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Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Cynara cardunculus extracts

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Abstract

The whole, fresh involucral bracts of cardoon, Cynara cardunculus L. (Compositae), were extracted with EtOH and an aqueous suspension of the obtained EtOH extract was partitioned successively with CHCl3, EtOAc and n-BuOH, leaving a residual water extract. All obtained extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using following in vitro methods: FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, and scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Antimicrobial activity was estimated using a microdilution technique against food-borne, mycotoxin producers and human pathogenic bacteria and micromycetes. The following bacteria were tested: Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, as well as micromycetes: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium funiculosum, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium tricinctum and Alternaria alternata. Results showed that all extracts possessed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity. In biological assays, C. cardunculus extracts showed antimicrobial activity comparable with standard antibiotics.

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... Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant with a high scavenging capacity for DPPH free radicals [45]. Apigenin and luteolin, as well as their glycosides, have been seen to be potent antioxidants in other research [46]. The antioxidant activities of luteolin and luteolin 7-glucoside, have previously been reported against DPPH free radical scavenging [46,47]. ...
... Apigenin and luteolin, as well as their glycosides, have been seen to be potent antioxidants in other research [46]. The antioxidant activities of luteolin and luteolin 7-glucoside, have previously been reported against DPPH free radical scavenging [46,47]. ...
... In comparison with other species of Cynara spp., Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, S. epidermidis, and E. coli were all found to have antibacterial properties in C. cardunculus. On the other hand, C. scolymus showed antimicrobial effect against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and C. albicans [46,49]. Table 4. DIZ values of the two extracts of C. humilis. ...
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In Morocco, Cynara humilis L. is used in traditional medicine. The objective of this research was to research the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hydroethanolic extracts from the C. humilis plant’s leaves and roots. The content of polyphenols and flavonoids was evaluated using Folin–Ciocalteu’s and aluminum chloride assays. Two techniques were used to evaluate antioxidant properties: antioxidant capacity in total (TAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH). In antimicrobial assays, five pathogenic microbial strains were studied including two Escherichia coli, one coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Candida albicans, by two techniques: agar disk diffusion and microdilution. Leaves had a greater content of flavonoids 27.07 mg QE/g of extract and the polyphenols 38.84 mg GAE/g of extract than root 24.39 mg QE/g of extract and 29.39 mg GAE/g of extract, respectively. The TAC test value of the 0.77 mg AAE/g extract in the leaf extract was found to be significantly greater than that of the 0.60 mg EAA/g extract in the root extract. The DPPH antioxidant assay IC50 values of the root and leaf extract were 0.23 and 0.93 µg/mL, respectively. C. humilis extracts showed an antimicrobial effect against all tested strains, the inhibitory zone (DIZ) have values in the range between 12 and 15 mm. Moreover, the root extract showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus with an IC50 value of 6.25 mg/mL. The higher content of flavonoids and polyphenols in the hydroethanolic extracts of C. humilis leaves and roots demonstrates that they have a significant antimicrobial and antioxidant effect, as found in this study.
... Where, Abs control expresses the absorbance of the control and Abs sample is the absorbance of the sample. To compare the radical scavenging power of the essential oils, IC 50 , which represents an effective concentration of the samples with a 50% inhibitory capacity of DPPH was used (Kukic et al., 2008). ...
... Phenolic compounds have an important antioxidant role as a good barrier against oxidative reactions. As shown by many studies, there was a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolics content of natural resources (plants) (Kukic et al., 2008;Nanasombat and Wimuttigosol, 2011;Zeljkovi c et al., 2017;Tohidi et al., 2017). Sriti et al. (2011) reported that the DPPH scavenging ability of Canadian and Tunisian coriander seeds essential oil were 60000 and 61000 μg/mL, respectively. ...
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Coriander seeds essential oil is used in food preparation, perfume, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In this study, extraction of essential oil from coriander seeds was done by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) methods. Chemical composition, total phenol contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils were measured and the results were compared between HD and MAHD methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the essential oils had inhibitory effect on the bacterial membrane and cell wall. Results showed that total phenol contents and antioxidant activity increased under heat and microwave conditions. Coriander seeds essential oil had a very strong effect on Candida albicans. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the essential oil of coriander seeds than Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil extracted by MAHD showed better antimicrobial activity, higher phenols yield and antioxidant activity. According to the results of GC-MS, linalool was the most common constituent of both essential oils.
... Bergamot polyphenols do not seem to have a choleretic effect. Wild cardoon also possess anti-inflammatory proprieties (16)(17)(18). ...
... Cynaropicrin has potent suppressive effects on TNF-α (17). In addition, wild cardoon recovers other biologically active compounds, such as caffeoylquinic acids, luteolin, and apigenin derivatives, all of which have potential important effects on human health (17,18). ...
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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality in the world. However, no effective pharmacological treatment for this condition has been found. Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of a nutraceutical containing bioactive components from Bergamot citrus and wild cardoon as a treatment for individuals with fatty liver disease. The primary outcome measure was the change in liver fat content. Methods: A total of 102 patients with liver steatosis were enrolled in a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. The intervention group received a nutraceutical containing a Bergamot polyphenol fraction and Cynara Cardunculus extract, 300 mg/day for 12 weeks. The control group received a placebo daily. Liver fat content, by transient elastography, serum transaminases, lipids and glucose were measured at the baseline and the end of the study. Results: We found a greater liver fat content reduction in the participants taking the nutraceutical rather than placebo (−48.2 ± 39 vs. −26.9 ± 43 dB/m, p = 0.02); The percentage CAP score reduction was statistically significant in those with android obesity, overweight/obesity as well as in women. However, after adjustment for weight change, the percentage CAP score reduction was statistically significant only in those over 50 years (44 vs. 78% in placebo and nutraceutical, respectively, p = 0.007). Conclusions: This specific nutraceutical containing bioactive components from Bergamot and wild cardoon reduced the liver fat content during 12 weeks in individuals with liver steatosis over 50 years. If confirmed, this nutraceutical could become the cornerstone treatment of patients affected by liver steatosis. Clinical Trial Registration: www.isrctn.com, identifier ISRCTN12833814.
... As a result, they have focused their efforts on natural products instead of chemical preservatives [7]. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants as effective antimicrobial agents [9]. Furthermore, there is a growing need for innovative and less toxic anticancer treatments, and folkloric medicinal plants have emerged as a promising source of such agents [10]. ...
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Background Lepionurus sylvestris Blume has a long history of folklore medicinal usage against various ailments. However, studies on these plants were neglected particularly their pharmacological potential. Methods The crude extract was identified using LC-MS analysis. In vitro assays were carried out to determine the properties of antioxidant, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer. Further, network pharmacology was proposed to evaluate the potential targets of the compounds against breast cancer and type II diabetes. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation were used to determine the potential compounds for the drug formulation of diabetes. Results Various bioactive compounds were identfied using LC-MS and Galiposin, Fujikinetin, Boeravinone B, 4-Deoxybryaquinone, and Norbaeocystin were described for the first time from the plant. Determination of antioxidant potential showed that the IC50 value of ABTS, DPPH, and phosphomolybdate was 24.33 µg/ml, 37.81 µg/ml, 60.35 µg/ml, and reducing power assays 1.185. The antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was determined, and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was found to be 5.3 mg/ml, 3.47 mg/ml, 3.33 mg/ml, and 2.7 mg/ml respectively, revealing the extracts as effective antibacterial agents. The IC50 values for the plant extract were determined to be 26 µg/ml, 30.52 µg/ml, and 24.39 µg/ml for HeLa, MCF-7, and K-562 cells, respectively, and the increasing concentration of the plant extract increased LDH release. Furthermore, the in silico network pharmacology, molecular docking which had the highest docking score for GAPDH and HIF-1 target proteins of -9.3 kcal/mol, and − 11.3 kcal/mol binding affinities, and molecular dynamic simulation analysis revealed the bioactive compound Boeravinone B present in the plant was significant for the treatment of various ailments. Conclusion Based on our findings, plant extracts could be a promising option for developing new drug formulations.
... The 6-well microplates were incubated for the same period and conditions as the 96-well microplates and read again using a Trinocular Stereo Microscope (ZEISS Stemi 2000-C, Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany). The MFC was considered as the minimum concentration at which no visible growth was detected in the subcultured 6-well microplates [26,27]. The experiment was carried out in triplicate, and three independent replicates were performed. ...
