No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The effect of regular aerobic exercise on positive-activated affect: A meta-analysis
Abstract
ObjectiveThe purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of regular aerobic exercise on self-reported positive-activated affect (PAA). Samples from 105 studies (1980–2008) were included yielding 370 effect sizes (ESs) and 9840 participants.MethodStudies were coded for the following moderators: baseline affect, exercise frequency, intensity, time, program duration, exercise dose, study quality, and study source. The analysis employed multiple measures of affect and corrected for statistical artifacts using the meta-analytical methods of
[85] and [86].ResultsThe overall mean corrected and standard deviation (SDcorr) were .57 and .48, respectively. Two clear moderator effects were found: the inverse association between baseline PAA and ES and the positive association between study quality and ES. The effect also varied with exercise frequency (positive relation) and exercise intensity (negative relation). Exercise dose was only a weak moderator, but the results indicate the following aerobic exercise program as optimal for improving PAA: low intensity (∼30% VO2R), 30–35 min, 3–5 days/wk for 10–12 weeks. Similar effects were found for published and unpublished studies (source). Control conditions produced little change in .ConclusionRegular aerobic exercise results in moderate increases in self-reported PAA, but the effects vary by baseline affect and study quality. Exercise-related variables produced weaker moderating effects. PAA was unchanged for control conditions. A more comprehensive understanding of exercise-related affect will emerge when researchers examine the interaction of acute and chronic responses.
... Variables that have already been discussed as potential mediators include affect (Puterman et al., 2017;Reed & Buck, 2009), self-efficacy (Asmundson et al., 2013;Petruzzello et al., 1991), self-esteem (Knapen et al., 2005;Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989), mindfulness (Demarzo et al., 2014;Goldin et al., 2012), subjective vitality (Strijk et al., 2010), and rumination (Bernstein et al., 2019;Bernstein & McNally, 2018;Brand et al., 2018). Other possible mechanisms, which have only recently gained attention, can be subsumed under the term "emotional competencies". ...
... It would also be plausible that a reduction in state anxiety effectuates positive affect. Nonetheless, that positive affect plays a role in the relationship between and exercise and mental health, including anxiety, is in line with previous research (Asmundson et al., 2013;Puterman et al., 2017;Reed & Buck, 2009;Reed & Ones, 2006). Many studies have demonstrated that exercising can lead to an increase in positive affect (Reed & Buck, 2009;Reed & Ones, 2006). ...
... Nonetheless, that positive affect plays a role in the relationship between and exercise and mental health, including anxiety, is in line with previous research (Asmundson et al., 2013;Puterman et al., 2017;Reed & Buck, 2009;Reed & Ones, 2006). Many studies have demonstrated that exercising can lead to an increase in positive affect (Reed & Buck, 2009;Reed & Ones, 2006). This is found more consistently than a decrease in negative affect (Mata et al., 2012;McIntyre et al., 1990;Wichers et al., 2012). ...
Although several studies have shown that one acute bout of physical exercise can reduce state anxiety in healthy samples, studies that examine this effect in subclinical and clinical samples are still rare and have found mixed results. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a single session of acute exercise on state anxiety in a subclinical sample with moderate to high anxiety sensitivity. Potential mediators, including self-efficacy, self-esteem, mindfulness, subjective vitality, rumination and emotional competencies were explored. Participants (N = 88) with moderate to high anxiety sensitivity were assigned randomly to either an active group (n = 44) or a control group (n = 44). State anxiety and the mediator variables were assessed before and after the intervention. State anxiety was reduced from baseline to post-intervention, but no difference was found between groups. Exploratory analyses suggested that in the active intervention condition, a reduction in state anxiety was partly mediated by an increase in positive affect and mediated by an increase in subjective vitality. One acute bout of exercise might not be enough to decrease state anxiety in subclinical individuals with moderate to high anxiety sensitivity. However, the results of this study suggest that positive affect and subjective vitality could be two mechanisms that might explain the beneficial effect of exercise on anxiety. This should be further investigated in future studies.
... Exercise is widely recognized as contributing to health and wellness. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses support that engaging in physical activity/exercise increases wellness (Reed and Buck, 2009;Rodriguez-Ayllon et al., 2019), while recognizing that the amount of exercise is likely important (there may be a minimum amount of weekly exercise needed to impact mental well-being). Although Rodriguez-Ayllon et al. (2019) found that physical activity improved wellbeing across many different measures, the association between physical activity and anxiety was less clear. ...
... Difficult to be at home due to family issues, hard to be away from friends and other loved ones a greater number of students than indoor exercise (74%) or outdoor exercise (53%), despite exercise being an activity that is known to lower stress (Reed and Buck, 2009;Rebar et al., 2015). One limitation in interpreting these numbers, however, is that we did not gather data on how often or for what duration of time students engaged in these activities. ...
... Despite the fact that only 53% of students reported engaging in outdoor exercise, it received the highest rating (5.8 ± 0.07) for contributing to well-being. This is consistent with many studies showing that engaging in exercise is beneficial for mental health and well-being (Reed and Buck, 2009;Rebar et al., 2015). Interestingly, exercising indoors (5.4 ± 0.07) was rated as having lower benefit than exercising outdoors, despite the fact that more students engaged in indoor exercise. ...
Participation in extra-curricular activities has been found to associate with increased well-being. Here we investigated in a survey (n = 786) what activities university students at a Canadian university engaged in during the stressful COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in April, 2020, which coincided with a novel online exam period, and how these activities related to perceived well-being, anxiety (STAI-S), social aspects of activities, and personality. Sixty-five percentage of students scored in the high anxiety category of the STAI-S, an alarming statistic given that only 24% had reached out for professional supports. This is consistent with reports that current supports on university campuses are inadequate. Listening to music (92%) and watching movies/series (92%) were engaged in most frequently, followed by socializing virtually (89%) and engaging in social media (85%). The activities students rated as most helpful to their well-being were somewhat different, with outdoor exercise rated highest, followed by socializing virtually and listening to music. While all activities were rated as beneficial, those with a social component tended to have high ratings, consistent with students attempting to replace lost social interactions. Linear regression models found few associations between STAI-S scores and other measures, likely because of large individual differences and lack of a pre-pandemic baseline needed to assess changes in anxiety. The importance of individual differences was evident in that those higher in conscientiousness or extraversion or emotional stability were more likely to engage in exercise, while those higher in openness to experience were more likely to engage in journaling, playing a musical instrument, or singing, with a trend for higher engagement in song writing. Individual differences were also evident in that equal numbers of students gave positive and negative comments related to their well-being during the pandemic. The individual differences uncovered here suggest that having a variety of proactive interventions would likely reach more students. Indeed, 52% indicated an interest in online group music therapy, 48% in art therapy and 40% in verbal therapy, despite music and art therapies being virtually non-existent on campuses. In sum, the findings highlight the importance of choice in extra-curricular activities and therapies that support well-being.
... For example, prior meta-analyses reported higher positive affect and life satisfaction (Wiese et al., 2018), self-efficacy (Netz et al., 2005), and happiness (Zhang and Chen, 2019) in those engaging in greater leisure time physical activity. Longitudinal and interventional studies also report that regular participation in exercise is associated with higher levels of subjective well-being and positive affect, as well as fewer symptoms of depression and anxiety in older adults (Camacho et al., 1991;De Moor et al., 2008;Reed and Buck, 2009). Despite this body of evidence, the effects elicited by exercise training on subjective well-being in MCI individuals are not well-understood. ...
... To address this knowledge gap, the second purpose of this study was to compare the association between the anterior insula FC and subjective well-being before and after the ET intervention. Based on separate pieces of evidence showing both increased intra-salience network connectivity (one of the primary seeds included anterior insula) (Voss et al., 2019) and enhanced subjective well-being (Reed and Buck, 2009) after ET, we hypothesized there would be a positive association between subjective well-being and anterior insula FC, and furthermore, that this correlation would be greater after ET compared to before ET. We further hypothesized that the correlation between anterior insula FC and subjective well-being would be greater after ET in MCI compared to CN. ...
While it is well known that exercise training is associated with improvement in subjective well-being among older adults, it is unclear if individuals with cognitive impairment experience the same effects elicited by exercise on subjective well-being. We further explored whether the bilateral anterior insula network may be an underlying neural mechanism for the exercise training-related improvements in subjective well-being. We investigated the effects of exercise training on subjective well-being in older adults (78.4 ± 7.1 years) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 14) and a cognitively normal (CN; n = 14) control group. We specifically assessed the relationship between changes in subjective well-being and changes in functional connectivity (FC) with the bilateral anterior insula from before to after exercise training. Cardiorespiratory fitness, subjective well-being, and resting-state fMRI were measured before and after a 12-week moderate-intensity walking intervention. A seed-based correlation analysis was conducted using the bilateral anterior insula as a priori seed regions of interest. The associations between bilateral anterior insula FC with other brain regions and subjective well-being were computed before and after exercise training, respectively, and the statistical difference between the correlations (before vs after exercise training) was evaluated. There was a significant Group (MCI vs CN) × Time (before vs after exercise training) interaction for subjective well-being, such that while those with MCI demonstrated significantly increased subjective well-being after exercise training, no changes in subjective well-being were observed in CN. Participants with MCI also showed an exercise training-related increase in the bilateral anterior insula FC. While there was no significant correlation between subjective well-being and bilateral anterior insula FC before exercise training, a positive association between subjective well-being and bilateral anterior insula FC was found in the MCI group after exercise training. Our findings indicate that 12 weeks of exercise training may enhance subjective well-being in older adults diagnosed with MCI and, further, suggest that increased bilateral anterior insula FC with other cortical regions may reflect neural network plasticity associated with exercise training-related improvements in subjective well-being.
... Mounting evidence suggests that physical exercise enhances positive mood, and reduces negative affect, distress, anxiety, and depression (Asmundson et al., 2013;Barnes et al., 2010;Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008;Calogiuri et al., 2016;Doré et al., 2016;Heggelund et al., 2014;McPhie & Rawana, 2015;Mochcovitch et al., 2016;Reed & Buck, 2009;Smith et al., 2013;Sylvia et al., 2014). The effects of exercise on mood and emotions have been linked to many factors. ...
... In line with previous studies (Arent et al., 2000;Blumenthal et al., 1991;Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008;Doré et al., 2016;Hogan et al., 2013;Kanning & Schlicht, 2010;Mochcovitch et al., 2016;Reed & Buck, 2009;Smith et al., 2013;Stubbe et al., 2007), we also found that prolonged endurance exercise had a positive effect on anxiety, as demonstrated by the reduction of the STAI-Y1 scores after the race. This result further supports the potential of physical exercise in promoting well-being by reducing anxiety. ...
Physical exercise has an impact in biasing attention to positive or negative emotional stimuli. While attentional shift to emotions varies with age, evidence is lacking on the effect of prolonged endurance exercise on age-related attentional bias to emotions. This study aims at filling this knowledge gap, by applying a dot-probe task to measure attentional bias to emotions before and after a half-marathon in healthy participants of different ages (age range 21–65 years). State anxiety, positive and negative affect were also assessed. Younger adults showed attentional bias towards anger and away from sadness after the race, supporting the hypothesis of the congruency between the high-arousing task and the associated emotion (anger) in the modulation of attention. Conversely, older adults showed a bias away from anger, likely representing an attempt to maintain an optimal emotional level after the competition. This study sheds new light on how age impacts on emotional mechanisms involved in prolonged endurance exercise and suggests that regulatory processes in response to stress may be involved differently, depending on age.
