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Changes in the mineral and trace element contents of cereals, fruits and vegetables in Finland
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The contents of calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, aluminium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium, zinc, cadmium and lead in cereal products, fruits and vegetables were analysed and the results were compared with those obtained 30 years previously in food samples from Finland. There were significant changes in the trace elements. In most cases trace elements contents are now lower than before. Only the selenium content of foods had clearly increased in Finland, through the use of selenium-supplemented fertilizers. There was a change in average mineral element content only for potassium, whose content was significantly lower than in the middle of the 1970s. We found that trace element density in vegetable foods has decreased over the past three decades. Per capita daily intakes of mineral elements in the 2000s were lower than in the 1970s, although the consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased since 1970s.
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... [49], and in Finland, for potato samples-6 µg·g −1 d.w., carrot-5 µg·g −1 d.w. and celery root-12 µg·g −1 d.w. [50]. ...
... These values are comparable to those obtained in Finland for potato samples-7 µg·g −1 d.w., carrot-27 µg·g −1 d.w. and celery root-15 µg·g −1 d.w. [50], in India, in the Pradesh area, for tomato samples-1.6 µg·g −1 d.w. ...
... These values are comparable to those obtained in Iran, where Isfahan samples of bell pepper indicated an Fe content in the range of 45-50 µg·g −1 [53], in Finland, for potato samples-34 µg·g −1 d.w., carrot-30 µg·g −1 d.w., celery root-55 µg·g −1 d.w., cauliflower-59 µg·g −1 d.w., white cabbage, 53 µg·g −1 d.w., onion-28 µg·g −1 d.w., sweet pepper-4.1 µg·g −1 d.w. and tomato-29 µg·g −1 d.w. [50], and Upper Egypt, for tomato samples-19.69 µg·g −1 d.w. ...
Vegetable consumption is recommended and encouraged by all nutritionists and doctors across the planet. However, in addition to minerals which are beneficial to the body, certain minerals with a negative influence on human health can sneak in. It is very important that in the case of some minerals their content in vegetables is known, so that the recommended limits are not exceeded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the macro elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Zn, Co) in 24 samples of vegetables from four botanical families (Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae and Amaryllidaceae), purchased from the market in Timis , oara, Romania, both imported products as well as local products. The atomic-absorption-spectrometry technique (FAAS) was used to evaluate the macro elements and trace elements. The values obtained for the macro elements and trace elements were used as input data for the analysis of multivariate data, the principal component analysis (PCA) in which the vegetable samples were grouped according to their contribution of certain mineral elements, as well as according to some of the botanical families to which they belong. At the same time, based on the values obtained for trace elements, an assessment of the risk to human health in terms of consumption of the vegetables studied was carried out. The risk assessment for human health was determined on the basis of the estimated daily dose (EDI), the values of the target hazard coefficient (THQ), the values of the total target hazard coefficient (TTHQ) and the carcinogenic risk (CR). Following the determination of THQ, the values obtained followed the order THQ With > THQ Cd > THQ Pb > THQ Co > THQ Mn > THQ Zn > THQ Fe. The results on the content of macro elements and trace elements, as well as the assessment of the risk to human health when consuming the assessed vegetables, were within the limits of European Union (EU) and World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO)legislation.
... Many workers looked at the mineral loss in various foods during canning and dehydration techniques (Ekholm et al., 2007;Hussain et al., 2010). They discovered that several variables, including the type of material used, the packing material, and the period of storage, affected how much leaching occurred. ...
... Fresh fruits are subjected to various procedures before they are subjected to the selection process, such as peeling, pulp juicing, etc., to make them suitable for the process. All minerals were reduced and observed in Zn, Fe, Cu, and Ca (40,34,21, and 18%, respectively) when the apple was peeled, as indicated in Table 4 and Figure 1. The idea that some of these minerals are embedded in layers right beneath peels may be related to this. ...
