated approach that can simultaneously handle the product and process parameters related to additive manufacturing (AM). Since, market dynamics of today are constantly evolving, drivers such as mass customization strategies, shorter product development cycles, a large pool of materials to choose from, abundant manufacturing processes, etc., have made it essential to choose the right compromise of materials, manufacturing processes and associated machines in early stages of design considering the Design for AM guidelines. As several criteria, material attributes and process functionality requirements are involved for decision making in the industries, the thesis introduces a generic decision methodology, based on multi-criteria decision-making tools, that can not only provide a set of compromised AM materials, processes and machines but will also act as a guideline for designers to achieve a strong foothold in the AM industry by providing practical solutions containing design oriented and feasible material-machine combinations from a database of 38 renowned AM vendors in the world today.
... The research community has not noticed the integration of sustainability and material selection in the preliminary design phase. Deng and Edwards (Deng and Edwards, 2007) studied the role of material selection in the early design phase. They pointed out that this selection is an inevitable issue due to fewer tools and technique supports than the later stages of the design phase. ...
... Besides, they still determined that material selection should be applied during the product life cycle. Deng and Edwards (Deng and Edwards, 2007) pointed out the role of material identification and selection in the design phase. They confirmed that the material selection is a critical issue in the early design phase, which has fewer tools and technique supports than the later stages of the design phase. ...
Construction projects consume a massive amount of renewable and non-renewable resources and negatively affect sustainable development. The selection of materials is necessary to meet the demands of sustainability. The preliminary design phase is essential within construction project phases because the main requirements, budget, and master drawings are planned here. Also, the selection of primary materials is considered in this phase. However, the integration of material selection and sustainability in the preliminary design phase has been underestimated. This paper reviewed sustainability in the preliminary design phase and the importance of material selection in accordance with sustainability in this phase. By using current literature and tools like Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), the paper establishes a conceptual framework including sub-aspects that relate to sustainable aspects (economy, environment, and society). The proposed sub-aspects, such as total cost, cost efficiency, budget management, and water efficiency, define the relevant activities that help select the most sustainable materials. The results can be applied as a guide to decision-makers and promote sustainability right from the preliminary design phase. Future studies may provide methods for each criterion and establish a detailed plan to apply this framework in practice.
... Traditionally, design arises at the intersection of materials, shapes and technique (Ashby & Johnson, 2012). As product ideas are made physical by means of materials, materials are a basic attribute of products, and thus, materials selection plays a significant role in industrial design (Deng & Edwards, 2007;Hodgson & Harper, 2004). ...
... In industrial design, materials selection plays an important role (Deng & Edwards, 2007;Hodgson & Harper, 2004). Being the interface of a product, a material does not only have to meet technical-functional requirements, but also has to include intended experiential qualities such as user interactions, meanings, and sensorial attributes (Giaccardi & Karana, 2015;Karana, 2010;van Kesteren, 2008). ...
How do consumers experience the materials in products around them? And how can we capture these experiential qualities of materials into information for designers? These questions initiated this thesis. Over the past four years, we have explored how we can study materials experiences of different types of consumers, to support designers in their materials selection process by understanding the targeted users’ material desires for the designed product. We currently live in a world with an abundance of products and varieties on the market, which complicates the purchase decision for consumers. To satisfy demanding consumers, products must meet both functional requirements and hedonic user needs. A product should work well, safely and simply, plus it must also enhance the user’s life, provide satisfaction and pleasure. Without materials, no products can exist. Thus, materials form the visual and tactile interface with the world around us, and fulfil a part of the functional and hedonic needs. We interact with products through materials , and it is through our senses that we experience materials. In order to foster the user-centeredness of the product development discipline, materials should not be studied in isolation, but incorporate people and their relationship with materials. Central to this research was the exploration of experiential characterization of materials, integrating both the physical representation of materials and the segmentation of different types of consumers. The thesis consists of four major parts: (i) experiential characterization in product design, (ii) material demonstrator form, (iii) consumer segmentation, and (iv) guidelines for experiential material characterization, and theoretical and designerly conclusions. The first part offers insight in the world of experiential characterization studies in the materials and design domain, and the methodological challenges involved in studying materials experience. It reveals learnings on six needs for future research. The second part addresses one of these needs, and explores the appropriate physical representation of materials for experiential characterization studies. The third part focusses on the need of including extensive user aspects, and examines how consumers can be clustered in meaningful segments that prefer different material qualities. The fourth and final part includes guidelines on how to set-up experiential material characterization experiments based on the previous findings, as well as the theoretical and designerly conclusions of this thesis. It closes with future research perspectives and a future vision for design.
... However, the selection of suitable materials among the wide range of available in the market offers a complex and challenging task for automotive engineers and manufacturers. Traditionally, material selection in the automotive sector has been guided by empirical knowledge and past experiences [2]. While experience-based methods are being used in the industries over the several decades, they may lack the systematic approach required to evaluate a multitude of materials against diverse criteria. ...
... A designer must have in mind several factors when selecting a material during product design, such as physical properties, mechanical properties, electrical and magnetic properties, thermal properties, chemical properties, material and production cost, material impact on environment and recyclability, aesthetics, availability, manufacturing properties, and others. Given this issue, over the last decades, there have been several material selection models proposed to help designers solve this problem as effectively and efficiently as possible [10,11]. As such, numerous papers have been released with several use cases for various methodologies to support material selection [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. ...
... Material can be selected before or after the design process based on the design constraints. If the material with a certain property is required for design to function and is not available, then the material design stage is required [Deng and Edwards, 2007]. In this module, students will select the best material for a design part utilizing Ansys Granta EduPack software [www.ansys.com] ...
... Typically, professionals employ a trial-and-error methodology for material selection, which often incurs substantial expenses or relies on the accumulation of historical data, thereby leading to time inefficiencies [5]. The selection of materials is a crucial aspect in the design and manufacturing processes of diverse engineering applications, which has garnered significant attention from researchers in recent times [6][7][8]. The process of evaluating material alternatives is fundamental to the selection of HSM, but it is challenging because of the variety of criteria and the complexity of the relationships between them. ...
In recent years, semiconductors have become essential components in a wide range of electronic information products. The manufacturing of semiconductors requires production in an electronic clean room. Choosing the right honeycomb structural material (HSM) can maximize the efficiency and operation of the electronic clean room. Selecting the optimal HSM for electronics clean rooms requires balancing tradeoffs between conflicting criteria. This study aims to develop a comprehensive evaluation criteria system for proper HSM selection. We propose a multi-criteria decision support framework based on the notion of basic uncertain linguistic information and an integrated approach that combines the Bayesian best-worst method (BBWM) technique with the Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realité (ELECTRE) III method. The proposed framework is used to address the HSM selection problem faced by a cross-functional team who are responsible for the design and construction of an electronics clean room in Shanghai. The results of the study show that construction cost and clean ventilation capacity criteria are very important and that Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) straight cylinders, a subtype of HSM, stand out from the crowd of materials. The proposed model was further subjected to sensitivity and comparative analyses to compare the current model with several existing methods to validate its advantages and confirm its validity.
... The choice of the material should be made regarding the environment in which Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Singapore, March 7-11, 2021 © IEOM Society International the product will operate (Chen et al. 1994;Kutz 2002). (Deng and Edwards 2007) listed other requirements on material selection for more details on this subject. Concerning guidelines to choose the right criteria, several studies that give general recommendations are available in literature. ...