... To evaluate if AccIB is more strongly associated with lower arousal and more positive affective states we assessed positive and negative activating and deactivating affect (e.g., Schwerdtfeger & Gerteis, 2014) by means of four items each. In accordance with Reed and Buck (2009), the positive activated affect means positive affect with high arousal (Russell, 2003). The positive activated affect (i.e., excited, enthusiastic, active, determined) was measured reliable across participants (R KRn = 0.95) and situations (R Cn = 0.66). ...
We present a novel ambulatory method, the Graz Ambulatory Interoception Task (GRAIT), to assess the accuracy of interoceptive beliefs (AccIB). This method captures both between- and within-person variations of AccIB by having participants counting perceived heartbeats in daily life. Reliability analyses showed high between-person (RkR = 0.99) and moderate within-person reliability (RCn = 0.62). Validity was supported by associations with an established laboratory task (r = 0.87). Within-person associations revealed that interoceptive sensibility, heart rate variability, and states of low arousal coupled with positive affect were linked to AccIB. Study 2 replicated these findings and showed a relationship between AccIB and self-control in everyday life, highlighting the importance of cardiac interoception and its relevance for health.
... Body image and related satisfaction are especially important in the so-called immanent sports (aerobics, gymnastics, RG, dance), as the main concept is the showing of the body during the performance. Aerobics routines have an effect on activity based on a report of a meta-analysis (Reed & Buck 2009). The relationship between personality traits and body image was confirmed by a comparative analysis as well (Allen & Walter, 2016). ...
The aim of the paper was to study aerobic gymnastics and gymnastics competitors parallel with a psychological skills point of view. Groups of adult elite female competitors in Aerobic Gymnastics (n=36) and Gymnastics (n=43) were compared in this study. The applied mechanism was the Test of Performance Strategy (TOPS), which was adapted to the Hungarian language (see Kalmar et al., 2015). The hypothesis was formulated that there are significant differences between the two samples as far as the differences between the two sports and the specific adaptations of their psychological skills are concerned. The statistical analysis resulted in a presentation of these differences. The main characteristics of the aerobics competitor sample are the use of wide-range automaticity to which a high value of relaxation is attached in the trainings (practice). Movements executed together with the same rhythm of music well serves this purpose. The values of emotional control are low, and negative thinking during the competitions is frequent. The high level of goal-setting, the frequent imagery and the application of self-talk are characteristics for the gymnastics sample. At the competition, emotional control and, during the training, concentration is high. It can be seen that the individual character of gymnastics favours the formation of these variables. The differences between the training (practice) and competition were also investigated in each sample. Fewer variables increased or decreased in aerobic gymnastics (in two cases) than in gymnastics (in five cases) during the competition compared to training. The dynamic changes in skills also show the differences between the two sports.
... Reed and Buck (2009) also pointed out that sports participation can affect individuals' attitudes towards participating in sports activities, enhance individuals' awareness of sports activities, and bring physical, psychological, and emotional pleasure to participants. 34 Participating in sport is an important part of the healthy life of college students. Even though most people are aware of the benefits, still very few people consistently participate in physical activity. ...
Purpose:
The current college students have a lot of mental pressure due to their heavy study, life and work burdens, and the incidence of college students' problems continues to rise. Sports are considered to be one of the best ways to improve the well-being of college students. However, the mechanism of college students' well-being is still unclear. This article is intended to exploring the mechanism of action of Trait Mindfulness (TM) on well-being in college students.
Methods:
Four hundred and ninety six college students were tested with Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale, Flow Experience Scale, Physical Activity Rating Scale, and Subjective Well-being Scale.
Results:
College students' trait mindfulness (TM) can predict well-being, college students' trait mindfulness (TM) can have an indirect impact on well-being through flow experience, and college students' trait mindfulness (TM) has an indirect impact on well-being through sports participation. In addition, flow experience and sports participation play a sequential mediating role between college students' trait mindfulness (TM) and well-being.
Conclusion:
Flow experience and sports participation play a sequential mediating role between college students' trait mindfulness(TM) and well-being. The current research results indicate that college students get well-being in sport activities. Trait mindfulness influences the behavioral tendency of sports participation through the mediation of thinking activities and cognitive function sequences. The results of this study provide a new literature reference for expanding the theory of positive emotion expansion and well-being. In addition, this study also provides an important basis for improving college students' well-being and college education.
... Affect may play a role in creative PA interventions. Positive affect is related to producing more original ideas 114,115 , and it has been suggested that PA can reduce stress (negative effect) 116 . ...
Neuroplasticity research supports the idea that varied practice and new environments promote cognitive engagement and enhance learning. Expanding on a meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity interventions on cognition and academic outcomes, we reviewed and quantified the impact of task and environmental factors that foster creative physical activity. Interventions were considered as fostering creative physical activity to a greater extent if (1) they were varied, (2) relied less on technical acquisition, instruction or demonstration, (3) involved open spaces, props, or open-ended instructions, and (4) involved interactions with peers. A wide range of physical activities were considered, from dance to aerobic exercise across 92 studies in 5–12-year-old children. Creativity ratings of physical activity interventions were varied but did not associate with greater beneficial effects on executive functions (k = 45), academic achievement (k = 47), or fluid intelligence (k = 8). Studies assessing on-task behaviour (k = 5) tended not to foster creativity, while reversely studies assessing creativity tended to foster creative physical activities (k = 5). As a group, three studies that fostered more creative PA showed a small significant negative summary effect on cognitive flexibility. Considering qualitative differences in the physical activities performed in schools will improve our understanding of their mechanisms of impact. Future research should consider using more varied measures, including more proximal outcomes that involve body movements (e.g., a Simon Says task to measure inhibitory control).
... Prior research suggests that self-efficacy can be gradually developed through accumulated experiences of success (Salanova et al., 2012), mindfulness training (Sanaei et al., 2014), goal setting, and feedback (Schunk & Swartz, 1993). Likewise, activated positive affect can be cultivated by implementing wellness programs that promote aerobic exercise (Reed & Buck, 2009), mindfulness practice (Lindsay et al., 2018), and visualization techniques that invoke gratitude and idealized self-outcomes (Sheldon & Lyubomirsky, 2006). ...
... However, few studies have paid specific attention to a child's sports participation and its positive association with HRQoL (Tsiros et al., 2017;Moeijes et al., 2019). Sports participation may contribute to positive self-perception as well as enhance energy, vigor, pleasant mood, joy, and social skills, especially among girls (Liu et al., 2015;Reed et al., 2009;Peguero, 2008). ...
Objectives:
This study aimed to describe the relationship between body size, form, and composition, and children's lifestyle on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).
Methods:
This cross-sectional study comprised 1333 children (9.05 ± 0.75 years; 683 females) living in mainland Portugal. Objective anthropometric measures were collected. Parents answered a standardized questionnaire related with children's lifestyle (e.g., sport participation, screen- and sleep-time) and family socioeconomic status (e.g., parental education). HRQoL was measured using the Portuguese version of the KIDSCREEN-27. Scores were categorized into low and high using a sex-specific normative cut-off from European children. A healthier score was created including positive scores for body weight, abdominal obesity, sport participation, sleep- and screen-time.
Results:
Body size, form and composition were correlated with children's physical wellbeing. However, sex differences were found in which parameters were associated with wellbeing. Among boys, the body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold were most correlated with wellbeing, while waist circumference and subscapular skinfold showed the strongest correlations for girls. Sleep duration and sport participation revealed a significant relationship with girls' HRQoL. A logistic regression analysis (adjusted for parental education) revealed that boys scoring 4 or 5 in the healthier index had an increased likelihood of high HRQoL level compared to those fulfilling none.
Conclusions:
Future programs aimed at reducing obesity, particularly central obesity, and incorporating multiple health indicators and behaviors, such as sport participation and sleep duration may help improve children's health and wellbeing.
... The latest research reports on activities as intense as basketball (Talpey, Pascoe, & Wallen, 2022). Other studies show that even low-intensity activity (Nielsen et al., 2022;Reed & Buck, 2009), or one that is undertaken recreationally and does not improve physical condition, may also be beneficial for life satisfaction (Barrett, Casey, Dollard, McCarthy, & Casey, 2021;Spirduso & Cronin, 2001). On this basis, we predict that undertaking moderate to intense metabolic activity will enhance life satisfaction in older adults (H1). ...
Physical experience has a significant effect on older adults, especially on enhancing psychological well-being. A cross-sectional survey were conducted with 120 healthy older adults (mean age 69.0 years; 67.5% female), who indicated what activities and how often they undertook and filled in the short version of WHO Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF), which measured their life satisfaction in four domains. The results show that both the frequency and the intensity of physical activities improve life satisfaction. Older adults with low activity levels rarely choose cognitive or physically demanding activities over less demanding activities. The most active older adults prefer frequent but light physical activity, social interactions and solitary entertainment. ARTICLE HISTORY
... That is, high exercise intensity or excessive duration of exercise would reduce subjective well-being. Reed and Buck (2009) found that recreational physical activity programs with low-intensity (about 30% VO 2 max, 30-35 min/cycle, 3-5 days/week, and 10-12 weeks) had the strongest happiness effect in a comprehensive analysis of the effects of regular aerobic exercise on self-reported positive mood. Our study found that the subjective well-being and dimension scores of older adults who exercised moderately and with high intensity were higher than those in the low intensity group. ...
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical and mental health of older adults has been threatened. Promoting physical and mental health through physical activity has therefore become a strategy for healthy aging. In order to better understand the impact of the participation of older adults in physical activity, this paper selects different types of physical activity, and examines the relationship between them and subjective well-being through the analysis of the mediation effect of outdoor exercise environment and the regulating effect of exercise form. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was conducted in mainland China. The main data come from 903 older adults in five urban areas in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. The surveys were carried out using the Physical Activity Rating Scale, Newfoundland Subjective Well-Being Scale, Exercise Environment Scale, and Exercise Form Scale. SPSS was used for statistical analysis, linear regression analysis was adopted for processing data, and AMOS was used to establish a mediation model. The mediating variable is the outdoor exercise environment, and the moderating variable is exercise form; gender, age, education level, and monthly income were used as control variables. The study results showed that different physical activities (tai chi; health qigong; walking and jogging) were significantly, positively correlated with the subjective well-being of older adults (tai chi: R = 0.351, p < 0.01; health qigong: R = 0.340, p < 0.01; walking and jogging: R = 0.245, p < 0.01); among the activities, tai chi had the strongest effect on the subjective well-being of older adults ( R = 0.351, p < 0.01). Outdoor exercise environment played a mediating role between different physical activity types and subjective well-being of older adults [tai chi: β = 0.030, 95% CI (0.005, 0.031); health qigong: β = 0.018, 95% CI (0.000, 0.021); walking and jogging: β = 0.034, 95% CI (0.008, 0.035)]. Exercise form moderated the subjective well-being of older adults in different physical activities (tai chi: 0.006, p < 0.05; health qigong: 0.006, p < 0.05; walking and jogging: 0.009, p < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrate that the outdoor exercise environment plays a mediating role between different physical activities and the subjective well-being of older adults, and the form of exercise can also moderate the impact of different physical activities on the subjective well-being of older adults. This study has enlightening significance for psychological intervention with older adults facing stress, anxiety and depression.
... Physical activity should generally be recommended as a non-pharmacological instrument of well-being. In addition to improving psychological health, physical activity of low and moderate intensity can promote feelings of vitality(Liao et al. 2015;Reed and Buck, 2009). ...
