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Direct employment in the wind energy sector: An EU study
Abstract
Wind energy is often said to have positive effects on employment, but few studies have systematically dealt with this matter. This article presents estimates of direct wind energy employment in all EU countries, gathered for the first time. By using a thematic survey, the authors have been able to analyse aspects such as gender distribution, company profiles and the shortage of skilled workers reported by wind energy companies. The outcomes show that wind energy deployment creates a significant number of jobs (over 104,000 in 2008), and does so at a time when other energy sectors are shrinking. There is a clear relationship between MW installed and number of jobs, but the use of a single EU job/MW ratio is not feasible, due to differences in the export/import capacity. Wind turbine manufacturers—including major sub-components—are responsible for the lion's share of the jobs, and there is a marked prevalence of males in the workforce. The scarcity of specialist roles—project managers, engineers and O&M technicians—is not likely to be solved unless a series of educational, mobility and dissemination measures are put into practice.
... Studies on the employment effects of an increased share of production being taken by renewable energy tend to be optimistic and show a positive net impact (e.g. Blanco and Rodrigues 2009;Montt et al. 2018); for a meta-analysis see Stavropoulos and Burger 2020). In contrast, some (but generally fewer) studies -for example Almutairi et al. 2018 -estimate job losses related to the deployment of renewable (and nuclear) energy. ...
... Renewable energy is usually considered as potentially reducing unemployment while promoting economic performance (Fragkos and Paroussos 2018; Garrett-Peltier 2017). Wind and solar energy are especially assumed to have positive effects on job creation (Bernardo and D'Alessandro 2016;Blanco and Rodrigues 2009). The topic of 'green jobs', i.e. jobs created by the transition to renewable energy and other low-carbon technologies, has dominated many studies (see the overview by Deschenes 2015). ...
... Studies which focus explicitly on the distributional employment effects (i.e. in terms of skill level and gender, as in our analysis) are still relatively scarce even though the effects on various existing inequalities are crucial in avoiding potentially negative social outcomes (Markkanen and Anger-Kraavi 2019). Allan and Ross (2019), Blanco and Rodrigues (2009) and Cai et al. (2014) are among the few examples. Cai et al. focus on China and male domination in renewable energy sector jobs, comparing it to male dominance in extractive sectors as well as in machinery manufacture (Cai et al. 2014(Cai et al. : 1160. ...
... Labor demand in the renewable energy sector has been rising for quite some time. In terms of comparison with potential job losses in nonrenewable energy sectors, existing studies tend to estimate positive effects of an increased share of renewables on labor demand (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Connolly et al., 2016;Garrett-Peltier, 2017;Montt et al., 2018a;Siala et al., 2019;Stavropoulos and Burger, 2020). Wind and solar energy are considered to have the highest contribution to labor demand (Bernardo and D'Alessandro, 2016;Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Ortega et al., 2020). ...
... In terms of comparison with potential job losses in nonrenewable energy sectors, existing studies tend to estimate positive effects of an increased share of renewables on labor demand (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Connolly et al., 2016;Garrett-Peltier, 2017;Montt et al., 2018a;Siala et al., 2019;Stavropoulos and Burger, 2020). Wind and solar energy are considered to have the highest contribution to labor demand (Bernardo and D'Alessandro, 2016;Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Ortega et al., 2020). The boom of labor demand associated with renewables could be seen both as a desired and undesired outcome. ...
... From the first day that wind turbines started to be used, their designs have diversified/developed and their energy production capacities have increased. Although the rapidly decreasing costs are one of the biggest reasons for preference, other factors such as being a renewable and clean energy source, having low electricity production costs, providing energy independence, being compatible with nature, offering new employment opportunities, contributing to the development of rural areas, etc. are also very important [72][73][74]. According to the IRENA, the installed capacity of wind energy onshore and offshore has increased 75 times in the world in the last two decades and among other renewable sources, electrical energy generated from wind reached 16 % in 2016 [47]. ...
... These turbine parts produced are exported to 45 countries covering different continents and manufacturers derive most of their financial income from exports, according to the MENR. It can be evaluated that Türkiye will become an important center in the world with its geographical location, developed industry, young population, the interest of foreign investors, and rapid adaptation ability [72,95,96]. The appetite of domestic and foreign investors for offshore wind power plants in Türkiye is not yet at a sufficient level. ...
In today’s world, most countries including Türkiye have met their electricity demand at a dominant rate by burning fossil-based fuels in thermal power plants. However, fossil-fuel reserves have been rapidly depleted, resulting in high volatility in these fuels’ markets, as well as alarming environmental, and economic problems for the governments. In recent years, many governments have started to face these problems and have rapidly transitioned to renewable and alternative carbon-free energy sources in their electricity production variety. However, these belated steps have failed to mitigate the increment in global greenhouse gas emissions against the rapid growth of population and energy demand. In recent years, Türkiye has put a noteworthy challenge to mitigate its dominant use of fossil fuels, reducing its energy dependence, sustaining its economic development, and mitigating the carbon footprint. From this point of view, it is witnessed that many power plants have been established, many of them are currently under construction, especially to produce more electricity in a sustainable way. Accordingly, the present study aims to comprehensively discuss Türkiye’s energy production policy, energy potential and reserves, challenges, future opportunities, and the impacts of the energy sector on the economic and environmental issues for the country. In this framework, it is well-noticed that the country’s future energy production policy has been reasonably changed in order to achieve positive economic and environmental outcomes in the medium and long term.
... • Employment factors are ratios of a specific type of employment to the level/capacity of electricity generated by a specific type of renewable technology (e.g. the direct employment factor for manufacturing and installations for wind energy is measured as job/MW) (Blanco and Rodriquez, 2009;Fanning et al., 2014;Kabayo et al., 2019;Wei et al., 2010;Zwaan et al., 2013) and mostly focus on direct job creation. ...
... Studies investigating the employment effect of solar industry development focus especially on Mediterranean countries (Çetin and Eğrican, 2011;Ciorba et al., 2004;Gkatsou et al., 2014;Kost et al., 2012;ILO, 2012;Moreno and López, 2008;Topcu et al., 2019;Tourkolias and Mirasgedis, 2011) and Middle East (Sohrab et al., 2019). Wind energy is expected to stimulate job creation in the European Union (EU) (Blanco and Rodriquez, 2009;EWEA, 2012) and the United States (US) (Brown et al., 2012;Yi, 2013), an argument that is specifically supported for countries such as Brazil (Gonçales et al., 2020;Simas and Pacca, 2014), Greece (Gkatsou et al., 2014;Tourkolias and Mirasgedis, 2011) and Spain (Caldés et al., 2009;ILO, 2012;Moreno and López, 2008). Nonetheless, in the case of Texas, Hartley et al. (2015) find no statistically significant impact of wind electricity on employment, revealing that the type of landscape, ownership and local participation are all crucial factors to maximise local employment effect (Ek and Persson, 2014 (2016). ...