... Considering that companies spend a lot of effort and time to minimize their costs through studies such as process improvement to remain competitive in the market, high production costs clearly contradict them. In addition, improper material selection can directly or indirectly lead to undesirable design, poor performance, dissatisfied customers, low productivity, and malfunctions (Deng and Edwards 2007;Karande and Chakraborty 2012). In this context, a multidimensional evaluation is vital in the material selection process. ...
Material selection is influential in product design, manufacturing, and marketing. Appropriate material selection maximizes the performance of a product while minimizing its cost, whereas inappropriate material selection creates devastating results such as low performance, low quality, and high cost. Therefore, it is crucial how to choose the most suitable material. Unlike other studies, this study presents an ensemble multi-attribute decision-making approach for material selection. The approach involves four weighting methods—criteria importance through intercriteria correlation, Entropy, the method based on the removal effects of criteria, and statistical variance, five ranking methods—additive ratio assessment, combined compromise solution, multi-attributive border approximation area comparison, range of value, and the technique for order performance by similarity to the ideal solution, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and the Copeland method. Three different problems are considered to show the applicability of the proposed method and to reveal a comprehensive analysis. The results of each problem show valuable implications. The results of the ranking methods are sensitive to attribute weights. No ranking method alone can assure dependable selection for a given problem. Overall, the results reveal the importance of using multiple weighting and ranking methods and the superiority of the proposed integrated approach.
... Examples of construction equipment are engines, generators, concrete mixtures, backhoe loaders, and cranes. As a result, in the design process, the selection of material is one of the most prominent activities and many researchers have been attracted by this kind of study that is related to material selection for many years [1][2][3][4]. This is because various indispensable decision criteria involved in the selection of materials are essential to be taken into consideration. ...
Construction companies play a central role in the development of a country. The construction products stimulate the growth of private physical structures and public infrastructure for many productive activities such as utilities, commerce, and services. A good material selection is an essential part that needs to be studied in order to come out with a product that is of high quality and safe to be used. As a result, materials selection in the field of construction has also become an interesting topic for many researchers. Based on the previous literature, several multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) models are proposed to choose the best materials for a particular application in recent years. With multiple decision criteria, material selection is treated as an MCDM problem. According to past studies, the researchers have emphasized the integration of MCDM models to tackle complicated decision making problems. MCDM model is a good tool and has been widely proposed in various fields as MCDM models are capable to tackle the decision making problems that are taking multiple decision criteria into consideration. The intended purpose of this paper aims to provide a literature review on the material selection in the field of construction with MCDM models.
... Furthermore, the primary failure mechanism is determined by the material properties, and a design specification that applies to one material type may not fit another. Material replacement participants must use caution to ensure that the introduction of new materials does not disclose a latent failure mode that was not specified in the original design specification [37,38]. ...
... Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), is one of the most attractive approaches in the artificial intelligence due to its outstanding features for simulation, optimization as well as prediction of complex nonlinear behaviors of the practical parameter in industrial application [39,40]. Unfortunately, increasing the optimization objectives (multi-objective) reduces ANN performance. ...
In this study, Fe-Co-Ni nanostructure ternary alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and its magnetic and structural properties were also evaluated. Multi-objective artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA) have been used to optimize and improve the magnetic properties of products. The weight percentage of Fe, Co, and Ni as alloying element, milling times and speed annealing times and temperature as well as a ball to powder ratio (BPR) were selected as input parameters. Meanwhile, grain size, magnetization saturation (μs) and coercivity (hc) of Fe-Co-Ni nanostructure alloys were considered as output parameters. GA was introduced to the established models of multi-objective ANN. Proposed optimum condition as a candidate for transformer core is a combination of highest μs as (222.9) emu/g, lowest grain size as (9.6 nm) and hc as (5.9 Oe) with the root mean squared error (RMSE) lower than 0.9%. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis results confirmed that the weight percentages of Ni, BPR, and the weight percentages of Ni and BPR are the most effective parameters on μs, hc and grain size, respectively.
... Material selection is very important in the design and manufacture of parts, defining their properties, performance and reliability [70]. The difficulty is increased when using recycled materials, as their properties are compromised even by the recycling cycles they have undergone. ...
Plastic waste is a major concern for marine environment care, and many researchers and projects face the problem from different points of view. The European CircularSeas project aims to encourage the development of greener maritime industries through the combination of principles of Circular Economy, plastic recycling and 3D printing. However, while 3D printing has shown its benefits for conventional industry environments, the first issue discussed in this paper is whether 3D printing technology can also bring benefits to the maritime‐port sector, where parts manufactur-ing, new prototyping trends and even product customization have not traditionally been major business issues. A secondary issue is how 3D printing and this specific user scenario could accom-modate recycled plastic in a Circular Economy strategy in a feasible way. In an attempt to address both of these issues, the paper reviews some particularities of 3D printing open technologies and proposes a new integrated and user‐oriented 3D printing framework, independent of hardware and adaptable to non‐standard recycled plastic raw material from marine waste.
... In addition, the plastic deformation mechanism of NiTi may be triggered at high temperatures [27]. In other words, the plastic yield stress of NiTi depletes with rising temperature [28][29][30]. Moreover, the effective pressure (Peff) on the neck or GB is usually higher than the applied pressure (P), and it depends on the relative density of the sample. ...
An analysis of the shape memory effect of a NiTi alloy by using the spark plasma sintering approach has been carried out. Spark plasma sintering of Ti50Ni50 powder (20–63 µm) at a temperature of 900 °C produced specimens showing good shape memory effects. However, the sample showed 2.5% porosity due to a load of 48 MPa. Furthermore, an apparent shape memory effect was recorded and the specimens were characterized by uniformity in chemical composition and shape memory alloys of NiTi showed significant austenite phases with a bending strain recovery of >2.5%.
... The ability to select the most appropriate nanomaterial for a given application is the fundamental challenges faced by the design engineer. A systematic and efficient approach to material selection approach is necessary in order to select the best alternative for a given application [1][2][3][4][5]. The importance of materials selection in engineering design has been well recognized. ...
The paper presents the attribute-based characterization of the nanomaterials method for computer storage and retrieval as a knowledgebase. The knowledgebase permits in-depth understanding and comparison between nanomaterials available with the scientists and product developers to satisfy their research and development (R & D) needs. Techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed to evaluate nanomaterials in the presence of multiple attributes. The method normalizes attributes to nullify the effect of different units and their values in the range of 0 to 1. The relative importance of different attributes for different applications is considered. The weight vector is derived using the Eigenvalue formulation. The positive and negative benchmark solutions are derived. The Euclidean distance of alternatives from this best and worst solution leads to the development of proximity /goodness/suitability index for ranking. The final decision is taken by decision-makers by SWOT analysis and short and long-term strategies of the organization. The methodology is illustrated with the help of an example and a step-by-step procedure. Results, discussion, and conclusion highlight the importance and practical application.
... 3,4 With material selection being critical, improper selection ultimately would lead to premature product failures, undesirable cost implications and affect the reputation of the manufacturing organisation. [5][6][7] A compromise with a balance between properties (e.g. strength vs. cost) is required in the choice of material. ...
