ArticleLiterature Review

Evolution of a transdisciplinary “One Medicine–One Health” approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis

December 2009
Preventive Veterinary Medicine 92(4):268-274

DOI:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.09.002

Authors:

Jonna Ann Keener Mazet

University of California, Davis

Deana L Clifford

California Department of Fish and Wildlife

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In today's world health events in one nation or geographic area often have repercussions for the health and well-being of populations beyond that region; sometimes even globally. In recent years many factors, most notably concern about emerging infectious diseases, have contributed to an increasing appreciation of the interdependency of human, animal and ecosystem health worldwide. Integrated global approaches to improve the health of humans, animals and their shared environments are proving to be in the best interest of many countries. A special symposium and award were established in memoriam to the internationally renowned epidemiologist, Dr. Calvin W. Schwabe, who (while at the University of California, Davis) was a significant advocate of the “One Medicine” approach to public health, calling upon all health professionals, including veterinarians, to work collaboratively and comparatively to improve human health. This paper discusses the evolution of the “One Medicine” concept into a global “One Health” approach to research, training capacity and service infrastructure, focused not only on disease, but also on health at the individual, population, and ecosystem levels. Projects involving UCD faculty which attempt to integrate a One Health approach include the Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI) Project in Tanzania, Envirovet Summer Institute, Avian Flu School and Newcastle Immunization Program in Africa, a web-based virtual global health training program, and the Calvin Schwabe One Health Project.

New Insights for Teaching the One Health Approach: Transformative Environmental Education for Sustainability

Preprint

Full-text available

Sep 2024

The One Health approach often reaches classrooms through Environmental Education (EE), which aims to guide society's response to current crises (environmental, health, economic, values). However, traditional EE teaching has focused on isolated ecological concepts and standardized solutions, ignoring the multidimensional nature of EE and failing to integrate the interdependence between environmental, animal, and human health. Moreover, teacher training often neglects didactic content knowledge, preventing students from acquiring the systemic vision needed to address eco-social problems and create sustainable solutions aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This limits teachers’ ability to influence students' concerns and behaviours. In this context, this study aims to reflect on the current state of the issue and propose strategies informed by Science Education research to improve EE teaching, enabling the integration of One Health dimensions through effective didactics to achieve Transformative Environmental Education (TEE). For this purpose, we begin by addressing the limitations identified in recent systematic reviews, shifting the paradigm towards a symbiosis of EE and Science Education through scientific practices. We then present practical examples showcasing successful EE initiatives that foster a deeper understanding of socio-environmental issues, encourage innovative solutions, and nurture engaged citizens from early education onwards. These proposals can support classroom practice and ongoing teacher self-development. Pedagogical strategies include tackling issues that require systemic and critical thinking by developing scientific and epistemic practices while raising awareness of environmental justice. Thus, this study advocates for a new vision of EE, integrating the One Health approach, which could be applied to develop new educational programs, including teacher training. This would lead to a new learning evaluation model and help identify key determinants that trigger pro-environmental behaviours.

New Insights for Teaching the One Health Approach: Transformative Environmental Education for Sustainability

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2024

The One Health approach often reaches classrooms through Environmental Education (EE), which aims to guide society’s response to current crises (environmental, health, economic, values). However, traditional EE teaching has focused on isolated ecological concepts and standardised solutions, ignoring the multidimensional nature of EE and failing to integrate the interdependence between environmental, animal, and human health. Moreover, teacher training often neglects didactic content knowledge, preventing students from acquiring the systemic vision needed to address eco-social problems and create sustainable solutions aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This limits teachers’ ability to influence students’ concerns and behaviours. In this context, this study aims to reflect on the current state of the issue and propose strategies informed by Science Education research to improve EE teaching, enabling the integration of One Health dimensions through effective didactics to achieve Transformative Environmental Education (TEE). For this purpose, we begin by addressing the limitations identified in recent systematic reviews, shifting the paradigm towards a symbiosis of EE and Science Education through scientific practices. We then present practical examples showcasing successful EE initiatives that foster a deeper understanding of socio-environmental issues, encourage innovative solutions, and nurture engaged citizens from early education onwards. These proposals can support classroom practice and ongoing teacher self-development. Pedagogical strategies include tackling issues that require systemic and critical thinking by developing scientific and epistemic practices while raising awareness of Environmental Justice. Thus, this study advocates for a new vision of EE, integrating the One Health approach, which could be applied to develop new educational programs, including teacher training. This would lead to a new learning evaluation model and help identify key determinants that trigger pro-environmental behaviours.

Lessons Learned From the Stakeholder Engagement in Research: Application of Spatial Analytical Tools in One Health Problems

Article

Full-text available

May 2020

Stakeholder engagement in research is widely advocated as a tool to integrate diverse knowledge and perspectives in the management of health threats while addressing potential conflicts of interest. Although guidelines for stakeholder engagement exist in public health and environmental sciences, the feasibility of actionable decisions based on scientific analyses and the lessons learned from the stakeholder engagement in the process co-creation of knowledge have been rarely discussed in One Health literature and veterinary sciences. Risk maps and risk regionalization using spatiotemporal epidemiological/analytical tools are known to improve risk perception and communication. Risk maps are useful when informing policy and management decisions on quarantine, vaccination, and surveillance intended to prevent or control threats to human, animal, or environmental health interface (i.e., One Health). We hypothesized that researcher-stakeholder engagement throughout the research process could enhance the utility of risk maps; while identifying opportunities to improve data collection, analysis, interpretation, and, ultimately, implementation of scientific/evidence-based management and policy measures. Three case studies were conducted to test this process of co-creation of scientific knowledge, using spatiotemporal epidemiological approaches, all related to One Health problems affecting Minnesota. Our interpretation of the opportunities, challenges, and lessons learned from the process are summarized from both researcher and stakeholder perspectives. By sharing our experience we intend to provide an understanding of the expectations, realizations, and “good practices” we learned through this slow-moving iterative process of co-creation of knowledge. We hope this contribution benefits the planning of future transdisciplinary research related to risk map-based management of One Health problems.

Methodological and Terminological Issues in Animal-Assisted Interventions: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020

Simple Summary Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) include a wide range of activities aimed at improving the health and well-being of people with the help of pets. Although there have been many studies on the effects of these interventions on animal and human wellbeing and health, univocal data on the methodological aspects, regarding type and duration of intervention, operators, involved animal species, and so on, are still lacking. In this regard, several systematic reviews in the scientific literature have already explored and outlined some methodological aspects of animal-assisted interventions. Therefore, we developed an umbrella review (UR) which summarizes the data of a set of suitable systematic reviews (SRs), in order to clarify how these Interventions are carried out. From our results, it is shown that there is a widespread heterogeneity in the scientific literature concerning the study and implementation of these interventions. These results highlight the need for the development and, consequently, the diffusion of protocols (not only operational, but also research approaches) providing for a univocal use of globally recognized terminologies and facilitating comparison between the numerous experiences carried out and reported in the field. Abstract Recently, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs), which are defined as psychological, educational, and rehabilitation support activities, have become widespread in different contexts. For many years, they have been a subject of interest in the international scientific community and are at the center of an important discussion regarding their effectiveness and the most appropriate practices for their realization. We carried out an umbrella review (UR) of systematic reviews (SRs), created for the purpose of exploring the literature and aimed at deepening the terminological and methodological aspects of AAIs. It is created by exploring the online databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. The SRs present in the high-impact indexed search engines Web of Sciences and Scopus are selected. After screening, we selected 15 SRs that met the inclusion criteria. All papers complained of the poor quality of AAIs; some considered articles containing interventions that did not always correspond to the terminology they have explored and whose operating practices were not always comparable. This stresses the need for the development and consequent diffusion of not only operational protocols, but also research protocols which provide for the homogeneous use of universally recognized terminologies, thus facilitating the study, deepening, and comparison between the numerous experiences described.

Ecological Approaches to Studying Zoonoses

Chapter

Apr 2014

Concern over emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and a better understanding of their causes has resulted in increasing recognition of the linkages among human, animal, and ecosystem health. It is now well recognized that human activities can promote the emergence of infectious diseases through the large-scale modification of natural environments and inadvertent vectoring (e.g., international trade and travel). These perturbations can alter the ecological and evolutionary relationships among humans, wildlife, and the pathogens that move between them, resulting in disease emergence. In recent years, the rise in zoonotic EIDs has not only increased our awareness of the need for cross-sectoral collaborations, but has also highlighted the disconnect between current ecological theory and biological reality. As the One Health movement continues to gain steam, further integration of ecological approaches into the One Health framework will be required. We discuss the importance of ecological methods and theory to the study of zoonotic diseases by (i) discussing key ecological concepts and approaches, (ii) reviewing methods of studying wildlife diseases and their potential applications for zoonoses, and (iii) identifying future directions in the One Health movement.

Veterinary Pharmaceutics: An Opportunity for Interprofessional Education in New Zealand?

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017

Globally pharmacists are becoming increasingly involved in veterinary medicine; however, little is known about the level of interest for pharmacists playing a larger role in animal treatment in New Zealand. A key stakeholder in any progression of pharmacists becoming more involved in the practice of veterinary pharmacy is the veterinary profession. The aim of this study was to investigate views of veterinarians and veterinary students on the role of pharmacists supporting veterinarians with advice on animal medicines. Open interviews were conducted with veterinarians in Dunedin, New Zealand. Veterinary students at Massey University completed an online survey. Most veterinarians do not have regular communication with pharmacists regarding animal care, but believe it may be beneficial. In order to support veterinarians, pharmacists would need further education in veterinary medicine. Veterinary students believe there is opportunity for collaboration between professions provided that pharmacists have a better working knowledge of animal treatment. Most of the veterinary students surveyed perceive a gap in their knowledge concerning animal medicines, specifically pharmacology and compounding. While there is support for pharmacists contributing to veterinary medicine, particularly in the area of pharmaceutics, this is currently limited in New Zealand due to a lack of specialized education opportunities.

Integrative Health Thinking and the One Health Concept: Is Social Work All for ‘One’ or ‘One’ for All?

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2014

Cassandra Hanrahan

During the past 20 years, the three branches of medicine — human, veterinarian or other animal, and conservation — have undergone a significant shift towards greater integrative thinking about health and welfare. The global emergence of the concept of One Health has grown out of a number of sociopolitical, biomedical, and environmental pressures and influences, acting both internally on the theoretical limits of the health professions and disciplines, and externally on their relationships to one another and to their respective service sectors. Such myriad forces combine increasingly complex issues that traverse and merge the traditional boundaries of local and global terrains, resulting in far-reaching changes. Many of these global changes are fundamentally ‘concomitant with the increase in human population and its ramifications of rapid urbanisation, intensified livestock production, encroachment of ecosystems and globalised trade and traffic’ (Zinsstag, Schelling, Waltner-Toews, & Tanner, 2011, p. 149). In addition, increased knowledge about and risks of zoonotic diseases that mutually affect all animals, including humans, are challenging the traditional academic boundaries of the ‘helping’ professions, including social work.