The goal of the current study was to determine the mineral content of various fruit varieties (Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu), as well as the effects of various processing methods (such as canning, drying, stewing, syrup process, and concentration of juices). All tested fruits that were subjected to various processing were exposed to a degree of mineral losing varied from very little too obvious reduction. However, it still retains its nutritional value. All fig products have the greatest levels of most tested minerals than other processed fruit products, particularly P and Fe. Then coming by orange products supply higher quantities of Ca. While apricot products have a comparable value of other minerals with those found in fig and orange products. Among canned juices, guava had the highest contents of Ca, P, and Fe, while mango scored the first juice as Mg and Zn supplying. Canned apricot halves contain the best amounts of K, Ca, P and Mg than the same products of apple and peach. Among jam products, fig jam possesses increasing amounts of Na, Ca, P, Mg, and Fe than those found in other fruit jams. The concentration of fruit juices by vacuum-heating or dehydration of fruit produced higher mineral retentions than the fruit products that were processed by other techniques. The concentrated orange juice by vacuum-heating processing retained most of the minerals found in raw juice, also dried apricot sheet retained higher minerals than that retained in dehydrated whole apricot.
... Najvažniji čimbenici koji imaju utjecaj na mineralni sastav borovnica su: sorta, klima, tlo, agrotehnički (gnojidba, natapanje i dr.) i pomotehnički zahvati. Na mineralni sastav plodova osim nabrojenih čimbenika utječe i stupanj njihove zrelosti u vrijeme berbe (Ekholm et al., 2007.;Veloso et al. 2020.). ...
Blueberries are becoming increasingly popular among consumers at the beginning of the 21 st century due to their nutritional properties, which increases their demand. For this very reason, cultivated blueberries are becoming increasingly important in both global and Croatian fruit production. The mineral composition of the fruit is an important component that influences the quality of the fruit and its nutritional value. In this paper, the mineral composition of blueberries and their nutritional value are presented. Based on the literature studied, it was found that the most abundant macroelements in blueberries are nitrogen and potassium, while the microelements are manganese and iron. The main factors that have an influence on the mineral composition of blueberries, such as: cultivar, climate, soil, agro-and pomo-techniques, are also addressed. By selecting and controlling the above factors, it is possible to increase the quality of the fruit, but also to influence the mineral composition of blueberries.
... Similarly, for another two examined raw vegetables, the minerals levels given in food composition tables exceed the amounts determined in our study (for raw beetroot: Mg-17 mg/100 g, K-348 mg/100 g, Na-52 mg/100 g, Ca 41 mg/100 g, P-17 mg/100 g; for broccoli: Mg-23 mg/100 g, K-385 mg/100 g, Na-7 mg/100 g, Ca 48 mg/100 g, P-66 mg/100 g). Such differences in the minerals content in the same nonprocessed vegetable may result from a different plant variety, soil and climate conditions, agronomic practices such as plants maturity state, fertilizers application, as well as weather conditions during harvesting [20,31,32]. The content of minerals in processed vegetables is strongly affected by preparation method. ...
Vegetables are a natural source of bioactive compounds, however, their content is strongly affected by the preparation methods. The study aimed to find the balance between high health-promoting properties, resulting from well-retained minerals content, and sensory properties by testing different times of sous-vide cooking of vegetables at 85 °C. For each vegetable, broccoli, green beans and beetroots, three times options of sous-vide treatment were individually applied. No effect of sous-vide cooking on dry matter content was found for tested vegetables, with the exception of dry mass loss of beetroots cooked for 180 min. The results of potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus determination, confirmed that the sous-vide technique often allows for the retention of these minerals at a level not lower than in raw vegetables. For both broccoli and beetroots, it was observed that the longer the sous-vide processing time, the lower the color intensity, and in the case of each tested vegetable, the worse the consistency. Therefore, the study proves that this method of heat treatment reduces the loss of minerals and preserves the desired color of studied vegetables.
... Several studies on food composition data from industrialized countries have shown decreases in the mineral density of crops over the twentieth century. Consistent decreases have been observed in iron and copper, along with various other decreases, ranging from ~ 10 to 50% [172][173][174][175][176][177]. This is likely caused by a "dilution effect" of increasing crop yields [174]. ...