Poster
Fungal phytopathogens represent a continuous growing problem being responsible for catastrophic product and economic losses. These microorganisms are related with 80% of plant diseases and can reach a wide range of plants with nutritional importance for human feeding, reducing their availability. The current and most effective control methodology is the continuous application of fungicide, being among the most expensive causes in the agricultural field. Behind this, these agrochemicals can be damaging for non-target species, which makes the search for eco-friendly techniques a priority. An alternative resides in the marine ecosystem, focusing on the antifungal potential of macroalgae extracts. This work aims to search antifungal compounds from macroalgae against five relevant phytopathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructigena, Neonectria ditissima, Stemphylium vesicarium, Venturia inaequalis, and Venturia pyrina). To assess the capacity to inhibit the fungal growth, in vitro methodologies focusing on the control of radial development of mycelia will be applied.
... The best result was obtained at a voltage of 1 kV/cm and 55 pulses. Phenolic compounds act as a suitable barrier against oxidative reactions; on the other hand, several studies have shown a positive correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity (Cavar Zeljkovic, Tan, Siljak-Yakovlev, & Maksimovic, 2017;Kukic et al., 2008). Therefore, due to the higher level of phenolic compounds in the same extraction conditions (1 kV/cm and 55 pulses), the more extreme power of these conditions (1 kV/cm and 55 pulses) can be justified. ...
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Three voltage levels of 0.25, 1, and 1.75 kV/cm and three levels of pulse numbers 10, 55, and 100 were used and the extraction conditions were optimized. EO extraction efficiency, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, oxidative stability of oil treated with coriander seeds EO, and microbial activity were measured. Optimal conditions were obtained at 1 kV/cm and 55 pulses. The best results were obtained at the optimal point, which included the EO extraction efficiency of 0.39 g/100 g, the total phenolic content of 0.199 mg GAE/100 g, the antioxidant activity of 20.732 mg/ml, and the oxidative stability of 5.98 h. Linalool (61.9%) was the most common constituent of coriander seeds EO. According to SEM results, the inhibitory effect of coriander seeds EO was on the bacterial cell wall.
... The fermented extract had acceptable reducing power and was statistically significantly difference with the industerial strain (P < 0.05), but showed lower antioxidant activity compared to BHA, which was attributed to the high number of hydrogen ions produced during the fermentation process. DPPH assay is based on the reduction of DPPH free radical and the color change of DPPH ethanol solution from purple to yellow (Kukić et al., 2008). Compared to BHA, the fermented extract showed acceptable radical scavenging power, although no significant difference was observed between the fermented extract and the industerial strain (P ˃ 0.05). ...
... The 6-well microplates were incubated for the same period and conditions as the 96-well microplates and read again using a Trinocular Stereo Microscope (ZEISS Stemi 2000-C, Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany). The MFC was considered as the minimum concentration at which no visible growth was detected in the subcultured 6-well microplates [26,27]. The experiment was carried out in triplicate, and three independent replicates were performed. ...
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Fungal infections cause losses amounting to between 20 and 25% of the fruit industry’s total outcome, with an escalating impact on agriculture in the last decades. As seaweeds have long demonstrated relevant antimicrobial properties against a wide variety of microorganisms, extracts from Asparagopsis armata, Codium sp., Fucus vesiculosus, and Sargassum muticum were used to find sustainable, ecofriendly, and safe solutions against Rocha pear postharvest fungal infections. Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium expansum mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition activities were tested in vitro with five different extracts of each seaweed (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic). An in vivo assay was then performed using the aqueous extracts against B. cinerea and F. oxysporum in Rocha pear. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts from A. armata showed the best in vitro inhibitory activity against B. cinerea, F. oxysporum, and P. expansum, and promising in vivo results against B. cinerea using S. muticum aqueous extract were also found. The present work highlights the contribution of seaweeds to tackle agricultural problems, namely postharvest phytopathogenic fungal diseases, contributing to a greener and more sustainable bioeconomy from the sea to the farm.
... In this respect, several extraction methods of bioactive molecules from cardoon leaves were previously described. Generally, leaves (dry or fresh) are mixed with different polar solvents, such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, or alcoholic solutions, and incubated with shaking [17][18][19]. An alternative to these traditional extraction methods was the use of the Naviglio ® extractor, based on a solid-liquid dynamic extraction, which allows the recovery of phenolic compounds from different types of solid matrixes, at short extraction times, with high yields and easiness of scalability [20]. ...
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This study investigates the bioactive properties of different extracts of cardoon leaves in rescuing neuronal development arrest in an in vitro model of Rett syndrome (RTT). Samples were obtained from plants harvested at different maturity stages and extracted with two different methodologies, namely Naviglio® and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). While scCO2 extracts more hydrophobic fractions, the Naviglio® method extracts phenolic compounds and less hydrophobic components. Only the scCO2 cardoon leaves extract obtained from plants harvested in spring induced a significant rescue of neuronal atrophy in RTT neurons, while the scCO2 extract from the autumn harvest stimulated dendrite outgrowth in Wild-Type (WT) neurons. The scCO2 extracts were the richest in squalene, 3ß-taraxerol and lupeol, with concentrations in autumn harvest doubling those in spring harvest. The Naviglio® extract was rich in cynaropicrin and exerted a toxic effect at 20 µM on both WT and RTT neurons. When cynaropicrin, squalene, lupeol and 3ß-taraxerol were tested individually, no positive effect was observed, whereas a significant neurotoxicity of cynaropicrin and lupeol was evident. In conclusion, cardoon leaves extracts with high content of hydrophobic bioactive molecules and low cynaropicrin and lupeol concentrations have pharmacological potential to stimulate neuronal development in RTT and WT neurons in vitro.
... The dried powder of olive leaves (10 g) was extracted in triplicate, using EtOH (96% v/v) at room temperature, under stirring. The aqueous suspension of the concentrated EtOH extract was evaporated to dryness and used for all investigations (Kukic et al., 2008). ...
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The aim of this study is to demonstrate the role of phenolic compounds in the olive leaves infected by sooty mold. The results show that the presence of sooty mold induces a high production of polyphenols in infected leaves of olive compared to the uninfected ones. The high concentrations of flavonoids and alkaloids in the infected trees suggest that they make the olive tree resistant to this fungi disease. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed the presence of verbascoside acid, oleuropeinacid, caffeic acid and for the first time, tannic acid. These substances are good resistance markers and should help to make efficient strategies for the bio-control of this kind of fungal disease.
... The dried powder of olive stem (10.0 g) was extracted in triplicate, using EtOH (96% v/v) at room temperature, under stirring. The aqueous suspension of the concentrated EtOH extract was evaporated to dryness and used for all investigations (Kukic et al., 2008). ...
Article
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Verticillium wilt is a vascular disease caused by Verticillium dahliae which represents a serious threat for olive growing in Algeria. Many studies have shown the potential involvement of phenolic compounds in the reaction of plants to pathogens. Our study shows that the presence of Verticillium wilt induces a high production of polyphenols in infected olive trees compared to uninfected ones. The presence of high concentrations of flavonoids (3.45%) and alkaloids (0.44%) in the infected trees suggests that flavonoids and alkaloids may play a role in the olive tree resistance to Verticillium wilt. The HPLC analysis showed the presence of five phenolic compounds: oleuropeine, luteonine, catechin, and for the first time verbascoside, apigenine-7-glycoside and some derivatives hydroxycinnamic compounds. These substances are good resistance markers and should help to make efficient strategies for the biocontrol of Verticillium wilt.
... Fungal growth and luteolin degradation were similar at luteolin concentrations up to 200 mg L -1 ; however, at luteolin concentrations greater than 200 mg L -1 , both fungal growth and the ratio of luteolin degradation significantly decreased, suggesting that the maximum luteolin concentration in culture that could be effectively degraded by this fungus was 200 mg L -1 . It was reported that 100 mg L -1 of luteolin completely inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium ochrochloron, Trichoderma viride, Fusarium tricinctum and Alternaria alternate (Kukić et al. 2008). In this study, strain B3 grew well in 200 mg L -1 of luteolin. ...