The UK government has identified Clean Growth as one of the four grand challenges for the UK industry, with goal to improve industrial energy efficiency by at least 20% by 2030. This thesis tackles three aspects of the challenges faced by the industrial sector and the impacts of delivering Clean Growth. I develop a new econometric approach based on linear state space modelling to explore the role of economic growth and energy price on historical trend in energy efficiency. Findings indicate that price signal has been an important driver of energy efficiency to the extent that it has largely offset the surge in consumption induced by economic growth. The remaining component of energy efficiency is imputable to exogenous processes, not directly induced by energy prices. Although increasing energy efficiency can stimulate Clean Growth by reducing emissions, it is equally important to identify the determinants directly responsible for reducing emissions. I employ a panel time series methodology that accounts for cross sectional dependence to assess the long-term relationship between industrial processes and emissions. Findings indicate emissions can be reliably reduced by decreasing energy consumption, encouraging fuel substitution and market competition to counteract the increase in emissions related to higher capital investment. I observe considerable similarities in the relationship between market concentration on one side and emissions and innovation on the other. The transition to renewables posits the issue of net job creation as outdated carbon intensive technologies become obsolete leading to job losses. I develop an econometric framework, based on Vector Error Correction model, that estimates the employment impact for the power sector and finds that a 1 GWh increase in annual renewable electricity results in 3.5 jobs in the long-term. By applying results to decarbonisation scenarios, I find renewable technologies can lead to the creation of on average 55,000 jobs by 2030.
... 1. Econometric models [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] 2. Mathematical and Data models [4,[30][31][32][33][34][35] 3. Qualitative models [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] The three categories evolved naturally as many studies utilised similar models that were customised for the sector or location under discussion but overall were based on the same principals. The econometric models are generally built on input-output tables or the employment factor approach, mathematical and data models tend to be more novel using a range of measurable indicators of skills shortages and qualitative models will be supported by surveys, questionnaires or alternative means of data collection from stakeholders. ...
... Miranda et al. also followed up the surveys with several stakeholder meetings which is an important additional step to gather extra evidence of unclear survey responses or to elaborate on interesting findings. In a wind energy sector study, Blanco and Rodrigues utilised the same methodology albeit on the multinational, EU scale where a questionnaire was followed up by interviews and complimented by annual statistic reports to verify data resulting from the questionnaire responses [45]. Their study painted a picture of the wind energy industry on a larger canvas whilst still being able to capture a high degree of detail due to carefully chosen questions, drafted and modified by a selection of willing respondents. ...
... A body of literature investigating the role of renewables in job creation finds evidence that transition from high-carbon based energy sources to low-carbon energy technologies may not offset the loss of jobs in polluting industries and may negatively affect existing employment, and cause unemployment or underemployment (Lawn, 2009;Rivers, 2013) while a considerable amount of literature revealing evidence that renewable energy investments create a significant number of jobs (e.g. Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Ortega et al., 2015) or positive net employment effects (e.g. Wei et al., 2010;Lehr et al., 2012;Fragkos and Paroussos, 2018). ...
... Furthermore, the study finds that these different types of technologies commonly generate more employment in the service industry.Table 1provides the data on direct and indirect jobs statistics in the renewable energy industry both by technology and by country (China, Brazil, the United States, India, and European Union) where employment remains concentrated.5 There is novel literature on gender diversity effects of employment in the renewable energy sector and on gender (in)equality in the energy workforce (see, for example,Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Allison et al., 2019). ...
... CGE models, such as [17,18,19], are macroeconomics models that account for the economy-wide ramifications of renewable energy and provide estimates of the employment effect for induced jobs across the economy. Finally, employment factors are ratios of a specific type of employment to the level/capacity of electricity generated by a specific type of renewable technology (e.g. the direct employment factor for manufacturing and installations for wind energy is measured as job/MW) [20,21,22,23,24] and mostly focus on direct job creation. By performing a meta-analysis on studies investigating the employment effect of renewables, [25] find that the magnitude of net employment effect is mainly driven by the implemented methodology. ...
... Studies investigating the employment effect of solar industry development focus especially on Mediterranean countries [30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37] and Middle East [38]. Wind energy is expected to stimulate job creation in the European Union (EU) [24,39] and the United States (US) [40,41], an argument that is further supported for countries such as Brazil [42,43], Greece [30,31] and Spain [44,33,34]. ...
Assessment of the employment impact of renewable electricity technologies is generally implemented through either complex and data-intensive methods (such as Computable General Equilibrium models) or simplistic approaches, normally focused on specific energy generation technologies, such as employment factors. In contrast, this article proposes a transparent and easily reproducible econometric methodology based on the Vector Error Correction model that uses aggregated and widely available data. The model is applied to the power generation sector in the United Kingdom using annual data from 1990 onwards and provides evidence that the long-term employment impact of renewable technologies is much higher than the impact arising from deploying nuclear or natural gas technologies. The impulse response function analysis indicates that a permanent 1 Gigawatt-hours increase in annual electricity supply generated by renewable technologies creates 3.5 jobs in the long-term period. Finally, this study derives the implications of the findings in the context of decarbonisation scenarios for the power sector in the United Kingdom and assesses the extent to which decarbonisation pathways based on renewable electricity contribute to stimulating employment in the generation sector.
... Within available scientific literature, as listed in Table 1, many studies have investigated the jobs creation associated with RE technologies. With all the European Union Member States as a case study, Blanco and Rodrigues [11] estimated direct wind energy employment, Ortega et al. [12] proposed a methodology for calculating the employment effects of renewable electricity deployment, Markandya et al. [13] studied the past net employment impacts of low-carbon technologies, and Proença and Fortes [14] carried out an econometric analysis of the relationship between renewables and employment. On the other hand, Lehr et al. [15] studied the impact of the RE sector on the labour market in Germany and Böhringer et al. [16] investigated the employment and welfare impacts of RE promotion in this country. ...
Net employment impact is one of the key socioeconomic footprints to measure the efficacy of the energy transition. However, these kinds of analyses have been less discussed in scientific literature. Based on this shortcoming, this paper presents the first study that estimates direct jobs creation corresponding to the value chain across power, heat, transport and desalination sectors at a sub-national resolution, for two different energy transition scenarios from 2020 to 2050 across Chile. Here, we adapt the employment factor approach to the case of Chile in order to compare a current policy scenario for reaching carbon neutrality by 2050 with a fully defossilised best policy scenario. Results reveal that the transition towards a 100% renewables-based energy system in Chile would create 351,400 more direct energy jobs than the government's official scenario for achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. We conclude that, the transition scenario to reach a fully defossilised energy system in Chile by 2050, in addition to being more cost-efficient than the current policy scenario from 2035 onward and can reach carbon neutrality by 2030, would also result in more socioeconomic benefits. The understanding of socioeconomic impacts of transition scenarios can help to accelerate the energy transformation that is needed for achieving international climate targets.
... Research findings on renewable energy and tourism are numerous, covering aspects ranging from environmental and economic impacts to emerging trends and challenges. In this sense, there are many studies that affirm that renewable energies (solar, wind, and hydroelectric) have a positive environmental impact; they reduce the carbon footprint of the tourism industry and mitigate climate change [54][55][56][57][58]. On the other hand, there are not only environmental benefits but also economic benefits, as there is a large body of research showing that investment in renewable energy can generate local employment, promote economic development in tourist communities, improve the quality of life of local residents, increase the competitiveness of tourist destinations by attracting a growing segment of environmentally conscious travelers, and reduce long-term costs associated with energy [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]. ...