Over the twentieth century, male reproductive health has suffered a substantial decline, as evidenced by decreases in sperm counts and testosterone levels and increases in reproductive pathologies. At the same time, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome has risen dramatically. Metabolic and reproductive health are highly interconnected, suggesting that their respective trends are intertwined and, given the timeframe of such trends, environmental and not genetic factors are most likely to be the primary causes. Industrialization, which began in Europe in the mid-eighteenth century, has resulted in profound changes to our diet, lifestyle, and environment, many of which are causal factors in the rise in chronic diseases. Industrialization results in a nutrition transition from an agricultural unprocessed to a modern processed diet, incorporating increases in sugar, vegetable oils, ultra-processed foods, linoleic acid, trans-fats, and total energy. This dietary shift has incurred numerous adverse effects on metabolic and reproductive health, characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Moreover, these effects appear to multiply across subsequent generations via epigenetic inheritance. Men’s fertility is markedly affected by obesity and diabetes, with an increase in total energy via processed food intake arguably being the key factor driving the diabesity pandemic. In contrast, wholefoods rich in micronutrients and phytonutrients support male fertility and a healthy body weight. Therefore, men wanting to maximize their fertility should consider making positive dietary changes, such as replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods that support metabolic and reproductive health.
... Among the cultivars with a high density of berries, the cultivar Atlant stood out, in the ash residue of which the content of K, Mn, Fe, Se and Mo was 1.3, 1.5, 3.8, 1.8 and 1.6 times more than in the berries of other late ripening cultivars. There is evidence that the increase in Se in food in Finland has clearly increased due to the use of fertilizers with the addition of Se (Ekholma et al., 2007). ...
In recent years, raspberry breeding has shifted its emphasis from agronomic performance to characteristics related to the sensory qualities of the fruit and its potential health benef its. The therapeutic and preventive properties of raspberries are related to their biochemical composition. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to determine the content of macro- and micronutrients in fruits of different cultivars of repair raspberry using modern high-tech analytical methods and the selection of genetic sources of the analyzed elements for further breeding. The objects of the research were 17 cultivars of repair raspberry of different ecological and geographical origin from the genetic plant bioresource collection of FSBSO ARHCBAN. It was found that the ash residue of berries contains 12 major elements, which form the following descending series: K > P > Mg ≥ Mo > Ca > S ≥ Ni > Zn > Mn > Se > Fe ≥ Co. The largest proportion of ash residue in raspberry fruits is K. Depending on the cultivar, its quantity averaged from 12.81 wt % (Samorodok and Karamelka) to 22.37 wt % (Atlant). The minimum K content was observed in the ash of the Carolina cultivar (5.62 wt %), while in berries of this cultivar Mg (2.91), Ca (2.62) and Zn (0.14 wt %) accumulated above average. Among the group of early maturing cultivars, the cultivar Yubileinaya Kulikova stands out with a high content of Mo (4.63), Ca (2.19), Fe (0.25) and Co (0.21 wt %). The cultivar Pingvin is characterized by a high content of K (22.65) and Se (0.31 wt %). The medium maturity cultivar Samorodok is characterized by a higher content of P (4.08), S (0.47), Ni (0.51) and Zn (0.26 wt %). Among the late maturing cultivars, the cultivar Poranna Rosa stands out with the preferential accumulation of nine elements: Mg (2.98), P (4.42), S (0.36), K (20.34), Ca (1.71), Mn (0.14), Co (0.13), Se (0.21) and Mo (3.08 wt %). Correlation relationships between the elements have been established. Samples with the highest accumulation of macro- and microelements in berries represent genetic sources for further selection of raspberry for improvement of the mineral composition of fruits.
