No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The excretion and biological antioxidant activity of elderberry antioxidants in healthy humans
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to asses the renal excretion characteristics of elderberry anthocyanins, and to determine whether the consumption of elderberry juice would enhance postprandial plasma antioxidant status in healthy humans. In eight healthy subjects receiving a single oral dose of elderberry juice, the pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from 7 h urine excretion. The mean fraction of orally ingested total anthocyanins (sum of cyanidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-glucoside) excreted unchanged with values of 0.033%, 0.038% and 0.040% after ingestion of 361, 541 and 722 mg, respectively, did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). This is suggestive of a dose-independent urinary excretion of elderberry anthocyanins. Furthermore, plasma antioxidant capacity and total phenolics were significantly increased 1 h after ingestion of 400 ml of elderberry juice. Anthocyanins as the characteristic phenolic compounds in elderberries and elderberry juice were detected as unchanged glycosides in the volunteers’ plasma post-intake.
... Therefore, after exclusion, a total of forty-nine studies investigating the effects of soft fruits on markers of oxidative stress was included in the review. [52][53][54][55][56][57][59][60][61][62][64][65][66]69,70,[72][73][74][75][76][78][79][80][81][82] These papers were published in more than twenty different journals and studies were conducted in sixteen different countries, but mainly USA, Canada, Germany and Italy. The results obtained are reported in Tables 1 and 2 High-fat test meal + strawberry beverage (containing a mixture of cultivated strawberry in freezedried form). ...
... 76 In Table 1 are reported the main results on biomarkers of oxidative stress following the postprandial intake of berries. Of the thirteen studies considered, nine used a single food for the intervention, 53,54,57,[59][60][61][62]65,66 while five studies tested the effect of a mix of berries. 52,55,56,58,64 Berries were provided mainly in the form of purées, juices or beverages (i.e. ...
... Eight out of nine studies showed that the intake of a single portion of berries significantly increased serum/plasma antioxidant status com-pared to the control group as assessed by the methods previously reported. [52][53][54][55]57,59,60,64 The effect of the modulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes was investigated only in one study that documented a significant increase in SOD and GSH-Px activity in red blood cells following the consumption of cranberry juice. 66 Thus, no conclusion can be drawn about the role of a single portion of berries in the modulation on such biomarkers. ...
Berries are an excellent source of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals but above all polyphenols with anthocyanins as the most representative compounds. Several in vitro and in vivo studies documented the beneficial effects of berries and their bioactives in the modulation of numerous cell functions related to oxidative stress and/or antioxidant protection. The following review summarizes published results about the role of berries (either fresh, juice, freeze-dried or dehydrated) on total plasma and serum antioxidant status and on the modulation of biomarkers of oxidative stress in acute and chronic human intervention trials. The biomarkers considered include DNA, protein and lipid oxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Though limited, there is indication that the consumption of berries may reduce oxidative stress by modulating protein and lipid oxidation, and by improving total antioxidant status. In particular, these effects are more evident following medium/long term interventions with respect to postprandial studies. Benefits are observed in healthy subjects as well as in those with cardiovascular risk factors or other diseases. On the contrary, data regarding the effect of berries on DNA damage and endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities are still scarce and inconclusive. In conclusion, much remains to be elucidated before a comprehensive understanding of the effects of berries on the modulation of oxidative stress markers is achieved. Robust clinical evidence supporting the role of berries in counteracting oxidative stress in humans is encouraged.
... They are potent antioxidants in vitro 14) and may be protective against many degenerative diseases 7) . Numerous studies have shown that anthocyanins are absorbed in their original glycosylated forms in humans [15][16][17][18] . They appear in urine after supplementation with berries or berry extracts but in very low concentrations 15,16,18) . ...
... Numerous studies have shown that anthocyanins are absorbed in their original glycosylated forms in humans [15][16][17][18] . They appear in urine after supplementation with berries or berry extracts but in very low concentrations 15,16,18) . Anthocyanins have also been found in human plasma in very low concentrations [15][16][17][18] . ...
... They appear in urine after supplementation with berries or berry extracts but in very low concentrations 15,16,18) . Anthocyanins have also been found in human plasma in very low concentrations [15][16][17][18] . Recent research emphasized the importance of anthocyanins in development of cancer therapy, because it was found that the anthocyanins could decrease the in vitro invasiveness of cancer cells 19) . ...
Anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of various red fruit juices
(black currant, red raspberry, blackberry, sour cherry, sweet cherry,
strawberry, chokeberry, and elderberry juice) has been evaluated in this
study by using HPLC, pH-differential, and DPPH method. Anthocyanins
were the predominant phenolic components (66 % in elderberry juice,
56 % in black currant juice) or represented considerable portion in total
polyphenol content of some juices (40 % in blackberry juice, 33 % in
chokeberry juice). Amount of anthocyanins determined by HPLC method
ranged from 202 to 6287 mg l –1 in strawberry and elderberry juice, respectively.