The need for energy in different global industries encourages the development and application of clean energy. Tourism, being a global development sector, requires energy to maintain the comfort of tourists. The development of technology requires basic science and application studies that allow us to know the scientific evolution and trends in research, which is of great relevance in the fields of tourism and renewable energy. Within this context, the aim of the article is to analyze the evolution of research publications focused on renewable energy and tourism indexed in Scopus from 2008 to 2023 using a bibliometric approach. The search strategy identified 90 documents. Tools such as VOSviewer (version: 1.6.18) and Power BI (version: 13.0.23776.64) were used to assist in conducting the bibliometric analysis and network. The results of this work indicate that there is a growth in the authors’ interest in renewable energy and tourism, with a specific growth rate of 0.1927 years⁻¹. “Environmental Science and Pollution Research” is the journal with the most publications, and China ranks first in publications. Authors prefer to publish in Q1 and Q2 journals to increase the reach of their publications.
... Wind energy has emerged as a key participant in the renewable energy sector in recent years [1][2][3], with wind turbines accounting for an increasing proportion of global electricity production [4,5]. As these turbines continue to grow in size and capacity, it becomes increasingly vital to precisely monitor and comprehend the forces in action within them. ...
The article provides an analysis of the metrological properties of a 5 MN·m torque transducer. The relative electrical signal (given in electrical units, mV/V) as a function of torque measured in both the clockwise and anticlockwise directions was monitored. To fit the data, the weighted method of least squares with both a straight-line and a cubic spline curve was used. The results of the analysis indicated that the straight-line fitting method produced smaller values of expanded uncertainty than the cubic spline fitting method. Additionally, the study confirmed the assumptions that the Monte Carlo method for propagating uncorrelated distributions was more accurate than the uncertainty propagation method, regardless of the type of curve fitting used. From the estimated uncertainty coverage corridor at selected measurement points, confidence intervals–expanded uncertainties were determined. Additionally, the fuzzy sets approach to the evaluation of uncertainty was presented, and the approximate value of the expanded uncertainty was calculated.
... Other papers have quantified the job creation associated with the deployment of specific renewable technologies in different countries and regions (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;Brown et al, 2012;Cameron and van der Zwaan, 2015;Connolly, 2020;Garrett-Peltier, 2017;Lehr et al, 2008;Moreno and López, 2008;Mu et al, 2018;Ortega et al, 2015;Simas and Pacca, 2014;Tourkolias and Mirasgedis, 2011;Wei et al, 2010;Zafrilla et al, 2019;Ortega et al, 2020). ...
... Research on the impacts on gross employment has been conducted for various countries and regions, such as the UK [42], the EU [43,44], Germany, [45,46], Greece [47], the Middle East [48], Brazil [49], and the U.S. [50,51], and various types of renewable energy technology. There are many studies on the feasibility of renewable energy adoption in Iraq [6,8,10,11,19,20,[52][53][54]. ...
While traditional energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas drive economic growth, they also seriously affect people’s health and the environment. Renewable energies (RE) are presently seen as an efficient choice for attaining long-term sustainability in development. They provide an adequate response to climate change and supply sufficient electricity. The current situation in Iraq results from a decades-long scarcity of reliable electricity, which has impacted various industries, including agriculture. There are diverse prospects for using renewable energy sources to address the present power crisis. The economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems were investigated in this study by using the solar pumping irrigation system and nanoparticle fertilizers on agri-food production with the Farm Simulation FARMSIM model. The results show that using all REs with Carefree Water Conditioner for water treatment resulted in the highest net present value and profit compared to other scenarios. The findings, however, indicate that the All RE scenario (using a solar irrigation system with a nanoparticle fertilizer system, a low-cost technology) is the most feasible and has the highest benefit–cost ratio. Due to high initial investment costs, all traditional approaches (using traditional irrigation and fertilizer systems) had a lower benefit–cost ratio than the other scenarios. According to simulation results, all four scenarios are profitable and feasible for implementation.
... The literature reviewed suggests that energy transition does not generally lead to a net loss of jobs, but it significantly alters the supply of and demand for jobs and skills in and between sectors (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009;ETUC, 2009;Wei, Patadia and Kammen, 2010). The issue of training and professional retraining thus becomes central in this dynamic. ...
In recent times, the vast majority of political action in the fields of climate change and sustainable development has focused on hypotheses concerning standardised governance and planning systems, linear political processes, easily transferable technologies, economic rationality and the capacity of science and technology to bridge any gaps in terms of resources and environmental quality. However, successful commitment to climate change mitigation and sustainable development means balancing often competing economic, social and political issues. The scientific need to put the three key societal issues of globalisation, climate change and sustainable development into perspective in a concerted manner and using the appropriate tools has only strengthened my desire to conduct research into these matters. At the crossroads of international, environmental and development economics, my research activity is part of a multidisciplinary orientation.
In conclusion to my work in writing this Habilitation to Conduct Research (HCR), I note that the environmental problem in a globalised economy is not free trade in itself but international economic flows due to a weak or insufficient coordination of environmental and commercial policies. I advocate a sustainable development model where moderate globalisation takes precedence with a stronger civil society to ensure effective conformity of that national environmental policies. In this economic system, the sovereign state serves the general interest of it citizens who enjoy a strong cultural identity and social cohesion (immaterial wealth). The question of universal standards for the governance of global public goods (e.g. air quality, ecosystem services) is nevertheless a key issue in such an economic system. My future research will therefore focus on a more in-depth study of the trilemma of (hyper)globalisation – nation state - local institutions / democratic policies from the standpoint of sustainable development which I refer to today as "the sustainable global economy trilemma".
... i) while recent studies have focused on the relationship between renewable energy consumption and employment, we investigate the effect of the transition from conventional energy to renewable energy on unemployment, known as the net unemployment effect. ii) we focus on six European countries with the highest direct employment (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom) (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009). These countries have partially reduced their coalbased electricity production and increased renewable energy generation since 2008 and 2009. ...
This study investigates the net impacts of the transformation from traditional energy generation to renewable energy generation on unemployment in developed countries. In this context, a panel data framework is used to analyze the long-run coefficients and causal relationships for the period of 1990-2021. The long-run results show that increases in renewable energy generation have a reducing effect on unemployment only in Denmark. On the other hand, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and France’s results indicate the opposite. Our findings decide the determinants of rising renewable energy generation and take into account its effects on unemployment.
... Previous studies highlight the positive impact of energy on employment. For example, wind energy sector in European Union and even in global context creates substantial amount of jobs via wind turbine manufacturing and installation (Blanco & Rodrigues, 2009;Mostafaeipour, 2010). The size of the positive net employment effect for renewable energy expansion depends on labour market conditions and policies (Blazejczak, Braun, Edler, & Schill, 2014). ...
Energy efficiency policy implemented within ASEAN-5 region raises concern over the possibility of compromising economic growth and trade in general, and labour market stability in specific. Previous studies have mostly considered the linear association and ignored nonlinearity between energy consumption and employment. Testing the existence of nonlinear energy-employment nexus for ASEAN-5 in 1991–2015, this paper shows an initially negative association between energy consumption and employment before turning positive beyond the energy and employment thresholds, portraying a U-shaped energy-employment nexus. Policies implementation may target on controlling energy increase beyond the employment threshold, and promoting employment creation beyond the energy threshold.
... Wind farms also generate local employment opportunities (Blanco and Rodrigues. 2009;Shoeib et al. 2021). During the construction phase, a significant number of workers are needed to develop the facilities (US DE 2020). However, during the operational phase wind operators continue to employ a number of local workers to perform maintenance and management activities, providing long term highly paid employment for rural pop ...