A comprehensive biochemical and epidemiological review of avian influenza: Mechanisms, pharmacology and emerging trends in treatment

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Avian influenza viruses, particularly H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2, pose significant threats to avian and human populations through zoonotic transmission, as they have potential to change their genetic material through mutations. Symptoms of Avian Influenza ranges from mild to severe, mainly respiratory problems in both and muscle aches, fatigue in humans. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms by which the virus infects host cells, emphasizing the roles of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in viral entry and release. Biochemical processes involved in viral replication, immune responses, and cytokine production are discussed, with a detailed examination of how antiviral drugs like neuraminidase and polymerase inhibitors disrupt these processes. Outbreak of AIV can cause mass culling results in massive economic loss, trade disruptions, and consumer reductions. The review also addresses the challenges posed by antiviral resistance and outlines novel therapeutic strategies, including combination therapies, vaccine advancements, and host-directed treatments. With an interdisciplinary "One Health" approach, this paper underscores the need for enhanced biosecurity, international cooperation, and continued research to mitigate the global impact of avian influenza.

The future of biomedical engineering education is transdisciplinary

Article

Full-text available

May 2024

Creating value for entrepreneurs through a transdisciplinary experiential program

Conference Paper

Jun 2023

The concept of One health: from theory to practice

Article

Jun 2023

The Role of Nutrients and Nutritional Signals in the Pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae

Chapter

Feb 2023
ADV EXP MED BIOL

Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments. Over the past decades, the importance of specific nutrients and micronutrients in the environmental survival, host colonization, and pathogenesis of this species has become increasingly clear. For instance, V. cholerae has evolved ingenious mechanisms that allow the bacterium to colonize and establish a niche in the intestine of human hosts, where it competes with commensals (gut microbiota) and other pathogenic bacteria for available nutrients. Here, we discuss the carbon and energy sources utilized by V. cholerae and what is known about the role of nutrition in V. cholerae colonization. We examine how nutritional signals affect virulence gene regulation and how interactions with intestinal commensal species can affect intestinal colonization.Keywords Vibrio cholerae Carbon utilizationNutrient uptakeHost colonizationHost–pathogen interaction

Vibrio Infections and the Twenty-First Century

Chapter

Feb 2023
ADV EXP MED BIOL

The Vibrionaceae is a highly diverse family of aquatic bacteria. Some members of this ubiquitous group can cause a variety of diseases in humans ranging from cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae, severe septicemia caused by Vibrio vulnificus, to acute gastroenteritis by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Planet Earth is experiencing unprecedented changes of planetary scale associated with climate change. These environmental perturbations paired with overpopulation and pollution are increasing the distribution of pathogenic Vibrios and exacerbating the risk of causing infections. In this chapter, we discuss various aspects of Vibrio infections within the context of the twenty-first century with a major emphasis on the aforementioned pathogenic species. Overall, we believe that the twenty-first century is posed to be both one full of challenges due to the rise of these pathogens, and also a catalyst for innovative and groundbreaking discoveries.KeywordsVibrio infectionsClimate changeCholeraGlobal warming Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus

When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-Analysis of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in Wild and Domestic Birds

Chapter

Feb 2023
ADV EXP MED BIOL

Of the over 100 species in the genus Vibrio, approximately twelve are associated with clinical disease, such as cholera and vibriosis. Crucially, eleven of those twelve, including Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, have been isolated from birds. Since 1965, pathogenic Vibrio species have been consistently isolated from aquatic and ground-foraging bird species, which has implications for public health, as well as the One Health paradigm defined as an ecology-inspired, integrative framework for the study of health and disease, inclusive of environmental, human, and animal health. In this meta-analysis, we identified 76 studies from the primary literature which report on or examine birds as hosts for pathogenic Vibrio species. We found that the burden of disease in birds was most commonly associated with V. cholerae, followed by V. metschnikovii and V. parahaemolyticus. Meta-analysis wide prevalence of our Vibrio pathogens varied from 19% for V. parahaemolyticus to 1% for V. mimicus. Wild and domestic birds were both affected, which may have implications for conservation, as well as agriculturally associated avian species. As pathogenic Vibrios become more abundant throughout the world as a result of warming estuaries and oceans, susceptible avian species should be continually monitored as potential reservoirs for these pathogens.

Understanding and strengthening wildlife and zoonotic disease policy processes: A research imperative

Article

Jul 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic highlights the urgency and importance of monitoring, managing and addressing zoonotic diseases, and the acute challenges of doing so with sufficient inter‐jurisdictional coordination in a dynamic global context. Although wildlife pathogens are well‐studied clinically and ecologically, there is very little systematic scholarship on their management or on policy implications. The current global pandemic therefore presents a unique social science research imperative: to understand how decisions are made about preventing and responding to wildlife diseases, especially zoonoses, and how those policy processes can be improved as part of early warning systems, preparedness and rapid response. To meet these challenges, we recommend intensified research efforts towards: (i) generating functional insights about wildlife and zoonotic disease policy processes, (ii) enabling social and organizational learning to mobilize those insights, (iii) understanding epistemic instability to address populist anti‐science and (iv) anticipating evolving and new zoonotic emergences, especially their human dimensions. Since policy processes for zoonoses can be acutely challenged during the early stages of an epidemic or pandemic, such insights can provide a pragmatic, empirically‐based roadmap for enhancing their robustness and efficacy, and benefiting long‐term decision‐making efforts.

When Vibrios Take Flight: A Meta-analysis of Pathogenic Vibrios Species in Wild and Domestic Birds

Preprint

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Of the over 100 species in the genus Vibrio, approximately twelve are associated with clinical disease, such as cholera and vibriosis. Crucially, eleven of those twelve--V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. cincinnatiensis, V. hollinsae, e.g., Grimontia hollinsae, V. furnissii, V. mimicus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. harveyi, V. scophthalmi and V. metschnikovi--have also been isolated from birds. Since 1965, pathogenic Vibrio species have been consistently isolated from aquatic and ground-foraging bird species, which has implications for public health, as well as the One Health paradigm defined as an ecology-inspired, integrative framework for the study of health and disease, inclusive of environmental, human, and animal health. In this meta-analysis, we identified 76 studies from the primary literature which report on or examine birds as hosts for pathogenic Vibrio species. We found that the burden of disease in birds was most commonly associated with V. cholerae, followed by V. metschnikovi and V. parahaemolyticus. Meta-analysis wide prevalences of our Vibrio pathogens varied from 19% for V. parahaemolyticus to 1% for V. mimicus. Wild and domestic birds were both affected, which may have implications for conservation, as well as agriculturally associated avian species. As pathogenic Vibrios become more abundant throughout the world as a result of warming estuaries and oceans, susceptible avian species should be continually monitored as potential reservoirs for these pathogens.

Preliminary Disease Survey of Domestic Ruminants on Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia

Preprint

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Torsten Wronski

CORRECTED VERSION of Soares, JF & Wronski, T (2021) Preliminary disease survey of domestic ruminants on Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences 8(4): 815-817.

Teaching and learning for change: analysis of a post-graduate One Health program

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022
SUSTAIN SCI

As problematized through the One Health concept, global health issues are defeating conventional disciplinary approaches since they unfold across various scientific domains and across all levels of society. Calling for a change in the way knowledge is generated and used to tackle these complex societal issues, the One Health concept appears as a particular perspective within sustainability science. Various academic initiatives, inspired by the One Health concept, are emerging to prepare future health practitioners and researchers to think and work across disciplines. The building of adapted curricula faces important challenges, tied to the siloed structure of universities. Hence, the training initiatives are still in their infancy, facing an important uncertainty regarding field needs and goals to achieve. This study analyzes the main features and the impacts of a One Health-oriented program, starting in such an uncertain and siloed university context. The method combined participant observation and semi-structured interviews (individual and focus group) with four categories of actors: learners, teachers, partners, program designers. The narratives, reflecting the perceptions of the actors, were analyzed to propose an underlying visual model of the program. The main identified features of the program point to a continuous process of mutual adjustment between actors, available means, and projected goals. The program benefitted from interactions at several levels: between students, teachers, and external partners, to create an overall mutual learning dynamic. The underlying model is interpreted as an inherently evolutive structure, not only transmitting knowledge but actively co-creating knowledge, as would take place in a transdisciplinary research process.

Ma ldi-TOF MS identification and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from playground

Article

Aug 2021
MICROB PATHOGENESIS

In this study, it was aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from samples taken from various children's parks of Ankara and to confirm the resistance by molecular methods. Five hundred fifty-four samples, including soil samples from 140 different parks and 414 swab samples from slides, swings, ferris wheels, seesaws, and other toys from 176 different parks, were taken. Fourty E. coli strains isolated from these samples were included in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility tests of 40 E. coli isolates were performed by EUCAST recommendations. The resistance rates of E. coli isolates were found as ciprofloxacin 5%, ampicillin 17%, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 15%, streptomycin 12.5%, tobramycin 5%, gentamicin 5%, cefotaxime 2.5%, and ceftazidime 2.5%. Intermediate rates were found as 95%, 90%, and 70% for tobramycin, gentamicin, and streptomycin respectively. blaCTX-M β-lactamase gene was investigated for an isolate determined to be resistant to both cefotaxime and ceftazidime but blaCTXM gene could not be detected. Aminoglycoside resistance of strains has been investigated because of high intermediate sensitivity rates. For this purpose, aac(6′)-Ib, aac(3′)-IIa, aph(3′)-VI, ant(3′)-I, aac(3′)-IV, ant(2′)-Ia genes scanned, and were detected 97.5% of our isolates ant (3′)-I, %25 aac(6′)-Ib’, 5% aac(3′)-IIa, 2.5% ant(2′)-Ia. Also, aph(3′)-VI, and aac(3′)-IV genes could not be detected in any of the isolates. Consequently, it has been revealed that resistant E. coli strains isolated from children's parks can pose a potential risk in public health for transmission of resistant genes.

An Interdisciplinary Approach to One Health: Course Design, Development, and Delivery

Article

Aug 2021

One Health is an approach to studying health by recognizing the interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. This article describes the process of designing a new course on One Health at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). The authors brought together faculty and students from across campus to develop a multidisciplinary course dedicated to One Health and infectious diseases. This group met over 9 months to brainstorm course goals, objectives, and ideas. The group also organized a workshop to explore One Health’s existing knowledge and ongoing work on the UIUC campus. The authors solicited the help of experts throughout the university to co-teach the course. The course curriculum and course materials included 13 unique case studies. The course was offered in fall 2019, and its goals were to add to the existing training and coursework on One Health at the University of Illinois campus, offer a course that would be suitable for students from all fields of study, and develop helpful case studies to be made available to other educators. Student feedback highlights the course’s successes as well as areas for future improvement. This article describes this entire process of course development, provides recommendations to guide improvements in the next offering of the course, and details our contributions to the field of One Health education.