Anthocyanins present in investigated red fruit juices were derivatives
of cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin and peonidin. Chokeberry,
elderberry, blackberry and sour cherry juice were characterized by cyanidin
derivatives, black currant juice by delphinidin and cyanidin derivatives
and strawberry juice by pelargonidin derivatives. The major anthocyanins
in red raspberry and sweet cherry juice were derivatives of cyanidin although
peonidin (in sweet cherry juice) and pelargonidin derivatives
(in red raspberry juice) were found in low amount. Antioxidant activity
varied from 4 to 72 μmol TE/ml in sweet cherry and chokeberry juice,
respectively. High correlation was observed between antioxidant activity
and total anthocyanin content of investigated red fruit juices. Overall results
showed that red fruit juices can serve as a good source of bioactive
phytochemicals in human diet. Chokeberry, elderberry and black currant
juice were the richest in anthocyanin content and showed the strongest
antioxidant activity, as well. Therefore, these three juices can be regarded
as good candidates for raw materials in production of functional foods.
... As potential health effects of polyphenols seem to depend on the resulting metabolites from degradation by the colonic microbiota [12], the individual microbiome configuration seems to be a key determinant of potential effects of polyphenol-rich black elderberry extracts. The bioavailability of polyphenols is variable and depends on the nutritional setting in which the substance is presented and an extensive secondary metabolism, largely by the intestinal microbiome [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Thus, microbiome composition might influence polyphenol effects in given individuals through diverse modification [20,21]. ...
... Food-derived anthocyanins exhibit a low bioavailability in their native form [15] but are partly metabolized and taken up in the intestine and can be recovered from the urine [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]30,31]. ...
(1) Background: The intestinal microbiome has emerged as a central factor in human physiology and its alteration has been associated with disease. Therefore, great hopes are placed in microbiota-modulating strategies. Among various approaches, prebiotics, substrates with selective metabolization conferring a health benefit to the host, are promising candidates. Herein, we studied the prebiotic properties of a purified extract from European black elderberries, with a high and standardized content of polyphenols and anthocyanins. (2) Methods: The ELDERGUT trial represents a 9-week longitudinal intervention study divided into 3 distinct phases, namely a baseline, an intervention and a washout period, three weeks each. The intervention consisted of capsules containing 300 mg elderberry extract taken twice a day. Patient-reported outcomes and biosamples were collected weekly. Microbiome composition was assessed using 16S amplicon metagenomics. (3) Results: The supplementation was well tolerated. Microbiome trajectories were highly individualized with a profound shift in diversity indices immediately upon initiation and after termination of the compound. This was accompanied by corresponding changes in species abundance over time. Of particular interest, the relative abundance of Akkermansia spp. continued to increase in a subset of participants even beyond the supplementation period. Associations with participant metadata were detected.
... Berries appear efficacious in mediating antioxidant status in humans [259]. In a number of acute studies, berry consumption increases plasma antioxidant status [260][261][262][263][264][265][266]. This increase has been shown in healthy middle-aged males after consumption of 240 g of bilberries, lingonberries, or blackcurrants [260] and 100 g freeze-dried blueberry powder with a high-fat meal [261,262]. ...
... Increased plasma antioxidant capacity has also been shown in females following ingestion of a blueberry beverage, including 200 g of blueberries, 50 g banana, and 200 mL of apple juice, but this was investigated in relation to exerciseinduced muscle injury [266]. A number of mixed-sex samples confirm similar findings following consumption of 400 mL of an antioxidant-rich juice (30% white grape, 25% blackcurrant, 15% elderberry, 10% sour cherry, 10% blackberry, and 10% aronia) [263], 400 mL of elderberry juice [264], or 1 kg of strawberries [265]. Results from another mixedsex sample indicate that acute consumption of cranberry polyphenols (456 mL cranberry leaf extract beverage or 480 mL of cranberry juice cocktail) may positively alter endogenous antioxidant systems, including increases in GPx and SOD activity [267]. ...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence, pathogenesis, and manifestation is differentially influenced by biological sex. Berry polyphenols target several signaling pathways pertinent to CVD development, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiac and vascular remodeling, and there are innate differences in these pathways that also vary by sex. There is limited research systematically investigating sex differences in berry polyphenol effects on these pathways, but there are fundamental findings at this time that suggest a sex-specific effect. This review will detail mechanisms within these pathological pathways, how they differ by sex, and how they may be individually targeted by berry polyphenols in a sex-specific manner. Because of the substantial polyphenolic profile of berries, berry consumption represents a promising interventional tool in the treatment and prevention of CVD in both sexes, but the mechanisms in which they function within each sex may vary.
... Furthermore, it was also observed that even after the restriction period, total phenols in plasma were detected at baseline in both groups, although lower values compared to post intervention values. These results are consistent with previous studies that also showed phenolics at baseline even after polyphenol restrictions (Marnewick et al., 2011;Netzel et al., 2005), and are in line with expectations. ...