Caruru (Amaranthus spinosus L) and trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis) are NCEPs introduced into Brazil and are widely used by certain communities. Given the lack of information on carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals present in A. spinosus and C. benghalensis grown in Brazil, this study aimed to determine the proximate composition and the micronutrient profile of these two NCEPs obtained from family farming in the Middle Doce River (Médio Rio Doce) region in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The proximate composition was evaluated using AOAC methods, vitamin E by HPLC with fluorescence detection, vitamin C and carotenoids by HPLC-DAD, and minerals by atomic emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. In summary, the leaves of A. spinosus exhibited a high content of dietary fiber (10.20 g.100 g-1), potassium (708.8 mg·100 g-1), iron (4.0 mg·100 g-1) and β-carotene (6.94 mg·100 g-1), while the leaves of C. benghalensis were sources of potassium (1399.31 mg·100 g-1), iron (5.7 mg·100 g-1), calcium (163 mg·100 g-1), zinc (1.3 mg·100 g-1), ascorbic acid (23.61 mg·100 g-1), and β-carotene (31.33 mg·100 g-1). It was therefore concluded that C. benghalensis and A. spinosus, especially, presented excellent potential as important nutritional sources for human consumption, highlighting the gap existing between the available technical and scientific material, thus making them an important and necessary axis of research.
In Bangladesh beetroot is getting attention in recent years due to its high food value and potential industrial use. The present study was conducted to assess the food value in terms of biochemical and mineral nutritional constituents of four exotic beetroot varieties (viz. Chioggia, Detroit Dark Red, Early Wonder Tall Top, and Red Ace) of Bangladesh. The pH, brix and dry matter (DM%) levels of the four beetroot varieties ranges between 5.52 to 6.51, 8.9 to 10.5, and 8.8 to 11.0%, respectively; and Detroit Dark Red had the highest DM%. the protein, fibre, ash, and total sugar contents were also significantly varied in the four varieties and the values ranged between 10.80-12.50, 5.10-6.20, 7.65-8.86, 2.62-6.06%DM, respectively. The vitamin C was found highest in Chioggia (6.20 mg/100g). Among the micro and macronutrient elements tested, all parameters were significantly varied and Detroit Dark Red contained the highest amount of N (1904 mg 100 g−1 DM), Fe (53 mg 100 g−1 DM), Zn (26 mg 100 g−1 DM) and Mn (17 mg 100 g−1 DM); while Chioggia contained the highest amount of K (3331 mg 100 g−1 DM), Ca (151 mg 100 g−1 DM) and B (21 mg 100 g−1 DM). Total anthocyanin and total phenolic contents also varied among the varieties and the highest values were observed in Chioggia and Early Wonder Tall Top, respectively. Based on the observed parameters, Chioggia and Detroit Dark Red seemed to be the better performers among the four beetroot cultivars. Vol. 9, No. 3, December 2022: 279-287
This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and the vitamin, carotenoid, and mineral profile in dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) collected from the Middle Doce River region (Médio Rio Doce) in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. To accomplish this, the physicochemical parameters, such as titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids were determined, in addition to the evaluation of the plants’ proximate composition (moisture, ash, proteins, dietary fibers, and lipids). The vitamin E, carotenoids and vitamin C were determined by HPLC and the minerals were analysed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The T. officinale samples presented a low content of macronutrients, a total energy value of 27.88 kcal.100 g⁻¹ FW, a high fiber content (3.7 g.100 g⁻¹ FW), low levels of total vitamin E (43.67 μg.100 g⁻¹ FW), total carotenoids of 11.95 g.100 g⁻¹ FW, and did not present vitamin C in detectable levels. The mineral analysis revealed a high concentration of iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and selenium, and small amounts or traces of aluminium, cadmium, nickel, and chromium. In conclusion, T. officinale was shown to be an important source of nutrients, especially fiber, iron and manganese.
Soils ploughed in autumn were loosened by different tillage tools, or compacted to a depth of 25-30 cm by a tractor weighing 3 Mg (once or three times) before seed bed preparation for carrot under moist soil condition. Sprinkler irrigation was also applied to mineral soils when the soil moisture in top soil was 50% of plant-available water capacity, and the response of additional N application of 30 kg ha(-1) was studied in an organic soil. Higher soil moisture tended to promote nutrient uptake, as the P content of carrot tap roots was increased by irrigation in loam. Compaction of organic soil low in P increased P and K contents and uptake by carrot roots and shoots. In severely compacted clay soil, the nutrient use decreased by increasing soil compactness. NO3-N contents were the highest in early season (25-30 mg kg(-1) fresh matter) and decreased with advancing season. In loam, NO3-N content was increased by irrigation or loosening. Increasing the N fertilisation of organic soil from 30 kg ha(-1) to 60 kg ha(-1) increased the NO3-N content 30%. Soil type and its nutrient status, weather conditions, and growth stage had much more significant influence on the P, K, and Mg contents of carrots than soil treatments.