Rural locations provide limited economic opportunities, mainly relying on agricultural activities, with scarce industrial or commercial investment and employment. This has led to higher risks related to poverty, with a lack of opportunities for education, healthcare, and general services leading to rural migration. On the other hand, wind energy is growing exponentially in the United States (US). Rural locations offer very good siting options for wind farms considering the ever-growing size of their equipment and significant required area. Therefore, wind farms may provide financial opportunities to local rural communities, reducing poverty risks and improving living standards. These financial benefits include rental income for landowners, additional tax collection for public service funding, increased income for school districts, and overall larger local investments. However, the available data are too coarse, broad, and unconnected, not allowing local communities, wind developers, and stakeholders a clear panoramic of the benefits that each individual location, school district, or landowner may receive. This research compiled dispersed big data for its integration into a large Geographic Information System (GIS). This system is capable of performing analysis to provide a much better understanding of the actual benefits that the wind industry provides to each individual rural stakeholder. Data were converted to geospatial layers, when required, to allow for a fuller comprehension of all factors impacting financial benefits and risks from the wind industry. Analyses were expanded to evaluate the lease financial benefits for landowners in Texas, applying the data provided by local and state agencies. The approach developed in this research will allow for its application in diverse geographical locations to explore additional financial benefits that each individual rural stakeholder may receive from the wind industry. This will allow local authorities, landowners, wind developers, and communities to better negotiate for the future expansion of wind energy, providing all parties involved with significant benefits and allowing the continuous growth of renewable energy to overcome the damaging effects from climate change.
... The calculation of such economic impacts is made possible thanks to macroeconomic input-output analysis, using multipliers [31,32]. There exists very few studies addressing the economic impacts of geothermal energy [33,34] as compared to other renewable energy technologies [35][36][37][38][39]. As a locally-sourced type of energy, geothermal district heating can be expected to have a comparatively large share of economic impact nationally and locally. ...
Geothermal district heating could play an important role towards climate change mitigation, but its slow uptake implies that it is cost competitive only under specific sets of conditions, including drilling success and design of the district heating. Even in cases when geothermal district heating may be less cost competitive than other alternatives, expenditure that occurs during its development brings indirect economic impact that could also benefit domestic economy. Using the case study of the State of Geneva in Switzerland, this paper analyzes cost competitiveness and economic impacts of 5′892 decision paths (combinations of decisions) to develop geothermal district heating, including the choice of auxiliary heat source, and uses comprehensive sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential decisions. The right share of geothermal coverage in the heat mix to achieve an optimum combination of investment costs and geothermal heat production, and the integration of waste incineration as auxiliary heat source are crucial for cost competitiveness. High economic impact multipliers are created by geothermal systems incorporating individual pellet boilers as auxiliary heat source. High share of domestic impact consistently occurs in the case of standalone geothermal installations, especially when they are used with second or third generation of district heating. Combining geothermal district heating from medium and deep wells (1′500 m and 2′500 m) with heat from waste incineration creates synergies where above-average cost competitiveness and economic impacts are achieved.
... Another significant benefit of renewable energy is job creation which is also noted by the various studies; however, this claim is still debatable. Although multiple studies have supported the argument that renewable energy projects benefit the economy by creating job opportunities (Moreno & Lopez 2008;Blanco and Rodrigues 2009;Nusair 2020), these studies have relied on very positive or simple expectations and thus provided such results. In some instances, a rational approach is adopted by considering reasonable suppositions, but discriminatory findings can drive a wrong image of job creation. ...
Renewable energy production is necessary for digital society; it is also beneficial for labor market and sustainable development. This paper examines the impact of renewable energy production on unemployment rate by employing panel NARDL-PMG and robust asymmetric quantile regression for European countries from 1991 to 2019. The results reveal that renewable energy production significantly reduced unemployment in European countries in long run. The renewable energy production effect is found significant in the asymmetric model, specifically, in European countries; a positive change in renewable energy production has a negative significant impact on unemployment, and a negative change in renewable energy production has a positive significant impact on unemployment in long run. The GDP, investment, and technology innovation process are found to be triggered in labor market by reducing the unemployment rate in the long run. In addition, the asymmetric effects of renewable energy production on unemployment growth are robust in the different quantile regression. The findings suggest some insightful policy implications for government officials and policymakers.
... A number of methods have been used so far in different countries and regions to determine gross employment in RES-technologies [5][6][7][8][9]. Most of these approaches differ significantly in many ways. ...
During the last two decades, energy poverty has captured the growing attention of researchers and policymakers due to its strong association with economic poverty and poor economic performance. This study uses a broad set of macro level indicators and makes the first attempt to measure energy poverty and its impact on economic growth of Pakistan over the period of 1990 to 2017. Our energy poverty indicator considers four main dimensions of energy poverty, namely, energy services, clean energy, energy governance and energy affordability. A composite value of the energy poverty index shows that although the overall energy poverty has reduced in Pakistan during the selected sample period, the country shows an increasing dependence on polluted energy supply to meet its growing energy demand. In the second stage of investigation, the study tests the neoclassical growth theory where we incorporate energy poverty along with human capital as a source of economic growth. The main findings show a stable short-run cointegration between energy poverty and economic growth. These strong negative linkages between energy poverty and economic growth for the sample economy complement the previous literature on the subject.
... Rodrigues, 2009), but these studies have relied on very positive or simple expectations, thus provided such ...
Renewable energy production is necessary for digital society; it is also beneficial for labour market and sustainable development. This paper examines the impact of renewable energy production on unemployment rate by employing panel NARDL-PMG and robust asymmetric quantile regression for European countries from 1991 to 2019. The results reveal that renewable energy production is significantly reduced unemployment in European countries in long run. The renewable energy production effect is found significant in the asymmetric model, specifically, in European countries; a positive change in renewable energy production has a negative significant impact on unemployment, and a negative change in renewable energy production has a positive significant impact on unemployment in long-run. The GDP, investment, and technology innovation process is found to be triggered in labour market by reducing the unemployment rate in the long-run. In addition, the asymmetric effects of renewable energy production on unemployment growth are robust in the different quantile regression. The findings suggest some insightful policy implications for government officials and policymakers.
... There are direct, indirect and induced jobs. Direct jobs are the easiest jobs to identify, and can, for example, be found in the manufacturing of key components, power plant construction and operation and maintenance (O&M), i.e., a worker building a green energy component in a factory can be defined as having a job due to green energy demand [12,[73][74][75]. Some studies include jobs in, for example, project management, research and development, energy companies, utilities and banks. ...
The purpose of this paper is to establish if Marshallian and Jacobian knowledge spillovers affect job creation in the green energy sector. Whether these two effects exist is important for the number of jobs created in related fields and jobs pushed away in other sectors. In the analysis, the production efficiency, in terms of jobs and job spillovers, from inventions in solar, wind and energy efficiency, is explored through data envelopment analysis (DEA), based on the Malmquist productivity index, and tobit regression. A panel dataset of American and European firms over the period of 2002–2017 is used. The contribution to the literature is to show the role of the spillovers from the same technology sector (Marshallian externalities), and of the spillovers from more diversified activity (Jacobian externalities). Since previous empirical evidence concerning the innovation effects on the production efficiency is yet weak, the paper attempts to bridge this gap. The empirical findings suggest negative Marshallian externalities, while Jacobian externalities have no statistical impact on the job creation process. The findings are of strategic importance for governments who are developing industrial strategies for renewable energy.