Technological advancements and the growing material set in the world have created a large variety of options for industrial designers, but little attention has been given to the tools and methods that support material selection processes. In this paper, we report on a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement on methods or approaches reported for supporting material selection processes. This review covers various published literature, spanning from 2000 to 2018. The purpose is to examine in detail the evolution of the extensive body of research, its research streams and to position possible areas for further research. A classification framework consisting of six categories of selection approaches was derived from the extensive literature. Additionally, a detailed analysis of predominant approaches was presented along with their advantages and limitations with respect to the material selection domain. Taken together, the insights gained from this study may be of assistance to new researchers and practitioners who are looking for potential selection methods for their specific applications. The review also found that there is an increasing trend of research in recent years in the area of OR-based method application specifically on the multi-criteria decision-making supporting material selection processes.
... Material selection is a key factor that influences the performance of any given system [1] . Trombe walls are passive solar structures used for space conditioning in buildings, serving for both heating and cooling applications. ...
... An optimal material selection has been an intriguing step in the design process for engineers over the centuries as it should be ideally executed in the early stages of development through a systematic approach [Deng07]. In ancient times, the material selection would be basically made based on availability or ease to work with, since resources were scarce. ...
Industry requirements are constantly changing over time. Therefore, whether related to performance, costs or sustainability, the search for technical and methodological alternatives for product development is fundamental. The use of multi-materials in a single component stands out as a promising alternative by setting the right material in the right place. However, a range of new challenges in mechanical design comes with it, where classical as well as state-of-the-art methods are often inadequate to address the intrinsic heterogeneity of the problem. This work aims for presenting a complete process for multi-material design with a focus on the optimization of mechanical properties and the manufacturability of the solution.
The proposed process begins with the choice of materials, where an analytical study is executed to assess the significance of possible material combinations. Depending on the properties involved and the nature of the problem, potential cases with distinct influence on design were identified. Especially interesting are the cases where material distribution is not trivial, such as structural problems. Therefore, a novel topology optimization based on evolutionary methods was developed, designated as Interfacial Zone Evolutionary Optimization. In this method, the design update at each iteration is restricted to an interfacial zone, which facilitates the implementation of fundamental manufacturing restrictions. Thereby, manufacturable and optimized concepts for multi-material problems are explored.
The next step of the design process is an adapted case-based reasoning environment. In this implementation, manufacturing and design results are continuously integrated in a self-learning platform. This integration centralizes the objective of both fields and delivers solutions that are in accordance to all requirements. To exemplify it, the whole process was applied for a multi-material shaft produced by Tailored Forming, where the results could be verified through experiments. All things considered, the design process proposed in this work offers an innovative method to meet new challenging needs of product development.
... Introduction Material selection in engineering applications determines to a great extent the performance of the system [1]. Trombe walls are passive solar structure uses in space conditioning in buildings, its consists of a glazing and a massive wall separated by an air gap with vents on the top and bottom of the wall [2]. ...
Glazing are functional components of Trombe walls, they determine to a great extent the performance of the system. selection of optimal glazing for trombe wall application was considered in this article and the TOPSIS methodology was employed. TOPSIS is a multi-criteria decision-making algorithm which means a technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution. considered in this article were four different glazing types and four criteria. the single glazing was the closest to the ideal solution followed by the double pane glazing with low emissivity coating, double pane glazing with high emissivity coating and the triple pane glazing respectively
... Traditionally, design arises at the intersection of materials, shapes and technique (Ashby and Johnson, 2012). As product ideas are made physical by means of materials, materials are a basic attribute of products, and thus, materials selection plays a significant role in industrial design (Deng and Edwards, 2007;Hodgson and Harper, 2004). Literature suggests multiple approaches for an ideal materials selection process (Ashby et al., 2004;Chiner, 1988;Farag, 2002;Jalham, 2006;Van Kesteren et al., 2006), however they mostly originate from material science and mechanical engineering, that reflects on "what a material is and how it behaves" (Camere and Karana, 2018, p. 1), for example in terms of tensile strength, E-modulus, hardness, etc. ...
Materials experience in design involves the meanings that materials convey to users through its expressive characteristics. Such meaning evoking patterns are influenced by parameters such as context, product (e.g.shape) and user. Consequently, there is a need to standardise experiential material characterisation and large-scale data collection, by means of a meaning-less or ‘neutral’ demonstrator to objectively compare materials.
This paper explores the conception of this neutrality and proposes two opposing strategies: neutrality through complexity or through simplicity. In a pre-study with 20 designers, six associative pairs are selected as neutrality criteria, and shaped in 240 forms by 20 (non) designers in a main workshop. Following the simplicity strategy, these forms are averaged out in three steps by a team of five designers, based on a consensus on of delicate-rugged, aggressive-calm, futuristic-calm, masculine-feminine, traditional-modern, and toylike-professional, resulting in a selection of four averaged neutral forms.
Finally, future research will focus on complexity to increase interactivity, so that consumers might be triggered in extensive material exploration.
... The goal in material identification, being to find potential material candidates for the envisioned applications. For further details between material identification and material selection the reader is advised to refer to: 167 (a) (b) 101 approaches for easing or facilitating SMs based concept generation. Both are related to SMs identification and are explained in the following subsections. ...
Invented in 1983, as a rapid prototyping process, additive manufacturing (AM) is nowadays considered as a manufacturing process almost in the same way as conventional processes. For example, parts obtained by AM are found in aircraft structures. This AM evolution is mainly due to the shape complexity allowed by the process. The driving forces behind this evolution include: the development of various techniques on the layer-wise manufacturing principle and the improvement both in quantity and quality of the range of materials that can be processed. Many other AM techniques and materials continue to emerge. In the wake of the AM (usually referred to as 3D printing) another mode of manufacturing did emerge: 4D printing (4DP). 4DP consists of exploring the smart materials (SM) – AM interaction. SMs are materials whose state changes according to a stimulus; this is the case, for example, with thermochromic materials whose color changes in response to heat or hydrogels which can shrink as a function of an aqueous medium’s pH or of light. The objects thus obtained have – in addition to an initial form (3D) – the capacity to shift state (according to the stimuli to which the SMs of which they are made are sensitive) hence the 4th dimension (time). 4DP is – rightly – the subject of intense research concerning the manufacturing aspect (exploration of new processes and materials, characterization, etc.). However, very little work is done to support the designers (who, in principle, are neither AM experts nor experts of SMs) to use it in their concepts. This new process-material interaction requires adapted models, methodologies and design tools. This PhD on design for 4D printing aims at filling this methodological gap. A design methodology for AM (DFAM) has been proposed. This methodology integrates the freedoms (shape, materials, etc.) and the constraints (support, resolution, etc.) peculiar to the AM and allows both the design of parts and assemblies. Particularly, freedom of form has been taken into account by allowing the generation of a minimalist geometry based on the functional flows (material, energy, and signal) of the part. In addition, the contributions of this PhD focused on designing with smart materials (DwSM). Because SMs play a functional rather than a structural role, concerns about these materials need to be addressed in advance of the design process (typically in conceptual design phase). In addition, unlike conventional materials (for which a few parameter values may suffice as information to the designer), SMs need to be described in more detail (stimulus, response, functions, etc.). For these reasons a design-oriented information system on SMs has been developed. This system makes it possible, among other things, to inform designers about the capabilities of SMs and also to determine SMs candidates for a concept. The system has been materialized by a web application. Finally, a modeling framework allowing quickly modeling and simulating an object made of SMs has been proposed. This framework is based on voxel modeling (volumetric pixel). In addition to the simulation of SMs behaviors, the proposed theoretical framework also allows the computation of a functional distribution of SMs and conventional material; distribution which, given a stimulus, makes it possible to deform an initial form towards a desired final form. A tool – based on Grasshopper, a plug-in of the CAD software Rhinoceros® – materializing this methodological framework has also been developed.