The main aim of this research was to determine the relationship between childhood lifestyle habits and the level of physical activity of students during the COVID 19 pandemic. For that purpose, the research included 85 respondents (58 women and 27 men) aged between 15 and 27 years (20.85±2.77). Respondents were students of the 4 faculties from of the University of Sarajevo. Information's about the sample, lifestyle habits and level of physical activity were collected using a modified version of the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The results indicate that 62.4% of respondents were involved in sports during the childhood, 28.2% had regular physical activity, while 9.4% were physically inactive. Analysis of differences by gender indicates that men were more physically active in childhood 96.3% compared to 87.9% of women. It was interesting to note that 92.6% of men were involved in organized physical activity through competitive sports in their childhood, while the number for women is significantly lower and amounts to 48.3%. According to this, the correlation analysis found that there is a statistically significant relationship (p=.017) between lifestyle habits that are reflected in playing sports in childhood and the frequency of practicing targeted forms of physical activity in the last 7 days. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that a significant number of students do not have a level of physical activity that is in accordance with the general recommendations which are necessary to preserve health.
... In a large US cohort, individuals who exercised had fewer days of poor mental health than those who did not exercise [16]. Regular exercise can protect against future risk of depression in individuals of all ages [17,18], which was confirmed in a meta-analysis sampling from 105 studies, which highlighted the role of regular aerobic exercise in increasing feelings of well-being and suggested that its absence can have detrimental effects on physical and mental health [19]. ...
Objective:
This study focused on mood regulations and their association with sociodemographic status, exercise pattern, and physical conditions of adults and older adults in China who did not undergo interventions.
Method:
Data were based on the 2016 to 2018 Guangdong National Physique Monitoring data, in which 5242 participants aged 20-69 years were recruited. Multiple statistical analysis methods, such as descriptive and logistic regression analyses, were used to study each exercise motivation and its association with influencing factors, including sociodemographic characteristics, exercise measurements, and physical conditions. An exercise index for mental health was also used to investigate the number and types of people who were more likely to meet the index.
Results:
We observed that 44.9% (2355/5242) of participants did not engage in physical exercise in this study. Only older participants (40 to 69 years old) and those with an average level of education (high school/technical secondary school) showed a significant association with exercising for mood regulation. Few people met the index that is good for mental health (16.64% [872/5242] met index 1, and 2.84% (149/5242) met index 2), and higher education showed a significant association with a reduction in the mental health burden and the prevention of depression.
Conclusion:
This study found that motivating people to be more active and educating them on the potential mental health benefits of exercise could help them to exercise more.
... Rezultati teh metaanaliz so pokazali pozitivno povezanost med telesno dejavnostjo in blagostanjem pri starejših odraslih (Netz idr., 2005), pri osebah s poškodbami hrbtenjače (Martin Ginis idr., 2009) in pri zaposlenih (Wiese idr., 2018) ter med telesno dejavnostjo in srečo (Zhang in Chen, 2019). Poleg tega metaanalize kažejo na porast pozitivnega čustvovanja ob redni aerobni vadbi (Reed in Buck, 2009), pa tudi takoj po aerobni vadbi (Reed in Ones, 2006 (Arent idr., 2000). ...
V monografiji avtorice predstavljajo ugotovitve več raziskav, ki so jih izvedle v zadnjih desetih letih, in jih umestijo na področje pozitivne psihologije, ki se je kot znanstvena disciplina uveljavila po letu 2000. Kot teoretični okvir v prvem poglavju predstavijo raziskave laičnega pojmovanja sreče in teoretične modele subjektivnega blagostanja. Poudarek na znanstveni ustreznosti merskih instrumentov v pozitivni psihologiji je spodbudil interes za konstrukt subjektivnega blagostanja tudi na drugih področjih psihologije.
... The possible contribution of health behaviors, in particular physical activity, to group differences should also be discussed. Regular exercise is known to increase stress tolerance (Hamer & Steptoe, 2007), improve affective wellbeing (Reed & Buck, 2009), and confer benefits to mental and physical health (e.g., Dylewicz et al., 2005;Hoffmann et al., 2011). Various studies have furthermore demonstrated that higher levels of physical exercise and fitness are associated with reduced psychophysiological stress reactivity (e.g., Forcier et al., 2006;Klaperski et al., 2014). ...
Directing disaster operations represents a major professional challenge. Despite its importance to health and professional performance, research on stress in crisis management remains scarce. The present study aimed to investigate self-reported stress and psychophysiological stress responses in crisis managers. For this purpose, 30 crisis managers were compared with 30 managers from other disciplines, in terms of self-reported stress, health status and psychophysiological reactivity to crisis-related and non-specific visual and acoustic aversive stimuli and cognitive challenge. Crisis managers reported lower stress levels, a more positive strain-recuperation-balance, greater social resources, reduced physical symptoms, as well as more physical exercise and less alcohol consumption. They exhibited diminished electrodermal and heart rate responses to crisis-related and non-specific stressors. The results indicate reduced stress and physical complaints, diminished psychophysiological stress reactivity, and a healthier life-style in crisis managers. Improved stress resistance may limit vulnerability to stress-related performance decline and facilitate preparedness for major incidents.
... According to a wide range of research investigations, physical activity has a significant impact on mood. It has been found that lowintensity exercise for 30-35 minutes, 3-5 times a week, for ten to twelve weeks, promotes and strengthens positive emotions like alertness and enthusiasm [13]. ...
The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of house isolation on the Palestinian people's lifestyles, mental health (MW), and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic (PA). The Global Health Guidelines 5 and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, as well as the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) (PSQI) (PSQI), were used to collect demographic data. To collect data from all staff and students in Palestinian universities, including faculty and staff, as well as students, a non-discriminatory approach to community sampling was used, consisting of 360 research participants. According to the statistics, men are more likely than women to be in a good emotional state. By and large, people with improved mental states reported improved sleep quality and overall health. Increased physical activity (i.e. 17.33.6) was connected with improved mental health compared to average physical activity (i.e. 13.74.2). It has been proven that there is a relationship between a mental state variable and the amount of regular daily activity. Physical activity improves mental health. Additionally, physical exercise was the strongest predictor of mental health ratings.
... Aslankhani et al. believed that physical exercise is one of the most important, easiest, cheapest, and available treatment options for the elderly [9]. Reed and Buck believed that physical exercise not only enables different parts of the muscles to interact but also improves the daily life of the elderly and plays an important role in regulating physical and mental health [10]. According to Ruuskanen and Ruoppila, after analyzing the intensity and frequency of physical exercise in the elderly, the results showed that there was a significant relationship between the depression score of the elderly and the frequency and intensity of physical exercise [11]. ...
Purpose:
Based on meta-analysis to explore the effect of physical exercise on relieving the anxiety of the elderly.
Methods:
The retrieval time was published in the domestic and foreign literatures on the effect of physical exercise on the anxiety of the elderly published from 2005 to 2021. The random effects model was used to evaluate the mean standard deviation of the scores of the intervention group on reducing the anxiety level of the elderly before and after the test. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the articles were screened, quality evaluated, and data extracted, and the literature was meta-analyzed by RevMan5.3.
Results:
In meta-analysis and systematic review, 17 papers finally met the inclusion criteria. After sensitivity analysis, the random effects model (MD = 8.00, 95% CI (6.90, 9.10), Z = 14.23 (P < 0.00001)) and the fixed effects model (MD = 7.71, 95% CI (6.98, 8.43), Z = 20.72 (P < 0.00001)) show that physical exercise has a positive and significant effect on the anxiety of the elderly.
Conclusion:
Physical exercise plays an important role in reducing the anxiety of the elderly. Therefore, regular physical exercise can be regarded as part of the elderly pension plan, but more high-quality research is needed to further explore the impact of physical exercise on elderly anxiety.
... However, this line of argumentation is strongly restricted to acute effects of physical activity and does not provide explanations for the stronger chronic effects of physical activity on creative ideation performance. A second suggested mechanism why physical activity could boost creative ideation performance besides gearing for change is that acute as well as chronic physical activity is associated with higher positive affect and reduced negative affect and stress [120][121][122][123]. Based on the broaden and build theory, which assumes that positive affect coincides with more original ideas via cognitive flexibility [65,124], the physical activity-associated affective shift was suggested to increase creative ideation performance [43,87,125]. ...
Background
Physical activity is a health-relevant lifestyle factor associated with various benefits on physical and mental health. Several meta-analyses indicated effects of acute and chronic physical activities on elementary cognitive functions such as executive control processes, memory, and attention. Meta-analytic evidence on the effects of physical activity on creative idea generation, which involves a conglomerate of these elementary cognitive functions, is largely missing.
Objective
A twofold approach was used to evaluate (1) if there is an association between habitual physical activity and creative ideation and (2) if physical activity interventions (acute and chronic) enhance creative ideation performance.
Methods
Multilevel meta-analytic methods were applied to (1) evaluate the cross-sectional association between creative ideation performance and measures of habitual physical activity and (2) the effect of physical activity on creative ideation performance. Indicators of creative ideation (fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, or composite score), creativity domain (verbal, figural), population (adults, children), gender, study quality, and publication year served as moderator variables for both meta-analyses. Analyses of intervention studies additionally examined the moderator variables study design (between, within), time of measurement (during, after), and implementation of intervention (acute, chronic).
Results
The applied meta-analytic multilevel analysis indicated a medium effect for cross-sectional studies ( r = 0.22, SE = 0.06, p = 0.002, 95% CI [0.10–0.34]) based on 17 effects sizes from seven studies. The pooled effects of 28 intervention studies, providing 115 effect sizes, indicated a medium effect size of Hedges’ g = 0.47 (SE = 0.09, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.30–0.65]). Furthermore, a stronger effect was observed for chronic interventions of several days or weeks in comparison with acute interventions of one single bout.
Conclusion
This study adds important new meta-analytic evidence on the beneficial role of physical activity beyond mental and physical health outcomes: Physical activity has a positive impact on creative ideation, which expands the literature on the role of physical activity in more elementary cognitive functions such as executive control, memory, and attention. Moderator analyses suggested that chronic interventions showed stronger effects than single bouts of physical activity. Rigorously conducted randomized controlled intervention studies and more cross-sectional studies are needed to broaden the evidence in this nascent field of research.
... An experimental study of 1,546 first-year students found that physical exercise can effectively improve college students' resilience 80 . This may be because regular participation in physical exercise can successfully reduce physiological stress levels, harmonise emotions, and improve one's sense of self-control and state of mind, enhancing the level of resilience 81,82 . Additionally, physical exercise helps to cultivate students' positive psychological qualities such as self-confidence, extroversion, optimism, and emotional stability. ...
Due to its suddenness and unpredictability, COVID-19 caused strife and effects on public mental health, resulting in a surge of negative emotions. The study explores the relationship between physical exercise and negative emotions in home-based college students during the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the mediating role of resilience, thus providing a new basis for understanding the role of physical exercise in improving negative emotions in college students; A total of 1214 college students were investigated with the Physical Exercise Questionnaire, Negative Emotion Scale and Resilience Scale; Both physical exercise and resilience were significantly negatively correlated with negative emotions in college students (r = − 0.25, − 0.33, P < 0.001), and there was a significant positive correlation between physical exercise and resilience (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). Physical exercise had a direct effect on the negative emotions of college students (β = − 0.14, P < 0.001). Resilience had a partial mediating effect between physical exercise and the negative emotions of the college students, with a mediating effect value of 0.14 and a mediating effect contribution rate of 50.00%; The study found that physical exercise not only directly affected the negative emotions of college students but also improved their resilience by slowing down their negative emotions and promoting their mental health.