... However, there was no evidence about the effects of juçara juice on oxidative stress during exercise in humans; it was decided to remove the wide variability of typical dietary polyphenolic consumption as a confounding factor for the present study results. In addition, previous studies investigating the acute consumption of antioxidant food have also performed anthocyanin and polyphenol restrictions (Netzel et al., 2005;Tulipani et al., 2009), as well as studies including exercise interventions (Bell, Walshe, Davison, Stevenson, & Howatson, 2014;Bell, Walshe, Davison, Stevenson, & Howatson, 2015;Bell, Stevenson, Davison, & Howatson, 2016;Bloedon et al., 2015;Braakhuis et al., 2014;Carvalho-Peixoto et al., 2015). However, the authors recognize the importance of future studies being conducted under conditions which individuals would keep their typical diet before consuming antioxidant-rich food and exercising. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of juçara juice on oxidative stress biomarkers and fatigue in a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session. Fifteen physically active men were assigned to drink 250 mL of juçara juice or water (control) 1 h before exercise. Blood samples were collected 1 h prior to exercise, immediately post exercise, and 1 h post exercise. From the relative average changes, a decrease in oxidative stress index was observed immediately post exercise (P = 0.020) and an increase in reduced glutathione 1 h post exercise (P = 0.044) in the juçara juice intake group in relation to the control. Juçara juice intake also promoted increases in plasma total phenols (P = 0.020), and uric acid (P = 0.001) over time. Moreover, individuals who consumed juçara juice presented lower fatigue compared to the control (P < 0.001). It is suggested that juçara juice intake may contribute to antioxidant responses and can attenuate fatigue after an HIIT session.
... Given the high anthocyanin content of BE it is conceivable that anti-oxidative effects and potential beneficial effects on exercise performance might be seen following the provision of BE. Black elderberry-derived polyphenols may provide particular potent antioxidant properties by increasing the volume of circulating antioxidant molecules [41], leading to free radical neutralization, and reductions in oxidative stress [41,[69][70][71][72][73]. Much of the anti-oxidative capacity associated with BE may be attributed to the antioxidant promoting anthocyanins, C3G, and C3S. ...
... BE-derived antioxidants have also been reported to improve endothelial function by mediating the expression of various cell adhesion molecules (CAM) and by regulating the cell redox status [70,74]. Cell adhesion molecules promote a pro-oxidant environment via overproduction of macrophages, which induce significant concentrations of ROS [69]. ...
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites involved in a myriad of critical processes in plants. Over recent decades, special attention has been paid to the anti-oxidative role of fruit-derived polyphenols in the human diet, with evidence supporting the contribution of polyphenols in the prevention of numerous non-communicable disease outcomes. However, due to the low concentration in biological fluids in vivo, the antioxidant properties of polyphenols seem to be related to an enhanced endogenous antioxidant capacity induced via signaling through the nuclear respiratory factor 2 pathway. Polyphenols also seem to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and have been shown to enhance vascular function via nitric oxide mediated mechanisms. Consequently, there is rationale to support fruit-derived polyphenol supplementation to enhance exercise performance, possibly via improved muscle perfusion. Fruit-derived polyphenol supplementation in exercise studies have included a variety of fruits, e.g., New Zealand blackcurrant, pomegranate, and cherry, in the form of extracts (multicomponent or purified), juices and infusions to varying degrees of benefit. For example, research has yet to link the health-related benefits of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) ingestion to exercise performance in spite of the purported health benefits associated with black elderberry provision in vitro and in vivo models, which has been attributed to their high antioxidant capacity and polyphenol content. This review summarizes the existing evidence supporting a beneficial effect of fruit-derived polyphenols on various biological processes and outlines the potential for black elderberry ingestion to improve nitric oxide production, exercise performance, and the associated physiological responses before-, during- and post-exercise.
... Most studies have been performed in vitro and access the potential inhibition or scavenging capacity of aqueous or hydro-alcoholic S. nigra extracts, against ROS, using 2,2-azobis(3-ethyl-benzothialzoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) [78,103], β-carotene/linoleic acid oxidation [81], 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) [81, 91, 103 -106], ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) [78], oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) [79], cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) [107], among others. Studies performed so far include in vitro assays on elderflowers extracts [78,81,91,104,105,107,108], and on elderberries extracts in vitro [79, 103, 106, 109 -113], in vivo [114,115], and even in human trials [116,117]. ...
... Similarly, the data obtained on elderberries antioxidant studies conducted on humans are still insufficient: although an increase on the baseline plasma Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) after ingestion of 400 mL of elderberry juice was reported, 4h after dosing they returned to baseline, while another study revealed that a spraydried elderberry juice (400 mg, equivalent to 5 mL of fresh juice) did not altered significantly the serum lipids, resistance to oxidation of LDL cholesterol and antioxidant vitamins pattern [116,117]. ...