... The functioning of the engineering components relies on the competence of the input materials. In the context of manufacturing process, to handle the highly challenging task of making decisions pertaining to suitable material selection many MCDM methods such as Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) [2], Linear Programming Techniques for Multidimensional Analysis of Preference (LINMAP) [3], Technique For Order Performance By Similarity To Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) [4], Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) [5], Elimination Et Choix Traduisant La Realite (ELECTRE) [6], Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) [7],Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) [8], Visekriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) [9], Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis method (MOORA) [10]. ...
The designing of any engineering component depends mainly on the selection of material as it is a prime factor in deciding the manufacturing process. Selection of suitable materials is very much significant in designing as it contributes to the enhancement of energy, time and cost efficiency. Several multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are used by the researchers in determining the best material for engineering design. In this paper NARAS is used as the method of MCDM and it is validated with the secondary data considered by Rajnish Kumar.et.al [1] for validating the method of Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). This paper also presents a comparative analysis of the methods of TOPSIS and NARAS in selection of material for optimal design.
... As discussed earlier, an apparent improvement induced by AM is that the part interior no longer has to be solid; instead, lattice materials can be used to develop the porous infill. This type of material feature option has been put forward for a long time [57]. But only recently, it has been re-concentrated thanks to the development of both AM and computation design techniques. ...
... For this reason, many researchers combined Fuzzy Logic concepts with MCDM techniques to overcome the above problem. The main characteristic of fuzzy logic is to handle any complicated problem and reflect the human thinking style [11,6]. To the knowledge of the authors, a study in materials selection regarding to the application of bio-medical application is still not available in the literature. ...
Material plays a vital role in an engineering design process. Selecting the appropriate material for a certain product is the vital task for engineering designer. In order to fulfil design requirement, the designer need to evaluate material alternatives by following a systematic selection. If the selection process is carried out haphazardly, there will be the risk of overlooking possible attractive materials. This risk can be reduced by implementing an efficient methodology. Hence, the aim of this paper is to develop a methodology, based on Fuzzy TOPSIS and sensitivity analysis, to select the appropriate material in biomedical application that is taken only as an illustrative example. Eleven candidate materials are evaluated, , to find the optimal material for a biomedical component "hip prosthesis", and nine evaluation criteria that called: tensile strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, wear resistance, elastic modulus, tissue tolerance, specific gravity and cost are considered. Co_Cr alloys_Wrought alloy are found as the best material for hip prosthesis production. The results obtained are verified via a sensitivity analysis, and also compared with the existing methods to check the robustness of the proposed methodology.
... Deng and Edwards described the material selection is a process of selecting a specific material properties from a set of candidates after the physical design structures has been determined [35]. Gutteridge and Waterman [36] further elaborated that materials selection is the process in the identification of materials which will possess the dimensions, shape and properties for any product to perform according to its design intent (both functional and cost criteria) after enduring appropriate manufacturing operations. ...
A ventilation system comprising a ventilator or fan to inhale fresh air from environment surrounding enters the cabin of a car where at the same time exhale the hot air to the outside. This invention system is using solar power integrate with the ventilation system in order to stabilize the thermal condition inside the car during sunny day. The solar power is chosen as it is reasonable due to its limitless and environmental friendly source just like mentioned in the previous objective of the project. In addition, a rechargeable battery is used to power the ventilator in the absence of the alternative energy during cloudy day or has obstacle like being shaded by buildings, trees and others. It is just like an extra supply during emergency case. This may prevent the lack of power energy supply for the system. A heat sensor is used as to detect targeted (high temperature) and desired temperature (drop temperature) inside the car. It is operatively connected to a logic circuit to measure environmental factor, wherein the controller (PIC Microcontroller) utilizes the measured environmental condition to allow the power supply to activate or deactivate the ventilator. Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
... Rathod and Kanzaria (2011) studied the MCDM approach for comparative analysis between TOPSIS and PSI methods of materials selection to achieve a desirable combination of strength and workability in al/sic composite. Deng and Edwards (2007) applied multi criteria decision method to explain the role of materials identification and selection in engineering design. Kumar, Bhomik, and Ray (2013) discussed the selection of cutting tool material by TOPSIS method and Selection of material: A multi criteria approach using multi objective optimisation based on ratio analysis. ...
This paper deals how optimization studies were carried out on a selection of glazing materials for solar thermal applications with multi response characteristics based on Multi Criteria Decision Making Methodology using TOPSIS (Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) methodology concerning seven alternatives. In this investigation, seven alternative materials and six criteria used for material selection for the optimal design. The results demonstrations that Polysulfone material is best for the solar thermal applications.
... Estudos recentes (ROGNOLO, 2010;KESTEREN, 2008;DENG, EDWARDS, 2007) apontam que muitos profissionais buscam e desenvolvem bases metodológicas para a seleção de materiais por designers. Destacam-se ainda as ferramentas e fóruns que auxiliam o profissional a entender o tema. ...
O artigo apresenta um breve panorama sobre a atividade de design e sua relação com os materiais. São discutidos desde a percepção de como deve ser abordado o tema durante o ensino superior, a seleção dos materiais durante o processo projetual de produtos, às novas possibilidades do profissional em realizar projetos e se envolver diretamente no desenvolvimento de materiais. O artigo é resultado de pesquisa, em andamento, de natureza bibliográfica de base qualitativa mediante análise interpretativa dos autores. Foi realizada no programa de Pós Graduação da Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais – Escola de Design (UEMG). Tal análise objetiva discutir as expectativas do designer em atuar concomitante à área de engenharia, bem como o desenvolvimento de metodologias que contemplem as informações técnicas, sensorial, perceptiva para o melhor entendimento das necessidades dos usuários. O estudo é organizado em quatro partes, partindo da contextualização sobre a evolução dos materiais e sua utilização pelo setor industrial, à relação do profissional com os insumos. Para isso, são discutidos como
o designer compreende, identifica e utiliza os materiais em projetos de produto, e por fim,
como ele pode vir a contribuir para o fomento de novas soluções para a indústria e projetos de pesquisa. Considerando a evolução histórica, a partir do século XXI, as mudanças ocorridas na sociedade tiveram um enorme impacto no processo de design. Obsolescência programada, novos processos nas indústrias e a propagação de técnicas produtivas tem revolucionado, de maneira cada vez mais rápida, o mercado. Percebe-se que um dos marcos da sociedade industrializada é a grande variedade de produtos que são utilizados. Não apenas as pessoas consomem mais materiais rapidamente, como também se aumentou a diversidade destes. A interação entre os indivíduos e os materiais dá-se, sobretudo, por via de produtos, sendo essa interação responsável por um número considerável de atributos. Assim, as propriedades dos materiais contribuem para a percepção de desempenho do produto e instigam os sentidos dos usuários. Dessa forma, é de extrema importância que os designers considerem tais características ao avaliá-los na concepção dos objetos. Estes profissionais devem compreender os materiais, uma vez que suas qualidades técnicas são relevantes tanto no campo teórico, quanto para o prático. Por isso, faz-se necessário que a adoção de metodologias de materiais para na área do design sejam consideradas nos programas superiores de ensino. O estudo de materiais pelo design é, de certa forma, recente se comparados aos já realizados pelas engenharias. Todavia, diversas publicações foram pertinentes para o início de mudança desse cenário. Além disso, plataformas online específicas sobre o tema, o surgimento de materiotecas e novas abordagens no ensino, garantem uma melhor compreensão dos estudantes sobre o tema. A vastidão de escolha de materiais e processos, bem como os aspectos relacionados ao meio ambiente e uma melhor qualidade de vida, são fatores que contribuem para as inovações que surgem no
campo do design. A partir do presente estudo, percebe-se que, apesar de ser um tema bastante explorado em outras áreas do conhecimento, a relação do design e os materiais ainda carece um aprofundamento acadêmico, como forma de ampliar a discussão e contribuir para novas diretrizes que auxiliem a prática profissional. Muitas são as metodologias desenvolvidas por designers e centros de estudo como forma de permitir uma melhor seleção de material para o projeto analisado. De maneira geral, percebe-se que pela abordagem interdisciplinar da área é possível a interação com diversas outras áreas, fator que permita ao designer convergir também não apenas como um promotor de um novo material ou tendência de consumo, mas que contribua, e de maneira significativa, para a produção de novas oportunidades frente a este cenário cada vez mais dinâmico e complexo que vivemos.
