No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
A Review on buildings energy consumption information
Abstract
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA). This paper analyses available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems. Many questions arise: Is the necessary information available? Which are the main building types? What end uses should be considered in the breakdown? Comparisons between different countries are presented specially for commercial buildings. The case of offices is analysed in deeper detail.
... As Achar et al. reported [2], lighting systems contribute up to 30% of the total electricity consumption in buildings. This emphasis on energy efficiency has driven significant research into intelligent lighting control systems aimed at reducing energy consumption [3]- [6]. While the introduction of light-emitting diode (LEDs) provided substantial improvements in luminous efficiency [7]- [9], their full potential requires advanced control strategies that extend beyond basic on/off switching. ...
... Considering all the state of the arts [3]- [34], despite the progress in smart lighting, a key challenge lies in developing control strategies that can effectively balance energy efficiency with occupant comfort and individual preferences. Existing systems often struggle to: ...
... Based on the above discussion [3]- [34], this study addresses the shortcomings of conventional consumer lighting systems, which often struggle to adapt to changing occupancy, daylight availability, and user preferences, leading to unnecessary energy waste and reduced user comfort. To overcome these limitations, we present a cost-effective, highly efficient, realtime IoT-enabled adaptive lighting control model. ...
This study addresses the limitations of conventional lighting systems, which often fail to adapt to dynamic changes in occupancy, daylight availability, and user preferences, resulting in significant energy waste and compromised user comfort. To address these shortcomings, this study presents a cost-effective & highly efficient real-time IoT-enabled adaptive lighting control model that incorporates a time-varying gain controller, passive infrared (PIR) sensor, Pulse width modulated (PWM) LED light sensors, and an adaptive processing unit within a feedback loop to optimize lighting for energy efficiency and user comfort. In addition to this a data-driven approach has been used for zone division, reference generation and occupancy mapping which helps to enhance adaptability across diverse environments. The proposed model dynamically adjusts the lighting levels by integrating real-time user input, daylight harvesting, and occupancy mapping. The real-time experimental validation demonstrates a 35% reduction in energy consumption compared to traditional methods, with a discounted payback period of 3.68 years. The figure of merit (efficiency/cost) of 33.3%, demonstrating comparability to current state-of-the-art systems and highlighting the potential for substantial cost reductions and energy savings. Future research will address sensor calibration challenges, investigate the effects of extended LED dimming, and explore advancements in scalability and predictive control integration.
... National and interregional governments are developing legislation to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. High energy consumption in the building sector is identified as a significant contributor to this phenomenon [9]. The poor energy efficiency of the majority of buildings is a primary factor driving high energy consumption. ...
... Finally, the thermal load introduced by the HVAC system present in the enclosure . Q clim must be incorporated as shown in (9). By aggregating all the developments of the terms that have been made, Equation (1) can be reorganized in the following differential equation that determines the time evolution of the temperature: ...
This paper addresses the challenge of decarbonizing residential energy consumption by developing an advanced energy management system (EMS) optimized for cost reduction and energy efficiency. By leveraging the thermal inertia of building envelopes as a form of thermal energy storage (TES), the proposed EMS dynamically balances energy inputs from the electrical grid, photovoltaic (PV) systems, and battery storage, while regulating HVAC operations. Employing model predictive control (MPC) and integrating real-time data on energy prices, weather conditions, and consumption patterns, the system minimizes energy costs, while maintaining indoor thermal comfort. Simulations conducted for both summer and winter scenarios demonstrate significant reductions in energy costs. Laboratory and real-world testing confirm the EMS’s efficacy in enhancing energy efficiency, increasing PV self-consumption, and reducing reliance on grid energy, marking a step forward in sustainable energy solutions for residential applications.
... The upward trend in energy consumption will continue in the future, owing to population growth, higher demand for building services and comfort standards, an increase in time spent within buildings and HVAC systems in the building sector that consumes more energy than ever before. So, buildings' energy efficiency is increasingly becoming a top priority for regional, continental, and global energy policymakers [62]. ...
... HVAC systems' energy consumption is regarded as essential since it depends on them to achieve adequate thermal comfort. In both residential and non-residential markets, this is the major energy usage [62]. Many sources demonstrate that significant increases in air conditioning consumption generate substantial supply problems, particularly for developing nations, during peak loading periods [66]. ...
The world confronts significant energy issues, propelled by increasing energy consumption in buildings and escalating apprehensions regarding carbon emissions from the industry. Inefficient building practices exacerbate energy instability, especially in areas experiencing increased urbanization. Nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) present an effective remedy to these challenges, markedly decreasing energy usage and carbon emissions while fostering sustainability.