Article
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Phytoestrogens are plant-derived hormonally active compounds known to cause varied reproductive , immunosuppressive and behavioral effects in vertebrates. In this study, biodegradation of luteolin, a common phytoestrogen, was investigated during incubation with endophytic fungus Phomopsis liq-uidambari. The optimum concentration of luteolin as sole carbon source supplied in culture was 200 mg L-1 , which allowed 97 and 99 % degradation of luteolin by P. liquidambari in liquid culture and soil conditions, respectively. The investigation of the fungal metabolic pathway showed that luteolin was first decomposed to caffeic acid and phloroglucinol. These intermediate products were degraded to protocatechuic acid and hydroxyquinol, respectively, and then rings were opened by ring-cleavage dioxygenases. Two novel genes encoding the protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase were successfully cloned. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that expression levels of mRNA of these two genes increased significantly after P. liquidambari was induced by the intermediate products caffeic acid and phloroglucinol, respectively. These results revealed that P. liquidambari can biode-grade luteolin efficiently and could potentially be used to bioremediate phytoestrogen contamination.
... The dried powder of olive leave (10 g) was extracted in triplicate, using EtOH (96% v/v) at room temperature, under stirring. The aqueous suspension of the concentrated EtOH extract was evaporated to dryness and used for all investigations (Kukic et al. 2008). ...
Article
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Background: Olive leaves are of great interest, especially in traditional medicine. The polyphenols contained in olive leaves play an important role in this respect, as they have anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Olive leaves share phenolic compounds with other plants, but they also contain phenolic compounds belonging to the Oleaceae family. Methods: We report the determination of phenolic compounds in olive leaves by HPLC and the evaluation of their in vitro activity against several microorganisms that may be causal agents of human intestinal and respiratory tract infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhimurium. Result: The results reveal that the olive leaves may constitute a good source of antimicrobial agents. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed the presence of five phenolic compounds: oleuropein, ascorbic acid, rutin, catechinand verbascoside and for the first time ascorbic acid. At low concentrations, olive leaf extracts showed an unusual antibacterial action, which suggests their great potential as nutraceuticals, particularly as a source of phenolic compounds.
... The mixture was stirred and kept at room temperature in a dark place for 30 min. Then, the absorbance of the samples was recorded at 517 nm and the percentage of DPPH scavenging was computed according to the method described by Kukić et al. (2008). Afterwards, the radical inhibitory activity was expressed based on the amount of the extract required for initial reduction of DPPH at 50% (half-maximal inhibitory concentration; IC 50 ). ...
Article
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Barberry fruit (BF) has a long history as a folk remedy due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cholagogic properties. This study was performed to determine the dietary effect of BF extract on serum and skin mucus immune parameters, antioxidant status, and stress-selected gene expression in Siberian sturgeon. One hundred and fifty fish (30 ± 1 g initial weight) were fed with different levels of BF extract including 0 (control), 150, 300, 600, and 750 mg kg⁻¹ for 8-week. After the feeding trial, the counts of white blood cells and lymphocytes were increased in BF-added groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The highest levels of serum complement component 4, lysozyme activity, and alternative complement were obtained in 750 mg kg⁻¹ BF extract treatment (P < 0.05). The highest activities of protease, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase were obtained in the skin mucus samples of the fish fed with 750 mg kg⁻¹ BF extract (P < 0.05). The group fed diets supplemented with 600 and 750 mg kg⁻¹ BF extract showed the highest mucus lysozyme activity (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased in fish treated with different levels of BF extract (P < 0.05), while malondialdehyde content was decreased in BF-added groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Heat shock protein and cytochrome P450 mRNA expressions were lowest in the 750 mg kg⁻¹ BF extract treatment group, while the highest levels of both genes were found in the control group (P < 0.05). The results showed marked improved antibacterial capacity of Siberian sturgeon fed dietary BF against Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Lactococcus garvieae. This study unveiled the promising results of dietary BF extract, especially at 750 mg kg⁻¹, in the regulation of immune and antioxidant defense systems along with the stress responses in Siberian sturgeon.
... From past to present, there are plenty of studies conducted that different Cynara cardunculus L. species and their parts (stalk, leaf, flower, etc.) have several various phenolic compounds [80][81][82][83][84][85]. These phenolic compounds have many properties such as antioxidant activity, health-promoting benefits, and nutritional values [85,[91][92][93][94][95][96]. All organs of the Cynara cardunculus L. contain these compounds, mostly in leaves and seeds [97]. ...
Article
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In this paper, the regions where Cynara cardunculus L. is cultivated in Turkey are revealed, with data obtained from several locations in Turkey. Furthermore, the installation of active biogas plants in these regions has been identified, and the utilization of Cynara cardunculus L. residues as a biomass source, particularly in Izmir biogas plants, has been investigated. To begin, the amount of Cynara cardunculus L. cultivated in the world and Turkey has been determined. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)’s recent data for 2019, approximately 1.6 million tons of Cynara cardunculus L. were produced globally, with Turkey accounting for nearly 2.5% of this quantity. The data from the Biomass Energy Potential Map for Turkey (BEPA) was reviewed, and it was calculated that approximately 40 thousand tons of Cynara cardunculus L. are produced in Turkey each year. Furthermore, the agricultural production of this crop in Turkey generates roughly 225 thousand tons of residues. In comparison to other regions, the Izmir region generates 32.5% of Turkey’s Cynara cardunculus L. residues. However, no research on the evaluation of this residue potential and the utilization of Cynara cardunculus L. residues in biogas production has been conducted to date. As a result, it was aimed at the residual potential of Cynara cardunculus L. in various regions of Turkey, as well as its potential utilization as a biomass resource for biogas plants in these areas. It has been calculated that 1.65% of the Izmir population could supply its energy demands by utilizing the energy equivalent of the Izmir region’s wastes.
... Additionally, the anti-obesity effect of chlorogenic acid was reported in mice [105]. Furthermore, several reports also showed further biological potential of artichoke and cardoon extracts, rich in phenolic compounds, such as antimicrobial [106][107][108][109], anti-inflammatory [110], and antitumor properties [111,112]. ...
Article
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Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean plant and member of the Asteraceae family that includes three botanical taxa, the wild perennial cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori), globe artichoke (C. cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Fiori), and domesticated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.). Cardoon has been widely used in the Mediterranean diet and folk medicine since ancient times. Today, cardoon is recognized as a plant with great industrial potential and is considered as a functional food, with important nutritional value, being an interesting source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, minerals, inulin, fiber, and sesquiterpene lactones. These bioactive compounds have been vastly described in the literature, exhibiting a wide range of beneficial effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antihemorrhoidal, cardiotonic, and choleretic activity. In this review, an overview of the cardoon nutritional and phytochemical composition, as well as its biological potential, is provided, highlighting the main therapeutic effects of the different parts of the cardoon plant on metabolic disorders, specifically associated with hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic activity.
... Based on the obtained results, it should be concluded that in S 2 and S 3 , with average rainfall (394 and 243 mm, respectively, from May to September), irrigation of plants every 7 and 14 days increased the apigenin content and decreased the luteolin content. Although many factors determine the content of phenolic compounds (variety, harvest date, part of the plant, conservation of the raw material, extraction technique), our results are consistent with those obtained in previous studies (Kukić et al., 2008;Lombardo et al., 2012, Nouraei et al., 2018. ...
Article
Globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori] is a proven source of nutraceutical compounds with high bioavailability. However, different pre- and post-harvest variables may affect plant secondary metabolism. In this view, the present study investigated the influence of irrigation frequency and drying temperature on the yield of dry leaf biomass and its pharmacological value in terms of polyphenol content. The field treatments included three irrigation frequencies (7, 14 and 21-day intervals) with a single dose of 10 mm water, and control (not irrigated). Artichoke biomass leaves were collected from 120-day plants and dehydrated using different air temperatures (30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C). The samples were analyzed for polyphenolic compounds by HPLC method. Antioxidant activity was also studied by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Irrigation frequency significantly influenced the yield of dry leaf biomass with a greater increase in the case of irrigation frequency every 7 and 14 days than every 21 days. The content of caffeoylquinic acids (TCQA) was higher under soil water deficit conditions than in the raw material obtained from plants irrigated with different frequencies. The drought stress caused by the lack of additional irrigation increased the content of chlorogenic and ferulic acids in the biomass leaves. Higher drying temperatures (40 and 50 °C) increased the content of cynarine by 100% and 132% and ferulic acid by 100% and 172%, respectively, compared to biomass leaves dried at 30 °C. Irrigation frequency influenced the content of flavonoids, and frequency every 7 and 14 days than 21 days reduced apigenin and increased luteolin content. A high correlation between the content of TCQA and the frequency of irrigation and drying temperature was reported.