... Por isso mesmo, este tipo de SM é o mais estudado nos meios acadêmicos. Já a introdução dos processos de SMPF nos estágios iniciais de um projeto tem recebido bem menos atenção do mundo acadêmico (DENG;EDWARDS, 2007), talvez pelo fato de que nesta etapa as propriedades dos materiais não sejam tão críticas, mas sim a funcionalidade do objeto em projeto.Para a comparação entre diversos materiais, informações muito completas estão disponíveis sobre materiais e processos de fabricação, muito embora a grande maioria delas não esteja sistematizada de forma que um projetista consiga recuperar informações de acordo com sua necessidade. A grande maioria das informações se encontra no formato de folhas de dados (datasheets), muito úteis quando se deseja informações específicas de um dado material, mas de muito pouca utilidade quando se faz a busca a partir das condições de uso do material 9 .Considerando que os procedimentos de SMPF devem estimular, ao invés desuprimir a criatividade durante o processo de projetação 10 (LOVATT; SHERCLIFF, 1998), e que exercer esta criatividade implica na necessidade de uma percepção real do material, principalmente pelo contato do projetista com os materiais, algumas pesquisas nesta área tiveram inicio. ...
The constant evolution of polymers and its compounds, the search for better performance and weight reduction in parts have been leading to innovative solutions in thermoplastic replacing metals in parts traditionally made of the later. In such cases, the initial stages of a project needs a special care and are where the Material and Process Selection (MPS) tools can really shine. If the designer chooses wisely and take advantage of the design freedom made possible by the use of plastics, a part can not only be made more economically but also with a better performance. Many tools are available in the marketplace, some even designed to deal specifically with polymers, but it is becoming clear that a more adequate and specific polymer selection methodology is needed. The objective of this work is to analyze the methodologies used in the academy and in the industry in the area of thermoplastic materials selection, together with the databases and software available, in search for subsidies to help product designers in their work. In this way, this work deals initially with materials engineering, materials and process selection (MPS) and thermoplastic materials basic knowledge, in a way to offer a basis for discussion. As it tries to understand the MPS in the industry, these processes are investigated in the academy first, leading to a discussion on the similarities and possible intersection between both worlds, an analysis of the existing tools, and finally pointing towards modifications on the actual methodologies to bring the theory of MPS to the real world of designers.
... In industrial design, materials selection plays an important role [1,2]. Being the interface of a product, a material does not only have to meet technical-functional requirements, but also has to include intended experiential characteristics such as user interactions, meanings, and sensorial attributes [3][4][5]. ...
In industrial design, materials selection plays an important role. Being the interface of a product, a material does not only have to meet technical-functional requirements, but also has to include intended experiential characteristics. Unfortunately, there is no one-to-one correspondence between materials and their expressive value, since a material’s perceived character is influenced by multiple contextual factors that are product-related (shape, function), user-related (gender, culture, etc.), and context-related (time, place, etc.). Our current research aims to explore possible relationships between materials, their expressive value and the link with self-expression of the end-user. It defines expressive value in terms of Schwartz end values. Consequently, this paper reveals insight in the expressive values that twelve pre-selected materials evoke in itself and in interaction with different pre-selected forms. Moreover, respondents are classified in meaningful self-expressive categories, based on their value orientation. For each of these segments, the materials and form-material combinations were investigated, both indirectly and directly, in relation to the fit between the expressive value of the material and the self-expression. Relationships were found between the self-perception and a material’s fit with the self-expression, and between materials and their perceived expression of values.
... Therefore, strategies such as rule-based system approach [31] have been widely used to help in knowledge acquisition, choosing the selection criteria, building hierarchical definition of knowledge, selection of a user interface, and finally the implementation. But prior to all this, it is necessary to capture the voice of the customer in terms of needs, specifications, aesthetic preferences, and constraints, to formulate requirements and functionality [32]. Few studies [30,33] have worked on the RS in conceptual and embodiment design stages, respectively. ...
... At the early design stage, materials may achieve some of the required functions. Hence, designers may need to identify materials with specific functionalities in order to find feasible design concepts [2]. ...
Multi-material automotive structures enable precise material selection in each structure, leading to enhanced product performance at a reduced cost and achieving lightweight design objectives. This paper introduces an innovative method for material selection in the context of designing multi-material lightweight automotive bodies. The proposed approach integrates topology optimization, Entropy Weight (EW), and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to apply optimal materials in specific locations strategically. The investigation centers on the body of a compact electric vehicle, leveraging topology optimization to ascertain load transfer paths and material distribution within the structure. The EW-TOPSIS method introduces a comprehensive mechanical property ranking method for materials, organizing scoring criteria across various materials. By combining this information with element density via topology optimization, a matching criterion and a corresponding relationship between vehicle body performance and material characteristics are established. Subsequently, the SFE-CONCEPT software is employed to generate an implicit parametric model of the body structure based on material distribution characteristics. The steps of the vehicle body structure reliability optimization design involve establishing a multi-objective optimization model, defining and screening design variables, analyzing the approximate model and errors, and conducting reliability optimization based on a second-generation genetic algorithm. After optimization, the body structure is reconstructed, resulting in a 3.49% reduction in mass, a 38.8% increase in bending stiffness, a 6.47% increase in torsional stiffness, and significantly enhanced collision safety performance.
In the present study, the selection of suitable shape memory polymers (SMPs) to be used as the matrix‐phase material with various (In)organic filler materials to achieve the required optimum multi‐stimuli response in shape memory polymer composites (SMPC) systems is analyzed. The selection of these materials is based on their mechanical and physical properties as well as other underlying factors such as cost, availability, shape recovery rate, and aesthetic characteristics. In this study, the entropy method was applied to estimate the weightages of the various criteria while the gray relation analysis (GRA) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). Multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) approaches have been used to rank the suitable matrix‐phase polymer materials for manufacturing shape memory polymer composites (SMPC) system. A total of eight alternative SMP matrix‐phase materials based on a set of nine criteria were analyzed and ranked. The proposed methodology and the result obtained thereof have been illustrated in detail. The results obtained from TOPSIS and GRA methods have been compared to conclude the effects of the material properties on the ranking and the selection of the SMP materials. Among all the eight alternatives considered, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was found to be the best material in both the MCDM methods. The material cost, resistivity, % elongation, and hydrophobicity present the most influencing properties on the SMP material selection, whereas density presents no effect on the SMP matrix material selection. The robustness of the results for the comparative analysis was verified using TOPSIS methodology to validate its reliability. It was revealed that the TPU, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and epoxy‐resin/poly(lactic acid) are the most dominant matrix‐phase SMP material alternatives when a deviation in the entropy weights of the primary evaluation criteria is applied. The novelty of this study is the exploration and application of statistical MCDM methods of engineering material selection problems based on a set of decision criteria, which can be time‐consuming and costly while using experimental analysis methods.