... A role for Tai Chi in treating the imbalance between cellular and humoral immunity may be possible (102). The association between exercise duration and mood variation has been demonstrated to be non-linear, and performing 10-to 30minutes of aerobic exercise is enough to boost mood (103,104). When the sympathetic system is stimulated by moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, CA's such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine are released which play a role in the metabolic processes and immune system. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to several pioneering scientific discoveries resulting in no effective solutions with the exception of vaccination. Moderate exercise is a significant non-pharmacological strategy, to reduce the infection-related burden of COVID-19, especially in patients who are obese, elderly, and with additional comorbidities. The imbalance of T helper type 1 (Th1) or T helper type 2 (Th2) cells has been well documented among populations who have suffered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and who are at maximum risk of infection and mortality. Moderate and low intensity exercise can benefit persons at risk from the disease and survivors by favorable modulation in Th1/Th2 ratios. Moreover, in COVID-19 patients, mild to moderate intensity aerobic exercise also increases immune system function but high intensity aerobic exercise may have adverse effects on immune responses. In addition, sustained hypoxia in COVID-19 patients has been reported to cause organ failure and cell death. Hypoxic conditions have also been highlighted to be triggered in COVID-19-susceptible individuals and COVID-19 survivors. This suggests that hypoxia inducible factor (HIF 1α) might be an important focus for researchers investigating effective strategies to minimize the effects of the pandemic. Intermittent hypoxic preconditioning (IHP) is a method of exposing subjects to short bouts of moderate hypoxia interspersed with brief periods of normal oxygen concentrations (recovery). This methodology inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory factors, activates HIF-1α to activate target genes, and subsequently leads to a higher production of red blood cells and hemoglobin. This increases angiogenesis and increases oxygen transport capacity. These factors can help alleviate virus induced cardiopulmonary hemodynamic disorders and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic we propose that populations should engage in low to moderate exercise individually designed, prescribed and specific, that utilizes IHP including pranayama (yoga), swimming and high-altitude hiking exercise. This would be beneficial in affecting HIF-1α to combat the disease and its severity. Therefore, the promotion of certain exercises should be considered by all sections of the population. However, exercise recommendations and prescription for COVID-19 patients should be structured to match individual levels of capability and adaptability.
... Such essential factors may include PA and SB. Indeed, emerging cross-sectional studies identify associations between both behaviors and mental health (Hamer, Stamatakis, & Mishra, 2010;Reed & Buck, 2009), e.g., significant relations to depression or anxiety (Hallgren et al., 2020;Huang et al., 2020;Rebar et al., 2015), but longitudinal data are sparse. ...
Objective
Given the increasing number of mental disorders, a growing body of studies now focuses on the relationship between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and mental health. However, momentary mechanisms and interrelatedness between PA, SB, and mood in daily life are highly understudied.
Methods
To investigate whether the composition of light physical activity (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and SB influences mood, we conducted an Ambulatory Assessment study in the everyday life of 103 university students over five days. We measured PA and SB via accelerometers and assessed mood up to six times each day on smartphone diaries. We combined compositional data analyses (CoDA) with multilevel modeling to analyze within-person effects of the behavioral composition on mood.
Results
Higher ratio of the SB to LPA and MVPA composition within the 60 minutes prior to a diary rating negatively influenced valence (p = 0.006) and energetic arousal (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a higher ratio of LPA to SB and MVPA positively influenced energetic arousal (p < 0.001) and a higher ratio of MVPA to SB and LPA positively influenced valence (p = 0.004) and energetic arousal (p = 0.022). Simulation analyses revealed that replacing 20 minutes of SB with PA can influence mood rating up to 3.39 units [range from 0–100].
Conclusions
Findings suggest that minutely replacements of SB with PA may lead to mood enhancements. Given the high prevalence of mental disorders, more studies are warranted to deepen the understanding of momentary compositional mechanisms between SB, PA, and mood. Applying CoDA to intensive longitudinal data can serve as a starting point to identify the optimal composition of SB, LPA, and MVPA for mood enhancements in everyday life.
... Indeed, a rich body of evidence has documented the physiological (ie, stress-reducing) and emotional (ie, mood-elevating) benefits of exercise. 14,29,30 While this literature prominently features exercise as a moderator of pathways between potential stressors and positive psychosocial outcomes, we found that on days when adolescents exercised more, stress was also higher. It is plausible that higher stress prompted increased exercise as a means of coping; however, our ability to address this potential bidirectional relation is limited. ...
Background and Objectives: This intensive longitudinal study investigated (a) the extent to which engaging in social distancing predicted adolescents’ same- and next-day stress and positive affect and (b) whether COVID-19-related knowledge and exercise moderated these links during statewide stay-at-home orders that mandated schools and nonessential businesses to close during the coronavirus pandemic.
Methods: Over the course of 28 days at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a nationwide sample of 349 adolescents (Mean age = 15.0; 40% male; 44% Black, 39% White, 9% Latinx, 6% Asian American, 2% Native American) completed daily surveys about their social distancing behaviors, knowledge about the coronavirus, and exercise habits. Analysis was conducted on a total of 9,372 assessments using longitudinal multilevel modeling approaches.
Results: Daily engagement in social distancing predicted increases in adolescents’ stress and decreases in their positive affect. Practical knowledge about COVID-19 and daily exercise moderated these links. Specifically, practical knowledge and exercise weakened the positive link between social distancing and stress as well as the negative link between social distancing and positive affect.
Conclusions: Adolescents’ practical knowledge and exercise have the potential to buffer against the adverse effects of social distancing on stress and positive affect. However, it is critical for healthcare providers to recognize that youth are experiencing significant stress due to the disruption of developmentally normal patterns of social interaction. Pediatricians should focus on explaining the rationale behind social distancing while encouraging exercise as an adaptive coping mechanism that has benefits for psychological well-being.
... 3 October 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 700408 quality of life, "life satisfaction, " and emotional or affective states, such as happiness (Dolan and White, 2007). On the one hand, the positive effects of physical exercise on psychological well-being have been proven in previous research (Penedo and Dahn, 2005), and most research focused on physical exercise that may result in a positive effect, especially well-being (Gauvin and Rejeski, 1993;McAuley et al., 1996;Fox, 2000;Focht and Hausenblas, 2001;Thomas and Davies, 2007;Reed and Buck, 2009). Meanwhile, participating in a group activity could also enhance women's psychological health and subjective well-being (Okun and George, 1984;Pinquart and Sörensen, 2000;Glass et al., 2006;Dai et al., 2013;Zhang and Zhang, 2015). ...
Background: Chinese square dance has become well known worldwide in recent years, and most participants are women who dance with a group in their communities. In particular, middle-aged women may have physical and mental health problems, and participating in square dance may increase women’s positive subjective well-being and decrease their negative emotions, which may improve their health over the long term. In addition, participating in square dance can promote group cohesion. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between the subjective exercise experience of participating in square dance and group cohesion and whether some variables (e.g., age, education, duration, income level, and work) play a role as mediators in the association with subjective exercise experience and group cohesion.
Methods: In total, 1,468 Chinese women from 31 provinces and 82 cities participated in this study by completing an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a subjective exercise experience questionnaire and a group environment questionnaire. We analyzed the collected data and built a statistical model.
Results: (a) Square dance satisfied women’s physical and psychological needs partly; (b) positive well-being (PWB) was positively correlated with group cohesion, and fatigue was negatively correlated with group cohesion; and (c) the income level was a partial mediator of the relationship between group cohesion and subjective exercise experience.
Conclusion: Chinese women have different motivations for participating in square dance. Because this activity can help meet women’s physical and psychological needs, an increasing number of individuals worldwide participate in square dance. As women’s subjective well-being increases, group cohesion increases, and vice versa. Moreover, the subjective exercise experience remains a significant predictor of group cohesion after including income level as a mediator, suggesting that the model indicates partial mediation.
... The relationships are not limited to nutritional urges. Sedentariness has regularly been connected to major depressive disorder (Schuch et al., 2017), while exercise is regularly linked to improvements in affect (Reed and Buck, 2009). Chronic sleep-deprivation will ring alarm bells in the body and mind (Davis, 2019), while sleep extension has been linked to improved performance on a variety of measures including sustained focus and cognitive/motor performance (Arnal et al., 2015;Ritland et al., 2019). ...
In the discussion of mental health, there exist countless confounding variables. After all, psychology and matters of the mind are infinitely complex.
Physiology and the body are (slightly) more predictable, and might play a larger role in student mental health than one might think.
In the creation of mental health interventions, including the onboarding of Social Emotional Learning (SEL) strategies, schools would be well served to consider the role of the body.
... One randomized-controlled trial showed that exercise was equally effective as anti-depressants after sixteen weeks (Blumenthal et al., 1999). Individuals who participated in both acute and regular bouts of aerobic physical activity reported significantly higher levels of positive affect when compared with control (Reed & Buck, 2009;Reed & Ones, 2006). Physical inactivity, on the other hand, contributes to multiple health problems, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer (I.-M. . ...
Social connections and relationships are a critical component of overall human flourishing and well-being. Over time, the structure of physical spaces and how we engage with each other has changed. This paper explores how social ties impact well-being and how advances in technology have shifted people’s conception of public and private spaces and how we interact with each other in them It also examines both the positive and negative effects of video games on social connections and well-being with a focus on location-based games like Pokémon Go which blur the line between physical and virtual reality. It concludes with suggestions for how the disconnected disciplines of new media, place, and positive psychology can come together to explore the potential of location-based games to improve human well-being at scale.
... Third, health and wellbeing practices that involve group activities (fitness classes, group-based mindfulness or resilience training) may improve psychological wellbeing because of the benefits of social activities [19]. Fourth, health and wellbeing practices that enhance physical health may also have effects on psychological wellbeing [20,21]. Fifth, some practices in health and wellbeing programs are targeted at psychological wellbeing (e.g., counselling services, resilience training, flexible working to reduce work-family conflict). ...
Organizations typically deploy multiple health and wellbeing practices in an overall program. We explore whether practices in workplace health and wellbeing programs cohere around a small number of archetypal categories or whether differences between organizations are better explained by a continuum. We also examine whether adopting multiple practices predicts subsequent changes in health and wellbeing. Using survey data from 146 organizations, we found differences between organizations were best characterized by a continuum ranging from less to more extensive adoption of practices. Using two-wave multilevel survey data at both individual and organizational levels (N = 6968 individuals, N = 58 organizations), we found that, in organizations that adopt a wider range of health and wellbeing practices, workers with poor baseline psychological wellbeing were more likely to report subsequent improvements in wellbeing and workers who reported good physical health at baseline were less likely to report experiencing poor health at follow-up. We found no evidence that adopting multiple health and wellbeing practices buffered the impact of individuals' workplace psychosocial hazards on physical health or psychological wellbeing.
... Yoga practices offer regular physical exercise which has a positive impact on the physical, mental and social health (Reed & Buck, 2009Eime, Young, Harvey, Charity & Payne, 2013. Greater amounts of these activities are generally associated with reduced symptoms of depression (Dunn, Trivedi, & O'Neal, 2001). ...