... For example, CGA has been described as a bioactive molecule against obesity, diabetes, cancer, and for its role in cardio and neuro-protection [25]. Moreover, cardoon extracts have potential in the prevention of hepatic and cardiac oxidative stresses [26,27], and they have been studied for their anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities related to the presence of flavonoids [24,28]. Therefore, the recovery of such nutraceuticals would be impactful for their possible downstream uses. ...
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Towards a Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis)-Based Abstract: Cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis L.) is a promising candidate species for the development of plant cell cultures suitable for large-scale biomass production and recovery of nutraceuticals. We set up a protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which can be used for the improvement of cardoon cell cultures in a frame of biorefinery. As high lignin content determines lower saccharification yields for the biomass, we opted for a biotechnological approach, with the purpose of reducing lignin content; we generated transgenic lines overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4 transcription factor, a known repressor of lignin/flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we report a comprehensive characterization, including metabolic and transcriptomic analyses of AtMYB4 overexpression cardoon lines, in comparison to wild type, underlining favorable traits for their use in biorefinery. Among these, the improved accessibility of the lignocellulosic biomass to degrading enzymes due to depletion of lignin content, the unexpected increased growth rates, and the valuable nutraceutical profiles, in particular for hydroxycinnamic/caffeoylquinic and fatty acids profiles.
... The artichoke is one of the most consumed plants of its genus due to its high nutritional value, being rich in water, minerals, vitamins, and carotenoids. Despite its content in these interesting compounds, it is the presence of bioactive compounds that has aroused greater interest, especially phenolic compounds [14,15]. The interest in their phytochemicals has been linked to various pharmacological activities exerted on humans. ...
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Nowadays, the transformation activity of the food industry results in the generation of a huge amount of daily discarded vegetables wastes. One of those undervalued by-products are produced during the post-harvesting and processing process of artichokes. In the present research, the potential of artichokes’ bracts and stalks have been evaluated as a natural source of phenolic compounds which could be used as bioactive food ingredients, among others. In this study, the bioactive composition of those wastes has been evaluated using recent advances in extraction and analytical technologies, concretely, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray time-of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS) analysis. To achieve this goal, first, the extraction process was evaluated by a comparative study using GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) solvents (mixtures of ethanol and water) at different temperatures (40–200◦C). The second step was to deeply characterize the composition of individual polyphenols by HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS in order to establish a comparison among the different PLE conditions applied to extract the phenolic fraction. The analysis revealed a wide variety of phenolic-composition, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids. The results also highlighted that high percentages of ethanol and medium-high temperatures pointed out to be useful PLE conditions for recovering this kind of phytochemicals, which could be used in different applications, such as functional food ingredients, cosmetics, or nutraceuticals.
... 26 beta-Sitosterol accounted for roughly 2 wt % from DCM extracts of studied hybrids, and this sterol possesses pharmaceutical effects in inhibiting the growth ofEscherichia colibacteria. 27 These insights here suggest us to utilize these lipophilic extracts as potential agents for antibacterial uses. The hypothesis was that lipophilic substances present at inner bark can be extracted using DCM, and those suberin-derived lipophilic components located within the macromolecule matrix of outer bark require harsh conditions to liberate their monomers out. ...
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Although extractives have been symbolized as major bioactive pharmacological compounds fromSalix(Salicaceae) bark, we speculated that these pharmaceutical effects cannot be solely attributed to phenolic components and their derivatives, but the long-chain suberin acids also contribute to their therapeutic effects. Hence, isolation and deconstruction of suberin were conducted, for the first time, to enrich our knowledge about the macromolecular components at the cell wall of willow bark. Saponification was adopted to obtain suberin extracts at a yield of approximately 5 wt % based on the bark of the studied hybrids. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry allowed qualification and quantification of 23 compounds from the released suberin monomers, from which fatty acids represented majority of the isolated suberin, namely, fatty acid methyl esters (C17–C19); mono-carboxylic acid (C7–C16); alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acid (C7–C16); and omega-hydroxy long-chain fatty acids (C16–C22). Additionally, the lipophilic extractive was dominated by piceol, heptacosane, β-sitosterol, and fatty acids (C16–C28) from the studied hybrids. These findings could boost our integrative approach toward full valorization of willow bark.
... Its phytoconstituents are diverse in chemical patterns and in pharmacodynamic effects. Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and anthocyanins are antioxidants (Kukić et al. 2008;Mehmetçik et al. 2008). Flavonoids (e.g., luteolin and its 7-O-glucoside) and caffeoylquinic acids derivatives (e.g., cynarin) are hepatoprotectives (Adzet et al. 1987;Gebhardt and Fausel 1997;Mehmetçik et al. 2008). ...
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In vitro culture of Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus was induced from bracts and leaves, using different phytohormone combinations. The most suitable one was 1-naphthaleneacetic acid: 6-benzylaminopurine (NAA-BAP), 3:1 mg/L. Modification of different phytohormone combinations altered the profile of C. cardunculus subsp. scolymus secondary metabolites as revealed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Rutin was recorded at 1.77 mg/g DW in leaf callus (not detected in leaves). After addition of 100 µM of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as elicitor, 1.20 mg/g DW of cynarin was recorded in bract-derived callus and 1.18 mg/g DW in leaf-derived callus (not detected in leaves and bracts). Leaf callus enriched with NAA-BAP (3:1 mg/L) showed more elevated levels of rutin, cynarin, cynaropicrin, and pinoresinol (1.43, 1.2, 1.14, and 1.48 mg/g DW, respectively) as compared to the cultivated artichoke (0.0, 0.0, 0.40, and 0.0 mg/g DW, respectively). Moreover, elicitation of this callus by addition of 50 µM MeJA elevated luteolin, quercetin, cynarin, and chlorogenic acid levels relative to the initial callus. Higher Total Phenolics Content (TPC) was recorded in leaf and bract calluses (106 ± 2.69 and 55.19 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g DW, respectively) compared to leaves and bracts of cultivated plants (69.04 ± 0.05 and 19.42 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g DW, respectively).
... The aerial parts of the plant were already extensively studied regarding their phenolic composition and showed to be variable depending on the maturation stage, parts collected and genotype (Dias et al. 2018;Ramos et al. 2014). C. cardunculus extracts already showed distinct biological activities such as antimicrobial (Kukić et al. 2008), antiproliferative (Ramos et al., 2017), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory (Ben Salem et al. 2017). ...
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Plants are important sources of chemical compounds with various applications. These are usually associated with the secondary metabolism of plants which is tightly linked to the interactions with the surrounding environment. These compounds usually accumulate in low amounts, sometimes leading to the overexploitation of the source plant. Hence, development of alternative platforms for the production of these compounds represents a more sustainable solution. Among such platforms, hairy roots (HR) cultures are often used for their ability to produce the same secondary metabolites as the original plant. Cynara cardunculus L. or cardoon has been used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. Distinct parts of the plant have been studied and found to produce secondary metabolites with health promoting properties. In this work, HR cultures from cardoon were characterized regarding their secondary metabolites production and potential biological activities. Methanolic extracts contained compounds that belong, almost exclusively, to the hydroxycinnamic acid group. These extracts showed maximum total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of 46 mg GAE/g DW and 98 μmolTE/g DW, respectively, at day 35 of the growth curve. This extract also showed antiproliferative activity on colorectal cancer cells (EC50 1.16 ± 0.07 mg/mL). This work demonstrates the potential of cardoon HR as alternative sources for valuable hydroxycinnamic acid compounds with important biological activities.
... C. cardunculus L. is a good source of components beneficial to health, such as polyphenols, which play a relevant role in its pharmacological properties [6,7]. The leaves are recognized in traditional medicine for their therapeutic potential as a diuretic, cardiotonic, antidiabetic, antihemorrhoidal, and antimicrobial agent, among others [1,[8][9][10]. Additionally, it has been used throughout animal studies, demonstrating its pharmacological properties, namely its anti-inflammatory effect. ...