Application of one health approach in training at Makerere University: experiences from the one health workforce project in Uganda

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

The interconnections of humans, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment have increasingly become complex, requiring innovative and collaborative approaches (One Health approach) for addressing global health challenges. One Health is a multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral collaborative approach to human, animal, plant and environmental health. The role of academia in training professionals oriented in One Health is critical in building a global workforce capable of enhancing synergies of various sectors in improving health. Makerere University, Uganda has implemented pre-service capacity building initiatives aimed to foster One Health competencies among students who are future practitioners. In addition to incorporating the One Health concept in didactic curricula, Student One Health Innovation Clubs, undergraduate field placements in 11 demonstration sites, graduate fellowships, small grants to support research and innovations, and cross-college collaborative training approaches have greatly aided the assimilation of One Health into the fabric of university offerings. Partnerships with government ministries, private sector and international agencies were initiated to benefit the students, as well as chart a path for experiential learning and in-service offerings in the future. One major challenge, however, has been the tendency to focus on infectious diseases, especially zoonoses, with less consideration of other health issues. The opportunity for improvement, nonetheless, lies in the increasing emerging and re-emerging health concerns including epidemics, environmental pollution and related challenges which justify the need for countries and institutions to focus on building and strengthening multidisciplinary health systems.

Learning for Transdisciplinary Leadership: Why Skilled Scholars Coming Together Is Not Enough

Article

Sep 2019

Transdisciplinary research is an emerging new normal for many scientists in applied research fields, including One Health, planetary health, and sustainability. However, simply bringing highly skilled students (and faculty members) together to generate real-world solutions and policy recommendations for complex problems often fails to consistently create the desired results in transdisciplinary settings. Our research goal was to improve understanding and applications of transdisciplinary learning processes within a One Health graduate education program. This qualitative study analyzes 5 years of action research data, identifying four transdisciplinary leadership skills and four conditions required for consistent skill development. Combining Vygotsky's theory of proximal development with identified transdisciplinary skills, we explain why educational scaffolding is needed to enable more successful design and delivery of transdisciplinary learning, particularly in One Health educational programs.

Developing a Global One Health Workforce: The “Rx One Health Summer Institute” Approach

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

The One Health approach has gained support across a range of disciplines; however, training opportunities for professionals seeking to operationalize the interdisciplinary approach are limited. Academic institutions, through the development of high-quality, experiential training programs that focus on the application of professional competencies, can increase accessibility to One Health education. The Rx One Health Summer Institute, jointly led by US and East African partners, provides a model for such a program. In 2017, 21 participants representing five countries completed the Rx One Health program in East Africa. Participants worked collaboratively with communities neighboring wildlife areas to better understand issues impacting human and animal health and welfare, livelihoods, and conservation. One Health topics were explored through community engagement and role-playing exercises, field-based health surveillance activities, laboratories, and discussions with local experts. Educational assessments reflected improvements in participants’ ability to apply the One Health approach to health and disease problem solving, as well as anticipate cross-sectoral challenges to its implementation. The experiential learning method, specifically the opportunity to engage with local communities, proved to be impactful on participants’ cultural awareness. The Rx One Health Summer Institute training model may provide an effective and implementable strategy by which to contribute to the development of a global One Health workforce.

Developing a Global One Health Workforce: the Rx One Health Summer Institute Approach

Article

Jul 2020

Amanda M. Berrian

The One Health approach has gained support across a range of disciplines; however, training opportunities for professionals seeking to operationalize the interdisciplinary approach are limited. Academic institutions, through the development of high-quality, experiential training programs that focus on the application of professional competencies, can increase accessibility to One Health education. The Rx One Health Summer Institute, jointly led by American and East African partners, provides a model for such a a program. In 2017, 21 participants representing five countries completed the Rx One Health program in East Africa. Participants worked collaboratively with communities neighboring wildlife areas to better understand issues impacting human and animal health and welfare, livelihoods, and conservation. One Health topics were explored through community engagement and role-playing exercises, field-based health surveillance activities, laboratories, and discussions with local experts. Educational assessments reflected improvements in participants' ability to apply the One Health approach to health and disease problem solving, as well as anticipate cross-sectoral challenges to its implementation. The experiential learning method, specifically the opportunity to engage with local communities, proved to be impactful on participants' cultural awareness. The Rx One Health Summer Institute training model may provide an effective and implementable strategy by which to contribute to the development of a global One Health workforce.

Intersections of Ethics of Indigenous Health Research and Health Research Education.

Thesis

Nov 2019

Juan-Carlos Rodriguez-Camacho

Health research involving Indigenous peoples is regulated by guidelines based on the ethics of Indigenous health research, which establish routes to knowledge development in order to support and improve health for Indigenous communities. Despite these guidelines, health imbalances remain and continue to negatively impact Indigenous peoples. This thesis explores some of the barriers and strengths of ethical guidelines of Indigenous health research in Canada. Using a community-based approach, this research shifts the focus away from a study of Indigenous peoples themselves, to a study of the practices that health researchers employ when conducting health research involving Indigenous peoples. An online survey was developed and distributed via email and through social networks to health researchers who work in the field of Indigenous health research. The survey consisted of 22 questions using and a Likert scale (Likert, 1932) to explore perceptions of ethical guidelines in use by researchers who engage in Indigenous health research. After data quality control analysis, 228 respondents were considered valid and constituted the data set. Results suggest a general level of agreement (Somewhat Agree) with the value of the health ethical guidelines used by researchers. High agreement was found for basic items such as ethical guidelines being easy to access and the amount of information offered was appropriate. However, low agreement was found on items that rated the perceived characteristics of ethical guidelines: their clarity, and whether they reflected the current social context of Indigenous peoples; the inclusion of Indigenous paradigms inside ethical guidelines and whether the guidelines enhanced health researchers’ understanding of Indigenous worldviews. Resultsalso describe some other characteristics of Indigenous health research, such as exploring who is researching what, when, and how with special attention to research methodologies, approaches and perceived engagement with Indigenous communities. A major implication of these results suggests the need for the inclusion of Indigenous research perspectives in health research and health research education much more broadly if they are to effectively support Indigenous healthier communities.

The Human–Animal Relationship as the Focus of Animal-Assisted Interventions: A One Health Approach

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2019
Int J Environ Res Publ Health

Background: Animal-assisted intervention (AAIs) represent an adequate expression of integrated medicine, according to the One Health approach. We argue that AAIs are interventions based on interspecific relationships between humans and animals. Although there are many studies on the effects of AAIs on animal and human health and wellbeing, research is still needed to give us more data. For example, information is still lacking on the aspects characterizing and influencing the interspecific relationships occurring in AAIs. The efficacy of an intervention based on interspecific relationships will be influenced by different factors, such as attachment styles and personalities of both the animal and the handler, an appropriate choice of animal species and their individuality, animal educational training techniques, the relationship between the handler and the animal, and relational reciprocity between animal, the patients, and members of the working team. Method: This article aims to contribute to the study of interspecific relationships in AAIs via theoretical considerations. An interspecific relationship determines the result of safe interventions, which directly influences the welfare of the animal. Results and considerations: AAIs should be evaluated systemically as a network within a process in which every component interacts with and influences other components. Standardized methods using appropriate tests and parameters are needed to better select appropriate animals (i.e., species and individual subjects) using interspecific relational competences as well as appropriate educational training methods and health protocols to assess potential risks.

Learning for Transdisciplinary Leadership: Why Skilled Scholars Coming Together Is Not Enough

Article

Jul 2019

Climatology-aware health management information system to enhance cholera epidemic analysis and prediction in Tanzania

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2019

One health in our backyard: Design and evaluation of an experiential learning experience for veterinary medical students

Article

Full-text available

May 2018

Background New educational approaches are needed to improve student understanding of the wider sociological and ecological determinants of health as well as professional responsibilities in related areas. Field trips allow students to observe interaction between plant, animal and human communities, making them an ideal tool for teaching One Health concepts. Methods Veterinary medical students participated in a field trip to a local parklands area, frequented by humans, dogs, horses, and wildlife. Students rotated through 5 learning activities (‘stations’) that focused on: (1) response to exotic animal disease incursion (equine influenza); (2) impact of cultures and belief systems on professional practice; (3) management of dangerous dogs; (4) land use change, biodiversity and emerging infectious disease; and (5) management of environmentally-acquired zoonoses (botulism). Intended learning outcomes were for students to: evaluate the various roles and responsibilities of veterinarians in society; compare the benefits and risks associated with human-animal and animal-animal interactions; and evaluate the contributions made by various professionals in safeguarding the health and welfare of animals, humans and the environment. Following the field trip, students participated in a debrief exercise and completed an online survey on their experiences. Results Feedback from students collected in 2016/2017 (n = 211) was overwhelmingly positive. The learning experience at each station was rated as 4 (‘Good’) or 5 (‘Very Good’) out of 5 by 82–96% of students. Responses to closed- and open-ended questions − as well as outputs generated in the debrief session − indicated that students achieved the learning outcomes. Overall, 94% of students agreed or strongly agreed that they had a better understanding of One Health because of the field trip. Conclusions Field trips to local parklands are effective in promoting learning about One Health and can be incorporated into the core curriculum to maximize student exposure at relatively low cost.

Lonergan, Husserl y la transición cultural a una ciencia transdisciplinaria

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2017

Jim Morin

p> Resumen : El artículo examina el desafío epistemológico de integrar diversas formas de saber en proyectos transdisciplinarios que responden a los complejos problemas de nuestros tiempos . La primera sección revisa el desarrollo de la transdisciplinariedad y como ha abordado el desafío de integrar el conocimiento entre diversos campos de saber. La segunda sección explora el desarrollo del pensamiento de Bernard Lonergan y su método empírico generalizado para apropiar la estructura dinámica de la propia conciencia intencional, que él afirma es la base de todas las formas auténticas del saber. La tercera revisa la apreciación crítica de Lonergan sobre el pensamiento de Edmund Husserl y lo que propone para superar las limitaciones de la fenomenología para la integración de las ciencias modernas. La última sección presenta un modelo transdisciplinario basado en el método de Lonergan para apropiarse de la conciencia intencional. Sobre esta base la transdisciplinariedad puede refutar las limitaciones e integrar las contribuciones diferenciadas del sentido común, las teorías científicas, los significados culturales, las convicciones religiosas, los derechos políticos y el razonamiento filosófico. Palabras claves : ciencia transdisciplinaria, conciencia intencional, método empírico generalizado. </div

Salud de Hato: Definición y Estrategias para el establecimiento de programas de Medicina Veterinaria Preventiva