Highlights
SMPCs are applicable engineering materials thus making their research viable.
SMPC systems can undergo various shape changes under external stimuli.
Selection of matrix‐phase polymer is critical in achieving desired objectives.
GRA and TOPSIS MCDM approaches have been applied in the selection process.
TPU was found as the best material in both methods.
Despite the abundance of natural resources, Southern Africa continues to face challenges in tapping these resources for the benefit of their communities. While such challenges may largely be due to inadequate financial resources, they have also been attributed to the shortage and mismatch of skills. As much as there are such opportunities and challenges, it equally means these are not only potential areas of research and doctoral training, but also opportunities for generating income that can be invested back to develop further and generate new ideas through PhD training. Through the network created in Southern Africa, four PhD students have so far been registered under the Doctoral Training Centres in collaboration with industry, to address issues of regional and strategic needs. This chapter focuses on the four case studies and also considers other areas of strategic importance with the anticipation that these will be included as the next Doctoral Training Centres are rolled out.
The preliminary design phase transforms the investor’s ideas and information into general plans, drawings and specifications and helps the project managers continue the next steps in the projects. Material selection is an essential task to incorporate sustainable content into the construction industry. This paper reviewed materials selection studies and proposed a comprehensive method to compare the economic performance of construction material alternatives in this phase. The article constructed a life cycle costing equation used in the preliminary design stage that compared the total expected cost of the alternatives throughout the road construction project life cycle. The proposed life cycle cost method was divided into two scenarios according to the available information in the preliminary design phase and the material-dependent costs. A case study in Vietnam about the selection between baked bricks and concrete bricks was presented to demonstrate the proposed equations and models. The result showed that the baked bricks took the top priority due to the differences in cost items (e.g., transportation costs). Furthermore, to validate the models, they were applied to compare the expected and actual cost of 18 road construction projects in Vietnam – the differences are all below 10%. Further research may focus on building a database of models by applying the Building Information Model (BIM).
Se presentan las propiedades de piezas fabricadas por pulvimetalurgia
The perfect selection of materials plays a vital role in the decision-making task process of the manufacturing industry. The selection of the material does affect many aspects of product and manufacturing process too. There are various range and different criteria affecting the determination of material for a particular application. These criteria go from electrical, optical, and physical properties to economic deliberation of the materials. The issue of choosing a material for a design application from numerous substitutes based on a few criteria can be treated as a multicriterion decision-making task. In this exploration work, emphasis is largely on choice for the best material for coating on solar cell and optical channel (filter) applications. By utilizing “Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution” and “Simple Additive Weighting” method, the correlation and best ranking of the materials have been observed.
In the present work, the capability of SPS process for the production of a complex composite possessing different forms of materials based on WC-Ni-Ti-CNT FGM/laminated composite is investigated. With regard to the unique properties of SPS in producing and densifying a large number of materials, a complex material was prepared as a sandwich structure based on the reaction among Ti, CNT, Ni and WC in various forms consisting of powders, sheets and nano-tubes. The starting materials were initially placed in the graphite mold in the order of Ni powders, WC-10Ni, CNTs coated Ti sheet, WC-15Ni and Ti sheet from bottom to top. The microstructure study showed that the layer of Ni powders was adequately densified as an integrated layer, the second layer, WC-Ni, was attached to the Ni layer from the bottom and, at the top, it was connected to the highly concentrated WC layer formed as a consequence of Ni consumed by Ti to form NiTi and Ni3Ti compounds. Moreover, the Ti sheets were changed into TiC particles as a result of reaction with WC and CNTs, and the WC-15Ni was placed at the top of this layer by bonding the structure properly; and eventually, the Ti sheet remained at the top of the specimen. The micro-hardness examination of the sample revealed the highest hardness related to the position of Ti-based layer due to the formation of intermetallic compounds and carbides.
The selection of materials for a product in mechanical design holds a great importance as the selection of a specific material can impact the success or failure of the product. There are lot of methods and approaches that are available for material selection process, but majority of them work well with only material properties dealing in quantitatively measured properties. With so much amount of material being developed and researched each and every day, the selection of an optimum material has become a fuzzy characteristic. In this chapter, a simplified fuzzy logic is used as a simple, easy and effective method for choosing an optimum material in mechanical design problems. An illustration is carried out when the fuzzy logic is applied to the selection of material for aircraft wing's spar and how an optimum material is achieved.
Raw materials are scarce and are exponentially depleting. Material usage and product disposal both lead to improvidence of raw ingredients for products. We use materials for manufacturing new products while simultaneously throwing away used non-biodegradable products which pollute the environment. The world of designing and manufacturing needs to use new material(s) which can be selected using the methodology proposed in the research text. To select the best material for a product, its environmental impact, cost and properties that decide the quality of a product are plotted in a 3 dimensional space. Now the threshold limit of quality defining properties is obtained through experimentation. Cutoff cost is decided through market research and then environmental impact is minimized. The material beyond the cutoff planes is rejected and the best among the remaining materials is selected. The product developed using this method for material selection will contain the negative environmental impact during manufacture, use and expenditure of used products and thus helping sustainable development.Keywords: Sustainability, Life Cycle Analysis, Material selection, Cost optimization, Environmental Repercussion, Mechanical properties
A new paradigm is slowly making its way into society, affecting our material practice as designers. Materials selection in design and product development has for a long time been dominated by a purely technical approach, mainly focusing on properties and performance. With the increasing evidence of climate change, waste and pollution, environmental effects, we are slowly realizing that unsustainable consumption of materials is no longer an alternative. Previous studies of material practices, both within design educations and the design profession, has primarily dealt with the development of material related methods. This licentiate thesis has focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of material practices within design processes, in order to develop a pedagogical framework that facilitates the development of reflective material practices in design education.
There are four primary aims of the research presented in this licentiate thesis: (1) ascertain obstacles in the traditional ways of teaching materials to design students, (2) to bridge the differences in language, research culture and pedagogic approaches in design education, (3) to investigate current professional material practices in industrial design, and (4) to develop a new material framework for teaching reflective material practices for design students. During the project, the material framework has been tested and valuated in two mandatory material courses with first and second year bachelor students from Product Design education over a period of four academic years. A comparative case study was conducted with five design consultancies. The qualitative interviews were transcribed and analysed using category zooming. The outcomes of this research are: (1) a new pedagogic framework for teaching materials to Product Design students in higher education, and (2) insights into professional practices of selecting and designing with materials.
The pedagogic model A Material Framework for Product Design is designed to facilitate the development of reflective material practices in design education. The Framework consist of four levels: (1) a pedagogical foundation based on Experiential Learning theory that provide a framework for how to approach teaching and learning, (2) designing and structuring learning activities, (3) creating learning environments that facilitate learning activities, and (4) defining learning objectives, assessment of learning outcomes and detecting signs of learning.