This research thoroughly assesses the development of NZEBs from 1995 to 2024, emphasizing design concepts, technological innovations, and their impact on energy efficiency. An analysis of key impediments to implementation reveals high prices, limited technological feasibility, regulatory limitations, and insufficient stakeholder participation. The paper examines the revolutionary impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on enhancing NZEB performance, highlighting applications such as predictive energy analytics, intelligent HVAC systems, and real-time energy management. Focusing on Egypt within the larger MENA region, this article emphasizes the unique difficulties faced by the country due to its varied climates and different stages of regulatory development. The research delineates region-specific ways to surmount challenges, including the integration of sophisticated renewable energy systems, the optimization of building envelopes, and the promotion of multi-stakeholder engagement.
The results highlight the necessity for customized solutions and improved regional and worldwide cooperation to expedite the implementation of NZEBs, fostering a sustainable and resilient built environment. This analysis offers practical insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders aiming to promote NZEB adoption in the MENA area and beyond.
... Building energy management, and temperature regulation in particular, has recently attracted the attention of various researchers (see, e.g., [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]). Indeed, energy consumption in buildings represents approximately 40% of the worldwide energy demand, and more than half of this amount is spent for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems [14,15,16]. Energy management can be performed at the level of a single building, e.g., using the storage to shift in time the thermal energy request to time slots where the electricity costs are lower. ...
... W/K and p 0 = −1.7685 · 10 4 W. Expression (14) is almost linear in a sensible operating temperature range and can thus be accurately approximated by linearization around some comfort temperature T z,j : ...
This paper proposes a compositional modeling framework for the optimal energy management of a district network. The focus is on cooling of buildings, which can possibly share resources to the purpose of reducing maintenance costs and using devices at their maximal efficiency. Components of the network are described in terms of energy fluxes and combined via energy balance equations. Disturbances are accounted for as well through their contribution in terms of energy. Different district configurations can be built, and the dimension and complexity of the resulting model will depend on the number and type of components and on the adopted disturbance description. Control inputs are available to efficiently operate and coordinate the district components, thus enabling energy management strategies to minimize the electrical energy costs or track some consumption profile agreed with the main grid operator.
... Energy is constantly transforming each other, and with the in-depth exploration of science, human beings have a deeper understanding of energy. From 1984 to 2004, the consumption of the energy around the world has annually increase, the primary energy has grown by 49% and the emission of the carbon dioxide has climbed by 43% [1]. The obvious climb of using energy means that investigators are supposed to focus on fixing the predicaments of generating energy and storing energy, to matching the needs of industrial electricity and household energy consumption. ...
Energy storage has been a crucial component in human energy utilization, with the compressed air energy storage system (CAES) emerging as a significant and indispensable aspect of the conversation around energy storage solutions. Historically, the understanding of CAES was confined to theoretical models, but recent years have witnessed an increase in practical applications and constructions, bringing the technology into the public eye. These developments have yielded valuable and precise data that researchers can leverage. Utilizing these data points, this paper employs both qualitative and quantitative analysis to thoroughly evaluate the viability of implementing CAES systems. The aim of this article is to provide some insights that can significantly contribute to the advancement of CAES technology, offering a comprehensive assessment that informs future development strategies. Furthermore, the difficulty of the technology is analyzed and some solutions are provided. Finally, the further development trend of compressed air energy storage system is conducted.
... Energy Conservation and Utilization (C 1-3 ): Energy conservation measures, such as the use of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.) and energy-efficient technologies (LED lighting, smart thermostats), can drastically reduce the energy footprint of construction projects. Buildings can achieve energy savings of up to 40% through effective energy management systems [43,44]. Land Conservation and Land Use (C 1-4 ): Efficient land use involves strategies such as minimizing the development footprint, utilizing brownfield sites, and preserving green spaces. ...
Investing in urban scenic spots is a complex process that requires careful consideration of multiple criteria to ensure sustainability and efficiency. In the post-pandemic era, the uncertainty of future trends necessitates effective risk management and informed investment decisions. Revitalizing urban scenic spots while maintaining profitability, along with the construction of multipurpose activity centers, requires a thorough evaluation of construction companies. This study addresses the selection of the most suitable contractor for constructing multipurpose activity chain centers as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem. We address the intricacies of contractor selection by integrating MCDM and system thinking approaches, emphasizing the alignment of investment strategies with broader urban development goals. First, a time delay was introduced between the first and second rounds of administering the weighting questionnaire to capture decision-makers' preferences for the evaluation criteria as System-2 thinking, then the Grey System-2 Thinking (GS2T) weighting method was proposed for group decision-making. Second, the Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution (CRADIS) method was incorporated into the Grey Systems Theory (GST), resulting in the development of the Grey-CRADIS method, which was applied to rank seven contractors for constructing activity centers across four urban scenic spots. Using the proposed GS2T with the developed Grey-CRADIS method in conjunction with the decision-makers' preferences, Company-2 was found to be the best contractor for the construction project. Finally, classical MCDM methods such as the Weighted Sum Model (WSM) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were employed to confirm the top-ranking contractor.