... This interest is mainly due to the ambitious objectives of the EU that 20% of the produced energy by 2020 will be from renewable sources. Blanco and Rodrigues (2009) tried to estimate the number of direct jobs created in the wind energy sector in all EU countries. In Europe, Germany and Spain are the countries which have received the most interest from researchers due to their ambitious strategies and significant achievements in the field of renewable energies. ...
... Scholars have studied renewable energy employment, known popularly as "green jobs," to estimate employment in construction and operation phases of wind and solar farms. While some have highlighted a growing gap between the supply and demand for skilled labor in renewable energy (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009), others have found significant potential for retraining fossil fuel workers for the renewables sector (Louie and Pearce, 2016). Recent studies find that renewable energy development has a positive impact on employment (Barros et al., 2017;Fragkos and Paroussos, 2018) and can offset employment losses in other extractive industries (Moreno and Lopez, 2008). ...
Here we examine the labor and human capital dimensions of the United Arab Emirate’s (UAE) efforts to transition from an oil rich country to a solar energy hub. Building on research from energy geography and evolutionary economic geography, we study the path dependence of oil development, the structural differences between oil and solar labor markets, and the ability of solar energy to serve as an alternative source of employment for the citizens of a rentier state. We accomplish this by presenting results from an original survey of UAE solar firms and key informant interviews with industry representatives. Our findings indicate that despite the predilection for framing renewable energy investment as a transition, solar energy development in the UAE is enabled by the presence of an oil economy and is both co-constructive and restrained by these dynamics. We conclude with the implications of the study for renewable labor market transitions in oil economies of the Middle East and beyond.
... For instance, Moreno and López (2008) conducted an analytical study of forecasting employment generated by renewable energy, Wei et al. (2010) presented an analytical model used for estimating net employment effects based on different policies and scenarios, and Yi (2013) estimated the number of green jobs for climate and clean energy policies. The analytical method tends to be more transparent, easily understood, and able to have its sensitivity evaluated; however, it often provides direct effects and may not be able to capture the indirect and induced effects (Blanco and Rodrigues 2009;Lambert and Silva 2012). Meanwhile, input-output methods are the most well-known tools for analyzing the impacts of a sector on all the other sectors in an economy and are typically used for determining the economic impacts of a particular investment or activity. ...
Industrial restructuring is a significant measure for low-carbon transition. In principle, carbon emissions can be effectively reduced by limiting the output of high-emission sectors; however, the socio-economic effects of the sectors should also be considered. Moreover, owing to the limitations of the method or data, the interactions between households and production sectors have been neglected in the study of industrial restructuring, resulting in an incomplete and potentially biased understanding of the role of households. To fill this gap, we applied a semi-closed input–output model to identify key sectors by economic and emission linkages and measure the employment impacts (direct, indirect, and induced) of reduced carbon emissions. The empirical results for China in 2010–2018 showed that relatively small changes in key emission sectors would significantly affect the economic growth, and reduced carbon emissions reduction would generally lead to high job losses. Promoting labor-intensive sectors, particularly the service sector, is conducive to achieving a “multi-win” situation for economic development, carbon emission reductions, and stable employment. Furthermore, our results highlight the significance of households: expanding consumption and increasing household income can bring multiple benefits, such as economic growth, job creation, and low carbon emissions. These findings can provide useful information for identifying the optimized path of restructuring and helping achieve the sustainable development of the environment, economy, and society.
... To support and validate the data obtained from the SEIA, several semi-structured interviews were conducted with energy project developers in Chile. This survey was designed according to the methodologies applied by Lehr et al. [31] and Blanco et al. [32]. A total of 19 project representatives from different types of energy generation projects were interviewed using the following four simple questions: ...
Over the last few years, Chile has witnessed an extraordinary energy transformation that has turned the country into one of the largest renewable energy markets in South America. This study examines the impact of renewable energy (RE) technologies from the perspective of job creation opportunities in Chile. For this purpose, the study introduces an analytical assessment model that will be used to assess the direct impacts on employment generated by several policy scenarios aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The direct impacts on employment in Chile were calculated up to 2026 according to three energy scenarios constructed using the SWITCH-Chile energy model. The empirical results show that RE technologies (solar PV, wind, hydro) can generate more employment per unit of energy than coal and natural gas. According to the scenario projecting the largest reduction of CO2 emissions, which features a dominant participation of renewable energies, up to 20,958 jobs can be created in the Chilean energy sector by 2026. The proposed model can be used to design energy programs as a direct stimulus of employment in the RE industry. Furthermore, policy recommendations are provided based on the results to effectively address changes in employment perspectives for the RE industry.
... Other survey approaches for estimating the number of jobs in green or renewable energy areas have found 3.4 million U.S. jobs in 'Green goods and services' areas in 2011 15 or that there were 104 000 jobs in wind energy in the EU in 2008. 16 It is instructive to define two commonly used terms: first, the 'direct' effect-that is, those activities which the spending supports in those activities where the spending is made. For example, spending on turbine blades will support activity in the production of turbines. ...
As well as their role in contributing towards emissions reductions targets, it is increasingly relevant for policymakers to understand the contribution that renewable energy technologies make to the economy. Various methods have been used to quantify impacts, such as job counts, surveys and measures based on economic statistics. Economic modelling approaches on the other hand appear to offer an ability to both provide metrics of interest to policymakers and crucially an understanding of the activities which support that contribution. In this paper, we implement a new method for estimating the activity supported by renewable energy activities; applying a ‘hypothetical extraction’ of offshore wind—to identify the contribution that such activities make to U.K. economic activity, job quality and national emissions. By undertaking the partial extraction of offshore wind from an aggregated input–output (IO) table and then subsequently from one in which we have separated out the offshore wind electricity sector, we highlight the value of more disaggregation and technology‐specific detail in economic accounts. The results from our fullest extraction suggest that in 2010, offshore wind in the United Kingdom supported 10 240 jobs, with 9 in 10 of these jobs either medium or high skill, and contributed £780 million to gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, a significant portion of activity supported by offshore wind is attributable to expansions in capacity rather than operational activities.
... This interest is mainly due to the ambitious EU targets which aim for 20% of the energy produced by 2020 to be from cleaner energy sources. For example, Blanco and Rodrigues (2009) attempted to examine several of the direct jobs created in the wind energy sector in all European countries. ...
With growing concerns about climate change, global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, environmental taxes, renewable energy consumption, and environmental technologies have caught attention from researchers, policymakers, and concerned organizations in developed and developing world. The environmental-related taxes and carbon and energy taxes are considered as effective tool and highly recommended by economists and environmental scientists in developed nations (e.g., European economies). To this end, the current study examines the role of environmental policies and regulations and cleaner energy consumption for GHG emissions across leading emitter countries in Europe. The study used annual data of variables from 1994 to 2018 for nine leading European economies. The empirical estimates of quantile regression, FMOLS, and DOLS revealed that environmental taxes and promotion of cleaner energy sources can be effective to reduce overall pollution efflux. The study reports new implications regarding sustainable development goals.
... Job-years per MW is an approach often adopted. The adoption of a job/MW ratio is problematic, due to differences in for example the export/import capacity (Blanco and Rodrigues, 2009). Some countries are large manufacturers -including major sub-components -for example Denmark and Germany have a large domestic job creation whilst the installed domestic MW might be higher abroad (Simas and Pacca, 2014). ...