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2009

Jorge Zambrano-Varón

Resumen: El objetivo principal de un programa de salud de hato en animales de producción es el mante-nimiento de la salud animal y la producción en el nivel más eficiente que ofrezca rentabilidad económica competitiva al productor. algunos objetivos secundarios igualmente importante, incluyen proporcionar bienestar animal, garantizar la calidad de los productos producidos, minimizar el impacto medio ambiental generado por los residuos de origen animal, la pre-vención de las enfermedades zoonóticas y disminución de la presentación de contaminantes y residuos en productos de origen animal. en todos los programas de medicina de la produc-ción, se deben establecer objetivos claros. así mismo, se deben comparar los niveles reales de eficiencia con los objetivos previamente planteados; la diferencia corresponde a las defi-ciencias en la productividad. a través de utilizar un sistema de problema orientado se busca identificar las problemáticas de salud de forma sistemática, con el objetivo de establecer e implementar los correctivos necesarios, los cuales deben ser adecuadamente monitoreados. Para tal fin, la epidemiología veterinaria se ha convertido en una herramienta cuantitativa muy importante para la evaluación y el seguimiento de los problemas de salud en los pro-gramas de salud de hato. Los objetivos del presente documento son discutir algunos de los principios básicos de la salud del hato y presentar un enfoque práctico utilizar herramientas epidemiológicas en la investigación de los problemas de salud de hato. Palabras clave: epidemiologia, salud de hato, medidas de enfermedad ABSTRACT The primary objective of a herd health program for food animals is the maintenance of animal health and production at the most efficient level that provides competitive economic returns to the farmer. some equally important secondary objectives include providing animal welfare, ensuring the product's quality, minimization of pollution of the environment by animal wastes, the prevention of zoonoses, and the avoidance of contaminants and residues in animal products. Targets of performance need to be considered when establishing a production medicine management program. in a herd health program, the actual levels of efficiency are compared to the objectives previously set; the difference corresponds to sub 1 jlzambranov@unal.edu.co revista fac med vet y zoot

Veterinary education in India: Shaping the future agenda with focus on veterinary public health education

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017

Veterinary education provides human resource required for augmenting public good. In a country, where up to 80% population is rural and animal husbandry is the livelihood, veterinary profession provides the desired professional coverage. The available 46 colleges are inadequate to turn out the required number of vets. Out of these, only six conform to the standards laid down by the Veterinary Council of India. One lacuna that remains, common to all, is 'shortage of teachers'. This paper attempts to address this problem. A veterinary college requires constant, continuous and caring support of government. Compliance of the VCI/ICAR accreditation inspection reports lies with the government. A synchronous functional operation of Government and veterinary colleges provides uninterrupted supply of human resource to carry out the state development programmes. Technical advisory support is provided by the VCI/ICAR. ICAR extends support through funding some research projects and also investment in building infrastructure in the form of development grants. VPHE discipline occupies a central position in veterinary teaching. On one side, it is connected with the wellness of animals - 'prevention and control of animal diseases' and on the other side it takes care of the health of humans - professionally exposed to zoonotic infections. Farmers, animal products' processors, lab workers, epidemiologists, health workers, sylvan, camping and recreational groups constitute a large chunk of population that is served by VPHE professionals. They also provide a protective role to consumers from Farm to Fork. Reputation of a college depends upon the reputation of faculty and available infrastructure. Professors of VPHE and Deans of veterinary faculty are expected to be highly knowledgeable. They need to connect horizontally with public - all stakeholders and in all such areas where veterinary services are required to address the problems. Such initiatives would benefit both. The expertise/services of veterinarians, especially VPHE personnel are not sufficiently utilized for want of a Government policy adopting "One Health", although advocated jointly by OIE, WHO, FAO and adopted by most countries. This has been advocated strongly in this paper.

One Health/EcoHealth capacity building programs in South and South East Asia: A mixed method rapid systematic review

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2017
Hum Resour Health

Background Although One Health (OH) or EcoHealth (EH) have been acknowledged to provide comprehensive and holistic approaches to study complex problems, like zoonoses and emerging infectious diseases, there remains multiple challenges in implementing them in a problem-solving paradigm. One of the most commonly encountered barriers, especially in low- and middle-income countries, is limited capacity to undertake OH/EH inquiries. A rapid review was undertaken to conduct a situation analysis of the existing OH/EH capacity building programs, with a focused analysis of those programs with extensive OH engagement, to help map the current efforts in this area. Methods A listing of the OH/EH projects/initiatives implemented in South Asia (SA) and South East Asia (SEA) was done, followed by analysis of documents related to the projects, available from peer-reviewed or grey literature sources. Quantitative data was extracted using a data extraction format, and a free listing of qualitative themes was undertaken. Results In SEA, 13 unique OH/EH projects, with 37 capacity building programs, were identified. In contrast, in SA, the numbers were 8 and 11 respectively. In SA, programs were oriented to develop careers in program management, whereas, in SEA, the emphasis was on research. Two thirds of the programs in SEA had extensive OH engagement, whereas only one third of those in SA did. The target for the SEA programs was wider, including a population more representative of OH stakes. SEA program themes reveal utilization of multiple approaches, usually in shorter terms, and are growing towards integration with the traditional curricula. Such convergence of themes was lacking in SA programs. In both regions, the programs were driven by external donor agencies, with minimal local buy-in. Conclusions There is limited investment in research capacity building in both SA and SEA. The situation appears to be more stark in SA, whilst SEA has been able to use the systematic investment and support to develop the OH/EH agenda and strategize capacity building in the core competencies. In order to effectively address the disease emergence hotspots in these regions, there needs to be strategic funding decisions targeting capacity building in the core OH/EH competencies especially related to transdisciplinarity, systems thinking, and adaptive management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12960-017-0246-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

One Health in food safety and security education: Subject matter outline for a curricular framework

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2017

Educating students in the range of subjects encompassing food safety and security as approached from a One Health perspective requires consideration of a variety of different disciplines and the interrelationships among disciplines. The Western Institute for Food Safety and Security developed a subject matter outline to accompany a previously published One Health in food safety and security curricular framework. The subject matter covered in this outline encompasses a variety of topics and disciplines related to food safety and security including effects of food production on the environment. This subject matter outline should help guide curriculum development and education in One Health in food safety and security and provides useful information for educators, researchers, students, and public policy-makers facing the inherent challenges of maintaining and/or developing safe and secure food supplies without destroying Earth's natural resources.

Global health education in Germany: An analysis of current capacity, needs and barriers

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2016
BMC Med Educ

Background In times of increasing global challenges to health, it is crucial to create a workforce capable of tackling these complex issues. Even though a lack of GHE in Germany is perceived by multiple stakeholders, no systematic analysis of the current landscape exists. The aim of this study is to provide an analysis of the global health education (GHE) capacity in Germany as well as to identify gaps, barriers and future strategies. Methods An online search in combination with information provided by student representatives, course coordinators and lecturers was used to create an overview of the current GHE landscape in Germany. Additionally, a semi-structured questionnaire was sent to GHE educators and students engaged in global health (GH) to assess the capacity of German GHE, its barriers and suggested strategies for the future. ResultsA total of 33 GHE activities were identified at 18 German universities. Even though medical schools are the main provider of GHE (42%), out of 38 medical schools, only 13 (34%) offer any kind of GHE. Modules offered for students of other health-related professions constitute 27% of all activities. Most survey respondents (92%, n = 48) consider current GHE activities in Germany insufficient. Suggested formats were GHE as part of medical curricula (82%, n = 45) and dual degree MD/MPH or PhD programs. Most important barriers mentioned were low priority of GH at faculties and academic management levels (n = 41, 75%) as well as lack of necessary institutional structures (n = 33, 60%). Conclusions Despite some innovative academic approaches, there is clearly a need for more systematic GHE in Germany. GHE educators and students can take an important role advocating for more awareness at university management level and suggesting ways to institutionalize GHE to overcome barriers. This study provides key evidence, relevant perceptions and suggestions to strengthen GHE in Germany.

Public understanding of One Health messages: The role of temporal framing

Article

Oct 2016

Building on research in motivated reasoning and framing in science communication, we examine how messages that vary attribution of responsibility (human vs animal) and temporal orientation (now vs in the next 10 years) for wildlife disease risk influence individuals’ conservation intentions. We conducted a randomized experiment with a nationally representative sample of US adults (N = 355), which revealed that for people low in biospheric concern, messages that highlighted both human responsibility for and the imminent nature of the risk failed to enhance conservation intentions compared with messages highlighting animal responsibility. However, when messages highlighting human responsibility placed the risk in a temporally distal frame, conservation intentions increased among people low in biospheric concern. We assess the underlying mechanism of this effect and discuss the value of temporal framing in overcoming motivated skepticism to improve science communication.

What’s the risk of disease? Software tools to support learning concepts of risk perception and assessment

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2012

Risk assessment for human and animal diseases is performed to clarify pathways that may result in disease, and estimate the likelihood of this outcome in specific settings; the outputs are typically used to inform decisions and support policy development. It is often performed using a structured process of elicitation of opinion from subject experts, which aims to minimise the inherent element of uncertainty due to the subjective nature of elicitation. User-friendly software tools can generate insights into risk perception of assessors, elicitation of expert opinion and quantitative estimation of risk. Such tools were incorporated into an online postgraduate course on risk analysis delivered to 36 veterinarians across South Asia. The activities developed to apply these tools required careful staging and scaffolding within the course framework. They highlighted the importance of good coordination and effective communication between the assessors, as well as with the course tutors. © 2012 Daan Vink, Naomi Cogger, Terry Walshe, Petra Muellner, Marta Martinez, Lesley Stringer and Mark Burgman.

MAIN ENDOPARASITES IN DOGS AND CATS: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Chapter

Feb 2025

Animal species and humans share much of their historical evolution and, as a consequence, can act as accidental or definitive hosts of pathogenic organisms, completing an anthropozoonotic cycle. Thus, it is essential to adequately control animal endoparasitosis in order to reduce the contamination of the environment by the infective forms of these parasites and, consequently, minimize the risks of human infection. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of endoparasites in fecal samples from dogs and cats treated at the Mario Dias Teixeira Veterinary Hospital, in the region of Belém, PA from May to November 2023. The diagnosis of endoparasitosis was conducted by means of coproparasitological examination for the direct morphological identification of cysts and eggs. The samples were processed in the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital at the Institute of Health and Animal Production of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon (ISPA-UFRA), using the techniques of Direct examination of feces, flotation in saturated solution of sodium chloride (Willis Method) and Spontaneous Sedimentation (Hoffman Method). Samples from 101 animals were analyzed, most of which were canine (69/68.3%) of the most diverse breeds and female. From the quantity analyzed, helminths belonging to 3 genera were found: Ancylostoma, Toxocara and Trichuris and 2 protozoa: Giardia and Cystoisospora. Ancylostoma spp eggs were the most prevalent (23/22.8%) of positive samples, followed by Toxocara spp eggs (3/3.0%), the other parasites had prevalences of (1/1%). Negative tests correspond to 72/71.3% of the results. The low positivity in the detection of endoparasites demonstrates that animals attended by spontaneous demand in hospitals or specialized clinics are usually the target of a more careful look by their owner and, therefore, receive preventive therapy (antiparasitics) more frequently, but domiciled animals should also assume importance in the contamination of public places, since these places are also intensely visited by these animals, with their tutors and, in this way, play an important role in the propagation of parasitic diseases of zoonotic potential.