... In addition to ensuring adequate air circulation to maintain acceptable indoor air quality and create a healthy, comfortable environment, ventilation is also driven by the substantial consumption of energy required for preconditioning outdoor air. This outdoor air preconditioning can account for about 40-50%, of a building's energy consumption and contributes to about 20% of the total energy consumption in the United States (Pérez-Lombard et al. 2008;Yang et al. 2020). ...
Historically, in residential buildings in the U.S., designers saw no need for mechanical ventilation, due to relatively high infiltration rates and the option of manual ventilation through operable windows. Building practices today have moved to more stringent performance mandates including greater airtightness as enhanced energy efficiency becomes a priority. High-performance buildings, such as Passive House and Net-zero energy buildings, highly require airtight building enclosures, where extremely low rates of infiltration can lead to indoor air quality (IAQ) issues and require additional mechanical ventilation to maintain adequate IAQ levels without sacrificing energy efficiency. In any case, uncontrolled incoming air through infiltration may not be adequately tempered and dehumidified, which can lead to additional indoor air quality issues, ranging from condensation to mold and rot. As ventilation needs became a more defining factor in terms of energy efficiency, the focus shifted to advanced ventilation technologies, such as heat recovery or energy recovery systems. Mixed-mode ventilation has also attracted the attention of researchers, as it combines the best features of natural and mechanical ventilation and offers significant benefits for reducing energy consumption, especially in retail buildings. However, the intricacy of the involved systems and the associated air flows, as well as disturbances in the indoor and outdoor environments, make it a difficult endeavor. Demand control ventilation is another measure in this direction and is mostly employed in commercial buildings. The focus of this study is to investigate the most prevalent technologies and approaches used for demand control ventilation and evaluate their application for residential buildings across different climates. This study aims to provide insights into how demand control technologies could help further the energy efficiency of ventilation systems in high-performance residential buildings.
... The barriers in the adoption of UFAD systems are: 1) still new and unfamiliar technology, 2) lack of information and design guidelines, 3) no whole-building simulation program for the system, 4) high initial costs, 5) condensation and dehumidification issues, and 6) spillage and dirt entering the UFAD systems [6]. Fig. 2 Sample of the UFAD Systems According to the published statistics, the HVAC systems consume significant as 50% of building consumption [8,9]. The heuristic techniques such as neural networks, support vector machine, and boosting tree have largely expanded to the modeling process of HVAC. ...
... Buildings account for over 40% of global energy usage and associated greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing efficiency imperative to curb climate change impacts (International Energy Agency, 2021). Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems alone consume almost half of a typical building's energy (Pérez-Lombard, Ortiz, & Pout, 2008). This signifies substantial potential for optimization. ...
This study evaluates the efficacy of long short-term memory (LSTM) neuralnetworks in predicting indoor temperature and humidity dynamics fornaturally ventilated office environments in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam(10.8231°N, 106.6297°E). The tropical climate of this location, characterizedby consistently warm temperatures year-round, provides a specific contextfor the model’s performance and applicability. A simulated office roommodel with diverse window opening scenarios was developed usingEnergyPlus simulations, generating a synthetic dataset of hourly indoor-outdoor conditions across varying seasons. An LSTM neural network,trained on 70% of the data and tested on the remaining 30%, wasemployed to forecast indoor temperature and humidity at multiple timehorizons. Results indicate that the LSTM achieves near-perfect short-term(1–30 min) predictions, with performance degrading at longer horizons(60–120 min) while remaining competitive with existing approaches. Themodel effectively captured the strong influence of window opening areaand solar irradiance on indoor conditions. A comparison of differentwindow configurations revealed their significant impact on predictedthermal dynamics. Model accuracy was assessed using the coefficient ofdetermination, root mean square error, and mean absolute error metrics.The study demonstrates that LSTM networks can effectively learn complexnon-linear building physics to forecast climate in naturally ventilatedspaces. With sub-second response times, this approach shows potentialfor supporting real-time control and optimization of natural ventilationstrategies based on probabilistic forecasts, ultimately enhancing occupantcomfort and energy efficiency in buildings.