The main insights from the study of professional practices suggest: (1) that risk management has a major influence on the material selection process, (2) that negotiations of project boundaries in the ‘fuzzy’ pre-design phase has crucial influence on the risk management aspect of the material criteria activities, and (3) a lack of awareness, that design briefs usually outline material criteria expressed as sensorial characteristics, which are later translated by engineering into final material criteria used for the material selection process. The findings implies that design students would benefit from developing reflective material practices in design education.
Due to the complexity of contemporary technology, product and system
design efforts often require intensive organization and communication
within teams; the design venture must accordingly be carefully planned
and systematically executed, integrating the various aspects of the
design process into a logical and comprehensible whole. The present
comprehensive and systematic treatment of this methodology proceeds by
clarifying the design task, establishing the function structures of a
conceptual design, and finally determining the definitive layout
embodying the design. Illustrative examples of actual product design
processes and their results are presented and evaluated.
This paper is constructed on the assumption that innovation in systems of the future would depend on how the synergies among various disciplines can be exploited and implemented in design strategies. A framework that can serve this purpose is presented; it is based on the concept that an "end-user" system can be partitioned into subsystems and linking variables. The subsystems generally life along traditional disciplines, e.g., materials science, mechanical engineering, manufacturing etc. The linking variable serve as the vehicle for multidimensional coupling among the subsystems. System level design and life prediction is carried out in the linking variable space (LVS). The potential for this frame-work is illustrated by applying it to the design and life prediction of the light bulb. This example serves to illustrate how the design regime is created in LVS by overlaying the results from engineering design and materials science subsystems. The linking variables also define the pathway for assessing the influence of the critical parameters residing within each subsystem, on the overall variability in the life of the light bulb. In this way it becomes possible to understand how much the uncertainties from each of subfields contribute to the overall uncertainty of the system. [S0094-4289(00)01803-X].
An investigation was carried out to evaluate the results of the compressive strength of high-strength lightweight eloxal reinforced cement mortar subject to short term loads. An experimental method similar to the one proposed by the author on chilled aluminum–quartz reinforced metal matrix composite was used. Eloxal (in the solid slag form) is a waste obtained during the production of aluminum in the plant. It is mainly of aluminum oxide, SiO2, CaO, MgO and other substances. It is a hard substance, having sufficient strength with additive properties and bonds very rapidly. Eloxal reinforced cement mortar in the present investigation are tested for its compressive and microstructural behavior. Data were obtained pertaining to compressive strength, role of moisture and drying effects. Deformation under compressive load were studied to provide insight into the internal behavior and failure mechanism of lightweight eloxal reinforced cement mortar. To analyze the mode of failure under compression, distribution of eloxal particles in cement mortar and the deformation behavior, several optical and scanning electron microscope photographs were taken to study the mechanism. Results of the tests of eloxal reinforced cement mortar are compared with unreinforced cement mortar and information obtained else where in earlier tests of normal weight cement mortar. Structural composite materials offer an excellent opportunity to produce components that achieve weight savings and improved properties. The eloxal particles (dispersoid) added to cement mortar in the present investigation is varied from 20 to 40wt% in steps of 10wt%. The resulting composite blocks cast were tested for their properties.
Configuration design is a type of conceptual design activity in which physical systems are synthesized from a set of predefined components that can be combined only in certain ways. A general framework for automated configuration of systems is presented in this paper. In this framework, design specifications are separated into functions, performance goals and constraints. Starting with design specifications, a skeletal design comprising essential functions is first configured. The process of mapping functions to physical devices is interleaved with the function decomposition process. The level at which a function is mapped to a physical device is directly related to the stringency of performance goals and constraints. Configuration design issues, such as function sharing, detail resolution of the building blocks and the possible explosion of the number of feasible permutations, are also discussed. This paper ( Part 1) describes organization of the design knowledge and the design methodology. Based on the framework presented in this paper, a prototype knowledge-based design tool called HYSYN ( hydraulics synthesizer) was developed, which automatically configures hydraulic systems. The implementation of this methodology in HYSYN is discusses in another paper ( Part 2). A design example of systematic configuration of hydraulic systems is also presented in this other paper.
The assessment of the origins of variability in the life expectancy has important ramifications in optimizing the cost–benefit ratio for the design and manufacture of a ‘system’. In this paper we study a model example, the tungsten filament, to develop a methodology for this process. The lifetime of tungsten filaments, in service, can vary for several reasons. The microstructure of tungsten may vary, the geometrical parameters of the filament coil or the radius of the tungsten wire may change, or the operating voltage for the filament may fluctuate. Additional uncertainty may arise from the fundamental material parameters, such as the activation energies for self-diffusion. Using a system level partitioning of system variables’ approach permits a quantitative examination of each of these parameters on the total lifetime of the filament. Important and surprising results emerge when the partitioning approach is utilized, notably, the uncertainty arising from fluctuation in temperature, which is related to fluctuation in the operating voltage, produces a variability that is comparable to the variability expected from the distributed nature of the microstructure. Furthermore, we find that a relatively narrow normal (Gaussian) distribution in the operating voltage transforms into a broad and log-normal distribution for the lifetime because of the thermally activated mechanisms that control the rate of deformation in tungsten. The results presented here may have a significant influence on cost analysis; they suggests that gains in reliability emanating from better microstructural control must be weighed against variability that is inherent in the system’s operating environment.
w x K 2 C o m p u sc rip t c o m p u sc rip t -fo t7 4 8 rdatarjournalrmad1 mad1.b jmad0242.k root Fri Oct 9 13:27:59 1998 full terminal narrow nolist laser paper newhyph port cols:1 rdatarK2rbinrseta ul:3000 prior-ity:10 Abstract In engineering design, material selection is carried out in a number of ways. There are many factors affecting material choice for a particular application such as cost, weight and processability, but some of the most important are those of mechanical performance. Many methods exist for optimising parameter values in mechanical design allowing activities such as minimum weight design, design for minimisation of thermal distortion and minimum cost design. These considerations are important but in recent years environmental factors have played an increasing role in the selection of materials and technologies. The inclusion of realistically complex environmental criteria in the design process necessitates the development of methodologies and tools to assist designers. This paper looks at one particular method of material selection in mechanical design: material selection charts by Ashby, and shows how this methodology can be extended to take environmental factors into account. The method for calculating both air and water pollution indices is explained and it is shown how these values may be used to plot charts. By producing material selection charts, along the lines of Ashby's method, which deal with air or water pollution, mechanical design for optimal environmental impact may be structured and accelerated. The limitations of the charts presented in this paper are discussed.
To obtain a better understanding of how to make use of functional materials in engineering design, the design-related behaviors
of some of these materials have been analyzed and discussed with reference to a general design procedure model and the design
tools currently available. The functional materials subjected to this examination are shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials
and magnetostrictive materials. The discussion has been carried out with a major focus on how benefits might be gained by
selecting the functional material and utilizing complementary design tools at an early stage of the design process.
The performance of a system is determined by variables of different kinds: some related to the micro/nanostructure of materials, others to the shape and architecture of the components of the system that are constructed from these materials, and yet others to the thermal, mechanical and chemical loading on the components. Design and optimization of the system requires evaluating the trade-offs between these variables. The example of tungsten filament for incandescent lamps is used to illustrate a new methodology for evaluating these trade-offs. We demonstrate how the `system' can be partitioned into subsystems, one relating predominantly to geometry and the other to the microstructure. The subsystems interact through linking variables that permit superimposition of the design constraints imposed by filament geometry, and those imposed by the microstructure. The overlay defines a `design regime' within which the filament would have the expected life. A possible application of the methodology is to find the bounds on manufacturing process parameters in order to achieve lifetimes that lie within given limits. The present analysis may be further generalized to include materials processing variables to aid in process control for the purpose of improving product reliability.