New Insights for Teaching the One Health Approach: Transformative Environmental Education for Sustainability

Preprint

Full-text available

Jul 2024

The One Health approach often reaches classrooms through Environmental Education (EE), which aims to guide society's response to halt the ongoing environmental, health, economic, and value crises. However, this goal has not been achieved. One reason is that EE teaching has traditionally focused on learning isolated ecological concepts and standardized solutions. Additionally, teacher training has tended to neglect didactic content knowledge, resulting in a reduced capacity to influence students' concerns and behaviours. Despite EE's multidimensional nature, ineffective didactic strategies have prevented students from acquiring the systemic vision needed to address eco-social problems and devise sustainable solutions in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this context, this work proposes strategies to improve EE teaching through the One Health approach to achieve Transformative Environmental Education (TEE). The practical examples presented demonstrate successful EE initiatives that integrate One Health into classrooms using effective methods promoted by Science Education research. Effective EE should inspire critical thinking, empowerment, and student reflection, fostering a deep understanding of socio-environmental issues and innovative solutions from early education to create committed citizens. Therefore, achieving TEE requires reforming teacher training programs to strengthen didactic competencies and promote transformative educational practices, emphasising systems thinking, scientific and epistemic practices, and environmental justice awareness.

One Health in Medical Education: A Proposed Framework

Article

Aug 2024

One Health- New Approach Towards Halal Food Safety

Chapter

Oct 2023

Adil Mohamed Ahmed Salman

Islamic health beliefs and visions are well-established and mention integrated health. One of the essential subjects addressed by Islam is food safety, codified under the name “halal” in Islamic law. Halal codify food safety requirements that prevent consuming an unhealthful diet. The OH approach aims to reduce the spread of communicable diseases between humans and animals and the shared environment. FAO and WHO are concerned about food availability and Safety due to globalization. Religious interest in health in Islamic societies, stems from the desire to live in a healthy environment following religious guidelines. Spiritual health should be considered as a component of the OH approach. This book chapter aims to discuss “One Health” as a new approach towards halal food Safety.

Veterinary Ethics

Chapter

Jun 2019

Jerrold Tannenbaum

The field of veterinary ethics deals with the moral responsibilities and ideals of veterinarians in their capacity of providers of medical care for animals and as members of the veterinary profession when the profession speaks on issues relating to the use, treatment, and medical care of animals. For veterinarians, the professional role characteristically involves serving – at the same time – two parties or stakeholders with potentially conflicting interests: an animal that receives veterinary care and a human who owns the animal and pays for this care. Because it can be difficult, and is sometimes impossible, for veterinarians to serve the interests of both their animal and human masters, hard ethical choices must be made. These choices can be complicated by the fact that there are disagreements about the value and importance of animals, and thus about how much the interests of veterinary patients should count in the first place. Veterinary ethics faces issues of great variety, in part because there are different kinds of veterinary practice, which raise different ethical questions.

One Digital Health

Chapter

Oct 2022

The introduction of the One Health (OH) concept has represented a decisive moment. This approach has been at first applied to the animal context for being expanded later on toward a holistic approach to sustainable development in which the relationship between humans, animals, and the environment becomes inextricably linked and requires a global approach and effort.This approach requires a collaborative effort of multiple disciplines to contribute toward health for people, animals, and the environment. Advances in digital technology introduce One Digital Health (ODH) concept which analyzes the digital health ecosystem components and how technologies can support healthcare and wellbeing. ODH process involves integrating human and veterinary medical data into real-time information systems to support public health in facing emerging challenges due to the growing overlap between human and animal habitats. With OH and ODH the concept of human health is integrated with wellbeing and sustainability.KeywordsOne HealthOne Digital HealthSustainabilityDigitization

Capacity building for wildlife health professionals: the Wildlife Health Bridge

Article

Full-text available

May 2022

The Wildlife Health Bridge was established in 2009 with the aim of improving the expertise and knowledge base of wildlife health professionals in biodiverse low- and middle-income countries. The Wildlife Health Bridge centres around partnerships among educational institutions: the Zoological Society of London, the Royal Veterinary College, the University of Edinburgh’s Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, the Wildlife Institute of India, and the University of Melbourne Veterinary School. The Wildlife Health Bridge provides quality education in wildlife health, ecosystem health, and wildlife biology, facilitates the interchange of students between collaborating countries for research studies and provides a global graduate network of wildlife health professionals. In addition to established Masters’ level wildlife health training programmes run by the partner organisations, the Wildlife Health Bridge has developed a collaborative field-based course, Interventions in Wild Animal Health, provided annually in India since 2016, which has trained 138 veterinarians to date, enhancing local and international capacity in managing emerging wildlife health issues and building global professional linkages. The Wildlife Health Bridge’s Wild Animal Alumni network facilitates networking and exchange between Wildlife Health Bridge institutions and graduates, with over 701 members from 67 countries, half of which are biodiverse low- and middle-income countries. Collaboration between educational institutions has enabled new ideas and ongoing developments in the delivery of materials and learning outcomes. The Wildlife Health Bridge is building global capacity in trained wildlife health professionals, through educational programmes and a synergised network, with the aim of impacting conservation practice to benefit human, domestic animal and wildlife health.

The oromaxillofacial region as a model for a one-health approach in regenerative medicine

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

The concept of a one-health approach in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum in the scientific and public communities in recent years. Knowledge derived from this approach informs innovative biomedical research, clinical trials, and practice. The ultimate goal is to translate regenerative strategies for curing diseases and improving the quality of life in animals and people. Building and fostering strong and enthusiastic interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration between teams with a wide range of expertise and backgrounds is the cornerstone to the success of the one-health approach and translational sciences. The veterinarian's role in conducting clinical trials in client-owned animals with naturally occurring diseases is critical and unique as it may potentially inform human clinical trials. The veterinary regenerative medicine and surgery field is on a steep trajectory of discoveries and innovations. This manuscript focuses on oromaxillofacial-region regeneration to exemplify how the concept of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaboration and the one-health approach influenced the authors' work experience at the University of California-Davis.

Why Shift Health Research Toward Community Knowledge: Embracing Self-Determination and Historical Responsibilities

Chapter

Jan 2022

Juan Carlos Rodriguez Camacho

Because of historic harms and Indigenous community revitalization demands, a new ethically based transformative health knowledge, developed outside of conventional Western health research, is required. Indigenous community revitalization and the Calls to Action declaration aim to transform historical harms by adopting a holistic research approach focused on well-being where systemic, community, and individual relationships benefit and support present and future healthy Indigenous communities.

Public Policies and One Health in Brazil: The Challenge of the Disarticulation

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Working the One health strategy in developing countries is a challenge, due to structural weaknesses or deprivation of financial, human, and material resources. Brazil has policies and programs that would allow continuous and systematic monitoring of human, animal, and environmental health, recommending strategies for control and prevention. For animals, there are components of the Epidemiological Surveillance of zoonosis and Animal Health Programs. To guarantee food safety, there are Health Surveillance services and support of the Agropecuary Defense in the inspection of these products, productive environments, and their inputs. Environmental Surveillance Services monitor water and air quality, which may influence health. For human health, these and other services related to Health Surveillance, such as Worker Health and Epidemiological Surveillance, which has a training program responsible for forming professionals groups to respond effectively to emergencies in public health are available. Therefore, Brazil has instruments that may allow integrated planning and intervention based on the One Health initiative. However, the consolidation of this faces several challenges, such as insufficient resources, professional alienation, and lack of the recognition of the importance of animal and environmental health for the maintenance of human and planetary well-being. This culminates in disarticulation, lack of communication, and integration between organizations. Thus, efforts to share attributions and responsibilities must be consolidated, overcoming the verticality of the actions, promoting efficiency and effectiveness. Finally, this perspective aims to describe the government instruments that constitute potential national efforts and the challenges for the consolidation of the One Health initiative in Brazil.

Application of One Health Approach in Training at Makerere University: Experiences From the One Health Workforce Project in Uganda

Preprint

Full-text available

Oct 2020

Characterization of Clostridioides difficile ribotypes in domestic dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Article

Jun 2019

Clostridioides difficile is the major etiologic agent of nosocomial bacterial diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis. The pathogenesis of C. difficile infection (CDI)involves two cytotoxic enzymes (TcdA, TcdB) that cause colonic epithelial damage, fluid accumulation and enteritis. CDI has been demonstrated in a variety of animal species and some reports have recently raised the importance of wild animals as a reservoir of this pathogen and possible transmission to humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to characterize C. difficile isolates obtained from pet dogs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 50 faecal samples were obtained from healthy and diarrheic dogs. Five of fifty samples (10%) grew C. difficile. Of those, three belonged to the PCR ribotype 106 (ST 42) and were toxigenic (A+B+). The other two strains belonged to the PCR ribotype 010 (ST 15) and were not toxin producers (A-B-). None of the isolates tested positive for the binary toxin genes. Considering the antimicrobial resistance patterns of all isolates using EUCAST breakpoints, all strains were sensitive to metronidazole and vancomycin. However, two strains (ribotype 106 and ribotype 010), were resistant to clindamycin (≤256 μg/mL). All strains were strong biofilm producers. Our study provides evidence that dogs can act as reservoirs for C. difficile epidemic ribotypes.

Écosanté – Origines et approche

Chapter

Jun 2014

Dominique Charron

Améliorer la santé des populations, tout en favorisant la prospérité et la résilience des collectivités et la protection de l’environnement, voilà un des grands défis du développement du xxi e siècle. Ce livre décrit comment un nouveau domaine de recherche, d’éducation et de pratique de plus en plus présent sur la scène internationale appelé écosanté, relève ce défi et met à profit des idées novatrices pour aider à l’édification de collectivités et de milieux plus sains dans les pays en développement.

Executive summary of the AVMA One Health Initiative Task Force report

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2008
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

Confronting zoonoses through closer collaboration between medicine and veterinary medicine (as 'One Medicine')

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2007

In the 19th century, the concept of 'one medicine' was embraced by leaders in the medical and veterinary medical communities. In the 20th century, collaborative efforts between medicine and veterinary medicine diminished considerably. While there have been some notable exceptions, such as Calvin W. Schwabe's proposal for unifying human and veterinary medicine and joint efforts by the Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization to control zoonotic diseases, 'one medicine' has languished in the modern milieu of clinical care, public health, and biomedical research. Risks of zoonotic disease transmission are rarely discussed in clinical care which is of particular concern if humans and/or animals are immunosuppressed. Physicians and veterinarians should advise their patients and pet-owning clients that some animals should not be pets. The risk of zoonotic disease acquisition can be considerable in the occupational setting. Collaborative efforts in biomedical research could do much to improve human and animal health. As the threat of zoonotic diseases continues to increase in the 21st century, medicine and veterinary medicine must revive 'one medicine' in order to adequately address these challenges. 'One medicine' revival strategies must involve medical and veterinary medical education, clinical care, public health and biomedical research.