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Background: Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis (DC) is a plant generally associated as an ingredient in the Mediterranean diet. The polyphenols present in this plant provide pharmacological and nutritional properties. C. cardunculus L. has been used throughout animal studies, which demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Since there is not a known cure, the research of new possible pharmacological approaches is essential. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of C. cardunculus L. dry leaves in a 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis model. Methods: CD-1 mice with TNBS-induced colitis received an intraperitoneal (IP) administration of C. cardunculus L. once per day for 4 days. Results: The C. cardunculus L. demonstrated a beneficial effect in this experimental model of IBD with anti-inflammatory action through the reduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. It also demonstrated a beneficial influence on the extra-intestinal manifestations related to IBD, with the absence of significant side effects of its use. Conclusions: The extract of C. cardunculus L. dry leaves can become an interesting tool for new possible pharmacological approaches in the management of IBD.
... The FRAP was determined by Kukic et al. (2008). The FRAP reagent was obtained mixing 25 mL of acetate buffer 0.3 M, 2.5 mL of 10 mM TPTZ ((2.4.6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), and 2.5 mL of an aqueous solution of 20 mM ferric chloride. ...
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This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities (AA) of lyophilized rosemary extract and lyophilized sage extract and their effects on the oxidative stability of poultry pátê. For this purpose, four poultry pátê formulations with rosemary, sage, sodium erythorbate, and a control (without antioxidants) were produced. The rosemary and sage were characterized according to total phenolic compounds (TPC), and AA by several methods. The poultry pátês stored at 4°C were evaluated by the lipid oxidation. High concentrations of TPC were detected in rosemary extract and sage extract (46.48 and 41.61 mg GAE/g: Gallic acid equivalent respectively). The AA of rosemary and sage extracts by free radical-scavenging were 4745.72 and 2462.82 µmol Trolox/g, respectively. The high concentration of catechin, rutin, myricetin and p-coumaric acids in these extracts may be responsible for the strong inhibitory action against food pathogens. Besides these compounds can be responsible for the best performance in inhibiting lipid oxidation in poultry pátês during the storage. This study suggests that rosemary and sage extracts may be used as a natural antioxidant in meat products.
... The total antioxidant potential of the extract was determined using the plasma ferric reduction ability (FRAP) according to Kukić et al. (2008). The results were expressed as μmol Fe 2+ mg −1 sample. ...
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Salicylic Acid (SA) is a plant hormone that stimulates the growth and metabolism of plants, also acting as an abiotic elicitor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SA on leaf production, leaf area and synthesis of secondary compounds in yarrow plants. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in two consecutive years and received SA foliar applications (T1 - control; T2 - 1.0 mmol L-1 applications at 20, 60 and 100 days after planting (DAP) and T3 - 1.0 mmol L-1 applications at 100 DAP during three days). The exogenous application of SA resulted in increases in leaf area (total and specific), number of leaves and leaf mass ratio of yarrow plants, polyphenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase enzymes and the antioxidant activity of the plant extract. The HPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds revealed increases in the amounts of quinic acid and rutin. The results of this research lead us to affirm that SA exerted both the hormonal effect on number of leaves and leaf area, and also acted as eliciting substance.
... scoly mus L. leaves, heads and stems ethano lic ex tracts showed anti fun gal ac tiv ity against C. al bi cans, C. lusi ta niae, S. cere visiae, S. carlsber gen sis, A. niger, P. ox alicum, Mu cor mucedo, Cla dospo rium cu c umerinum with zones of in hi bi tion val ues ranged from 4.0 to 13.0 mm. Kukić et al. (2008) found that the globe ar ti choke Cy nara car dun cu lus var. scoly mus L. bracts ethano lic ex tract had an ti fun gal ac tiv ity against As pergillus niger , A . ...
Article
Globe artichoke extracts are rich in bioactive ingredients that use in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. The present work was focused on determination of phenolic profile, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of Globe artichoke bracts and receptacles ethanolic extracts. Bracts and receptacles ethanolic extracts were prepared by successive extraction method. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined followed by quantification the phenolic profile using HPLC. Also, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties were evaluated. The bracts ethanolic extract exhibit higher total phenolic and flavonoid (56.3 and 755.4 μg mL⁻¹, respectively) than receptacles extract. Thirteen phenolic compounds were found in bracts extract and catechin was the major (16.04 mg mL⁻¹), while eight compounds were found in receptacle extract. Bracts and receptacles ethanolic extracts showed antibacterial activity against 7 species of foodborne pathogenic bacteria with MIC values ranged from 0.08 to 0.77 mg mL⁻¹ and antifungal activity against 8 species of mycotoxigenic fungi with MIC values 0.87–4.16 mg mL⁻¹. Globe artichoke bracts extract showed strong antioxidant activity including DPPH (6.42 μg mL⁻¹), ABTS (32.7 μg mL⁻¹) and FRAP (209.1 μmol mL⁻¹), comparing to receptacles extract which had 28.2, 39.24 μg mL⁻¹ and 493.9 μmol ml⁻¹ with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, respectively. Similar trends were observed against cancer cell lines, bracts extract had higher activity against HepG2 and MCF7 (0.514 and 0.847 mg mL⁻¹, respectively) than receptacles (0.661 and 0.1.724 mg mL⁻¹, respectively), while both extracts have not activity against HCT116 cell lines. Globe artichoke bracts and receptacles had sufficient amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents and showed antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities which could be one of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications pillars.
... In a previous study, we studied the bioactive properties of cardoon heads also analyzed in the present work and despite the antioxidant capacity associated with tocopherols, the anticipation that the sample Car B with the highest tocopherols content would show the greater antioxidant activity was not verified. This fact suggests that other classes of compounds, such as phenolic compounds, could be also related to the demonstrated antioxidant potential [19], while Kukić et al. [44] suggested that β-sitosterol possessed a strong antioxidant capacity in extracts obtained from cardoon bracts. Despite that, the highest content of α-tocopherol in this sample could be associated with the highest content in PUFAs (see Table 2) highlighting the protective effects of tocopherols against lipid peroxidation [45,46]. ...
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Cardoon is a multi-purpose crop with several industrial applications, while the heads (capitula) are edible and commonly used in various dishes of the Mediterranean diet. Several reports in the literature study the chemical composition of the various plants parts (leaves, flower stalks, bracts, seeds) aiming to industrial applications of crop bio-waste, whereas for the heads, most of the studies are limited to the chemical composition and bioactive properties at the edible stage. In the present study, cardoon heads were collected at six different maturation stages and their chemical composition was evaluated in order to determine the effect of harvesting stage and examine the potential of alternative uses in the food and nutraceutical industries. Lipidic fraction and the content in fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids, and free sugars were determined. Lipidic content decreases with the maturation process, while 22 fatty acids were detected in total, with palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids being those with the highest abundance depending on harvesting time. In particular, immature heads have a higher abundance in saturated fatty acids (SFA), whereas the samples of mature heads were the richest in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The α-tocopherol was the only isoform detected being present in higher amounts in sample Car B (619 µg/100 g dw). Oxalic, quinic, malic, citric and fumaric acids were the detected organic acids, and the higher content was observed in sample Car E (15.7 g/100 g dw). The detected sugars were fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose and raffinose, while the highest content (7.4 g/100 g dw) was recorded in sample Car C. In conclusion, the maturation stage of cardoon heads influences their chemical composition and harvesting time could be a useful means to increase the quality and the added value of the final product by introducing this material in the food and nutraceutical industries.
... Since seed bank and soil microorganisms are affected by the same soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (e.g., soil texture, structure, pH, O 2 and CO 2 content, etc.), it is reasonable to assert that changes in the seed bank are correlated to changes in the microbial community (Chee-Sanford et al. 2006). The antimicrobial activity of C. cardunculus leaf extracts is well documented in literature (Kukić et al. 2008;El Sohaimy 2014). Caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids are the chemical compounds involved in its antimicrobial activity (Scavo et al. 2019b). ...