Stress, anxiety and depression are closely linked; depression is the leading cause of disability in adults under the age of 45. In the EU, Hungary is the Member State with the largest share of population reporting depressive symptoms (10.5%). Coping with stress is an important element in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Yoga is a commonly used tool among mind-body practices to cope with depression. The purpose of our study is to examine the correlation between time spent with yoga practice and the practitioner's levels of depression, anxiety, stress, emotion regulation and positive and negative affect. Subjects were Hungarian yoga practitioners (N=555, 465 female), 18 years and older who filled the questionnaire between November 2015 and February 2016 nation-wide. Outcome Measures were the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The results revealed significant differences between Beginner, Intermediate and Expert Yoga groups. Experts had a lower level of depression and stress as Beginners and Intermediates. Positive affect was higher in Expert group as both other groups and Negative effect was the lowest in Expert group compared to the Intermediate and Beginner group. Based on the data of Hungarian yoga practitioners, it can be concluded that long-term yoga positively influences the practitioner's ability to cope with stress and can lead to a higher level of quality of life. Yoga could be recommended for healthy adults to manage stress and prevent depression and anxiety.
Keywords
Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Yoga, Positive and Negative affect
... K. Pedersen & Hoffman-Goetz, 2000), and a long-term reduction to help in inhibiting any reduction in lung functions (Okita et al., 2004;Zheng et al., 2019). 4) It reduces anxiety and depression which can improve immune functions through an autonomic modulation (Broman-Fulks & Storey, 2008;Chan et al., 2019;Crabbe et al., 2007;Hogan et al., 2013;Marshall, 2011;Nabkasorn et al., 2006;Reed & Buck, 2009). ...
Background
The World Health Organization in March 2020 has announced that COVID-19 is a world pandemic because the number of infected cases increases rapidly. however, there are several available vaccines, their protection is limited to a certain period. Thus, the role of modalities that improve immune functions should be performed to counter COVID-19 viral load and decrease mortality rates.
Objective
To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers, disease severity, and progression in patients with COVID-19.
Design
A randomized controlled study.
Participants
Thirty patients with COVID-19 participated in this study. Participants’ age ranged from 24 to 45 years old. Participants had a mild or moderate COVID-19. Participants were assigned randomly into two groups, exercise and control groups. There were two main dependent variables including blood immune markers and severity of respiratory symptoms.
Interventions
All participants performed 2 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 40 min/session, 3 sessions/week. The measurements were performed at baseline, and after 2-weeks.
Results
At baseline measurements, there were non-significant differences between both groups in the Wisconsin scale total score, Leucocytes, Lymphocytes, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, Immunoglobulin-A, and TNF-α (P > .05). After the intervention, the Wisconsin scale (patient-oriented illness-specific quality-of-life) total score significantly decreased in the intervention group (P < .05); while, Leucocytes, Lymphocytes, and Immunoglobulin-A significantly increased in the intervention group (P < .05).
Conclusion
The current study indicated that 2 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise decreased the severity and progression of COVID-19 associated disorders and quality of life. Also, a 2-weeks of aerobic exercise positively affected immune function by increasing the amounts of Leucocytes, Lymphocytes, Immunoglobulin A.
... In certain conditions, a crucial periodicity of PA is required to be demonstrated before the exertion of its effects on habitual SWB. Despite several potential explanations and presumptions [30], we conclude that more prospective studies are needed to acquire more knowledge and understanding of the interactions between acute and chronic PA responses and our mental states. ...
Longstanding research suggests a plausible relation between physical activity, the natural environment, and overall health. However, when investigating this relationship, most studies focused on the absence of disease or frailty as health indicators. The relation between physical activity (PA), subjective well-being (SWB), natural environment, and present moment awareness (PMA) remains unexplored. The presented qualitative review offers a perspective model of the relationship between physical activity, natural environment, and awareness of the present moment that helps us explore its underlying, relating pathways. Our review concludes that present moment awareness can be worthy of attention to detect the impact of physical activity, subjective well-being and staying in a natural environment on selected samples, as well as its influence on maximizing related benefits for health and well-being. The challenge after that is to consider how to monitor the complex interactions that will occur within the multiple levels of influence. Essentially, a unified model of research and practice which incorporates physiological and psychological theories is undoubtedly needed. If that happens, we can understand the role of the diverse regulators upon behavior and proceed to convey this evidence into future health-promoting interventions.
... In addition to these four psychological recovery experiences, physical exercise and sleep are important means of recovery from work stress (Sonnentag, 2018). Physical exercise enhances well-being and reduces psychological distress including anxiety and depression (Elkington, Cassar, Nelson, & Levinger, 2017;Puterman, Weiss, Beauchamp, Mogle, & Almeida, 2017;Reed & Buck, 2009) and aids recovery through stimulating neurophysiological as well as psychological processes (see Sonnentag, 2018). Sleep is an important physiological recovery process. ...
Entrepreneurship is uniquely stressful. Entrepreneurs often cannot avoid entrepreneurial stressors (e.g., uncertainty, workload, resource constraints) and these stressors can deter natural recovery activities (e.g., detachment and sleep). Yet, entrepreneurs may be able to lessen the negative impact of stress on their well-being, health, and productivity by engaging in recovery. In this editorial, we outline how scholars can employ recovery interventions to ameliorate some of entrepreneurship’s ill effects and support entrepreneurs’ health, well-being, and productivity. We aim to move the focus of scholarly inquiry from documenting the health and well-being challenges of entrepreneurs, towards identifying and implementing solutions to support entrepreneurs.
This detailed study investigates the relationship between physical activity and academic performance among students at Surigao del Norte State University (SNSU). Utilizing a mixed-method approach, we examine the potential links between physical activity levels, grade point (GP), and standardized test scores. Data from varied SNSU students reveal a positive correlation between physical activity and academic achievement, supported by regression analysis that controls for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. These findings underscore the potential cognitive benefits of regular physical activity and suggest implications for educational institutions in promoting both physical and academic well-being. While limitations exist, including the cross-sectional design and self-reported data, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on the intersection of physical activity and academic success, inspiring further exploration in this vital area of study.
Background:
While much is known about the effects of physical exercise in adult humans, literature on the oldest-old (≥ 85 years old) is sparse. The present study explored the relationship between self-reported engagement in physical exercise and cognition in the oldest-old.
Methods:
The sample included 184 cognitively healthy participants (98 females, MoCA mean score = 24.81) aged 85 to 99 years old (mean = 88.49 years). Participants completed the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire and a cognitive battery including NIH-TB, Coding, Symbol Search, Letter Fluency, and Stroop task. Three groups of participants - sedentary (n = 58; MoCA mean score = 24; 36 females; mean age = 89.03), cardio (n = 60; MoCA mean score = 25.08; 29 females; mean age = 88.62), and cardio + strength training (n = 66; MoCA mean score = 25.28; 33 females; mean age = 87.91) - were derived from responses on CHAMPS.
Results:
Analyses controlled for years of education, NIH-TB Crystallized Composite, and metabolic equivalent of tasks. The cardio + strength training group had the highest cognitive performances overall and scored significantly better on Coding (p < 0.001) and Symbol Search (p < 0.05) compared to the sedentary group. The cardio + strength training group scored significantly better on Symbol Search, Letter Fluency, and Stroop Color-Word compared to the cardio group (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:
Our findings suggest self-reported exercise in the oldest-old is linked to better performance on cognitive measures of processing speed and executive functioning, and that there may be a synergistic effect of combining aerobic and resistance training on cognition.
Although the empirical evidence for positive associations between physical activity, well-being, and mental health has improved in recent years, unconditional statements linking physical activity with positive effects on well-being and mental health should be treated with caution. This chapter first operationalizes the terms well-being and mental health and then demonstrates how they are embedded in a holistic, biopsychosocial model of health. These foundations provide guidance for conducting further research to understand the effects of physical activity on well-being and mental health. Building on this, theoretical approaches are presented to explain the empirical relationships. These theoretical approaches aim to identify relevant starting points for the targeted promotion of well-being and mental health through physical activity.
Der Bürgermeister einer kleineren Gemeinde weiß von einem befreundeten Arzt über gesundheitliche Probleme vieler älterer Menschen, die mit dem zunehmenden Bewegungsmangel in Verbindung stehen. Zudem berichtet ihm seine Frau von ihren Erfahrungen als Lehrerin, dass bereits auch viele Kinder motorische Defizite und Übergewicht infolge mangelnder Bewegung aufweisen. Um diesen Problemen entgegenzuwirken und die körperlich-sportliche Aktivität der Bevölkerung in seiner Gemeinde zu steigern, richtet der Bürgermeister einen runden Tisch „Unsere Gemeinde bewegt sich gesund!“ ein. Dazu lädt er den Vorsitzenden des ortsansässigen Sportvereins, den Leiter des Sportamts, die Schulleiter der Schulen, Vertreter der Krankenkassen und der Ärzteschaft sowie interessierte Bürger der Gemeinde ein. Die Zusammensetzung dieser Runde macht deutlich, dass Maßnahmen zur Gesundheitsförderung durch Bewegung die Zusammenarbeit einer ganzen Reihe von Akteuren unterschiedlichster Professionen und Funktionen sowie die Einbeziehung unterschiedlicher kommunaler Bereiche erfordern. Das Beispiel zeigt zudem die Dimensionalität, Intersektoralität, Komplexität und Vernetzung des Themas „Sport und Gesundheit“, das weit über die Grenzen der traditionellen Domänen des Sports – Vereine, Verbände und Schule – hinausgeht.
Background
Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) is particularly important among individuals with depression, who are at heightened risk for a host of negative health outcomes. However, people with depression are 50% less likely to meet national guidelines for PA and face unique barriers to PA adherence, including lower distress tolerance and motivation for exercise. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may offer promise for increasing PA among adults with depressive symptoms due to its effects on distress tolerance and motivation. Therefore, we developed ACTivity, an ACT-based intervention designed to promote PA among low-active adults with elevated depressive symptoms. Prior to testing the efficacy of ACTivity in an RCT, an important first step is to conduct a preliminary trial to establish feasibility of study procedures for the ACTivity and comparison intervention programs, as well as to establish the credibility/acceptability of the intervention. The purpose of this paper is to describe the ACTivity intervention and the design of this feasibility trial.
Method/design
We will conduct a feasibility RCT with two parallel groups and a 1:1 allocation ratio comparing ACTivity to a comparison intervention (relaxation training + PA promotion) among 60 low-active adults with elevated depressive symptoms. All study procedures will be conducted remotely.
Discussion
Results of this feasibility study will inform a subsequent RCT designed to test the efficacy of ACTivity. If shown to be efficacious, ACTivity will provide a treatment that can be widely disseminated to increase PA among adults with depressive symptoms and thereby decrease their risk for chronic disease.
We extend findings from previous quantitative reviews of the effects of aerobic exercises on positive-activated affect (PAA) to evaluate the effect of Tai chi training on PAA in randomised controlled trials and to test whether effect varied according to participant features, Tai chi exposure, or characteristics of research design. English articles published before 31 December 2020 were searched according to PRISMA guidelines. Study quality was judged by using a revised Cochrane risk of bias (RoB 2) tool for RCTs. Hedges’ d effect sizes were calculated, and random effect model with multilevel meta-analysis were used to estimate the pooled effect. I² tests were applied to assess the heterogeneity. Moderating effects were tested by multilevel meta-regression analysis according to moderators derived from participant characteristics, Tai chi exposure, and features of research design. Publication bias was assessed by examining the funnel plot according to Egger's method. From 577 articles, 32 RCTs articles were selected involving 2950 adults (18 years old and above), from which 61 effects were yielded. Tai chi training significantly increased PAA in adults by a heterogeneous standardised mean effect size of 0.41 (95% CI, 0.14 to 0.69, p < 0.01). Larger effects were found when (1) higher frequency (sessions/week) of Tai chi practice was implemented, and (2) when Tai chi versus no treatment, usual care or wait-list condition was compared. Tai chi has small-to-medium efficacy for nurturing PAA. Tai chi with higher frequency and against no treatment, usual care or wait-list condition, achieve the larger PAA-generating effects.