... Numerous studies have investigated the technological, environmental, and socio-economic factors that influence energy efficiency in buildings. For instance, Wang et al. explored how land use and building configuration affect energy consumption, revealing that the design and spatial arrangement of buildings significantly impact energy efficiency [84] . Additionally, Wang et al. focused on the influence of urban parks, demonstrating that proximity to green spaces can reduce energy consumption in urban areas [86] . ...
To evaluate the essential role of energy efficiency in achieving net-zero emissions and combating climate change, this comprehensive review was conducted based on a thorough analysis of academic literature, diverse case studies, and industry reports, focusing on key energy efficiency sectors and technological advancements. It begins by outlining global efforts, including the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals, which have driven initiatives to enhance energy efficiency across various sectors. The review examines key technological innovations, such as advanced manufacturing, energy-efficient building designs, transportation electrification, and smart grid integration contributing to energy savings and decarbonization. It also discusses policy frameworks, regulatory incentives, and financial mechanisms that encourage energy efficiency. The study provides the detailed outcomes of the different strategies and initiatives, showcasing successful case studies from different regions in transportation, urban planning, power generation, and industry. It illustrates how countries have effectively implemented energy efficiency measures to reduce emissions and meet climate goals. Additionally, the review explores the potential of emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, to optimize energy management, enhance grid flexibility, and promote further efficiencies. Despite these advancements, the review identifies several key barriers - financial, technological, and behavioral challenges that impede the widespread adoption of energy-efficient practices. Finally, it offers strategies to overcome these obstacles, emphasizing the need for tailored policies, innovative business models, and greater consumer engagement. This review underscores the importance of energy efficiency in achieving a sustainable, net-zero future by synthesizing successful case studies and highlighting emerging solutions.
... One of the biggest challenges in the realization of nZEB and ultimately in the transition to Zero-Emission Buildings (ZEB) is the effective management of thermal bridges, i.e. places in the building envelope where the heat flow is significantly higher than in the surrounding areas. Thermal bridges can lead to increased heat loss, condensation problems and lower overall energy efficiency of buildings [1]. Modern materials and construction techniques are used to mitigate these effects. ...
... According to a report by the United Nations Environment Programme [1], the building and construction industry is responsible for 37% of global carbon emissions, underscoring its significant role in climate change. Further, L. Pérez-Lombard et al. [2] estimate that buildings contribute to 42% of energy consumption in Western countries, highlighting their substantial impact on energy demand. While numerous studies have investigated the relationship between building materials and energy consumption regarding environmental emissions, there has been less focus on realtime energy monitoring and its potential for reducing energy use. ...
The topic on how to reduce energy use by close monitoring system, such as Energy Monitoring System (EMS), has attracted more and more interests nowadays. However, there is a noticeable lack of practical case studies illustrating the concrete steps, the potential challenges, and actionable solutions along with the process. This study is based on a pilot project for Vestfold and Telemark County municipality in Norway, aiming to reduce energy use by tracking and analyzing energy consumption patterns on a weekly basis. Deployment of EMS system offers the real-time monitoring capabilities, providing an invaluable tool for energy use optimization. By studying the interactive measurements and illustrating trends through interactive diagrams, EMS system producing relevant results parallelly facilitates precise energy optimization, enhancing sustainability and facilitating the efficiency of energy management. This study underscores the contribution of the EMS system and its practical barriers and their respective resolutions, emphasizing the necessity of these insights toward zero carbon footprint and energy-efficient future. Notably, the close monitoring and optimization of energy usage in this case study culminated in savings of 9.8 million Norwegian kroner in 2022.
... Furthermore, the diversification of heat sources has contributed to a growing number of consumers opting to install heat pumps for heating purposes, often due to limited access to hot water and central heating systems. Air conditioning systems account for approximately 50% of the total energy consumption in commercial buildings [1][2][3][4]. In Europe, this figure rises to 53% for commercial buildings and 64% for residential buildings [5]. ...
This study investigates the efficiency evaluation of a compressor rotor designed for drive units requiring compressors with a power demand of less than 30 kW. The primary aim of the research presented in this article is to assess the feasibility of utilizing axial compressors to maintain high efficiency across a broad range of rotor speeds. A critical challenge in the considered power range is the occurrence of low Reynolds numbers, specifically those below 250,000. This research seeks to identify the underlying causes of efficiency degradation at low Reynolds numbers and determine the rotor’s geometric parameters which most significantly influence the localized efficiency drop. Compressor efficiency was evaluated through numerical simulations. The numerical model was validated using experimental data and subjected to a grid independence study. Simulations were conducted for nine geometric configurations of the axial compressor rotor, with modifications to parameters such as the blade angle, blade thickness, blade solidity, and hub-to-tip ratio. For each configuration, a series of simulations was performed at rotor speeds ranging from 400 RPM to 2400 RPM. The simulation results indicated that the blade angle solidity was the most influential parameter affecting efficiency. A reduction in the blade angle led to approximately a 20% decrease in efficiency, primarily due to localized flow separation near the blade tip. Additionally, altering the number of blades caused a 20% efficiency reduction attributed to hub corner separation. The findings enabled the identification of optimal parameters, which will serve as a foundation for efficiency testing in the multistage configuration.