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Weeds are one of the most important pests in agroecosystems, causing considerable economic losses on the production. The widespread use of herbicides during the last decades has led to an increased search for more environmentally sustainable methods for weed management. The manipulation of allelopathic interactions between crops and weeds, such as the introduction of an allelopathic species within a crop rotation, represents a valid alternative. In a multidisciplinary approach, we evaluated the effects resulting from three consecutive years of cultivation, in two different areas, with the three botanical varieties of Cynara cardunculus L. (globe artichoke, cultivated and wild cardoon), compared with a classic Mediterranean wheat/faba bean rotation and an olive grove, on the quali/quantitative weed soil seed bank and the changes in the eubacterial communities. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic leaf extracts of cultivated cardoon against three bacteria involved in the soil N-cycle was investigated. In both areas, C. cardunculus caused a significant reduction (from − 34 to − 50%) on the amount of weed seeds in all treatments compared to controls; in some cases, a reduction of the number of weed species was observed. On one hand, the presence of cultivated cardoon had a negative influence towards Bacillus subtilis, while on the other, a positive one towards the beneficial soil bacteria Pseudomonas putida and Azospirillum brasilense. Moreover, methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts from cultivated cardoon showed an inhibitory activity on B. lichenoformis, while there were no negative effects on Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sinorhizobium meliloti, two important bacteria involved in biological N 2 fixation. These results confirmed, for the first time, the field allelopathic activity of C. cardunculus in monoculture and the possibility of introducing it within a crop rotation as an indirect method for a chemical-free weed seed bank control while respecting soil eubacterial communities.
... In the receptacle, the highest value of luteolin and its derivatives was found in 'Harmony' (0.25 g kg -1 of DM), and the predominant compound was luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (0.15 g kg -1 of DM) (Tables 2 and 4). These compounds have several biological activities and antimicrobial activities well-documented in literature (Aljancǐć et al., 1999;Kukić et al., 2008). Table 3. ...
... In antiquity, the plants were used in the treatment of diseases. Kukić et al. (2008) reported several pharmaceutical uses for C. cardunculus, such as a diuretic, cardiotonic, choleretic, and antihemorrhodial agent for treatment of dyspepsia and as an antidiabetic. Recent study indicates Cynara extract as a natural product with antitumoral activity on malignant hematological disease . ...
... Luteolin phenolic compound was also found in two varieties of artichoke in leaves and heads. Pandino et al. (2013) and Kukic et al. (2008) reported that, luteolin are of interest since they show antimicrobial activity and inhibit cholesterol synthesis. ...
... Regarding the phenolic content according to the part of the plant, some authors reported it to be higher in the heart and inner bracts of artichoke [4,8,10,18,24], while others described the non-edible parts of the plant (outer bracts, leaves and stems) as being more enriched in polyphenolic compounds [6,7,38,39]. The variety of the vegetable and time of harvesting are also important factors to take into account [1,5,10] when comparing results from previous studies, mainly conducted on Mediterranean varieties. ...
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Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) is considered one of the most significant sources of phenolic antioxidants in nature. However, more than 60% of its total volume is discarded for consumption purposes, making available an abundant, inexpensive and profitable source of natural antioxidants in the discarded fractions. Polyphenolic antioxidants from a South American variety of artichoke agro-industrial discards (external bracts and stems) were obtained by mild extraction processes. Best results were achieved at 40 °C, 75% of ethanol and 10 min of reaction, obtaining 2.16 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and 55,472.34 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g of antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses determined that caffeoylquinic acids comprise up to 85% of the total polyphenolic content, and only around 5% are flavonoids. Inulin content in the artichokes residues was recovered (48.4% dry weight (dw)), resulting in an extract with 28% of inulin in addition to the aforementioned antioxidant capacity. The artichoke discard extract in a concentration of 500 mg/L produced a strong decrease in Caco-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines viability, whereas healthy fibroblasts maintained their viability when the extract was concentrated at 1500 mg/L. These results suggest that the artichoke extract presents a good anti-proliferative potential effect on Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells.
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The cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.), is a perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, and its cultivated species are widely used in the Mediterranean diet. This review provides an overview of cardoons' chemical composition, bioactive properties and multiple industrial and food applications. Thanks to its nutritional composition, the use of cardoon has increased in food, cosmetic and industrial sectors, such as the energy industry or in the production of paper pulp or bio-packaging. An application in the food industry has involved using of cardoon as a vegetable coagulant for gourmet cheeses-making, as the flowers are rich in aspartic proteases. Cardoon by-products are also rich in bioactive compounds with important health benefits. Most of these nutritional activities are due to the presence of phenolic compounds, minerals, inulin, fibre and sesquiterpene lactones with interesting antioxidant and antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, lipid-lowering, cytotoxic and anti-diabetic activities.
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Natural plant extracts have become a popular topic nowadays. The antioxidant, antifungal and antimicrobial effects of plants have been investigated by many researchers. It is thought that plants, plant extracts and plant wastes can be used as natural preservatives. In this review, the antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of artichoke peel and grapefruit extract were investigated. It is thought that the waste parts of the extracts can be recovered in this way and the plant extracts can be used as natural preservatives.
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Zataria multiflora Boiss) ‫در‬ (‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫زاد‬ 1 ‫ﺷﺮف‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮام‬ ، ‫زاده‬ 2 ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده‬ ‫اردﻻن‬ ، 3 ‫اﻣﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮام‬ ، 4 ‫ﺑﺬراﻓﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺮود‬ ، 4 ‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ:‬ 19 / 4 / 99 ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮش:‬ 10 / 9 / 99 ‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ،‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫در‬ 4 ‫اﻛﻮﺗﻴﭗ‬ ‫ﮔﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ‬ ‫)اﺳﺘﻬﺒﺎن،‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺮازي‬ ‫آوﻳﺸﻦ‬ ‫داروﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺎه‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﻛﻮﺗﻴﭗ،‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻻرﺳﺘﺎن(،‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺎ‬ ‫رﻳﺰ،‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ،‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻧﺲ،‬ ‫اﺟﺰاي‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻧﺲ،‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎره‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاف‬ ‫ﮔﺎز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاف‬ ‫ﮔﺎز‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺲ‬ ‫اﻧﺠﺎم،‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻮﻧﺠﺮ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫آب،‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ.‬ ‫آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻃﻴﻒ‬ 52 ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫دﻫﻨﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺪه‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺷﺪ،‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺮازي‬ ‫آوﻳﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ:‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻮل‬) 35 / 54-41 / 34 % ‫ﭘﺎراﺳﻴﻤ‬ ،(‫ﻦ‬) 85 / 19-49 / 9 ،(% ‫ﮔﺎﻣﺎﺗﺮﭘﻴﻨﻦ‬ ) 70 / 16-34 / 7 ،(% ‫ﻛﺎرواﻛﺮول‬) 34 / 15-35 / 5 ‫ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ.‬ (% ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮل‬ ‫آزاد‬ ‫رادﻳﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻮﻛﺎﻟﺘﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﻲ‬ ‫رﻧﮓ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ،‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎره‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬ 2 ‫و‬ 2 ‫دي‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻴﻞ،‬ 1) ‫ﻫﻴﺪرازﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻳﻞ‬ DPPH (‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎره‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ،‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬) HPLC (‫ﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻞ‬ 66 / 234 ‫ﺗﺎ‬ 28 / 302 ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد.‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻚ‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ 63 / 348 ‫ﺗﺎ‬ 76 / 453 ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬ ‫اﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ.‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎره‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺋﺮﺳﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرواﻛﺮول،‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻮل،‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ:‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫داد‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮد.‬ ‫اﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫رزﻣﺎرﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫ﺑﻮد.‬ ‫دارا‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻮل‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫درﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫رﻳﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻻرﺳﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻛﺴﻴﺪاﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬ ‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺪ.‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮده‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻤﻮل‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ،‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻮﻟﻲ
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Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were tested for dried MeOH extracts of Hieracium calophyllum (CAL), H. coloriscapum (COL), H. pseudoschenkii (PSE), H. valdepilosum (VAL) and H. glabratum (GLA) herbs (flowering aerial parts), their 2 sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) 8‐epiixerisamine A and crepiside E, and dried CH2Cl2 extract of H. scheppigianum (SCH) herb. In microdilution test, extracts showed activity on all tested microorganisms (8 bacteria, 10 fungi). The best effect was exhibited by SCH and CAL on Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC=1.7−2.5 mg/mL MBC=3.4−5.0 mg/mL), and SCH and VAL on Candida albicans (MIC=2.5 mg/mL MFC=5.0 mg/mL). SLs showed notable effect on all tested fungi Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium funiculosum, C. albicans and C. krusei (MIC=0.15−0.4 mg/mL MFC=0.3−0.8 mg/mL). In MTT test, extracts inhibited growth of all tested cancer cells (HeLa, LS174 and A549), with the best effect on HeLa (IC50=148.1 μg/mL for SCH, and 152.3−303.2 μg/mL for MeOH extracts); both SLs were active against HeLa cells (IC50=46.2 µg/mL for crepiside E and 103.8 µg/mL for 8‐epiixerisamine A). Extracts and SLs showed good safety profile on normal MRC‐5 cells.