... Many studies confirmed the antioxidant activities and healthy benefits of anthocyanin in different fruits and vegetables. [29][30][31] Anthocyanin has been accepted as a drug in many countries. Studies suggested that natural anthocyanin available in fruits and vegetables is effective on many vascular degenerative diseases. ...
... Other beneficial effects of anthocyanin are anti-angiogenesis, anti-hyperlipemia and anti-inflammatory effects. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] It is also believed that LID has consistently been related to excessive DA, 9 although not strictly paralleled by a raise in striatum DA tone. 40 Although DA provision is the main and most important therapy for Parkinson's disease, its excessive amounts after many years of therapy could impose bradykinesia or dyskinesia via unknown mechanism probably due to its oxidation. ...
Background and objective
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a movement disorder that occurs due to levodopa consumption for a long period to attenuate Parkinsonism. Plants have been the basis for medical treatments in human history and still widely practiced. Blackberry (Morus nigra) is one of the fruits rich in anthocyanin. The present study examined the effect of blackberry fruit juice on LID in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson’s disease in mice.
Materials and methods
In this study, 42 male mice were used, which were divided into six groups equally: one control group and five groups receiving MPTP injection. After confirmation of Parkinsonism in MPTP groups, one group was preserved without treatment and four other groups were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg ip). After the onset of LID (2 weeks), one group was kept without additional treatment and three other groups were treated with three different doses of blackberry fruit juice (5, 10, and 15 mL/kg) with levodopa orally for 7 days. Abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) and cylinder behavioral test were carried out according to the schedule. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software with the significant level of P<0.05.
Results
Parkinson’s disease was confirmed with AIMS test on the fourth day after MPTP injection. The onset of LID was observed after 2 weeks of levodopa treatment using both behavioral tests. The result of administration of M. nigra fruit juice for 1 week showed that this addition is useful in hindering LID. These effects were more pronounced at doses 10 and 15 mL/kg with nearly the same results on attenuating AIMS. Low dose of the fruit juice does not seem to affect LID significantly.
Conclusion
M. nigra fruit juice is effective to attenuate LID in an MPTP-induced Parkinson mice model.
... To sum up Table 1 data, it can be concluded that research has been mainly focused on the absorption and urinary excretion of the anthocyanin constituents from elderberry formulations upon a single dose oral administration. Elderberry anthocyanins were absorbed from the intestine to the blood, with low recoveries reported in urine [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]. Anthocyanins are both absorbed in their unchanged form or might be hydrolyzed in the gut and metabolized in the liver by glycosylation to increase the solubility prior to excretion via the kidneys [74,75,78,80,81]. ...
... Table 2 summarizes the main findings regarding the antioxidant activity of elderflowers and elderberries preparations. Several studies analyzed the antioxidant activity of S. nigra preparations using in vitro and in vivo studies (Table 2) [54,83,112,[114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127]129]. These activities are often linked to phenolic compounds, although it is important to point out possible interactions between extract components, including non-phenolic compounds, influence of extraction parameters [115,121], and pre-and postharvest conditions [118,130], which play a critical role on the outcome of the antioxidant data. ...
... malic, citric, shikimic, fumaric, malonic, valeric acids), sugars, pectins and vitamins C and B (Dawidowicz et al., 2006;Veberic et al., 2009). Elderberries have antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and pro-immunological properties (Zakay-Rones et al., 1995;Netzel et al., 2005). Fresh fruits are rarely consumed and they are most commonly processed into syrups and jams. ...
... Fresh fruits are rarely consumed and they are most commonly processed into syrups and jams. Recently, there has been growing interest in elderberry extracts used as soft drinks and/or food additives (Netzel et al., 2005;Veberic et al., 2009). In the human body, the absorption of anthocyanins is probably more efficient when they are derived from extracts rather than from fresh fruits, in which these compounds are not extracted from plant cells (Wu et al., 2002). ...
Background:
The pharmaceutical and food industries expect detailed knowledge on the physicochemical properties of elderberry fruit extracts, their stability and microbiological quality, as well as the polyphenol content in elderberry cultivars. The characteristics of the extracts might be additionally modified by citric acid, which improves the stability of anthocyanins and protects processed fruits and syrups from pathogenic microorganisms. The choice of the method with citric acid was a consequence of the physicochemical charac teristics of elderberry pigments, which are not stable under the effect of light in alcoholic solutions. The aim of study was to analyze the properties of elderberry fruit extracts regarding polyphenol content and antiradical activity, as well as their stability and microbiological quality.
Methods:
The plant material consisted of fruit from four cultivars (Alleso, Korsor, Sampo, Samyl) of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The following were determined in fruit extracts: polyphe- nolic content (HPLC), antiradical activity (ABTS and DPPH) and stability and microbiological quality.