... By the end of the 19th century a strong turning point in the electronics industry, computers drove the formation of BMS. Honeywell, an American building automation solutions company [1] unveiled the Energy system as one of the first BMS systems in the 1960s, followed by a new era in building management, from simple BMS automation systems to flourishing and demonstrating strengths when combining Many functions in a single system, optimizing efficiency, as well as operating costs for the building, reduce the load of a large amount of electricity consumption that electricity for the building accounts for up to 40% of global energy use [2], [3], [4]. ...
This article presents the application of Building Management System (BMS) in electrical load management. The BMS system in this article structure includes DDC, IOT 2050 Siemens, sensors, inverters and loads. Implementing this system in buildings saves energy, reduces operating costs and reduces CO2 emissions. A comparative analysis was conducted between projects with and without BMS implementation. The investment in the BMS incurs an additional capital expenditure, with a payback period of 7.3 years and a system lifespan of 20 years, providing a return of more than 13% on the investment. The results show significant energy savings with total consumption reduced by 13%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of BMS in optimizing energy use across different areas of a building, providing significant financial and environmental benefits. This research contributes to understanding the economic and environmental implications of integrating BMS into infrastructure development, creating favorable conditions for stakeholders in the construction and energy sectors.
... Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are designed to regulate indoor temperature, maintain air quality, and control humidity for optimal occupant comfort in buildings. HVAC systems constitute a significant portion of energy use in both residential and commercial buildings, accounting for roughly half of the total energy consumption in these structures [2]. The air handling unit (AHU), as a key subsystem of HVAC systems, is responsible for introducing fresh air and removing exhaust air. ...
This study investigates the diagnostic capabilities of a Diagnostic Bayesian Network (DBN) for air handling unit (AHU) components, particularly focusing on the heat recovery wheel (HRW) and heating coil valve (HCV). Unlike data-driven methods relying heavily on high-quality labeled data, this knowledge-based DBN is more suitable for real-world applications, where labeled faulty and normal data are hard to obtain. Notably, existing studies predominantly concentrate on developing DBN for AHU with recirculated air, neglecting thorough investigations into AHU with HRW, a prevalent system in North Europe and increasingly recommended post-COVID-19 for mitigating viral propagation. This paper presents a DBN setup with expert knowledge for an AHU with HRW, which is evaluated using experimental data from an office building in the Netherlands. The results show that the proposed DBN can successfully diagnose typical faults in HRW and HCV.
... Perez-Lombard et al stated that the energy consumption by both residential and commercial buildings in developed countries accounts for 20-40% of total energy used. Those energies are mainly used for space heating and cooling for residential buildings and lighting for commercial buildings [16]. The major electric loads in a building are lighting, air conditioning, and equipment. ...
This research focuses on the energy performance of buildings with glass windows to allow daylight in three different locations in India. The utilization of glass in modern commercial buildings is rapidly increasing for aesthetic views and daylighting through the glazing. Much research has been conducted on WWR and daylight integration into the building through window glazing. In this study, the window area is distributed to different cardinal directions and the result is compared with the reference building in the study location. Focus has been given to optimizing WWR for different window combinations. Energy consumption in eleven different window combinations and five different WWRs were studied. The result shows the reduction of total energy consumption of buildings with different window combinations as a result of the integration of daylight. Window combinations for higher WWR and the optimum value of WWR in all window combinations are determined.
... This issue becomes more pronounced during the summer months, as heightened ambient temperatures significantly impact the energy demands of buildings, predominantly due to elevated cooling requirements (Angizeh et al. 2021;Shen et al. 2023;Alhindi et al. 2023). The extensive deployment of air conditioning systems has led to a marked increase in electricity consumption over recent decades (Pablo-Romero et al. 2022;Pérez-Lombard 2008). This escalating trend in electricity use is particularly concerning as it outpaces the growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), primary energy consumption, and population growth (Salvati 2017;Angizeh et al. 2023;Al-Awadhi 2022). ...