The empirical evidence concerning the job-creation impact of wind power technology through knowledge spillovers is yet poor. Our objective is to contribute to the literature and bridge this gap. Specifically, our analysis explores to what extent investments in innovation activities of one firm affect the neighbouring firms’ generation of knowledge spillovers in the same sector (intra-industry) or to different sectors (inter-industry) and how this complex knowledge diffusion process impacts the employment dynamics. The econometric analysis relies on a sector-based panel dataset for the USA, Europe, and Japan between 2002 and 2017. The empirical findings suggest that there were negative employment spillovers from the same technology sector (Marshallian externalities) while the spillovers from more diversified activity (Jacobian externalities) have a positive impact on job-creation. The findings have relevant policy implications for governments who are developing an industrial strategy for wind power technology.
... The problem of analyzing employment in the wind energy sector in EU countries is discussed in the paper [56]. Based on surveys, the employment structure in the wind energy sector was analyzed in enterprises related to the production and distribution of this type of energy and operating in the wind energy market. ...
In this paper, the development of the wind energy sector in 28 European Union countries in 2017 is described. By means of taxonomic methods—i.e., Ward’s method and the Wroclaw taxonomic methods—clusters of countries similar in terms of their potential and level of development of the wind energy sector in the EU are distinguished. The main purpose of the paper is to separate and cluster EU countries due to the current development potential of the wind energy sector and determinants stimulating the development of this sector. By means of the ranking methods of linear ordering (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution—TOPSIS method), a ranking of EU countries that defines their position in the development of this very important wind energy sector was determined. The results show that the research hypothesis of a great diversity of EU countries considering the development potential of the wind energy sector is justified. The countries of the former European Union, which have focused for a long time on the development of wind energy in their energy policy and have had favorable climate and natural conditions, as well as a large social acceptance of programs supporting the acquisition of energy from renewable sources, have primacy in the development ranking of the energy sector. Additionally, new members of the union, in spite of some delays associated with the development of “green” energy, are trying to increase their energy potential in this area. The research may be extended to include further analyses regarding other renewable energy sources and take into account other European and world countries.
This paper use China's Low‐Carbon City Pilot program as a quasi‐natural experiment, combining city‐level data with the China Labor Dynamics Survey (CLDS) data to empirically examine the impact of climate policies on labor earnings in the aggregate labor market. Our findings reveal that climate policies have a significant positive impact on earnings in the overall labor market without adversely affecting employment. However, climate policy has substantial distributional effects, favoring skilled workers in green industries but disadvantaging low‐skilled labor. This distributional effect primarily stems from the industrial restructuring and technological upgrading in cities induced by climate policies through administrative regulations and economic incentives. Furthermore, our research indicates that the effects of climate policies on the labor market extend to the household level, raising certain social distributional concerns.
The construction industry accounts for 18 per cent of Canada’s greenhouse gas emissions. There is extensive evidence that this can be reduced significantly by implementing aggressive net zero building practices. However, the way the industry is organized impedes this achievement because it fails to promote the development of a broadly based, highly qualified, climate-literate workforce. Successful low carbon construction requires enhancement of workers’ knowledge, skills, and competencies because it requires much higher energy performance standards than traditional construction practice. Yet the industry remains wedded to the current system of low-bid, low-quality construction to cut costs. The organization of much construction work reflects a Taylorist approach, with extensive piecework and subcontracting that relies heavily on precarious, unskilled, and semi-skilled workers. Most employers avoid investing in trades training, leaving it to governments, unions, and individual workers to fund workforce development. Committed to a deregulated market with minimal government interference in their profit-making activities, many contractors oppose tougher building and energy regulations while lobbying against higher labour standards, occupational certification requirements, and union organizing. To meet their net zero targets, governments must recognize that market forces are inadequate to create the well-trained, highly skilled workforce needed. Major policy interventions are required to force industry to make the necessary changes in vocational education and training (vet) and employment practices – changes designed to upskill the construction workforce and give workers and unions a greater voice in shaping climate-informed building practice.
The transition towards a low-carbon power system presents challenges and opportunities for the workforce with important implications for just transitions. Studies of these distributional labour impacts could benefit from tighter linkages between energy and employment modelling. Here, we couple a power-sector optimization model, an employment impact model and demographic databases to understand state-level job characteristics and the societal implications of low-carbon transitions in the US. Although decarbonization brings consistent job growth, it heightens the need for investment in human capital and supply chain restructuring. Major fossil fuel-producing states need to prepare for fewer mining jobs under the US Long-Term Strategy, so other opportunities should be created or seized. The lowest-skilled workers will experience more uncertain employment outcomes. Expanding renewable energy could improve opportunities for women in fossil fuel-dependent states, but not enough to disrupt the national gender status quo. This work provides a new quantitative perspective to inform proactive just transition policies.
Energy consumption continues to increase rapidly in Turkey and the world. As the share of energy in production increased, environmental problems also increased. For this reason, investments in renewable energy sources began to increase. Thus, the concepts of green economy and green employment became popular. Despite this, the share of energy consumption from fossil fuels in total energy consumption in Turkey and in the world remains high. This study investigates the effects of renewable energy consumption (REC) and non-renewable energy consumption (NREC) on total unemployment (UN) in Turkey under the shadow of GDP (Y) and population (POP) during the period 1982-2022. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique was used to test the long-term and short-term effects of REC and NREC on UN. The results of the study indicate that the impact of REC and NREC on the UN is negative and significant. However, the negative impact of NREC on the UN is greater than the negative impact of REC on the UN. This shows that growth and employment in Turkey are more dependent on energy sources provided by fossil fuels and that environmental problems may increase. The effect of Y and POP on UN is positive. Despite the rapid growth of the Turkish economy, economic growth does not create enough employment in the long run. This may be due to high inflation. In addition, high population harms the fight against unemployment. As a result, renewable energy consumption and green employment areas need to be increased in order to combat unemployment in Turkey. More investments can be made, especially in green economy areas, and supporting technological developments in this field is important to combat unemployment.
(Enerji tüketimi Türkiye’de ve dünyada hızlı bir şekilde artmaya devam ediyor. Üretimde enerjinin payının yükselmesiyle beraber çevresel sorunlar da arttı. Bu nedenle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yapılan yatırımlar artmaya başladı. Böylece yeşil ekonomi ve yeşil istihdam kavramları popüler hale geldi. Buna rağmen Türkiye’de ve dünyada fosil yakıtlardan sağlanan enerji tüketiminin toplam enerji tüketimindeki payı yüksek kalmaya devam ediyor. Bu çalışma 1982-2022 dönemleri boyunca Türkiye’de GDP (Y) ve nüfusun (POP) gölgesi altında yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin (REC) ve yenilenemeyen enerji tüketiminin (NREC) toplam işsizlik (UN) üzerindeki etkilerini araştırır. REC ve NREC’in UN üzerindeki uzun dönem ve kısa dönem etkisini test etmek için autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) tekniği kullanıldı. Çalışmanın sonuçları REC ve NREC’in UN üzerindeki etkisinin negatif ve anlamlı olduğunu belirtir. Fakat NREC’in UN üzerindeki negatif etkisi REC’in UN üzerindeki negatif etkisinden daha fazladır. Bu da Türkiye’de büyüme ve istihdamın fosil yakıtlardan sağlanan enerji kaynaklarına daha fazla bağlı olduğunu ve çevresel sorunların da artabileceğini göstermektedir. Y ve POP’un UN üzerindeki etkisi ise pozitiftir. Türkiye ekonomisinin hızlı büyümesine rağmen uzun dönemde ekonomik büyüme yeterince istihdam yaratmamaktadır. Bu durum yüksek enflasyondan kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Ayıca yüksek nüfus işsizlikle mücadeleye zarar veriyor. Sonuç olarak Türkiye’de işsizlikle mücadele için yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ve yeşil istihdam alanlarının artırılması gerekmektedir. Özellikle yeşil ekonomi alanlarına daha fazla yatırım yapılabilir ve bu alanda teknolojik gelişmelerin desteklenmesi işsizlikle mücadele için önemlidir.)