Results:
The HPLC analysis of polyphenols demonstrated that the extracts from fruits collected from cv. Samyl had the highest 3-sambubioside cyanidin content and those from cv. Korsor contained the highest quantity of 3-glucoside cyanidin. The extracts from cv. Sampo fruit had a dominant 3-sambubioside-5-gluco- side cyanidin and 3,5-diglucoside cyanidin content. The highest quercetin (5.92 mg 100 mg-1 of extract) and caffeic acid (1.21 mg 100 mg-1 of extract) content was found in fruit extracts from cv. Alleso. The cultivars Samyl and Korsor had a higher level of anthocyanins and higher antiradical activity (ABTS) in fruit extracts than cv. Alleso and Sampo. The antiradical activity (DPPH) of fruit extracts from elderberry cultivars as- sessed in this research was similar. The degradation index for all fruit extracts was similar (DI = 1.035). The microbiological species detected in extracts were classified as moulds (Penicillum sp., Aspergillus sp.) and yeasts (Rhodotorula sp., Torulopsis sp., Trichosporon sp., Saccharomyces sp.).
Conclusions:
The research findings may support the selection of certain cultivars for industrial applications. The high stability of anthocyanins and low level of microbiological impurities in elderberry extracts ensure the high quality of such a raw material in food and pharmaceutical processing.
... There are many studies supporting the idea that Sambucus nigra L. is a true pharmacy, considered to be rich in biologically active components, which it is available in modern medicine (Kovalenko, 1994). The consumption of elder helps in the prevention and therapy for a number of diseases, such as diabetes (Bhattacharya et al., 2013;Fowler, 2010;Folmer et al., 2014;Gray et al., 2000;Kashyap and DeFronzo, 2007;Netzel et al., 2005;Song et al., 2014), obesity (Christensen et al., 2010;Chrubasik et al., 2008), antibacterial and antifungal activity (Hearst et al., 2010;Kinoshita et al., 2012;Kong, 2009;Krawitz et al., 2011), antitumour activity (Pehlivan Karakas et al., 2012;Thole et al., 2006), immune system stimulation (Ciocoiu et al., 2012;Frøkiaer et al., 2012;Groza et al., 2010), protection against UV radiation (Chen et al., 2012;Jarzycka et al., 2013), diuretic and laxative activity (Beaux et al., 1999;Picon et al., 2010). The composition of all plant parts of black elder it depends in fact, of degree of ripeness, the variety, climatic conditions and environmental (Sidor and Gramza-Michałowska, 2015). ...
... These data support the idea that Black elderberry fruit extract mediated synthesized AgNPs indicate, except for antioxidant activity, a great potential of agents against oxidative tissue injuries. Therefore a various in vitro models have demonstrated cytoprotective effect of elderberry extracts against oxidative damageBrighenti et al., 2005;Duymus et al., 2014Netzel, Strass et al. 2005;Puchau et al., 2009;Schroeter et al., 2000;Youdima et al., 2000. Nevertheless, black elder fruit contain toxic cyanogenic gly-cosides and should be consumed with caution not edible in fresh form. ...
Introduction: All plant parts of elderberry (leaves, berries, inflorescences, roots, shoots, bark) have a long history of use in herbal remedy or lots of culinary uses, widespread in almost every continent of the world (1). Pro-health properties indicated a role of elderberry products intake in the prevention of cancer and diabetes.
Aims: This paper presents an overview of the evaluation of biochemical compounds (sugars, organic acids, total phenolics, antioxidative activity, flavonoids, flavor and volatile compounds), found in flowers, berries and leaves of Sambucus nigra L.
Materials and Methods: Chromatographic profiling, spectrophotometric evaluation, DPPH antioxidant assay, ABTS radical scavenging activity.
Results: The variability of concentration compounds are found by uniform maturity of each phenophase of elderberry, hence the need varieties improve the quantity and quality of its yield. Elderberry has food industry properties associated with the presence of increased nutritive and decreased caloric value at fruits best correlated with the content of sugars and organic acids of flower, organic acids as a important metabolic pathway of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates. Several studies have confirmed that Sambucus nigra L. is a valuable raw material with many nutrients and bioactive substances, being extraordinarily rich in antioxidants, and the leaves are remarked as easily available source of antioxidant preparations in different domains (food products, pharmaceutics, or cosmetics).
Conclusion: A bush of Sambucus nigra L. in the garden is our true handy pharmacy, a food market like as functional ingredient, a spot of color with unmistakable smell.
... Most studies have been performed in vitro and access the potential inhibition or scavenging capacity of aqueous or hydro-alcoholic S. nigra extracts, against ROS, using 2,2-azobis(3-ethyl-benzothialzoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) [78,103], β-carotene/linoleic acid oxidation [81], 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) [81, 91, 103 -106], ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) [78], oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) [79], cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) [107], among others. Studies performed so far include in vitro assays on elderflowers extracts [78,81,91,104,105,107,108], and on elderberries extracts in vitro [79, 103, 106, 109 -113], in vivo [114,115], and even in human trials [116,117]. ...