Urbanization and land use changes, especially in arid environments, significantly impact local climate and energy demand. This study investigates the relationship between Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and the carbon footprint (CF) from building energy consumption in Doha, Qatar. Specifically, the study addresses the gap in understanding how LULC and LST interact to influence CF in arid urban areas. The research utilizes electricity consumption data from residential, commercial, and government buildings in conjunction with remote sensing data (Landsat 8) and climatical data (ERA5) to estimate LST and vegetation health. The Multiregional Input-Output (MRIO) model was employed to calculate the CF from direct and indirect energy consumption. At the same time, the support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify LULC into urban areas, green spaces, inland water bodies, and barren lands. To further investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the relationships between LST and climate variables, Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) was utilized. This study hypothesizes that changes in LULC and LST will significantly increase the CF of buildings, especially during peak summer months in arid regions, while increased vegetation will help reduce this impact. CF hotspots are expected in areas with higher LST and less green space. The findings reveal significant correlations between higher LST, reduced green spaces, and increased CF in residential and commercial sectors. Villas and commercial buildings exhibited the highest CF during the summer due to increased cooling demands, with noticeable CF hotspots in specific urban areas. The study underscores the role of green spaces in mitigating both LST and CF, with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showing an inverse relationship to CF. Policy implications point to the urgent need for integrating urban greening initiatives, enhancing energy efficiency in building design, and revising urban planning policies to address the challenges posed by LST and rising energy demands in arid regions. Recommendations include incentivizing the adoption of energy-efficient building designs and improving vegetation cover to enhance urban resilience in arid climates. This study offers critical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and environmental managers aiming to balance urban growth with sustainable energy use and climate resilience.
... Further on, space conditioning already accounts for a significant proportion of energy use in developed countries, comprising half of building energy use and one fifth of total national energy use [9]. In less developed countries, achieving the proposed ventilation rate would pose an even greater challenge given that most buildings rely on natural ventilation through opening windows, which could compromise thermal conditions and increase occupants' exposure to unfiltered outdoor pollutants. ...
... Presently, our energy demand is fulfilled by an approximately 80% combustion of fossil fuels, which is highly injurious to human health due to respiration disorders, asthma, and many other health-related issues. Likewise, emissions cause environmental hazards related to air pollution, the deterioration of the ozone layer, and hence global contributions to warming [1,2]. The International Energy Agency has forecast that the demand for energy is expected to increase globally by 37% in the year 2040 [3]. ...
In this paper, the impact of phase change material (PCM) integration into building envelopes is evaluated, considering a coastal mediterranean climate. PCM integration represents an innovative technology to lower construction’s heating and cooling loads. A case study was conducted on PCM integration into a Lebanese structure’s envelope where the thermal performance and energy effectiveness were assessed. A significant reduction was observed for both cooling and heating loads. Simulations revealed that the optimal PCMs were those whose melting temperatures were between 21 °C and 24 °C under the Mediterranean weather conditions, showing the importance of selecting the appropriate PCM to enhance energy savings. The annual energy savings calculated were between 11% and 13.4%. The study also emphasized the impact of the specified heating and cooling temperatures within the comfort range on the effectiveness of PCM integration. The results show that optimal PCM selection is a function of the weather conditions and indoor temperature settings.
... This prevailing dependence on mechanical air conditioning has contributed to a regrettable increase in energy consumption and CO 2 emissions within the building sector [10]. Over the past few decades, building energy consumption has witnessed a significant increase due to population growth, extended indoor time, high building appliance demands, and a growing emphasis on indoor environmental quality [11][12][13]. While many countries are advancing toward sustainable development goals and net-zero objectives by instituting rigorous energy efficiency standards and guidelines for the building sector, the urgency of this issue is not being adequately addressed in Afghanistan. ...
Building or solar orientation, a key architectural design parameter, significantly influences energy consumption in buildings. Optimizing building orientation to harness passive solar benefits is a fundamental and cost-effective measure in designing energy-efficient buildings. However, the optimal orientation varies based on geographical location, climatic conditions, and building type. Notably, Afghanistan’s building sector currently lacks tailored energy efficiency regulations. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of building orientation on the energy performance of residential buildings across nine cities in Afghanistan, each characterized by distinct climatic conditions and geographic locations, employing BEoptTM energy simulation software. The findings reveal diverse optimal orientations, dividing the country into three distinct climatic zones: subarctic (optimal orientation: south-southeast), continental (optimal orientation: south), and hot-arid (optimal orientation: north). The optimal orientations in these regions yield potential energy savings ranging from 25.6% to 48.9% compared to the least efficient orientations. These insights are critical for establishing location-specific building regulations in Afghanistan, promoting energy-efficient design, and addressing the country’s current trend of unsustainable development.
... Globally, the building sector uses about 40% of primary energy and contributes to approximately 36% of greenhouse gas emissions [17][18][19]. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems represent a significant portion of this energy use, especially in large-space enclosures, where they can account for 40-80% of the total energy supply [20-23]. ...