Training the Next Generation of Global Health Scientists: A School of Appropriate Technology for Global Health

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2008
PLOS NEGLECT TROP D

Peter J. Hotez

In March of 2008, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation made the impressive announcement that it will accept proposals for a new Grand Challenges Explorations program [1]. Grand Challenges Explorations will provide $100 million for global health scientists to identify new ways to protect against infectious diseases (including neglected tropical diseases [NTDs]), to create new drugs or delivery systems, to prevent or cure HIV/AIDS, and to explore the basis of latency in tuberculosis [1]. In so doing, the Gates Foundation will build on its long-standing multibillion dollar commitments to develop and test new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines for NTDs, as well as the better known “big three” diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and to fund critically needed operational research in support of large-scale control programs for these conditions [1]. The Gates Foundation is not alone—the United Kingdom's Wellcome Trust has a £15 billion investment portfolio of which a significant amount is devoted to global infectious diseases [2], while the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) also devotes a significant amount of funding towards global health [3]. Therefore, in the coming decade we can expect that these initiatives will contribute significantly towards reducing the so-called 10/90 gap, a term coined by the Global Forum for Health Research to refer to the finding that only 10% or less of the global expenditure on medical research and development is directed towards neglected health problems that disproportionately affect the poorest people in developing regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and tropical regions of the Americas.

Public Health Education at the University of California, Davis: Past, Present, and Future Programs

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2008

This article reviews the history of public-health education at the University of California, Davis, from the inception of the Master of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Program in the School of Veterinary Medicine through the creation of the Master of Public Health Program offered jointly by the Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine. The long history of collaborative teaching and research between the schools, as well as the university's close proximity to and relationship with numerous university-affiliated and state public-health agencies, has created remarkable opportunities for novel and creative public-health education. The university is already anticipating the approval of a School of Public Health on its campus, which will create even more educational opportunities in both human and veterinary public-health disciplines. Given the projected shortfall of veterinarians entering such fields, the opportunity of a novel Doctor of Public Health degree program specifically suited to the needs of veterinary medicine is also discussed as a means of addressing this shortage.

Risk Factors for Human Disease Emergence

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2001

A comprehensive literature review identifies 1415 species of infectious organism known to be pathogenic to humans, including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths. Out of these, 868 (61%) are zoonotic, that is, they can be transmitted between humans and animals, and 175 pathogenic species are associated with diseases considered to be 'emerging'. We test the hypothesis that zoonotic pathogens are more likely to be associated with emerging diseases than non-emerging ones. Out of the emerging pathogens, 132 (75%) are zoonotic, and overall, zoonotic pathogens are twice as likely to be associated with emerging diseases than non-zoonotic pathogens. However, the result varies among taxa, with protozoa and viruses particularly likely to emerge, and helminths particularly unlikely to do so, irrespective of their zoonotic status. No association between transmission route and emergence was found. This study represents the first quantitative analysis identifying risk factors for human disease emergence.

New partnerships between animal health services and public health agencies

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2004
REV SCI TECH OIE

As Veterinary Services and animal health organisations attempt to respond to a new era of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases, their ability and skill in forming new strategic partnerships will be paramount. While these new partnerships are likely to include many relationships outside traditional Veterinary Services and animal agriculture, none will become more important than the formation of new animal health and public health partnerships. Episodes of emerging zoonoses are being increasingly recognised around the world and the confluence of people, animals and animal products today is unprecedented. Concurrently, a wide array of complex factors are also converging that will not only ensure the continuous emergence of zoonoses, but are also likely to drive the further increase and expansion of these diseases. This article discusses the need for the creation of more effective and co-operative partnerships in the face of new microbial threats, the complexity of both the formation and expansion of zoonoses, and the collective abilities of both human and animal health services to respond to them. Lessons learned from recent zoonotic epidemics supportthe need for co-ordinated research, interdisciplinary centres, integrated surveillance systems, response systems and infrastructures, and workforce development strategies. While there are some excellent examples of collaborative animal and public health relationships, there is no question that more and stronger partnerships among national and international organisations, both academic and private, will be necessary to meet the future challenges of emerging zoonoses and to manage their profound implications.

Emerging food-borne zoonoses

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2004
REV SCI TECH OIE

Diarrhoeal diseases, almost all of which are caused by food-borne or waterborne microbial pathogens, are leading causes of illness and death in less developed countries, killing an estimated 1.9 million people annually at the global level. Even in developed countries, it is estimated that up to one third of the population are affected by microbiological food-borne diseases each year. The majority of the pathogens causing this significant disease burden are now considered to be zoonotic. The occurrence of some of these zoonotic pathogens seems to have increased significantly over recent years. The factors involved in such increases have not been well studied, but they are generally agreed to include changes in animal production systems and in the food production chain. Both types of changes can cause corresponding changes in patterns of exposure to the pathogens and the susceptibility pattern of the human population. This paper will not attempt a more in-depth analysis of such factors. The authors briefly describe five of the most important emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogens: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. The paper does not include a full description of all important emerging food-borne pathogens but instead provides a description of the present situation, as regards these globally more important pathogens. In addition, the authors describe each pathogen according to the new framework of a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) microbiological risk assessment, which consists of hazard identification and characterisation, exposure assessment and risk characterisation. Moreover, the authors provide a brief account of attempts at risk mitigation, as well as suggestions for risk management for some of these pathogens, based on thorough international FAO/WHO risk assessments. The authors emphasise the importance of science-based programmes for the continued reduction of pathogens at relevant points of the 'farm-to-fork' food production chain, as this is the only sustainable basis for further reducing risks to human health in the area of preventable food-borne diseases.

The Role of Wildlife in Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2004
REV SCI TECH OIE

There are huge numbers of wild animals distributed throughout the world and the diversity of wildlife species is immense. Each landscape and habitat has a kaleidoscope of niches supporting an enormous variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species, and each species or taxon supports an even more impressive array of macro- and micro-parasites. Infectious pathogens that originate in wild animals have become increasingly important throughout the world in recent decades, as they have had substantial impacts on human health, agricultural production, wildlife-based economies and wildlife conservation. The emergence of these pathogens as significant health issues is associated with a range of causal factors, most of them linked to the sharp and exponential rise of global human activity. Among these causal factors are the burgeoning human population, the increased frequency and speed of local and international travel, the increase in human-assisted movement of animals and animal products, changing agricultural practices that favour the transfer of pathogens between wild and domestic animals, and a range of environmental changes that alter the distribution of wild hosts and vectors and thus facilitate the transmission of infectious agents. Two different patterns of transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans are evident among these emerging zoonotic diseases. In one pattern, actual transmission of the pathogen to humans is a rare event but, once it has occurred, human-to-human transmission maintains the infection for some period of time or permanently. Some examples of pathogens with this pattern of transmission are human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, influenza A, Ebola virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome. In the second pattern, direct or vector-mediated animal-to-human transmission is the usual source of human infection. Wild animal populations are the principal reservoirs of the pathogen and human-to-human disease transmission is rare. Examples of pathogens with this pattern of transmission include rabies and other lyssaviruses, Nipah virus, West Nile virus, Hantavirus, and the agents of Lyme borreliosis, plague, tularemia, leptospirosis and ehrlichiosis. These zoonotic diseases from wild animal sources all have trends that are rising sharply upwards. In this paper, the authors discuss the causal factors associated with the emergence or re-emergence of these zoonoses, and highlight a selection to provide a composite view of their range, variety and origins. However, most of these diseases are covered in more detail in dedicated papers elsewhere in this Review.

Ecological sources of zoonotic diseases

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2004
REV SCI TECH OIE

Although of zoonotic origin, pathogens or infections posing a global threat to human health such as human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome or emerging influenza type A viruses may actually have little in common with known, established zoonotic agents, as these new agents merely underwent a transient zoonotic stage before adapting to humans. Evolution towards person-to-person transmission depends on the biological features of the pathogen, but may well be triggered or facilitated by external factors such as changes in human exposure. Disease emergence may thus be depicted as an evolutionary response to changes in the environment, including anthropogenic factors such as new agricultural practices, urbanisation, or globalisation, as well as climate change. Here the authors argue that in the case of zoonotic diseases emerging in livestock, change in agricultural practices has become the dominant factor determining the conditions in which zoonotic pathogens evolve, spread, and eventually enter the human population. Livestock pathogens are subjected to pressures resulting from the production, processing and retail environment which together alter host contact rate, population size and/or microbial traffic flows in the food chain. This process is illustrated by two study cases: a) livestock development in the 'Eurasian ruminant street' (the area extending from central Asia to the eastern Mediterranean basin) and the adjacent Arabian peninsula b) poultry production in Southeast Asia. In both scenarios, environmental factors relating to demography, land pressure and imbalances in production intensification have led to an unstable epidemiological situation, as evidenced by the highly pathogenic avian influenza upsurge early in 2004, when the main outbreaks were located in areas which had both large scale, peri-urban commercial holdings and a high density of smallholder poultry units.

Emerging Zoonoses and Pathogens of Public Health Significance—An Overview

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2004
REV SCI TECH OIE

Corrie Brown

Emerging zoonotic diseases have assumed increasing importance in public and animal health, as the last few years have seen a steady stream of new diseases, each emerging from an unsuspected quarter and causing severe problems for animals and humans. The reasons for disease emergence are multiple, but there are two main factors--expansion of the human population and globalisation of trade. Current issues such as the increasing movement of a variety of animal species, ecological disruption, uncultivatable organisms, and terrorism, all imply that emerging zoonotic diseases will in all probability, not only continue to occur, but will increase in the rate of their emergence. The recurring nature of the crises dictates that closer integration of veterinary and medical communities is warranted, along with improved education of the general public and policy makers.

Confronting Zoonoses, Linking Human and Veterinary Medicine

Article

Full-text available

May 2006
EMERG INFECT DIS

Laura H Kahn

Many of the emerging infectious diseases, including those caused by bioterrorist agents, are zoonoses. Since zoonoses can infect both animals and humans, the medical and veterinary communities should work closely together in clinical, public health, and research settings. In the clinical setting, input from both professions would improve assessments of the risk-benefit ratios of pet ownership, particularly for pet owners who are immunocompromised. In public health, human and animal disease surveillance systems are important in tracking and controlling zoonoses such as avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, and foodborne pathogens. Comparative medicine is the study of disease processes across species, including humans. Physician and veterinarian comparative medicine research teams should be promoted and encouraged to study zoonotic agent-host interactions. These efforts would increase our understanding of how zoonoses expand their host range and would, ultimately, improve prevention and control strategies.

Recent Animal Disease Outbreaks and Their Impact on Human Populations

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2006

Over the past 20 years, headlines have documented an increasing number of emerging diseases; most have an animal source (zoonoses). Recent examples include West Nile virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza, and monkeypox. While some emerging diseases occur among both humans and animals, others affect only animals or only humans. Nevertheless, all these new or reemerging infections have societal implications, often tied to local and national economies. It is important to understand the implications of emerging animal diseases and encourage stronger collaboration of veterinary and medical practitioners, especially in rural areas. Illnesses in agricultural workers may be the index cases for newly emerging diseases.