... Similarly, the data obtained on elderberries antioxidant studies conducted on humans are still insufficient: although an increase on the baseline plasma Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) after ingestion of 400 mL of elderberry juice was reported, 4h after dosing they returned to baseline, while another study revealed that a spraydried elderberry juice (400 mg, equivalent to 5 mL of fresh juice) did not altered significantly the serum lipids, resistance to oxidation of LDL cholesterol and antioxidant vitamins pattern [116,117]. ...
... In recent times, elderberry has gained popularity in research and the wider community due to its reported antioxidant [18], antidiabetic [19], anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating [20], as well as antidepressant [21] properties. The berries are dark violet-black drupes which grow in clusters and owe their colour to the anthocyanins; a group of phenolic compounds which, amongst flavonoids, are abundant in elderberries and considered the active constituents of the fruits [22]. ...
... The slight effect of elderberry on physical health could be due to its reported antioxidant properties [37,38]. Antioxidant polyphenols are present in elderberries [22], bioavailable [39] and can increase serum antioxidant capacity [18]. In a recent randomised clinical trial it was shown that vitamin C supplementation improved physical activity levels in a population with adequate-to-low vitamin C status. ...
Intercontinental air travel can be stressful, especially for respiratory health. Elderberries have been used traditionally, and in some observational and clinical studies, as supportive agents against the common cold and influenza. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of 312 economy class passengers travelling from Australia to an overseas destination aimed to investigate if a standardised membrane filtered elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract has beneficial effects on physical, especially respiratory, and mental health. Cold episodes, cold duration and symptoms were noted in a daily diary and assessed using the Jackson score. Participants also completed three surveys containing questions regarding upper respiratory symptoms (WURSS-21) and quality of life (SF-12) at baseline, just before travel and at 4-days after travel. Most cold episodes occurred in the placebo group (17 vs. 12), however the difference was not significant (p = 0.4). Placebo group participants had a significantly longer duration of cold episode days (117 vs. 57, p = 0.02) and the average symptom score over these days was also significantly higher (583 vs. 247, p = 0.05). These data suggest a significant reduction of cold duration and severity in air travelers. More research is warranted to confirm this effect and to evaluate elderberry's physical and mental health benefits.
... In recent times, elderberry has gained popularity in research and the wider community due to its reported antioxidant [18], antidiabetic [19], anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating [20], as well as antidepressant [21] properties. The berries are dark violet-black drupes which grow in clusters and owe their colour to the anthocyanins; a group of phenolic compounds which, amongst flavonoids, are abundant in elderberries and considered the active constituents of the fruits [22]. ...
... The slight effect of elderberry on physical health could be due to its reported antioxidant properties [37,38]. Antioxidant polyphenols are present in elderberries [22], bioavailable [39] and can increase serum antioxidant capacity [18]. In a recent randomised clinical trial it was shown that vitamin C supplementation improved physical activity levels in a population with adequate-to-low vitamin C status. ...
Intercontinental air travel can be stressful, especially for respiratory health. Elderberries have been used traditionally, and in some observational and clinical studies, as supportive agents against the common cold and influenza. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of 312 economy class passengers travelling from Australia to an overseas destination aimed to investigate if a standardised membrane filtered elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract has beneficial effects on physical, especially respiratory, and mental health. Cold episodes, cold duration and symptoms were noted in a daily diary and assessed using the Jackson score. Participants also completed three surveys containing questions regarding upper respiratory symptoms (WURSS-21) and quality of life (SF-12) at baseline, just before travel and at 4-days after travel. Most cold episodes occurred in the placebo group (17 vs. 12), however the difference was not significant (p = 0.4). Placebo group participants had a significantly longer duration of cold episode days (117 vs. 57, p = 0.02) and the average symptom score over these days was also significantly higher (583 vs. 247, p = 0.05). These data suggest a significant reduction of cold duration and severity in air travelers. More research is warranted to confirm this effect and to evaluate elderberry's physical and mental health benefits.
... Polyphenols de-activate the harmful free (oxygen) radicals, protect the cell against oxidative stress, stimulate the function of vitamins and suppress lipid peroxidation processes (Scalbert, Manach, Morand, Remesy, & Jimenez, 2005;Schroeter, Williams, Matin, Iversen, & Rice-Evans, 2000). Elderberry flavonoids possess antioxidant, antibacterial and antiallergic properties (Dawidowicz, Wianowska, & Baraniak, 2006) and studies have indicated a role of elderberry products intake in the prevention of neurodegenerative and vascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and diabetes (Folmer et al., 2014;Murkovic et al., 2004;Netzel et al., 2005). ...