This paper aims to review one of the least used, but no less important, approaches in the assessment of the environmental implications of electricity generation: the Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA). This methodology is a top-down approach intertwined with the environmental satellite accounts provided by the national statistical office. Through the use of economic input-output (IO) tables and industrial sector-level environmental and energy data, the EIO-LCA analysis allows for broad impact coverage of all sectors directly and indirectly involved with electricity generation. In this study, a brief overview of this methodology and the corresponding assumptions is presented, as well as an updated review of the different applications of the EIO-LCA approach in electricity generation, suggesting a possible classification of the many studies developed in this context. The different ways of overcoming the problem of disaggregation in the electricity sector are also addressed, namely by considering different IO table formats (i.e., symmetric or rectangular tables). This is a particularly relevant feature of our review, as the way in which electricity generation is modeled can result in different calculations of the costs and benefits of environmental policies. In this context, this paper further contributes to the literature by explaining and providing examples of distinct approaches to modeling the electricity sector in IO models on a detailed level.
The transition towards a low-carbon power system presents immense challenges and opportunities to the workforce. Studies of the energy transition’s regional and distributional employment impacts are mainly qualitative or disconnected from prevailing energy modeling scenarios. Here, we couple a power sector optimization model, an employment impact model, and demographic databases to further understand the state-level job characteristics and societal implications in the US. Major fossil fuel producers risk job losses even without new emission reduction policies, requiring the reskilling of up to 30% of the current workforce. The results highlight the need for investments in human capital and a supply chain restructuring. Blue-collar workers are crucial to delivering the transition. Expanding renewable energy could improve job opportunities for women in states dependent on fossil fuels, but not enough to disrupt the national status quo. This work sets a new quantitative perspective to inform proactive local Just Transition policymaking.
RESUMO Este artigo analisa o impacto socioeconômico da construção dos parques eólicos nos mu-nicípios do Nordeste brasileiro. Do ponto de vista das políticas públicas, esse tipo de análise é de fundamental importância para: i) aprimorar o monitoramento de resultados dos projetos, e; ii) fundamentar a análise de viabilidade de futuros projetos, sobretudo mostrando quantitativamente seus impactos econômicos induzidos. Os resultados indicam aumento do emprego formal e por setor de atividade nos municípios que implementaram parques eólicos. Os efeitos no emprego são verificados mesmo após o período de cons-trução dos parques. Verifica-se, também, efeito positivo no PIB dos municípios e no nível educacional. No Brasil, o planejamento energético é significativamente determinado por ferramentas computacionais que utilizam parâmetros como premissas. Tais modelos, determinantes para decisões estratégicas relacionadas a expansão da geração, ainda não consideram explicitamente os custos e benefícios socioeconômicos, bem como os impactos indiretos e externalidades provocados por tais investimentos. Avaliações ex post retroali-mentam esses parâmetros dos modelos para decisões estratégicas de políticas públicas.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Energia; Avaliação de impacto; Políticas públicas.
ABSTRACT This article analyzes the socioeconomic impact of wind farms in municipalities in the Brazilian Northeast. From a public policy point of view, this analysis is fundamental to i) improve the monitoring of project results, and; ii) support the feasibility analysis of future projects, showing quantitatively their wider economic impacts. The results indicate an increase in total formal employment and by sector of activity in the municipalities that implemented the wind farms. The effects on employment are verified even after the construction period. There is also a positive effect on the GDP of the municipalities and on the educational level. In Brazil, energy planning is significantly determined by computational tools that use parameters as assumptions. Such models are the key point for strategic decisions related to the expansion of energy generation, but they still do not explicitly consider the socioeconomic costs and benefits, as well as the indirect impacts and externalities caused by such investments. Ex-post evaluations are essential for feedback on the parameters in the analysis for strategic public policy decisions.
El Istmo de Tehuantepec posee un potencial eólico sobresaliente, por lo que actualmente hay 1 600 aerogeneradores instalados en terrenos agropecuarios de la región, que producen cerca del 60% de la energía eólica de todo México. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir el proceso de expansión de la industria eólica en la zona, y analizar los impactos de género en la producción ganadera en pequeña escala. Se trabajó en dos localidades del Istmo: La Venta y Unión Hidalgo. Para la obtención de la información se empleó una estrategia metodológica mixta que incluyó recorridos exploratorios, entrevistas semi-estructuradas, cuestionarios (n=90) y talleres. Los resultados indican que la industria eólica ha favorecido solo a un pequeño sector de la población, predominantemente masculino, y ha exacerbado desigualdades de género. Además, los parques eólicos han contaminado terrenos agropecuarios con aceite proveniente de las turbinas, y han ocasionado la fractura social de las comunidades. El problema se ha agravado por largos periodos de sequía que incrementan las dificultades de las mujeres para seguir produciendo leche y queso. Se concluye que es necesario generar un nuevo modelo de transición energética que tengan sentido de justicia social y que tome en cuenta las condiciones de género, ambientales y culturales de cada región.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to undertake comparative analysis examining the effect of renewable energy production on employment focusing on European and Asian Countries.
Design/methodology/approach
The study utilizes panel data from the period 2000 to 2018 and System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) for the analysis. This study focuses on 50 European and 40 Asian countries data used for the analysis.
Findings
The result of the study indicates that, renewal energy production has positively affected employment in both European and Asian countries. However, the positive effect result of European countries is stronger than that of Asian countries.
Practical implications
The study recommends that, governments among these countries should continue to show strong commitment towards investing in renewable energy production as stated in Paris Agreement (2015). This will have a strong effect towards increasing further employment creation among these countries.
Originality/value
Numerous empirical studies have been carried out examining the effect of renewable energy production on employment. This study contributes to existing empirical studies by undertaking comparative analysis to examine the subject matter focusing on European and Asian countries.
When deep recessions hit, some governments spend to rescue and recover their economies. Key economic objectives of such countercyclical spending include protecting and creating jobs while reinvigorating economic growth—but governments can also use this spending to achieve long-term social and environmental goals. During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, claims have been made that green recovery investments can meet both economic and environmental objectives. Here, we investigate the evidence behind these claims. We create a bespoke supervised machine learning algorithm to identify a comprehensive literature set. We analyze this literature using both structured qualitative assessment and machine learning models. We find evidence that green investments can indeed create more jobs and deliver higher fiscal multipliers than non-green investments. For policymakers, we suggest strong prioritization of green spending in recovery. For researchers, we highlight many research gaps and unalignment of research patterns with spending patterns.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 47 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay have adopted wind energy as a means to fight climate change. However, their expe-riences are different and insufficiently documented. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the wind industry in light of its future expansion in Latin America. The methodology consists of the systematization and analysis of literature written in Spanish, Portuguese and English. Four advantages and five disadvantages were identified. The advantages are wind energy’s reduced carbon footprint, low production costs, the potential for job creation and income from land rentals, while the disadvantages are possible vegetation loss, impact on birds and water sources, oil and waste contamination and health damage. The challenges for public policy are: supporting research on the socioenvironmental impacts of the wind industry and designing tools for their mitigation; devel-oping a full supply chain of materials through technological innovation; distributing the benefits of wind energy equally among the local population, and prioritizing public needs of electricity above the interest of the private sector. If these challenges are not fully met, wind energy projects will be part of a hegemonic structure that claims to solve the problems created by climate change, while in fact continuing to use an extractivist logic, incapable of benefitting people.