The purpose of this article is to conceptualize a novel theoretical occurrence—team physical activity (PA)—and its relevance for researchers and organizations. By building a testable model of the consequences and contingencies of team PA, we integrate the science of teamwork with the scholarly domain of employee health and well-being. Hence, we clarify the construct of team PA, present a three-dimensional typology, and outline a model drawing on neuroscience, positive organizational behavior, and teams research. Our propositions and subsequent discussion proffer an outline of potential benefits for organizations when they increase the utility and frequency of team PA. We also suggest ways in which researchers can advance scholarship in this area.
To support the understanding of school leaders in alleviating mental health concerns, we conducted a series of surveys supported by direct communication with students in an east-coast high school from February to November, 2020. The most compelling data came in regard to sleep patterns in the form of bedtime, wake time, and total sleep quantity.
Background:
Aging is associated with deterioration of arterial function and mental health, which are known as cardiovascular risk factors. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic exercise training on mental health and arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults.
Methods:
Twenty-nine healthy middle-aged and older adults were assigned to either the aerobic exercise training (N.=14) or the control groups (N.=15). The aerobic exercise training group completed 12 weeks of moderate aerobic exercise training for 3-4 session per week (30-60 minutes). The control group did not change their levels of physical activity. Before and after the 12-week period, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and carotid β-stiffness index, peak oxygen uptake were measured.
Results:
At the onset of the 12-week period, the GHQ score, Carotid Β-Stiffness Index, and other key variables did not differ significantly between the aerobic exercise and control groups. The 12-week of aerobic exercise training increased peak oxygen uptake. The GHQ score and Carotid Β-Stiffness Index were decreased after the 12-week period in the aerobic exercise training group; however, no significant improvements were observed in the control group.
Conclusions:
We conclude that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise enhance mental health and decrease arterial stiffness in healthy middle-aged and older adults.
Das Kapitel trägt Erkenntnisse zusammen, die das vermeintliche Allgemeinwissen relativieren, dass Sporttreiben der Gesundheit schon allein deshalb zuträglich sei, weil man sich durch Sport besser fühle: Richtig ist, dass sich die meisten Menschen bei niedrig-intensiver Bewegungsaktivität wohl fühlen. Jedoch fühlen sich viele Menschen schon bei moderat-intensiver körperlicher Beanspruchung, wie sie für Sport oft kennzeichnend ist, nicht mehr wohl und vermeiden sie deshalb. Psychologisches Wissen hilft, wirksame Interventionen für mehr Bewegung und Sport im Alltag zu entwickeln. Dieser Beitrag ist Teil der Sektion Sportpsychologie, herausgegeben vom Teilherausgeber Dieter Hackfort, innerhalb des Handbuchs Sport und Sportwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Arne Güllich und Michael Krüger.
Engaging in physical activity (PA) may be a promising approach to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions on daily affect. The study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine the within-subject associations of day-level PA with same-day evening affect. Interactions between daily PA and overall stress related to COVID-19 predicting evening affect were also examined. Adults living in the U.S. (N = 157, Mage = 31.7, 84.1% female) participated in a 28-day smartphone-based EMA study during the early months of the pandemic (April–June 2020). Evening EMA surveys assessed daily PA minutes, momentary positive activated and deactivated affect, and momentary negative activated and deactivated affect. An online questionnaire assessed demographics. Multi-level linear regression models assessed day-level associations between PA and evening affect, controlling for age, sex, income, body mass index, employment status, and morning affect. There were N = 2409 person-days in the analysis. Baseline COVID-19 stress was not associated with daily PA minutes (p = .09) or positive-activated affect (p = .14), but was associated with lower positive-deactivated affect (p < .001) and greater negative-activated and negative-deactivated affect (ps < .001) in the evenings. On days when individuals reported more PA than usual, they reported greater positive-activated and positive-deactivated affect, and lower negative-activated and negative-deactivated affect in the evening (ps < .001). The interaction of day-level PA and COVID-19 stress predicting evening positive-activated, positive-deactivated, negative-activated, and negative-deactivated affect was not significant (ps > .05). During the early months of the pandemic, adults experienced improved evening affect on days when they engaged in more PA. However, data did not show that PA counteracts detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on evening affect. Public health efforts should strategically promote and address barriers to PA during the pandemic.
In this paper the author analyses the problem of raising children in the spirit of respect for elderly family
members. The learning theory is applied to considerations. According to this theory, a child takes
protective, respectful actions towards elderly family members, only when he or she has learned them
before. It is emphasized that it is possible to teach the child protective actions towards elderly family
members, by using the mechanism of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or observational
learning. A child’s personality mediates (oscillates) between the environmental influence and the
protective, respectful attitude regarding the elderly. Hence it makes sense to develop such personality traits
which favor a more considerate attitude. Within the framework of the personality theory of John Oldham
and Lois Morris it is stressed that to these traits belong devotion and generosity.
Die positiven gesundheitlichen Wirkungen von Bewegung und körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität sind mittlerweile großen Teilen der Bevölkerung bewusst und wissenschaftlich gut belegt. Insgesamt gibt es eine starke empirische Evidenz, dass regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität zu einer erheblichen Senkung vorzeitiger Mortalität führt sowie wesentlich zur Prävention vieler Risikofaktoren und nicht-übertragbarer Erkrankungen beiträgt. Zudem stärken Bewegung und körperlich-sportliche Aktivität über die gesamte Lebensspanne wichtige physische und psychosoziale Gesundheitsressourcen und fördern somit in umfassender Weise Fitness, Wohlbefinden und Lebensqualität. Diese positiven gesundheitlichen Wirkungen treten jedoch nicht „automatisch“, sondern nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen ihrer Durchführung ein. Große Bedeutung kommt dabei insbesondere der Art und Dosis (Intensität, Dauer und Frequenz) der Aktivität zu. Die „Nationalen Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung“ postulieren diesbezüglich insbesondere die Durchführung von ausdauerorientierter Bewegung mit moderater und/oder höherer Intensität sowie von muskelkräftigenden Übungen. Zur Förderung des Bewegungsverhaltens in der Bevölkerung und systematische(re)n Nutzung des großen gesundheitsförderlichen Potenzials von Bewegung und körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität werden verschiedene Ansätze und Strategien verfolgt. Besonders verbreitet sind Maßnahmen nach dem „HEPA-Konzept“ (Health Enhancing Physical Activity) und dem Konzept von „Gesundheitssport“. Entsprechende Interventionen sind dabei nicht nur zentrale Elemente einer Förderung der individuellen und Öffentlichen Gesundheit, sondern zudem auch von ökonomischem Nutzen.
Introduction
The Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 impacted survivors’ mental health. This study examined whether exercise habits and mental health conditions were associated, and whether the degree of the effect varied depending on time.
Methods
A self-administered questionnaire was sent annually to former residents (born before April 1, 1998) in registered evacuation areas. Exercise habit was evaluated by participants’ exercise frequency, and responses were categorized into “almost never,” “once a week,” and “twice a week and more.” Data were tracked during three periods: fiscal year (FY) 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014. The association between baseline habitual exercise and new onset of psychological distress was assessed using the Japanese version of the Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale and logistic regression analysis.
Results
A total of 1,304 (5.7%) of 22,741, 1,060 (4.7%) of 22,709, and 759 (3.6%) of 21,220 respondents had psychological distress in FY 2011–2012, 2012–2013, and 2013–2014, respectively. An association between exercise and psychological distress was observed in men in FY 2011–2012 (P for trend: 0.010) and in women in FY 2013–2014 (P for trend: 0.026). “Almost never” was associated with onset of psychological distress in men in FY 2011–2012 [odds ratio (OR): 1.317, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.054–1.645] and in women in FY 2013–2014 (OR: 1.296, 95% CI: 1.027–1.636).
Conclusions
Exercise habit was associated with psychological distress, and its effect in time varied according to sex.
Reported here are the results of the first effort to examine the effects of a dance-based aerobic exercise program for people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Forty-three subjects with RA completed a 16-week program that met twice weekly for 2 hours. One hour was devoted to exercise consisting of 15 to 20 minutes of warm-ups, 20 to 30 minutes of dance-based aerobic exercise, and 15 to 20 minutes of mat work for muscle strengthening and flexibility. The second hour was devoted to discussion that emphasized participant problem solving. The combined exercise/problem-solving discussion program was called EDUCIZE. Analyses of pretest to posttest changes indicated no deleterious effects on disease activity. In fact, physician-assessed articular pain and swelling decreased significantly, as did 50-foot walk time, pain, and depression. Participants reported significant improvement in lower extremity function. Changes in vigor and fatigue approached significance. Perceptions of general health as well as four of five quality of life indices improved significantly. This study adds to the as yet limited literature that indicates that weight-bearing vigorous exercise is beneficial for people with arthritis. Controlled studies to validate the findings of this study appear warranted. Also important for future research is investigation of the influence of the problem-solving discussion component on program effects.
Physical activity has been consistently linked to better mental health greater positive affect and life satisfaction, less negative affect, anxiety, and depression (Petruzzello et al., 1991; McAuley and Rudolph, 1995). Brain activation patterns have been linked to dispositional affect: greater relative left anterior hemisphere activation relates to positive affect, and greater relative right anterior activation relates to negative affect (Davidson, 1992). In this study, measures of resting EEG frontal asymmetry, dispositional affect, and physical activity were obtained from 41 older adults. Frontal asymmetry significantly predicted positive affect. In the high active group (n = 21), frontal asymmetry significantly predicted affective valence and satisfaction with life; in the low active group (n = 20), it significantly predicted negative affect. Physical activity was also significantly related to better dispositional affect. These findings suggest that the relationship between frontal brain activity and dispositional affect is influenced by physical activity in older adults.
Affective states and the cognitive appraisal of exertion during exercise may determine whether or not an individual will persist at an activity. Relationships among affect, cognition, and sensory information (physiological cues) are predicted by the parallel-processing model. The purpose of this study was to examine (a) changes in affect and perceived exertion; (b) the relationship of affect to perceived exertion; and (c) the relationship of affect and perceived exertion to the physiological cues of heart rate, ventilation, and glucose during a two-hour run. Results revealed that as exercise continued, perceived exertion increased and affect became more negative. In addition, as running continued after 60 min the magnitude of the negative relationship of affect to RPE increased slightly. It was expected that as fatigue increased, physiological cues would become more salient and their relationship to perceived exertion and affect would increase. This did not occur. Instead RPE maintained a consistent moderate positive relationship with ventilation and demonstrated a moderate negative relationship with plasma glucose after 90 min of running. Whereas affect demonstrated a moderate positive relationship with plasma glucose after 90 min of running. These results demonstrated that while running at a moderate intensity affect became more negative, RPE increased and physiological cues related to affect and RPE differed as the run continued beyond 60 min.
Tests for experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs use error terms that involve the correlation between the measures as well as the variance of the data. The larger the correlation between the measures, the smaller the error and the larger the test statistic. If an effect size is computed from the test statistic without taking the correlation between the measures into account, effect size will be overestimated. Procedures for computing effect size appropriately from matched groups or repeated measures designs are discussed.