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Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus, belonging to Asteraceae family, and widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, exhibits high nutraceutical and nutritional potential, as compared to the cultivated varieties. This work reports, for the first time, on genetic and metabolic characteristics of three natural populations of C. cardunculus present in the Pollino National Park (Calabria, Italy), referred to as wild cardoons, collected in different areas (Castrovillari, Trebisacce and Sibari). One wild and one cultivated sardinian genotypes were also analysed as comparison. Six nuSSRs markers, were used to assess population structure and diversity. The obtained results showed that all three populations genetically diverge from the cultivated one and cluster with sardinian wild populations. Moreover, PCoA and Bayesian clustering analyses evidenced that Trebisacce and Sibari populations were closer to each other compared to Castrovillari one. HPLC analysis, also revealed a metabolic profile particularly rich in phenolic acids for Sibari population which also exhibited the highest capacity to protect linoleic acid from peroxidation. To long-term, these results could be useful to preserve biodiversity and promote ecotypes with major nutraceutical proprieties.
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Endothelial dysfunction, which is more often observed in conduit arteries such as the aorta, carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries, is largely due to alterations in cellular signal transduction initiated by an escalating cycle of damage triggered by oxidative stress. This phenomenon is exacerbated in the elderly, where a progressive loss of vascular endothelial function and concurrent loss of vasomotor control is frequent. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the wild artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) is able to increase the production of the vasorelaxant factor nitric oxide by cultured aortic endothelial cells. We now extended that study to verify (1) the vasorelaxant potential of C. cardunculus on isolated rat aortic rings and (2) whether the vasomodulating properties of C. cardunculus are maintained in vivo, after administration to aged rats. The results demonstrate that the wild artichoke and its main components, namely, luteolin and apigenin, improve aortic relaxation when added to the incubation bath. Moreover, the feeding of wild artichoke [10 mg (kg of polyphenols)(-1) day(-1)] to aged rats significantly restores proper vasomotion, to a degree similar to that observed in young animals. This study provides further justification to the advice to consume wild greens as part of a balanced diet and suggests that close attention should be paid to the diet of the elderly, because it can effectively modulate important parameters of cardiovascular risk.
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The antibacterial activity of the dichloromethanic and ethanolic extracts of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) was investigated. Dichloromethanic extracts, in concentrations of 5mg/ml, completely inhibited the growth with a bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. Five different components with antimicrobial activity were identified.
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This chapter presents the general cultural concepts related to fungal culture media. Agar is made in many countries, some of which are self-supporting in production or are nearly so. The type of seaweed from which agar is produced is different in every country. Agars of different origin differ considerably in chemical composition and also to a greater or lesser extent in gelling capacity, melting point, hardness (percentage needed for a certain set), and viscosity. The differences depend on the type of seaweed used. Most countries use mixtures comprised of proportions of different species, the time of harvesting (condition of the weed), and the weather conditions of each individual year on which the growth of the weed will depend. Differences also arise in processing, which entail cleaning, weather bleaching, pounding, boiling, blending, acidification during boiling, addition of previous boilings, chemical bleaching, straining, setting, alternate freezing and thawing, and drying. The selection of a satisfactory medium for stimulating growth and sporulation of a particular fungus can only be found by test. A few general principles that may guide ones choice are also presented.
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Cynara cardunculus is a diploid (2n=2x=34) species, native to the Mediterranean basin, which belongs to the family of Asteraceae. It includes globe artichoke, cultivated cardoon, as well as their progenitor wild cardoon. The species is a source of biophenols and its leaf extracts have been widely used in herbal medicine as hepatoprotectors and choleretics since ancient times. Globe artichoke leaves have been found to be rich in compounds originating from the metabolism of phenylpropanoids however, to our knowledge, the leaf polyphenolic composition of the two other forms within the species, cultivated and wild cardoon, have not yet been properly investigated. Two main classes of polyphenols have been detected by HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS analyses: caffeoyl esters and flavonoids. The compounds which are the result of esterification of caffeoylquinic acid moiety with succinic acid, previously detected in other members of the Asteraceae family, were detected in cardoon leaves for the first time.
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The analysis of polyphenols of leaves and different parts (outer, intermediate and inner bracts, and receptacle) of heads in five globe artichoke cultivars of Campania region (Italy) and one accession of cultivated cardoon was performed. Data obtained suggest that the edible parts (receptacles with inner and intermediate bracts) of these cultivars of artichoke could represent a good source of health-promoting polyphenols and therefore encourage a nutriceutical use of this species, as an alternative to the more traditional phytopharmaceutical applications of leaf extracts. Moreover, it was demonstrated that single polyphenols accumulate preferentially in specific parts of the heads and in specific genotypes.
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Six compounds, hispidulin-glucuronide (1), hispidulin-7-O-d-glucoside (2), 6-methoxy-luteolin-7-glucoside (3), β-sitosterol (4), 2′-hydroxy-5′-methoxybiochanin A (5) and coniferyl aldehyde (6), were isolated from Salvia plebeia and identified by UV, IR, Mass, 1H and 13CNMR spectra. Their antioxidant activities were investigated individually and compared with butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) (8) and α-tocopherol (7) by the oxidative stability instrument (OSI) at 100°C. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 had strong antioxidant activities, but compounds 1, 2 and 6 had low antioxidant activities at 0.02 and 0.04% levels.
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Studies encompassing variation of milk clotting time with the concentration of proteases extracted from Cynara cardunculus were performed; milk clotting time dependence is not linear, and a model was postulated that fits well the experimental data obtained, and hence may be useful in predicting changes during the cheesemaking process. Parallel studies were also conducted pertaining to proteolysis of a mixture of ovine and caprine caseins, in attempts to investigate the stability of the aforementioned coagulating enzymes in crude or in pure form, with or without previous incubation for a certain time under typical ripening conditions. The enzymes exhibited an increase in activity whenever previous incubation had taken place. Moreover, the extent of enzyme-mediated proteolysis was always higher on caprine than on ovine milk caseins.
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This work gives an overview of traditional and alternative applications of Cynara cardunculus L. The traditional applications are the use of the blanched stalks as an edible vegetable and the use of the flowers as a rennet substitute to make cheese. Alternatively, C. cardunculus can be cultivated as an energy crop and be used for industrial purposes. As an energy crop it is grown using a perennial cultivation system especially developed for producing biomass. The valuable crop produced in this case is the whole aboveground biomass. Two types of products can be harvested: lignocellulosic biomass and oil seeds. Cynara lignocellulosic biomass is a solid biofuel that can be used directly for heating or for electric power generation. The seeds, due to their high oil content, can also be used for energy applications, for example, as raw materials for biodiesel production. In addition to the energy applications of the crop, other alternative applications, such as green forage for ruminants, paper pulp production and pharmacological active compounds extraction, are also discussed.
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A method is presented which, for the first time, enables preparations to be tested cost-effectively and on a large scale to determine their fungicidal effect. A possible residual effect of the preparation on the fungi during the incubation period is prevented by completely washing out any traces of preparations that are nearly insoluble in water from the fungal suspension by means of a cell harvester and using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as the solvent With its automated procedure, the method enables antimycotics to be tested in 8 or 12 concentrations with reproducible results. Despite the capital investment that is necessary, the new method is much more cost-effective than the original methods because the personnel involved per test compound can be considerably reduced. Zusammenfassung: Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die erstmals eine breite und kostengünstige Prüfung von Präparaten auf ihre fungizide Wirkung ermöglicht. Durch die vollständige Auswaschung von schwer wasserlöslichen Präparatresten aus der Pilzsuspension mit Hilfe eines Zellerntegerätes und der Anwendung von Polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 als Lösungsmittel wird ein möglicher Residualeffekt (Verschleppungseffekt) des Präparates auf die Pilze während der Inkubationsperiode verhindert Durch automatisierte Verfahrensschritte gestattet die Methode die Pruning von Antimykotika in 8 bzw. 12 Konzentrationen mit reproduzierbaren Ergebnissen. Das neue Verfahren ist trotz notwendiger Investitionen deutlich kostengünstiger als das ursprünglich eingesetzte, weil der Personaleinsatz pro Prüfsubstanz wesentlich reduziert werden kann.