Insulating building envelopes is crucial for maintaining indoor thermal comfort, particularly in large-space enclosures like greenhouses having transparent envelopes. Transparent envelopes allow natural light but challenge temperature regulation due to their low thermal mass and high U-values, which enable significant heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments. This field study aims to experimentally investigate whether warm wall confluent jets (WCJs) can maintain the required indoor climate conditions in a greenhouse exposed to dynamic meteorological conditions in winter. It analyzed the impact of the airflow rate, number of nozzle rows, and room air temperature setpoint on WCJ heating performance on the ceiling, external wall, and room air. Measurements were performed with thermocouples and constant current anemometers, and the response surface methodology evaluated the effect of design variables on WCJ flow, thermal behavior, and the indoor environment. The results show that WCJs provided recommended air velocities and temperatures indoors, with the airflow rate having the strongest effect on flow and thermal behavior, while the number of nozzle rows had a moderate effect. This study developed response surface models related to room air temperature, ceiling surface temperature, external wall temperature, and supply air temperature. Supply temperatures between 27 °C and 40 °C suggest using low-exergy heat sources, like industrial waste heat, to sustain greenhouse operations during winter.
Developing a green energy strategy for municipalities requires creating a framework to support the local production, storage, and use of renewable energy and green hydrogen. This framework should cover essential components for small-scale applications, including energy sources, infrastructure, potential uses, policy backing, and collaborative partnerships. It is deployed as a small-scale renewable and green hydrogen unit in a municipality or building demands meticulous planning and considering multiple elements. Municipality can promote renewable energy and green hydrogen by adopting policies such as providing financial incentives like property tax reductions, grants, and subsidies for solar, wind, and hydrogen initiatives. They can also streamline approval processes for renewable energy installations, invest in hydrogen refueling stations and community energy projects, and collaborate with provinces and neighboring municipalities to develop hydrogen corridors and large-scale renewable projects. Renewable energy and clean hydrogen have significant potential to enhance sustainability in the transportation, building, and mining sectors by replacing fossil fuels. In Canada, where heating accounts for 80% of building energy use, blending hydrogen with LPG can reduce emissions. This study proposes a comprehensive approach integrating renewable energy and green hydrogen to support small-scale applications. The study examines many scenarios in a building as a case study, focusing on economic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts. The optimum scenario uses a hybrid renewable energy system to meet two distinct electrical needs, with 53% designated for lighting and 10% for equipment with annual saving CAD 251,406. This innovative approach demonstrates the transformative potential of renewable energy and green hydrogen in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability across sectors, including transportation, buildings, and mining.
In the quest for advanced materials with superior thermal insulation properties, silica aerogels have emerged as a promising candidate due to their ultra-low density, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity. This study focuses on the enhancement of thermal insulation properties of silica aerogels for energy-efficient applications, particularly in building insulation and industrial processes. We employed a sol-gel process combined with ambient pressure drying (APD) to synthesize silica aerogels with tailored pore structures and reduced thermal conductivity. A series of silica aerogels were prepared by varying key synthesis parameters, including precursor concentration, aging time, and surface modification techniques. The resulting aerogels were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET analysis), and thermal conductivity measurements. The study revealed that the pore size distribution and surface area of the aerogels could be effectively controlled, leading to significant reductions in thermal conductivity. Notably, the optimized aerogels achieved a thermal conductivity as low as 0.015 W/m·K, making them among the most efficient thermal insulators reported to date. In addition to their exceptional thermal properties, the mechanical strength and hydrophobicity of the aerogels were also enhanced through surface modification with organosilanes, ensuring durability and performance in harsh environments. The potential applications of these enhanced silica aerogels were explored in the context of energy-efficient building insulation, where they demonstrated a substantial reduction in heat loss compared to conventional insulation materials. The findings of this study highlight the potential of silica aerogels as a key material for the development of energy-efficient technologies. The synthesis process employed is scalable and environmentally friendly, making it suitable for industrial production. Future work will focus on further improving the mechanical properties and exploring hybrid aerogel composites for multifunctional applications.