Global Veterinary Opportunities and Responsibilities: Some Recent Graduates' Perspectives

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2006

The veterinary profession has critical global responsibilities. To help meet these responsibilities, it is critical that the training programs for veterinary graduates provide them with the skills, knowledge, understanding, and professional attributes pertinent to meeting these responsibilities. The programs at US veterinary schools, in the full range from admissions, to curriculum, to post-graduate opportunities, fall short in many critical arenas.

'One medicine - One pathology': Are veterinary and human pathology prepared?

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2008
LAB INVEST

The American Medical Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association have recently approved resolutions supporting 'One Medicine' or 'One Health' that bridge the two professions. The concept is far from novel. Rudolf Virchow, the Father of Modern Pathology, and Sir William Osler, the Father of Modern Medicine, were outspoken advocates of the concept. The concept in its modern iteration was re-articulated in the 1984 edition of Calvin Schwabe's 'Veterinary Medicine and Human Health.' The veterinary and medical pathology professions are steeped in a rich history of 'One Medicine,' but they have paradoxically parted ways, leaving the discipline of pathology poorly positioned to contribute to contemporary science. The time has come for not only scientists but also all pathologists to recognize the value in comparative pathology, the consequences of ignoring the opportunity and, most importantly, the necessity of preparing future generations to meet the challenge inherent in the renewed momentum for 'One Medicine.' The impending glut of new genetically engineered mice creates an urgent need for prepared investigators and pathologists.

Animals and Disease: An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine.

Article

Oct 1994

Zoonoses. In Veterinary Medicine and Human Health

Article

C.W. Schwabe

Immunological surveillance against altered self components by sensitized T-lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Article

Jan 1974
NATURE

Book Review: Animals and Disease. An Introduction to the History of Comparative Medicine

Article

Jul 1993

L. Z. Saunders

The Jenner bicentenary: The introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine

Article

Nov 1996
FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC

Derrick Baxby

Abstract This review describes the background to Jenner's first vaccination, his later work, and the dissemination of information about vaccination and the vaccine itself. Although based on relatively slender evidence, Jenner's theories were basically sound and he merits the credit given him. Given the circumstances, particularly the slow speed of travel and the lack of information about the duration of immunity, vaccination became established very quickly in many countries.

Collaboration in Public Health: A New Global Imperative

Article

Jun 2008

Lonnie J King

This commentary first appeared in Public Health Reports 123:264, 2008.

Linking Veterinary and Human Public-Health Education: Collaborations at the University of Tennessee

Article

Feb 2008

The increasing demand for veterinarians in public health has created an environment for innovative educational approaches, providing opportunities for veterinary students to gain additional education in public health. At the University of Tennessee, this environment has enabled a collaboration between the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences to establish a veterinary concentration in an existing Master of Public Health degree program. The veterinary public-health concentration was approved in 2004. In addition, other courses and initiatives have been developed at the College of Veterinary Medicine, creating stronger collaborations with academic units and public-health professionals.

The Combined Master of Public Health Program at Tufts University

Article

Feb 2008

The Combined Master of Public Health program at Tufts University unites medical and veterinary medical students in a four-year curriculum that integrates students' clinical studies with simultaneous studies on population health. Thirty years ago, Tufts University adopted a "One Medicine" approach to teaching health professionals. That perspective has been updated as "One Health" and is now being applied in a university environment that emphasizes interdisciplinary education, a global outlook, and civic engagement.

A New Approach to Teaching Veterinary Public Health at the Ohio State University

Article

Feb 2008

Public-health practitioners with expertise in the area of veterinary public health are expected to understand the prevention and control of zoonotic infectious diseases in both human and animal populations. This focus on multiple species is what makes the veterinary public health (VPH) official unique. The development of a new VPH specialization within the existing Master of Public Health (MPH) degree program at the Ohio State University represents a significant new collaboration between the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Public Health. The main objective of the VPH specialization is to educate and train professionals to provide them with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to protect and improve human health using a One Medicine approach. The program targets a population of students who will likely enter the professional veterinary medicine curriculum but have one year available to enhance their preparatory training in health sciences before beginning the program. A core series of VPH courses was initiated to complement the existing MPH course requirements. The program has been successful in attracting students from the primary target population, but it has also attracted students wanting the MPH as a terminal degree and veterinarians returning to school to expand their career options.

Joint Degree Programs in Public Health

Article

Feb 2008

William D Hueston

Public health and veterinary medicine share a focus on population health and primary prevention, along with a commitment to preparedness, response, and recovery in the event of disease outbreaks. Public-health and veterinary professional degree programs share commonalities in their educational accreditation requirements related to epidemiology and public-health practice. The initiation of a number of joint professional degree programs over the last five years, including the joint Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and Master of Public Health (DVM/MPH), represents an exciting development for inter-professional education for veterinarians interested in public health. Various models for joint DVM/MPH educational programs are discussed, including pre-veterinary public-health credentialing, integrated programs, and post-DVM executive programs. Collaborations between colleges of veterinary medicine and schools of public health show great promise in both educational and research innovation.

Veterinary Medicine Is Public Health

Article

Feb 2008

The symposium Partnerships for Preparedness: Future Directions of Schools of Public Health and Colleges of Veterinary Medicine documents the importance of further integration between the fields of veterinary medicine and public health to protect our nation from public-health emergencies. Current areas targeted for improved collaboration include academic programs, public policy, workforce training, and research.

Letter to the Editor: One Health Initiative

Article

Feb 2008

From Osler to Olafson. The evolution of veterinary pathology in North America.

Article

Feb 1987
CAN J VET RES

L Z Saunders

Most branches of biological science in North America developed first in the United States, and later were taught and practiced in Canada. An exception was veterinary pathology, which as a discipline taught in veterinary colleges and as a field of research, developed first in Canada, and from there crossed the border to the United States. Pathology was first taught at the Montreal Veterinary College, founded in 1866 by Duncan McEachran, a graduate of the Edinburgh Veterinary College. From the outset, he formed a close association with the medical faculty of McGill University, permitting his students to attend the same classes in the basic subjects with the medical students. Eventually, the Montreal Veterinary College became formally affiliated with McGill University, as the Faculty of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science. The McGill veterinary faculty was forced to close for economic reasons in 1903, but it left an enduring legacy, particularly in the field of veterinary pathology. The legacy, a novel concept in the 1870's, was that pathology was the cornerstone of a veterinary education; the place where anatomy, physiology, chemistry and botany met with the clinical subjects, and gave the latter meaning. This tradition was formed at the Montreal Veterinary College by the world renowned physician William Osler, North America's leading medical teacher, whom McEachran had invited to teach at the College in 1876 in addition to his duties in the faculty of medicine. Osler had studied with Virchow in Berlin and applied his methods of autopsy technique and of scientific inquiry to his teaching of both human and veterinary pathology at McGill. Osler also undertook investigations into various diseases of domestic animals, at the request of McEachran, who doubled as Chief Veterinary Inspector for the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Osler left McGill University in 1884. Only after that year did other North American veterinary schools adopt pathology as a discipline of instruction. However, by 1884, Osler had already left his indelible imprint on the students (both medical and veterinary) he had taught in Montreal, one of whom took over the teaching of pathology in the veterinary college. Another, who followed Osler's example and also studied in Berlin with Virchow, wrote the first book in the English language on veterinary post mortem technique in 1889.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Immunological surveillance against altered self components by sensitised T lymphocytes in lymphocytes choriomeningitis

Article

Nov 1974

Specific lysis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) infected monolayer cultures occurs only when targets and overlying, sensitised T cells share at least one set of H 2 antigenic specificities. The results demonstrated that there are sensitised T cells of at least 2 specificities in LCM infected H 2(k/b) mice, each recognising a complex of virus plus H 2 (or modified H 2) of one parent type. Recirculating T cells may function essentially to survey the integrity of transplantation antigens, or structures coded for by the H 2 gene complex. Recognition of cell surface changes due to virus infection, chemical modification or genetic difference (alloantigens) may then be accommodated within the same model.

Ecotoxicology and ecosystem health: Roles for veterinarians; goals of the Envirovet program

Article

Oct 1993
JAVMA-J AM VET MED A

Val Richard Beasley

The Jenner bicentenary: The introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine

Article

Dec 1996

D Baxby

This review describes the background to Jenner's first vaccination, his later work, and the dissemination of information about vaccination and the vaccine itself. Although based on relatively slender evidence, Jenner's theories were basically sound and he merits the credit given him. Given the circumstances, particularly the slow speed of travel and the lack of information about the duration of immunity, vaccination became established very quickly in many countries.

Virchow's Contributions to Veterinary Medicine: Celebrated Then, Forgotten Now

Article

Jun 2000

L Z Saunders

In 1858, Rudolf Virchow, the professor of pathology in Berlin University, published the book "Cellular Pathology". A compendium of his lectures to physicians and medical students, he introduced the use of microscopy for the study of human diseases. To an astonishing extent Rudolf Virchow was helpful to the disciplines of veterinary medicine (and veterinary pathology). Considered a scientific genius in several disciplines, this essay deals exclusively with the devotion of Virchow, a scholarly physician, to the profession of veterinary medicine. He respected veterinary research, supported governmental veterinary education, and provided a role model for the veterinarians who were drafting control legislation of contagious diseases in livestock. Repeatedly, he responded in help when seemingly irretrievable problems arose. Examples of Virchow's activities in the realms of veterinary medicine and pathology are marshalled here to shed light on this pioneer "veterinary pathologist". In celebration of 50 years of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists in 1999, it is timely to remember that Rudolf Virchow, the father of cellular pathology, also fathered veterinary pathology, whose offsprings in Canada and the U.S.A. (Osler, Clement, Williams, Olafson, Jones) had enabled them to form and foster the A.C.V.P.

Emerging infections in animals - Potential new zoonoses?

Article

Oct 2004
CLIN LAB MED

It is well recognized that most emerging diseases of humans are zoonotic, and that the forces working to create emerging diseases in humans are also operating in animal populations. However, what is often overlooked is that emerging human diseases are usually preceded by the emergence of the same pathogen in an animal population. In fact, the developing disease in animals acts as a link allowing the disease to take hold and wreck havoc in public health. Numerous examples--Rift Valley fever, monkeypox, Nipah, and Ebola--serve to underscore this linkage and to highlight the increasing interconnectedness of animal and human health.

The New Medical “Missionaries” — Grooming the Next Generation of Global Health Workers

Article

May 2006
NEW ENGL J MED

Addressing Global Health Through the Marriage of Public Health and Medicine: Developing the University of Washington Department of Global Health

Article

Nov 2006
ACAD MED

Widespread interest in global health issues is a common characteristic of students and faculty in schools of public health and schools of medicine. Building on strong university-based and community-based programs in global health, the University of Washington has created a unique Department of Global Health that is housed jointly in its School of Public Health and Community Medicine and its School of Medicine. The creation of this department has generated significant enthusiasm throughout the university and the Seattle community as a new paradigm for addressing global health education, research, and service. Placing the new Department of Global Health in two university schools and finding the appropriate niche for the department among the university's many global health initiatives presented challenges, as well as opportunities. This article describes the goals of the department, the process by which it was created, and what it expects to accomplish.