An overview on the assessment of wind energy technology adoption and the extent of penetration of wind energy as an alternative energy source in different regions of the world is presented. A global scenario of Asia, Americas, Europe and Gulf States were reviewed and particular attention was centred on the successes of wind energy in Africa. The four major drivers—global warming, natural disasters, crisis and agreements—that have affected growth of wind energy technology were discussed. The economics of wind energy technology particularly as a grid connected solution was reviewed, challenges in the roll-out of wind energy technology were also highlighted. Finally, the prospects and future of wind energy as part of the overall energy mix was reviewed.
COVID-19 pandemic has devastated several industries, and energy is no exception. This chapter reflects a wide reviewing of the effect of COVID-19 on the renewable energy transition, ranging from risks to opportunities of investing in renewable energy projects. In response to the pandemic, decision-makers are invited to focus on financial risks, trust, public acceptance, and technical skills among other challenges and risks.
This paper presents an analytical framework to study the spatial distribution of the labor impacts of clean energy transitions. While there exists optimism about the job creation potential of clean energy industries, just transitions literature has emphasized that the costs and benefits of energy transitions will not be distributed equally. Aggregate labor estimates hide the regional inequalities that might surface sub-nationally.
We use the analytical framework to study India's power sector. Our results suggest that Indian government's 2022 target of 100 GW solar capacity will generate jobs primarily in western and southern parts of India as 60% of the total jobs will be located in the states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. If solar capacity addition targets are accompanied by retirement of thermal capacity, net employment impact will be negative with job losses being concentrated in the coal-mining states located in eastern India.
Policy-makers can use this framework to identify the sub-national regions – states, districts, and counties – that will experience job losses due to energy transitions and estimate the number of jobs or economic compensation required for the negatively impacted communities. This framework can be applied to other industries and regions as well.
Electrochemical water splitting has brought clean route of green energy generation through its hydrogen evolution capability having no environment impact in the form of global warming. The related technology experiences challenges associated with cost, durability and mass production of hydrogen separated from water. Proper morphological design of highly active and low cost materials for both electrodes and electro-catalyst has become essential to deal with these issues. Here iron alloy cylindrical electrodes with screw pitched morphology and low cost ferrous hydroxide nano-particles have been introduced as an electrode and electro-catalyst respectively in compact integrated water electrolysis cell to catalyze both reactions in same electrolyte. Theoretical model of screw pitched electrode has been made to enhance sharp surface area for efficient Hydrogen and Oxygen evolution. It demonstrates water electrolysis using low cell voltage of 1.68 V at current density of 500 mA/cm² with long term durability over 80 h having utilization efficiency of 73.88% and Faradaic efficiency of 80.714%. The experiments including high speed synthesis of nano-catalysts performed at room temperature provide guarantee of saving energy. This works promises a significant move towards mass production of hydrogen fuel through inexpensive method of water splitting.
The positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependency of energy imports are indisputable. However, one persistent problem for the German economy has been its high level of unemployment in the recent past. Therefore, any policy strategy will be measured also by its net impact on the labor market. The paper describes the results of a study that models this impact and is novel within three respects: firstly, an Input–Output-Vector for the renewable energy sector was developed based on the results of more than 1000 interviews with an extensive questionnaire, secondly gross and net effect of two different policy scenarios for Germany until 2030 were calculated and thirdly the approach varies from earlier studies by its explicit modeling of export and foreign trade effects.
The purpose of this report is to compile completed studies on the economic impact of wind farms in rural communities and then to compare these studies. By summarizing the studies in an Excel spreadsheet, the raw data from a study is easily compared with the data from other studies. In this way, graphs can be made and conclusions drawn. Additionally, the creation of a database in which economic impact studies are summarized allows a greater understanding of the type of information gathered in an economic impact study, the type of information that is most helpful in using these studies to promote wind energy development in rural communities, and the limitations on collecting data for these studies.
This straightforward authoritative work explains, in a non-technical style with a minimal use of formal mathematics, how well-designed surveys are conducted and how they can be critically evaluated. It will enable you to do surveys, perform simple data analyses, write reports of survey results, and understand the current literature of survey research.
The completely revised Second Edition features new chapters on statistical inference and the ethics of polls, as well as the inclusion of 1984 National Election Study Data. Its practical aids to understanding survey research include sets of study questions and short problems (with answers). Also new is coverage of telephone surveys, the measurement of attitude change, and the latest technologies in data collection, data management, and data processing.
This respected and successful book is an ideal supplement for political behavior, voting behavior, research methods, and public opinion courses, as well as a core text for survey research courses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The aim of this paper is to assess the direct and indirect impacts on a national economy from biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester (RME)) production using input–output (I–O) analysis. Biodiesel development in Croatia is used as a case study. For Croatia, as for many other countries in Europe, biodiesel is a new activity not included in the existing I–O sectoral accounts. For this reason the I–O table has to be modified accordingly before being able to quantify the effect of an exogenous demand for biodiesel. Impacts in terms of output, income and employment lead to the conclusion that biodiesel production could have significant positive net impact on the Croatian economy despite the high level of subsidies for rapeseed growing.
Putting Renewables to Work: How many jobs can the clean industry generate?
- D Kammen
- K Kapadia
- M Fripp
Kammen, D., Kapadia, K., Fripp, M., 2004. Putting Renewables to Work: How many jobs can the clean industry generate? Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory report, University of California, Berkeley. Available at: /http:// socrates.berkeley.edu/rael/papers.htmlS.
Analysis: Economic Impacts of Wind Applications in Rural Communities. NREL technical monitor. L. Flowers. Subcontract no. LEE-4-44834-01
- M Pedden
Pedden, M., 2005. Analysis: Economic Impacts of Wind Applications in Rural Communities. NREL technical monitor. L. Flowers. Subcontract no. LEE-4-44834-01. Available at: /http://www.osti.gov/bridgeS.
Questions & Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context, Reprint edition Thousand Oaks, CA. Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, 2007a. The life of women and men in Europe: a statistical portrait
- H Schuman
- P Stanley
Schuman, H., Stanley, P., 1996. Questions & Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context, Reprint edition. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, 2007a. The life of women and men in Europe: a statistical portrait. Available at /http://epp.eurostat. ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1073,46587259&_dad=portal&_schema= PORTAL&p_product_code=KS-80-07-135S.
Renewable energies—environ-mental benefits, economic growth and job creation
- W Pfaffenberger
- K Jahn
- M Djourdjin
Pfaffenberger, W., Jahn, K., Djourdjin, M., 2006. Renewable energies—environ-mental benefits, economic growth and job creation. Case study paper. Bremer Energie Institut.
MITRE project. Meeting the targets and putting renewable energies to work
- O Whiteley
- M Timmer
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