... The highest antioxidative activity was measured in JA Â RAC hybrid (39.59 mM TE/kg) and S. nigra (36.50 mM TE/kg) fruit. The consumption of elderberry-based food products is beneficial as various in vitro models have demonstrated high antioxidative activity and cytoprotective effect of elderberry extracts against oxidative damage (Duymus, Goger, & Baser, 2014;Netzel et al., 2005). Nevertheless, elderberry fruit should be consumed with caution as berries of the JA Â RAC hybrid are not edible in fresh form. ...
Differences in the content of sugars, organic acids, total phenolics and antioxidative activity have been evaluated among three different elderberry species (Sambucus nigra, Sambucus cerulea, Sambucus javanica) and seven interspecific hybrids. The highest content of sugars has been determined in the fruits of JA × CER hybrid and the lowest in fruits of (JA × NI) × cv. Black Beauty hybrid. S. nigra berries contained highest levels of total organic acids. S. nigra and (JA × NI) × CER flower extracts were characterized by 1.3- to 2.8-fold higher content of total sugars compared to other species/hybrids analyzed. Total phenolic content (TPC) in berries ranged from 3687 to 6831 mg GAE per kg FW. The highest TPC has been determined in S. nigra fruits and flowers. The ABTS scavenging activity differed significantly among species and hybrids and ranged from 3.2 to 39.59 mM trolox/kg FW in fruits and 44.87–118.26 mM trolox/kg DW in flowers.
... Elderberries (Sambucus nigra) are gaining attention due to their potential health promoting properties since many researchers have demonstrated the polyphenols and anthocyanin content of elderberry and their bioavailable antioxidant properties [27][28][29]. The color pigments from elderberry have high anthocyanin content [29], rich in organic acids, and polyphenols [30]. ...
... Elderberries (Sambucus nigra) are gaining attention due to their potential health promoting properties since many researchers have demonstrated the polyphenols and anthocyanin content of elderberry and their bioavailable antioxidant properties [27][28][29]. The color pigments from elderberry have high anthocyanin content [29], rich in organic acids, and polyphenols [30]. These properties make elderberries an attractive nutritional supplement in food applications. ...
The changes in total polyphenolics in elderberry (Sambucus nigra) following treatment with various doses of pulsed ultraviolet rays (UV) were investigated. Four pulsed UV durations (5, 10, 20, 30 seconds) at three energy dosages (4500, 6000, 11,000 J/m2/pulse) were considered for the research. All treated elderberry fruits were incubated for 24 h at room temperature (25℃) following treatment to ensure enough response duration for enhanced development of polyphenols by the berries. The highest increase in total phenolics around 50% was found with 11,000 J/m2/pulse for a 10 seconds treatment while nearly 40% increase in total phenolics was found at an energy dosage of 11,000 J/m2/pulse after 5 seconds exposure. Even though most of the treatments indicated an increase in total polyphenols, some treatment expressed a decrease in phenolics content when compared to untreated fruits.
... Saffron is a plant of Zanbagh family, multi-year scientific name Sativus Crocus, native regions, particularly Asia, southwest Asia, southern Europe and Spain, but it is cultivated in other parts of the world [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. ...
... Many of carotenoid pigments [8,9], both water-soluble and fatsoluble lycopene, alpha carotene, beta-carotene and carotenoids Zagzantyn and the water-soluble glycosides, krocin, which is a mixture of glycosides is more important. Additionally it contains saffron crocetin free aglycones and it's a small amount of anthocyanin pigments [1,3]. ...
... Increased levels of total plasma phenolic components were observed in these volunteers. When tested with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the total radical trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) assays, the plasma antioxidant capacity of these volunteers increased significantly after ingestion of 400 mL of elderberry juice carried out over one hour [31]. ...
Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is a widespread deciduous shrub, of which the fruits (elderberries) are used in the food industry to produce different types of dietary supplement products. These berries have been found to show multiple bioactivities, including antidiabetic, anti-infective, antineoplastic, anti-obesity, and antioxidant activities. An elderberry extract product, Sambucol®, has also been used clinically for the treatment of viral respiratory infections. As the major components, phenolic compounds, such as simple phenolic acids, anthocyanins and other flavonoids, and tannins, show promising pharmacological effects that could account for the bioactivities observed for elderberries. Based on these components, salicylic acid and its acetate derivative, aspirin, have long been used for the treatment of different disorders. Dapagliflozin, an FDA-approved antidiabetic drug, has been developed based on the conclusions obtained from a structure–activity relationship study for a simple hydrolyzable tannin, β-pentagalloylglucoside (β-PGG). Thus, the present review focuses on the development of therapeutic agents from elderberries and their small-molecule secondary metabolites. It is hoped that this contribution will support future investigations on elderberries.
... malic, citric, shikimic, fumaric, malonic, valeric acids), sugars, pectins, and vitamins C and B (9,10). Elderberries were proven to exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and immune function supporting properties (11)(12)(13). ISSN ...