Mekanik sistemlerin tükettikleri enerjilerin, sistemlere bağlı yatırım maliyetlerinin ve işletme maliyetlerinin ekonomi üzerindeki etkisi tartışılmazdır. Özellikle Türkiye gibi enerji tüketimi yoğun olan ve iklim koşulları ülke genelinde sert olan ülkelerde yüksek maliyet kalemlerinden biri olan soğutma/ısıtma sistemlerine ayrılan maliyet önemli bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Çözüme yönelik sistem seçimlerinde yatırım ve işletme maliyetleri öncelikli ölçüt olmaktadır. Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte çelik boruların, kazanların, chiller gruplarının ve vanaların yerini, paket halinde üretilmiş ve içerisinde soğutma çevrimini gerçekleştirerek ısı alan ve tersinir olarak çalışıp ısı veren VRF (değişken soğutucu akışkan akışı) sistemleri almıştır. Bu gelişme ekipmanları koruma altına almayı da kolaylaştırmıştır. Bu çalışmada Marmara bölgesinde yer alan 300 odalı bir otel esas alınarak, Kazan-Chiller-Fancoil sistemi ile VRF sistemi yatırım, yaz-kış işletme ve bakım maliyetleri ele alınarak kıyaslanmıştır. Sonuç olarak VRF sisteminin ilk yatırım maliyeti açısından yaklaşık olarak %16 daha dezavantajlıyken, yaz-kış işletme ve bakım maliyetleri ele alındığında yaklaşık olarak yıllık %14 daha avantajlıdır ve bu sayede bir yıl gibi kısa bir sürede yatırım maliyetini amorti ettiği hesaplanmıştır.
Due to the high energy consumption characteristics of industrial warehouse buildings, the demand for energy regeneration technology is increasingly urgent. In recent years, with the rapid development of building energy technology, warehouse building energy regeneration technology has made remarkable progress in energy conservation and sustainable development. A deep understanding of the previous research progress and trends can provide the scientific basis for guiding subsequent in-depth research. Through the bibliometric analysis of 145 journal articles collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database between 2004 and 2024, this research has studied the research trends and progress on the application of energy regeneration in industrial warehouse buildings. This study first revealed the overall development trend of energy regeneration technology in warehouse buildings through quantitative analysis, indicating that related research is growing rapidly. Core scholars in the field such as Lund H. and Mathiesen B.V., as well as major journals such as Energy and Sustainability, have been identified through the analysis of the literature. Five core research themes, including energy efficiency improvement and regeneration technology, renewable energy system design, life cycle sustainable technology, renewable energy utility assessment, and policy support and energy consumption simulation, were identified through cluster analysis. Through evolutionary analysis, this study demonstrates the development process of energy regeneration in warehouse buildings and the critical role played by advances in new energy technologies in the field of warehouse construction. On this basis, this study proposes current key research directions, including energy life cycle assessment, energy regeneration environment optimization, and energy system management. The research on the energy regeneration of warehouse buildings has gradually become an important cross-subject of architecture and energy technology, providing technical support for the transformation of low-carbon storage buildings. The analysis of the current research status, evolutionary logic, and research trends can provide scientific references for further in-depth research and technological applications in this field.
Energy consumption is indeed a significant challenge in many countries. It is important to promote sustainable practices for energy and resource conservation for future generations. Sustainable practices may be developed through architectural standards. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of architectural standards on energy consumption, especially in high-rise residential buildings located in Northern Iraq. To meet our aim, we collected primary data through a survey of five high-rise residential buildings that had different architectural standards located in Northern Iraq. Smart PLS-SEM was used for data analysis to obtain the results of the investigation. Our findings show that all the architecture standards, such as residential building envelope design, residential building system and control, residential building shape and massing, green roof and facade design, ventilation and natural ventilation, orientation and solar gain, and thermal comfort and insulation, have positive impacts on energy consumption, indicating the selected high-rise residential building have not followed the international standard in Iraq and have high energy consumption that is not cost-effective. Moreover, window design has a significant negative impact on energy consumption, indicating low energy consumption due to attractive and international standard window design. This study has significant implications for government, policy makers, architects, engineers, and stakeholders.
Estrategia de ahorro y eficiencia energética en España
- Economía Ministerio De
Ministerio de Economía, Estrategia de ahorro y eficiencia energética en
España 2004-2012, Noviembre 2003.
HVAC systems energy comparisons for an office building
- L Pérez-Lombard
- J Adnot
- J A Ortiz
- P Rivière
L. Pérez-Lombard, J. Adnot, J.A. Ortiz, P. Rivière, HVAC systems energy
comparisons for an office building, in: Proceedings of the Climamed,
Lisbon, 2004.
- L Pérez-Lombard
L. Pérez-Lombard et al. / Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 394–398
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
Revaluation), Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, London,
February 2006.
The Association for the Conservation of Energy), Energy efficiency in offices: assessing the situation
ACE (The Association for the Conservation of Energy), Energy efficiency
in offices: assessing the situation, March 2003.
- Ministerio De Industria
- Turismo Y Comercio
Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio, La Energía en España 2005,
Madrid, 2006.
HVAC systems energy comparisons for an office building
- Pérez-Lombard