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The isolation of (−)-arctigenin (1) and (−)-arctigenin 4′-glucoside from the seeds of Cynara cardunculus, and of hentriacontane and eicosyldocosanoate from the leaves is reported, along with 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of 1.
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From involucral bracts of Cynara cardunculus L. were scopolin and scopoletin isolated by extraction, distribution between mutually immiscible solvents and chromatography. Isolates were identified by spectral data, comparison with authentical samples and literature data. Scopolin was isolated in Cynara cardunculus L. for the first time.
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This work reassumes with ones previously published on this journal describing isolation and identification of constituents from artichoke - Cynara cardunculus L. After extraction with ethanol and distribution between mutually immiscible solvents four fractions were obtained. From butanolic one flavonoid glycosides apigenine-7-rutinoside and luteoline-7-rutinosine (scolymoside) were isolated. Both substances were identified by spectral means and by the comparison with literature data.
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From an ethanolic extract of the flower buds of Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae), two monodesmosidic saponins, cynarasaponin B and a new cynarasaponin K, were isolated. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic means and by comparison with standards and the literature data.
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Triterpene saponins of ursane and oleane type isolated from the involucral bracts of Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) were investigated in in vitro assays for their activity on the complement system. The anticomplementary activity of bidesmosidic saponins on the classical pathway activation of the complement was higher than the activity of monodesmosidic saponins, but esterification of the carboxylic group of glucuronic acid in the sugar residue resulted in a significant decrease in anticomplementary activity.
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Ten phenolic compounds were isolated from a butanol fraction of sage extracts. Their structures were determined by spectral methods (NMR, MS, IR). Among them, a novel compound, 4-hydroxyacetophenone-4-O-β-d-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, was identified. Two test systems, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and radical cation ABTS•+ scavenging activity, were used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The most active compounds were found to be rosmarinic acid and luteolin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside. Keywords: Sage; Salvia officinalis; phenolic compounds; antioxidant activity
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Successive chloroform, ethanol, and ethyl acetate partitions of extracts from Cynara scolymus L. leaf, head, and stem were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 15 microbial species, including 7 foodborne bacterial pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 4 yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida lusitaniae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, and 4 molds, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum, Mucor mucedo, and Cladosporium cucumerinum using the disk diffusion assay technique. The leaf extract was found to be most effective against all of the tested organisms, followed by the head and stem extracts, and the ethanol fraction showed the most significant antimicrobial activity against all of the tests among 3 soluble fractions of extract, followed by the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts determined by the agar and broth dilution method ranged from 1.25 to 10.0 mg/mL. The MIC of ethanol fraction of leaf extracts was the lowest by comparison with the other 2 extracts. The MIC for fungi was at or below 2.5 mg/mL and for bacteria was at or above 2.5 mg/mL.
Article
Four new iridoid glucosides 1–4, named blumeosides A–D, were isolated from the methanolic stem-bark extract of Fagraea blumei G. DON. (Loganiaceae). They were accompanied by the benzyl-alcohol derivative di-O-methylcrenatin (5) and the flavone C-glucoside swertisin (6). The structures of 1–4 were established by spectroscopic methods, including FAB-MS, and 1H- and 13C-NMR, and by alkaline hydrolysis. Blumeosides A (1) and C (3) are 10-O-(2,5-dihydroxytercphthalo) adoxosidic acid and 10-O-(2-hydroxyterephthalo)adoxosidic acid, respectively. In blumeosides B (4) and D (2), both carboxylic groups of the terephthalic-acid moiety are esterified by adoxosidic-acid units, Blumeosides A–D (1–4) inhibited bleaching of crocin induced by alkoxyl radicals. Blumeosides A (1) and D (2) also demonstrated scavenging properties towards the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hvdrazvl (CDPPH) radical in TLC autographic and spectrophotometric assays.
Article
Six compounds hispidulin-7-glucuronide (1), β-sitosterol (2), conferyl aldehyde (3), 2′-hydroxyl-5′-methyoxybiochanin A (4), and hispidulin-7-O-d-glycoside (5), 6-methoxyluteolin-7-glycoside (6) were isolated from Salvia plebeia and identified by UV, IR, Mass, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Their antioxidant activities were investigated individually and compared with α-tocopherol by the oxidative stability instrument (OSI) at 40 °C. The oils extracted from Styela clava and Ciona intestinalis Linnaeus with supercritical fluid (SCF) CO2 and ethyl acetate, respectively, were used as substance oils, which were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially in the long chain PUFA icosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n − 3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n − 3). β-Sitosterol, 2′-hydroxyl-5′-methyoxybiochanin A and 6-methoxyluteolin-7-glycoside exhibited strong antioxidant activities, which increased markedly with increasing concentration, and even stronger than α-tocopherol. The results indicate that the components extracted from S. plebeia should preserve the quality of ascidian oil from ascidian oxidative deterioration.
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A facile and inexpensive preparation of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) from the leaves Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae) without the use of any chromatographic steps is described. The procedure is based on separation of the fraction rich in 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, isomerisation of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid to cynarin and, owing to its higher polarity, the simple isolation of cynarin from the reaction mixture. Cynarin inhibited HIV-1 replication in MT-2 cell culture at non-toxic concentrations similar to other previously tested dicaffeoylquinic acids, which have been recently established as a potent and highly selective class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.
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Flavonoids represent a diverse group of phytochemicals which possess the capacity to act as antioxidants in vitro. This study examined the free radical scavenging properties of a luteolin-rich artichoke extract and some of its pure flavonoid constituents by assessing their ability to prevent Cu2+-mediated LDL oxidation. Artichoke extract retarded LDL oxidation in a dose-dependent manner as measured by a prolongation of the lag phase to conjugated diene formation, a decrease in the rate of propagation and a sparing of endogenous LDL alpha-tocopherol during oxidation. The pure aglycone, luteolin (1 microM), demonstrated an efficacy similar to that of 20 microg/ml artichoke extract in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, one of the glycosylated forms in the diet, also demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction of LDL oxidation that was less effective than that of luteolin. Studies of the copper-chelating properties of luteolin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin suggest a potential role for chelation in the antioxidative effects of artichoke extract. Overall, the results demonstrate that the antioxidant activity of the artichoke extract relates in part to its constituent flavonoids which act as hydrogen donors and metal ion chelators, and the effectiveness is further influenced by their partitioning between aqueous and lipophilic phases.
Article
Four flavones (1-4) and nine sesquiterpene lactones (5-13), one of them (5) a new compound, were isolated from the aerial parts of Achillea atrata L. subsp. multifida. Although the crude extract demonstrated in vitro inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis, all isolated flavones were active against B. subtilis. Flavones 1, 2, and 3 were also active against C. albicans, while 1 and 3 exhibited activity against E. coli, as well. None of the tested lactones (7, 9, 12, and 13) showed any antimicrobial activity.
Article
From an ethanolic extract of the flower buds of Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae), apigenin-7-methylglucuronide and chlorogenic acid were isolated. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic means, by comparison with authentic samples and literature data.
Article
From an ethanolic extract of the flower buds of Cynara cardunculus L. (Asteraceae), two monodesmosidic saponins, cynarasaponin B and a new cynarasaponin K, were isolated. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic means and by comparison with standards and the literature data.
Article
The main constituents of artichoke extract were separated by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), using a buffer consisting of 100 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 20 mM disodium tetraborate (pH 8.6) as background electrolyte. Optimum separation voltage of 28 kV (positive polarity) and a capillary temperature of 25 degrees C gave the best analysis. The UV detection was performed at 200 nm. The method was successfully used to analyze plant and drug samples as well as for the study of artichoke antioxidant activity. The quantitative MEKC results were in good agreement to those obtained previously by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).