One of the assumptions underlying recent physical activity recommendations is that lower doses of activity (i.e. intensity and duration) are more enjoyable for the average person, thus leading to higher involvement and adherence rates. However, the veracity of this hypothesis can be questioned, since little is actually known regarding the association between activity doses and affective responses. The few preliminary attempts at the conceptual delineation of the dose-response relationship, all centred around an ‘inverted-U’notion, are reviewed and criticised as lacking empirical foundation. Available meta-analyses, as well as the empirical literature on the role of exercise intensity and duration, are examined.
Increased intensity appears to be associated with reduced positivity of affect during and immediately following an exercise bout. Intensity effects appear to be attenuated during recovery. Fitness and training status appear to become significant mediators of the exercise-affect relationship only at high intensities. With intensity being kept constant, different exercise bout durations have not been shown to have a differential impact on pre- to post-exercise affective changes. Recommendations for future research include: (i) a shift from categorical to dimensional conceptualisations and operationalisations of affect; (ii) the examination of psychological theories on the association between activation and affect (e.g. extraversion-introversion, sensation seeking, type A behaviour pattern and related self-evaluative tendencies, reversal theory, optimal stimulation theory, multidimensional activation theory and self-efficacy); (iii) the systematic and theory-based examination of in-task and post-exercise affective responses; (iv) the incorporation of the parameter of fitness and/or activity status in research designs; and (v) the re-evaluation of methods for selecting exercise intensity levels.
The affective changes associated with acute exercise have been studied extensively in exercise and health psychology, but not in affective psychology. This paper presents a summary of the relevant findings and a tentative theoretical model. According to this model, affective responses to exercise are jointly influenced by cognitive factors, such as physical self-efficacy, and interoceptive (e.g., muscular or respiratory) cues that reach the affective centres of the brain via subcortical routes. Furthermore, the balance between these two determinants is hypothesised to shift as a function of exercise intensity, with cognitive factors being dominant at low intensities and interoceptive cues gaining salience as intensity approaches the individual's functional limits and the maintenance of a physiological steady-state becomes impossible.
Interest in acute exercise-induced feeling states has intensified in recent years, signaling the need for development of domain-specific measures of these constructs. In response to this call, 2 exercise-specific measures of feeling states have been introduced-namely, the Exercise-Induced Feeling Inventory (EFI; Gauvin & Rejeski, 1993) and the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES; McAuley & Courneya, 1994). Although certain subscales of the 2 instruments are unique, a number of similar constructs exist both within and between instruments. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to (a) combine the EFI and SEES scales into a single, more encompassing instrument and (b) investigate potential factor redundancy within and between the 2 instruments. Initial correlational analyses indicated that the Positive Well-Being subscale of the SEES and the revitalization and Positive Engagement subscales of the EFI were highly correlated. Similar results were obtained for the Fatigue (SEES) and Physical Exhaustion (EFI) subscales. These findings provided the impetus for the construction of the Physical Activity Affect Scale (PAAS), an instrument consisting of the Psychological Distress subscale of the SEES and the subscales of the EFI. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated support for 4 components of exercise-induced affect that were subsequently labeled positive affect, negative affect, fatigue, and tranquility. The PAAS appears to be an improvement over the EFI and SEES in that it is a more encompassing measure of exercise-induced feeling states with less component redundancy than its predecessors.
This paper highlights the use of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) in physical activity research by reviewing and synthesizing literature generated in exercise settings. The results of many studies using the POMS have supported the relationships between exercise and acute mood changes in normal populations and between exercise and chronic mood changes in clinical populations. Based on the multitude of studies utilizing the POMS, Berger and colleagues developed a preliminary taxonomy containing enjoyment, mode, and practice guidelines to help maximize the mood benefits associated with exercise. The POMS also has been employed to identify underlying mechanisms that may promote mood alteration. Unfortunately, there is no conclusive evidence that identifies a single mechanism or group of mechanisms as consistently influencing the exercise-mood relationship. Although knowledge of the relationship between exercise and mood alteration is substantial, much remains to be studied. Promising avenues for future investigation of exercise include mood changes in specific populations, environmental influences on mood alteration, and personal characteristics impacting mood alteration.
At the heart of emotion, mood, and any other emotionally charged event are states experienced as simply feeling good or bad, energized or enervated. These states - called core affect - influence reflexes, perception, cognition, and behavior and are influenced by many causes internal and external, but people have no direct access to these causal connections. Core affect can therefore be experienced as free-floating (mood) or can be attributed to some cause (and thereby begin an emotional episode). These basic processes spawn a broad framework that includes perception of the core-affect-altering properties of stimuli, motives, empathy, emotional meta-experience, and affect versus emotion regulation; it accounts for prototypical emotional episodes, such as fear and anger, as core affect attributed to something plus various nonemotional processes.
This paper documents the development and validation of the three-factor Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES), a measure of global psychological responses to the stimulus properties of exercise. Two of these factors correspond to the positive and negative poles associated with psychological health, Positive Weil-Being and Psychological Distress, whereas the third factor represents subjective indicants of Fatigue. The three-factor structure originally established by exploratory factor analysis using young adults was also supported in middle-aged exercising adults using confirmatory factor analytic techniques. Moreover, convergent and discriminant validity for the SEES subscales was demonstrated by examining relations with measures of affect regularly employed in exercise domain. The SEES may represent a useful starting point for more thoroughly examining exercise and subjective responses at the global level, and these dimensions of the scale may represent possible antecedents of specific affective responsivity.
The relationship between cardiorespiratory exercise and psychological well-being and mood state was studied in elderly women. Thirty-two sedentary Caucasian women 67 to 85 years of age were randomly assigned to either a walking or an attention-placebo control group; 30 completed all phases of the study. Intervention groups exercised 30 to 40 minutes 5 days a week for 12 weeks, with the walking group training at 60% heart rate reserve and the control group engaging in mild range-of-motion and flexibility movements that kept their heart rates close to resting levels. In a separate analysis, 12 highly conditioned elderly women 65 to 84 years of age who were active in endurance competitions were recruited at baseline for cross-sectional comparisons. At baseline they exhibited superior scores on the profile of mood states (POMS) and general well-being (GWB) schedule. Twelve weeks of moderate cardiorespiratory exercise improved the VO2max of the sedentary subjects 12.6% but did not result in improvement in POMS...
In this work we examine the effects of an 8-months aerobic and no-aerobic exercise program on psychological well-being, perceived effort and enjoyment in an initially sedentary elderly sample (aged 61-77 yrs). Ss were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: an aerobic exercise training group (n=34), a non-aerobic (yoga) training group (n=30), a social activity control group (n=23), or a waiting list control group (n=20). The Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES; McAuley & Courneya, 1994) was used to evaluate the global psychological responses induced by the exercise, the Perceived Exertion Scale (RPE-Scale; Borg, 1982) was used to measure the perceived effort, and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES; Kendzierski & DeCarlo, 1991) was used to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of the exercise. Results showed increments in the psychological well-being and in the satisfaction in both exercise groups compared to the control groups. The aerobic activity training group showed significant higher scorings in the psychological well-being, sensation of fatigue and enjoyment than the no-aerobic activity group.
Publication bias arises whenever the probability that a study is published depends on the statistical significance of its results. This bias, often called the file-drawer effect since the unpublished results are imagined to be tucked away in researchers' file cabinets, is potentially a severe impediment to combining the statistical results of studies collected from the literature. With almost any reasonable quantitative model for publication bias, only a small number of studies lost in the file-drawer will produce a significant bias. This result contradicts the well known Fail Safe File Drawer (FSFD) method for setting limits on the potential harm of publication bias, widely used in social, medical and psychic research. This method incorrectly treats the file drawer as unbiased, and almost always miss-estimates the seriousness of publication bias. A large body of not only psychic research, but medical and social science studies, has mistakenly relied on this method to validate claimed discoveries. Statistical combination can be trusted only if it is known with certainty that all studies that have been carried out are included. Such certainty is virtually impossible to achieve in literature surveys.
We investigated psychological differences in young old to very old women who were matched for several factors except for physical activity. Thirteen active and 12 inactive subjects (mean ages ± SE 80.9 ± 1.8 and 81.8 ± 1.4 years, respectively) were recruited from independent-living retirement centers using selecton criteria of: 70 years of age or older; Caucasian; absence of chronic disease, cancer, and mood-altering drugs; and Quetelet index <30 kg/m2. The active subjects habitually exercised an average of 123 ± 19 min a week and had followed their exercise program for 30.9 ± 9.4 years. The inactive subjects exercised 4 ± 3 min a week and reported 68.8 ± 8.6 years of inactivity. Between-group comparisons of nutrient intake, anthropometrics, aerobic power, and psychology revealed few significant differences. VO2max was not correlated with psychological variables. The number of minutes of exercise was negatively correlated with fatigue. The Quetelet index was positively correlated with three Profile of Mood States (POMS). There was a trend toward less depression and fatigue among the active subjects. Habitual moderate exercise was not associated with an increase in psychological well-being.
Two groups of 30 randomly selected males (15 yrs 5 mo to 18 yrs 6 mo) in a state industrial school for youthful offenders were administered pre- and posttreatment a battery of physiological and psychological measures by an exercise physiologist and a psychometrist. Measures included tests of cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength/endurance as well as the Self-Esteem Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. The experimental group received a systematic physical fitness program delivered by counselors for 1.5 hrs/day, 3 days/wk, for 20 wks. Treatment included a counseling model previously used with delinquent adolescents. MANOVAs revealed significant differences between the groups on pretest measures in favor of controls. Significant differences on the posttest measures were found in favor of experimental Ss. Univariate analysis identified the areas of difference both physiologically and psychologically. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
This paper reports on the reliability, validity, and factor analysis of the subscales of the Thoughts and Real-Life Experiences Scale (THARL Scale). Two hundred and twenty-three subjects completed the THARL Scale. Of these, 86 subjects also completed anxiety, stress, depressive cognitions, well-being, and general psychological health scales. Six weeks later, 174 subjects completed the THARL Scale again. The four subscales of the THARL Scale were found to be reliable. Thought-related distress and real life related distress correlated positively with anxiety, stress, and depressive cognitions, and the thought-related positive affect and real life related positive affect correlated negatively with anxiety, stress, and depressive cognitions. High distress was associated with low well-being and low psychological health, and high positive affect was associated with high well-being and high psychological health. Results of multiple regression analyses showed that positive affect due to thoughts was the best predictor of anxiety, while positive affect due to day-to-day experiences was the best predictor of stress and depressive cognitions. Positive and negative affect caused by thoughts were the two significant predictors of well-being while negative affect caused by thoughts and positive affect caused by day-to-day experiences were the two significant predictors of general psychological health. It was concluded that the THARL Scale may be employed as an instrument for the diagnosis of psychological problems and emotional health.
One effect of rising health care costs has been to raise the profile of studies that evaluate care and create a systematic evidence base for therapies and, by extension, for health policies. All clinical trials and evaluative studies require instruments to monitor the outcomes of care in terms of quality of life, disability, pain, mental health, or general well-being. Many measurement tools have been developed, and choosing among them is difficult. This book provides comparative reviews of the quality of leading health measurement instruments and a technical and historical introduction to the field of health measurement, and discusses future directions in the field. This edition reviews over 100 scales, presented in chapters covering physical disability, psychological well-being, anxiety, depression, mental status testing, social health, pain measurement, and quality of life. An introductory chapter describes the theoretical and methodological development of health measures, while a final chapter reviews the current status of the field, indicating areas in which further development is required. Each chapter includes a tabular comparison of the quality of the instruments reviewed, followed by a detailed description of each instrument, covering its purpose and conceptual basis, its reliability and validity, alternative versions and, where possible, a copy of the scale itself. To ensure accuracy, each review has been approved by the original author of each instrument or by an acknowledged expert.