International Medical Education and Future Directions: A Global Perspective

Article

Jan 2007
ACAD MED

Ronald M Harden

Internationalization, one of the most important forces in higher education today, presents a powerful challenge and an opportunity for medical schools. Factors encouraging internationalization include (1) globalization of health care delivery, (2) governmental pressures, (3) improved communication channels, (4) development of a common vocabulary, (5) outcome-based education and standards, (6) staff development initiatives, and (7) competitiveness and commercialization. A three-dimensional model--based on the student (local or international), the teacher (local or international), and the curriculum (local, imported, or international)-offers a range of perspectives for international medical education. In the traditional approach to teaching and learning medicine, local students and local teachers use a local curriculum. In the international medical graduate or overseas student model, students from one country pursue in another country a curriculum taught and developed by teachers in the latter. In the branch-campus model, students, usually local, have an imported curriculum taught jointly by international and local teachers. The future of medical education, facilitated by the new learning technologies and pedagogies, lies in a move from such international interconnected approaches, which emphasize the mobility of students, teachers, and curriculum across the boundaries of two countries, to a transnational approach in which internationalization is integrated and embedded within a curriculum and involves collaboration between a number of schools in different countries. In this approach, the study of medicine is exemplified in the global context rather than the context of a single country. The International Virtual Medical School serves as an example in this regard.

Beyond Borders: Building Global Health Programs at McGill University Faculty of Medicine

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

Globalization has irrevocably altered the determinants of health as well as the delivery of health care. Although these changes have been increasingly recognized by governments and funding agencies, and despite the large and growing interest in global health topics among faculty and students, many medical educational programs lack courses or programs in this important area. At McGill University Faculty of Medicine, the Global Health Programs (GHP) were established to build research and training capacity in global health locally and internationally, to stimulate individuals to work in related fields and topics, and to facilitate partnerships with institutions around the world. These goals are addressed through programs that foster communication among interested faculty and students; provide resources such as project databases and easily accessed, centrally located reference materials; and provide both financial and consultative support for faculty and student initiatives. Important lessons learned in building GHP at McGill include (1) the need for a dedicated senior faculty member to lead the program while promoting activities and initiatives, (2) the need for resources to begin new projects, and (3) a willingness to work with others to achieve common goals. Most medical schools already have faculty engaged in and students interested in global health activities. By bringing interested individuals together with a modest infusion of additional resources and creativity, it is possible to develop programs that provide exciting global health educational opportunities for the medical school community and beyond.

Think Globally, Act Locally, and Collaborate Internationally: Global Health Sciences at the University of California, San Francisco

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) established Global Health Sciences (GHS) as a campus-wide initiative in 2003. The mission of GHS is to facilitate UCSF's engagement in global health across its four schools by (1) creating a supportive environment that promotes UCSF's leadership role in global health, (2) providing education and training in global health, (3) convening and coordinating global health research activities, (4) establishing global health outreach programs locally in San Francisco and California, (5) partnering with academic centers, especially less-well-resourced institutions in low- and middle-income countries, and (6) developing and collaborating in international initiatives that address neglected global health issues.GHS education programs include a master of science (MS) program expected to start in September 2008, an introduction to global health for UCSF residents, and a year of training at UCSF for MS and PhD students from low- and middle-income countries that is "sandwiched" between years in their own education program and results in a UCSF Sandwich Certificate. GHS's work with partner institutions in California has a preliminary focus on migration and health, and its work with academic centers in low- and middle-income countries focuses primarily on academic partnerships to train human resources for health. Recognizing that the existing academic structure at UCSF may be inadequate to address the complexity of global health threats in the 21st century, GHS is working with the nine other campuses of the University of California to develop a university-wide transdisciplinary initiative in global health.

A Trans-University Center for Global Health

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

Can the challenge of improving health engage university faculty and students across all disciplines to more deeply understand the world and its people in order to make it a better place? Faculty and staff at the University of Virginia's (UVa) Center for Global Health (CGH) think it can. The authors argue that by working to understand, teach, and improve the human condition, universities can engage multiple disciplines, help reverse the "brain drain," and even change perspectives.The transuniversity Center for Global Health (CGH) at UVa employs three components for addressing global health issues: (1) scholars: sending UVa students abroad to conduct international fieldwork focused on global health, (2) fellows: inviting international colleagues selected by collaborating institutions abroad to work and train at UVa and return to become leaders in their home institutions, and (3) curricula: supporting and developing global health-related curricula throughout the university.UVa's CGH is associated with sister CGHs in Fortaleza, Brazil; Hefei, China; Manila, Philippines; Accra, Ghana; and Thohoyandou, South Africa. Work with international colleagues in these centers provides opportunities for bilateral training of the next generations of leaders in global health around the world. Universities are uniquely positioned to enlist multiple disciplines to unravel the complex causes of health disparities, sustain international collaborations, and change students' outlook on the world through overseas experiences. A university that actively supports global health becomes increasingly internationalized, grounded in scientific excellence, and committed to addressing the most pressing issues humanity faces today.

Building Global Health Through a Center-Without-Walls: The Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

The Institute for Global Health at Vanderbilt enables the expansion and coordination of global health research, service, and training, reflecting the university's commitment to improve health services and outcomes in resource-limited settings. Global health encompasses both prevention via public health and treatment via medical care, all nested within a broader community-development context. This has fostered university-wide collaborations to address education, business/economics, engineering, nursing, and language training, among others. The institute is a natural facilitator for team building and has been especially helpful in organizing institutional responses to global health solicitations from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and other funding agencies. This center-without-walls philosophy nurtures noncompetitive partnerships among and within departments and schools. With extramural support from the NIH and from endowment and developmental investments from the school of medicine, the institute funds new pilot projects to nurture global educational and research exchanges related to health and development. Vanderbilt's newest programs are a CDC-supported HIV/AIDS service initiative in Africa and an overseas research training program for health science graduate students and clinical fellows. New opportunities are available for Vanderbilt students, staff, and faculty to work abroad in partnership with international health projects through a number of Tennessee institutions now networked with the institute. A center-without-walls may be a model for institutions contemplating strategic investments to better organize service and teaching opportunities abroad, and to achieve greater successes in leveraging extramural support for overseas and domestic work focused on tropical medicine and global health.

Creating a Center for Global Health at the University of Wisconsin-Madison

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

Globalization, migration, and widespread health disparities call for interdisciplinary approaches to improve health care at home and abroad. Health professions students are pursuing study abroad in increasing numbers, and universities are responding with programs to address these needs. The University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison schools of medicine and public health, nursing, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and the division of international studies have created an interdisciplinary center for global health (CGH). The CGH provides health professions and graduate students with courses, field experiences, and a new Certificate in Global Health. Educational programs have catalyzed a network of enthusiastic UW global health scholars. Partnerships with colleagues in less economically developed countries provide the foundation for education, research, and service programs. Participants have collaborated to improve the education of health professionals and nutrition in Uganda; explore the interplay between culture, community development, and health in Ecuador; improve animal health and address domestic violence in Mexico; and examine successful public health efforts in Thailand. These programs supply students with opportunities to understand the complex determinants of health and structure of health systems, develop adaptability and cross-cultural communication skills, experience learning and working in interdisciplinary teams, and promote equity and reduce health disparities at home and abroad. Based on the principles of equity, sustainability, and reciprocity, the CGH provides a strong foundation to address global health challenges through networking and collaboration among students, staff, and faculty within the UW and beyond.

The Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health: Transcending Borders for World Health

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

Thomas C Quinn

The causes and effects of many health problems, whether infectious, environmental, lifestyle related, or caused by manmade or natural disasters, are becoming increasingly global in nature. Integrated approaches to solving these problems require the expertise of large and diverse groups of health professionals, to design lifesaving research and to implement effective responses. The Johns Hopkins University public health, medical, and nursing communities have a history of leadership in both modern medicine and public health, and they have unparalleled human resources in the clinical, research, programmatic, policy, and educational domains, with an extensive network of international colleagues and collaborators. To best utilize these resources to have a positive impact on global health issues, the university created the Center for Global Health in 2006 to facilitate and coordinate the various international activities of the faculty and students in the field of global health. The center has seven specific initiatives aimed at educating students and facilitating the faculty's collaborative research: serving as a resource center for global health activities within the university; facilitating and coordinating topical areas of global research; promoting educational programs in global health; providing global health field training grants; granting global health scholarships; focusing on global health research and practice; and coordinating symposia, forums, and policy initiatives. The author elaborates on these initiatives and discusses challenges experienced in establishing the center, as well as evaluation methods for determining the center's success.

The Emory Global Health Institute: Developing Partnerships to Improve Health through Research, Training, and Service

Article

Mar 2008
ACAD MED

The authors discuss the Emory Global Health Institute, an organization that advances Emory University's global health efforts by providing guidance and financial support to Emory faculty, students, and alumni as they develop and implement global health initiatives. They discuss both the external and internal factors that led to the September 2006 establishment of the institute, as well as Emory's existing global health strengths on which it was founded. These strengths include Emory's schools of medicine, nursing, and public health, which were already deeply engaged in global health work, and Emory's long-standing partnerships with government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and other academic institutions working on a variety of global health problems. The institute serves as an internal resource for the entire Emory University community as its members work to solve critical global health issues around the world. The authors discuss the institute's vision, mission, goals, activities, and early accomplishments. They also discuss the institute's plans for the future and the challenges they foresee. In addition, the authors emphasize that it is important for academic institutions to establish strong global partnerships. Universities are much more likely to be successful in both launching and sustaining global health programs if they work in a true partnership with people who know firsthand what their health concerns are and how to best address them in their communities. The authors conclude that global health provides an opportunity for academic institutions to put aside their competitive tendencies and work collaboratively to address global health challenges.

Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Humans and Animals in the United States

Article

May 2008
Int J Parasitol

This paper reviews clinical and asymptomatic Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and other animals in the USA. Seroprevalence of T. gondii in humans and pigs is declining. Modes of transmission, epidemiology and environmental contamination with oocysts on land and sea are discussed.

Control and prevention of emerging parasitic zoonoses

Article

Jun 2008
Int J Parasitol

Bruno Chomel

Emerging zoonoses have been defined as zoonoses that are newly recognised or newly evolved, or that have occurred previously but show an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range. Among parasitic zoonoses, protozoa are particularly likely to emerge. Control and prevention of emerging parasitic zoonoses are complex tasks that require an integrative and multidisciplinary approach. Reduction of parasite burden is certainly a major objective but cannot be set alone. Therefore, environmental and ecological modifications need to be implemented to reduce not only the parasitic load, but also the risk of parasite transmission. Finally, education and behavioral changes are critical for the success of both control and prevention of these diseases. However, without appropriate financial resources specifically allocated at the local and national levels as well as through international cooperation, control and prevention of these emerging parasitic diseases will not be possible.

Evolution of a transdisciplinary “One Medicine–One Health” approach to global health education at the University of California, Davis

Abstract

No full-text available

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