The original two supplementation levels of selenium in multinutrient fertilizers (Se 16 and 6 mg kg-1 fertilizer as sodium selenate; started in 1985) were reduced to one (6 mg kg-1 fertilizer) in 1991. The 16 mg supplementation level was intended for use in cereal production. Due to the lowering of the level of Se application, the Se content of spring cereals (spring wheat, oats and barley) has decreased more than that of any other food in the monitoring programme. The present level, 0.1 mg kg-1 for cereal grains, is about 40% of the concentrations common in 1990. The Se concentrations have decreased less in other foods than in cereals. The present Se concentrations in milk products, meat and liver are about 70, 60 and 50%, respectively, of the concentrations in 1990. The average daily human Se intake was 0.08 mg day-1 at an energy level of 10 MJ in 1994. Animal protein is the main source of Se. About 40% of the intake comes from meat, 24% from dairy products and eggs, and 11% from fish.
Trace minerals are inorganic micronutrients, many of which are essential components of enzymes. Because trace minerals are involved in many cellular functions, deficiency of some of these dietary micronutrients may cause debility and disease and may possibly result in death. The dietary sources, human consumption, bioavailability, and health effects of the trace minerals chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc, as well as the trace element iodine, are described herein.
The growth and element concentrations of wheat grown on 5 soils enriched with cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) were investigated. Each soil was mixed with CdCl2 or ZnCl2 solution. The amounts of Cd added to the soils were 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1,3 mM/kg dry soil, and those of Zn were 0, 1, 3, 10, 30 mM/kg dry soil. Wheat seeds were planted in the soils and cultivated for 4 weeks in a growth chamber. Dry weight and the element concentrations of the wheat tops were then determined as well as the concentrations of water-soluble Cd and Zn in the soils. Wheat yields were reduced with increasing application of Cd or Zn. The degree of the reduction varied with soil type. Yields were more closely related to the concentrations of watersoluble soil Cd or Zn than to the rates added to the soils. Yield reduction in all soil types occurred when Zn concentrations in the tops exceeded 300–400 mg/kg. By contrast, however, the degree of yield reduction affected by the Cd concentration in the wheat tops varied with soil type. Induced changes in the concentrations of some mineral elements in the wheat tops associated with the increasing Cd application may have contributed to the soil-specific modified response to these applications.
Cereals - especially common wheat - are the most important staple food; however, their grains often contain very low amounts of available iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). The aim of the present research was to study the existing variability in the seed inorganic nutrient composition of various Triticum L. and Aegilops L. species, and to investigate the hypothesized correlation between the ploidy level and the seed mineral nutrient concentrations. The results showed that generally higher copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents were observed in the caryopsis of Aegilops L. species, while higher iron (Fe) concentration was found in the grains of Triticum L. accessions. The results do not confirm the hypothesis that the grains of the ancient wheat species - einkorn, emmer and spelt - generally have higher mineral nutrient contents than the recently cultivated varieties, except for iron (Fe), which is contained in a higher amount in the seeds of diploid wheat species. No correlation was found between the ploidy level and genome types (A, AB, AG, ABD, S, D, UM, DMS) and the mineral nutrient content of the grains. Similar results were found using hierarchical cluster analysis. As the 1000-kernel weight of wild species is generally smaller than that of cultivated species, the correlation between seed weight and mineral nutrient concentrations was also studied. The results showed that the increase in seed weights correlated significantly with the decrease in Ca and Mg concentrations. The results showed that to improve the human nutritional quality of wheat varieties, the best sources of higher Cu, Zn, Ca and Mg content could be found in the Aegilops L. genus, while genotypes with higher Fe content could be found in the Triticum L. genus.
Uptake of lead and cadmium by plants and animals, and factors affecting the contents of lead and cadmium in foods are discussed. Data on concentration of lead and cadmium in foods and diets presented in recent studies have been collected and evaluated. Trends of lead and cadmium contents in foods and diets are discussed.