Coding is a critical part of research synthesis. It is an attempt to reduce a complex, messy, context-laden, and quantification-resistant reality to a matrix of numbers. Thus it will always remain a challenge to fit the numerical scheme to the reality, and the fit will never be perfect. Systematic strategies for evaluating coding decisions enable the synthesist to control for much of the error inherent in the process. When used in conjunction with other strategies, they can help reduce error as well. This chapter discusses strategies to reduce error as well as those to control for error and suggests further research to advance the theory and practice of this particular aspect of the synthesis process. To set the context, however, it is first useful to describe the sources of error in synthesis coding decisions.
Some methodologists have recently suggested that scientific psychology's overreliance on null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) impedes the progress of the discipline. In response, a number of defenders have maintained that NHST continues to play a vital role in psychological research. Both sides of the argument to date have been presented abstractly. The authors take a different approach to this issue by illustrating the use of NHST along with 2 possible alternatives (meta-analysis as a primary data analysis strategy and Bayesian approaches) in a series of 3 studies. Comparing and contrasting the approaches on actual data brings out the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The exercise demonstrates that the approaches are not mutually exclusive but instead can be used to complement one another.
The purpose of the study was to develop an explanatory model of the exercise/ depression relationship using a rural-residing population of elderly aged 65 or older. Subjects were selected from the 3,673 persons who participated in the Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. The 2,084 subjects with complete data, valid information about depressive symptoms, and ability to walk across a small room were divided into two cohort groups at baseline: those with few and those with more depressive symptoms. Logistic regression models using walking status, demographic variables, and chronic health conditions were developed to predict depressive symptoms for this population at a 3-year follow-up. Consistent with previous studies using mixed-age cohorts, physical activity was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. We concluded that the relationship between exercise and depressive symptoms may be manifested in both subjects with more and few depressive symptoms because both groups benefited from daily walking.
Exercise has been shown to improve walking ability in individuals with arterial claudication. This study compared the effects of an on-site supervised exercise program and a home exercise program on quality of life and psychological outcomes in these individuals. Sixty individuals were randomly assigned to a 12-week on-site or a 12-week home-based exercise program. Quality of life, mood and pain symptoms, and walking ability were examined at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6 months follow-up. Individuals in the on-site exercise program showed significantly greater improvements in walking ability. Although sample size limited the ability to detect significant differences between groups on quality of life and psychological measures, both groups were comparable on improvements in quality of life and in mood. These data suggest that a home exercise program with weekly feedback may provide improved quality of life and mood benefits for individuals with arterial claudication but does not provide improvements in walking equivalent to those provided by an on-site exercise program.
Most research on the effects of exercise on mood and particularly in running, prompted this study of the reactions of 464 women to running. The findings supported the claim that vigorous but not exhaustive exercise is most beneficial for enhancement of mood. Females running an average of 24 miles a week had healthier profiles on McNair's Profile of Mood States than those running 52 or 15 miles a week.
This study examined the effects of 6-week exercise programme, run by an occupational therapy student, on the psychological wellbeing and happiness of a group of 15 elderly community-dwelling women. The Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness was used to measure the subjects' wellbeing both before and after the intervention and was also administered to a control group of 20 women.
The results indicated that the exercising women experienced a significant improvement in happiness and wellbeing while the controls did not. This finding appears to support the hypothesis that there is an association between physical exercise and mental health. Potential threats to the validity of the results are discussed.
BACKGROUND: The management of persistent, unexplained physical symptoms is challenging and often unsatisfactory for patients and doctors. Aerobic exercise training has benefited patients referred to secondary care with symptoms of chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia. It is not known if this approach is either possible or beneficial for patients with the broader range of persistent, unexplained symptoms found in primary care. OBJECTIVES: To examine the feasibility and effects of aerobic exercise training in primary care patients with unexplained physical symptoms persisting more than 12 months. METHODS: Randomized comparison (n = 228) of aerobic exercise with stretching as control among patients recruited from primary care. Training comprised 20, one-hour, sessions led by NHS physiotherapists. Adherence to training was recorded along with two groups of outcome measures: (i) documented symptoms and health care use, monitored from six months before to six months after training; and (ii) self-reported measures including emotional state and perceived disability, assessed before, during and six months after training. RESULTS: Exercise training proved feasible: more than 70% of referred patients attended for assessment and were randomized to aerobic or control exercise; 78% of eligible patients attended the first session; and median attendance was 11 sessions for both programmes. Primary care consultations and prescriptions were significantly reduced in the 6 months after training; extent of reduction was related to attendance at training sessions, irrespective of type. Whilst self-reported measures improved similarly during both training programmes, improvements were unrelated to level of attendance. CONCLUSION: For primary care patients with persistent, unexplained physical symptoms willing to be involved in exercise training, aerobic exercise offers no benefits over non-aerobic exercise. Whilst the observed reduction in primary health care use following exercise training is potentially of practical importance in a group of patients characterized by high consultation rates, improvement in patients' subjective state was not clearly attributable to exercise training.
Recent findings indicate that frontal brain asymmetry may be a marker of for depression. However, the psychological predispositions that account linkage between frontal brain asymmetry and depression are unclear. approach-withdrawal hypothesis is the primary framework that has been to account for the linkages between frontal brain asymmetry and or emotional disorders. We review evidence consistent with this and suggest several directions for its extension. One such direction is to constrain the approach-withdrawal hypothesis by linking frontal asymmetry to the known functions of the prefrontal cortex. On this we propose that frontal brain asymmetry may be preferentially linked processes that promote the temporal continuity and shifting of or emotional priorities and the suppression of interference by sources of motivation or emotion. We review evidence from and neurobiological studies of depression that is broadly consistent with these predictions. We emphasise the need for future studies testing our hypotheses.
Rosenthan's (1979) concept of fail-safeN has thus far been applied to probability levels exclusively. This note introduces a fail-safeN for effect size.
This study assessed the short-term psychological effects of an exercise training program for 267 healthy elderly volunteers randomly assigned to either a bicycle group that trained three times a week for 4 months or an attention control group that met once a week during the 4-month period. A second aim was to identify predictors of favorable change in either physiological performance in stress-test parameters or in behavioral attributes at the conclusion of training. Psychological assessment procedures included indicators of basic mental health, perceived quality of life, and activity level. One-way repeated-measure multivariate analysis of variance tests revealed only one significant univariate interaction effect: The exercising group showed significantly greater improvement in an index tapping report of feeling better from pretest to posttest as compared to controls. The directions of change for all other measures were uniformly in favor of exercisers but did not approach statistical significance. Behavioral and psychological variables were also found to be irrelevant in predicting improvement in physiological performance at Time 2. These data suggest that exercise program effects on psychological and behavioral indicators were very modest for older adults with very high levels of functioning.
The psychological and physical benefits of regular physical activity are well established. but the majority of research to date has focussed on younger male samples. Two studies examined the impact of menopausal status on the ability of women to derive psychological benefits from exercise. Regular exercisers, assessed immediately following an exercise class. scored significantly lower on negative mood dimensions and higher on positive mood than did non-exercisers, regardless of menopausal status. Regular exercisers also showed significant improvements in mood state when assessed before and after a single exercise session; again this effect was independent of menopausal status. The results suggest that the acute mood-enhancing effects of exercise are maintained despite the endocrine changes associated with menopause. It is argued that encouraging menopausal women to adopt appropriate exercise patterns may assist in the alleviation of psychological distress as well as providing physical benefits.
A meta-analysis was conducted on 40 studies (76 effects) in order to examine exercise training as a method of stress-management treatment for adults. It offered evidence of a low-to-moderate positive effect in anxiety reduction. Exercise training studies that examined change from pre to post-treatment and studies that examined both change over time and between group differences were examined separately. The unbiased weighted average effect sizes were .45 and .36, respectively. Thus, exercise training improved anxiety levels an average of .36 standard deviations over alternative or control conditions. Adults who were more likely to have a stressful lifestyle benefited more from the exercise training than those who did not. Recommendations are made for both practice and research.
Acute bouts of aerobic exercise have been associated with modest reductions in self-reported state anxiety. Some have speculated that certain intensity or duration thresholds must be achieved before such reductions in anxiety can occur. Additionally, most of the previous research has focused on anxiety reduction or alleviation of negative affect with little concern for the positive affect enhancing potential of exercise. The purposes of the present study were to (1) determine whether anxiety reduction differs at two levels of exercise duration; and (2) examine both positive and negative responses to exercise. Sixteen males completed two (15 min, 30 min) randomly ordered exercise bouts (treadmill running at 75% VO2max) on separate days.
Affective responses were assessed before, immediately after, and at 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after the exercise bouts. State anxiety was reduced equally for both durations of exercise, positive affect did not change, and 30 min of running reduced negative affect. The results are discussed in terms of implications for delineating mechanisms to explain such effects.
Following an acute myocardial infarction, evaluation of a patient's own perceptions of health, including mood state, provides useful information about the efficarcy rehabilitation when data aravailable for patients randomized to both control and intervention. Data are presented on the Profile of Mood States (POMS) in 187 patients, with mild to moderate scores for Spielberger state anxicty and/or Beck depression, who were randomized within 6 wk of acute myocardial infarction to usual care or to brief cardiac rehabilitation lasting 8 wk and who were followed-up during the 12 months following the acute event. REpeated measures multivariate analysis of covariance identified significant main as well as time effects in POMS scores over 12 months. Repeatedmeasures analysis of variance over the 12 months demonstrated significant improvement for both depression and anxiety in both groups. At 8 wk, improvement was greater in the rehabilitation patients than usual car patints but only in the tension-anxicty, depression-dejection and vigor-activity dimensions of POMS and only in anxicty in those patients withabove mean anciety scores. Overall, rehabilitation and control patients showed similar and significant improvements in anxicty, depression and in mood stats over the duration of the 12-months trial (C)1995The American College of Sports Medicine
This paper proposes an alternative to both meta-analytic and traditional reviews. The method, “best-evidence synthesis,” combines the quantification of effect sizes and systematic study selection procedures of quantitative syntheses with the attention to individual studies and methodological and substantive issues typical of the best narrative reviews. Best-evidence syntheses focus on the “best evidence” in a field, the studies highest in internal and external validity, using well-specified and defended a priori inclusion criteria, and use effect size data as an adjunct to a full discussion of the literature being reviewed.
We used data from a 12-year panel survey of a nationally representative sample of married individuals (not couples) and structural equation modeling to investigate the process of spillover between marital quality (satisfaction and discord) and job satisfaction among married individuals. We considered three questions: whether job satisfaction and marital quality are related over the long term, whether influence flows primarily from work to family or if there is a pattern of mutual effects between job satisfaction and marital quality, and whether job satisfaction and marital quality are related in similar ways for married women and married men over the long term. We found that marital quality and job satisfaction are related over the long term and that marital quality is the more influential of these domains. We found evidence of both positive and negative spillover from marital quality to job satisfaction over the long term. Specifically, increases in marital satisfaction were significantly related to increases in job satisfaction, and increases in marital discord were significantly related to declines in job satisfaction. Finally, our results indicated that these processes operate similarly for married women and married men.