The choice of materials takes on strategic importance in design aimed at harmonising the performance characteristics and eco-compatibility of products in line with the Life-Cycle Design approach. The objective of the present study is the development of a systematic method which introduces environmental considerations in the selection of the materials used in components, meeting functional and performance requirements while minimising the environmental impact associated with the product's entire life-cycle. The proposed selection procedure elaborates data on the conventional and environmental properties of materials and processes, relates this data to the required performance of product components, and calculates the values assumed by functions which quantify the environmental impact over the whole life-cycle and the cost resulting from the choice of materials. As shown in the case study presented, the results can then be evaluated using multi-objective analysis techniques.
In the early stages of mechanical product design, designers not only need to determine the physical structure of the design, but also need to verify that the design functions properly with the allowable values or ranges of values of the relevant design attributes. Existing work on design verification is either aimed at specific design problems, which are generally carried out at the downstream design stages, or aimed at deriving design behavior using a behavioral simulation approach. Functional design verification has largely been neglected by the research society. To tackle this problem, we propose a generic constraint-based approach that is based on a comprehensive functional design model. A number of strategies are proposed for the approach, including strategies for design variables reduction, variable dependency graph development, constraint propagation, and dynamic verification of a design over an assigned set of attributes (variables). The approach is implemented as part of a functional modeling design environment. A simple design verification case is presented to illustrate our approach.
In the past, many mistakes have been made in selecting the best materials for a given task. Thus, tools for humans to optimise the selection of materials will be valuable assets, particularly when the field of application is broad, the problem complex, the operating envelope variable, or the environment is aggressive. In this paper, a methodology for construction of a generic computer materials selector is described. A knowledge structure is presented in which materials selection and failure analysis are at opposite ends of a spectrum of materials performance. An example of the selection of a coating for marine use is given. Besides being of great value to designers, the tool is of considerable potential use for general materials information systems and computer-based learning modules.
The satisfactory design of engineering components is highly dependent on adequate information. Often this information is not available, is incomplete, or inaccurate, leading to assumptions being made, increasing the risk of possible failure. A considerable amount of data exists on the performance of materials, most of which if easily accessible facilitates design decisions. Unfortunately, these data are mostly discrete and selective, leading to gaps in knowledge, and therefore the ability to make informed decisions. This paper discusses the issues surrounding the use of available materials knowledge and its implication on the quality of design decision-making.
This paper presents a system modelling methodology to support the integration between materials design (including materials selection) and engineering systems design at the early design stage. It consists of a generic framework to develop the relationships between the required system performances and their related system loadings and attributes, where the attributes include both the structural attributes of an engineering system (thus for engineering systems design) and the material properties (thus for materials design and selection). This is achieved by modelling the system behaviours and the relevant material behaviours, and identifying the dependencies between the relevant design variables. The variable dependencies can then be used to solve various design problems, such as design evaluation, evaluation and optimisation of critical design variables, and robust design of controllable design variables. A design case study is also conducted to illustrate the proposed system modelling methodology as well as to demonstrate its applicability and usefulness.
This paper evaluates the status of synergy between materials and design disciplines with respect to developments in the profession through a review of the content and direction of the international journal Materials & Design over the last twenty-five years. The review updates a previous substantive review conducted by the author, with an emphasis placed on changes occurring over the last six years, making reference to the earlier investigation to explain historical trends. The new information presented is again derived from the wealth of knowledge contained within the many papers of the journal, supplemented by the authors personal comments.
This paper studies various work on the development of computerized material selection system. The importance of knowledge-based system (KBS) in the context of concurrent engineering is explained. The study of KBS in material selection in an engineering design process is described. The development in materials databases, which sometimes serve as material selection packages, is also discussed. The use of KBS in material selection and the application in the domain of polymeric-based composite are chosen as typical examples.
Engineering design draws on tens of thousands of materials and on many hundreds of processes to shape, join and finish them. One aspect of optimized design of a product or system is that of selecting, from this vast menu, the materials and processes that best meet the needs of the design, maximizing its performance and minimizing its cost. The problem, still incompletely solved, is that of matching material and process attributes to design requirements. Some of these attributes can be expressed as numbers, like density or thermal conductivity; some are Boolean, such as the ability to be recycled; some, like resistance to corrosion, can be expressed only as a ranking (poor, adequate, good, for instance); and some can only be captured in text and images. Achieving the match with design requirements involves four basic steps. (1) A method for translating design requirements into a specification for material and process. (2) A procedure for screening out those that cannot meet the specification, leaving a subset of the original menu. (3) A scheme for ranking the surviving materials and process, identifying those that have the greatest potential. (4) A way of searching for supporting information about the top-ranked candidates, giving as much background information about their strengths, weaknesses, history of use and future potential as possible. In this paper we review the strategies that have evolved to deal with this problem, the progress that has been made and the challenges that remain.
Some ideas on the place and role of structural optimization in combination of a materials selection procedure are presented. A side rocker beam of a DutchEVO car (multidisciplinary design project of a concept car at Delft University of Technology) is considered as a case study. A structural optimization system based on the Multipoint Approximation method (MARS) and MSC.MARC FEA code is employed. The developed technique is used to investigate the possibility to use natural fiber composites for a given structural component instead of some conventional (steel, aluminum alloy) and non-conventional (metallic and synthetic fiber composites) materials.
Material properties of metals, especially steels, can be influenced and varied by different heat treatments. The objective of a heat treatment is usually to achieve a high level of performance at a minimum cost. Therefore, it is essential for a designer to select a material and a heat treatment process that together will ensure this objective. In the presented study case-based reasoning (CBR) is used as a tool for selection of the material and heat treatment process from a database containing material properties of a number of steels and heat treatment processes. The CBR technique has a great potential for other tasks in the mechanical design process as well. It is a suitable technique for searching in partially structured databases with information about different technical solutions applied in a company, failure analysis, etc.
Conceptual design seeks to deliver design concepts that implement desired functions. Function and behavior are two dominant terms used in the research of this design phase. However, there are still some fundamental ambiguities and confusions over their representation, which have greatly hindered the interchange of research ideas and the development of design synthesis strategies. For conceptual design of mechanical products specifically, this paper attempts to clarify these ambiguities. It classifies function as purpose function and action function and relates them to the different levels of design hierarchy and abstraction. It distinguishes between semantic and syntactic representations of function and behavior and summarizes basic representation schemes. It also proposes an inputoutput flow of action scheme for semantic behavior representation. Based on these discoveries, a refined framework is proposed for conceptual mechanical product design, where a functionmapping process is elaborated to demonstrate the necessities and usefulness of the presented work.
From function to structure and material: a conceptual design framework. In: Proceedings of the 5th interna-tional symposium on tools and methods of competitive engineer-ing
- Y-M Deng
- Lu
- Wf
Deng Y-M, Lu WF. From function to structure and material: a conceptual design framework. In: Proceedings of the 5th interna-tional symposium on tools and methods of competitive engineer-ing, Lausanne, Switzerland, vol. 1; 2004. p. 95–106.
From function to structure and material: a conceptual design framework
- Y-M Deng
- W F Lu