European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) fruits constitute a valuable source of biologically active compounds useful in the pharmaceutical industry. We aimed to determine the content of chosen polyphenolic compounds in fruit extracts from four cultivars of elderberry (Alleso, Korsor, Sampo, Samyl) and their relation to antibacterial and antifungal activity. The content of polyphenols was determined with the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while antimicrobial activity, including minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal (MBC) or fungicidal (MFC) concentration, was studied with the use of microbroth dilution method. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of concentrations of cyanidin glycosides, caffeic and quercetin derivatives depending on the plant cultivar. The extracts exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus spp. (MIC = 0.313 – 0.625 mg/mL) and Helicobacter pylori (MIC = 0.313 – 1.25 mg/mL) and antifungal against Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis (MIC = 0.313 – 2.5 mg/mL). Results showed that the concentration of cyanidin glycosides, caffeic and quercetin derivatives depended on the analyzed S. nigra L. cultivar and pointed towards a correlation between their high content and antimicrobial activity. These results support the idea that elderberry fruits contain bioactive compounds providing them significant antimicrobial potential.
... Elderberry contains numerous bioactive and immune-modulating compounds [21], including lectins with direct anti-viral properties [22]. Elderberry is also rich in polyphenolic compounds including anthocyanins, which contribute to the color of the fruit and have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [23][24][25][26][27]. Flavonoids also contribute immune-modulating effects, binding directly to viral agents and preventing their recognition and entry into cells [28]. ...
Immune cells express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to recognize potentially pathogenic microbial forms. Nutraceutical compounds can induce immune cell activation through PRRs. The nutraceutical immune blend (IB), QuickStart™, contains botanical and yeast-derived ligands for PRRs, along with vitamin C and zinc. We evaluated immune-activating effects of the IB and its ingredients in vitro. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with either the IB or single ingredients: elderberry extract, the proprietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate EpiCor™ (Sacc), the plant-based hemicellulose preparation Natramune (PDS-2865)™ (Hemi), vitamin C (VitC), or zinc gluconate (Zinc). The IB triggered sequential waves of immune activation. Initial cytokine induction by the IB at 2 h involved the immune-activating cytokines IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and TNF-α, and the stem cell-mobilizing growth factor G-CSF, as did Sacc and Hemi. The 24 h immune-activation by the IB included increases in IL-1β, IL-17A, IP-10, GM-CSF, Basis FGF, PDGF-BB, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Increased CD69 expression by the IB was also seen for VitC and Sacc. Increased CD25 expression by the IB on monocytes was also seen for Sacc. The IB triggered rapid immune activating events of higher magnitude than the single ingredients, involving immune-activating cytokines and restorative growth factors. Clinical research is warranted to evaluate rapid immune-modulating events upon consumption.
... It is a dark violet-black drupe that owes its color to anthocyanins, a group of phenolic compounds considered the active elements of the fruits (Mikulic-Petkovsek et al. 2015). Elderberry has gained favor in recent research due to its reputed immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory (Badescu et al. 2015), antioxidant (Netzel et al. 2005), antidiabetic (Gray et al. 2000), as well as anti-depressant (Mahmoudi et al. 2014) characteristics. Additionally, elderberries contain a wide range of nutrients, including vitamins (e.g., A, B1, B2, B6, B9, C, and E), trace elements (e.g., Fe, Cu, and Zn), minerals (e.g., Ca, K, and Mg), and phytochemicals (e.g., carotenoids, polyphenols, and phytosterols) (Tiralongo et al. 2016). ...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is related to a problem in the gut-brain axis. This experimental research aimed to shed light on the potential therapeutic application of elderberry (EB), which can work on the axis and get better the IBS symptoms. There were three groups (36 Sprague-Dawley rats) in this experiment, including control, IBS, and IBS with EB diet (IBS + EB). Making use of intracolonic instillation of 1 ml of 4% acetic acid for 30 s, IBS was induced. 7 days later, the EB extract (2%) was added to the diets of all animals for 8 weeks. Some histological, behavioral, and stereological techniques were used to detect the effects of EB on the gut and brain tissues. The findings showed that the EB diet improved locomotion and decreased anxiety-like behavior in the rat models of IBS. Moreover, the diet dropped the expression of TNF-α and increased mucosal layer thickness and the number of goblet and mast cells in colon tissue samples. In the hippocampal samples, administration of EB prevented astrogliosis and astrocyte reactivity. Although hippocampal and cortical neurons decreased markedly in the IBS group, EB prevented the drop in the number of neurons. Although lots of research is needed to elucidate the effectiveness of EB in IBS and its exact molecular mechanism, the result of this study showed that EB as an antioxidant and immune-modulatory agent could be a promising research target to prevent the impairment in the gut-brain axis, and could ameliorative classic IBS symptoms.
... Fruits are characterized by a high content of anthocyanins, which give them their characteristic dark-purple color [11,13]. Anthocyanins have anti-inflammatory, antiallergic properties, are soothing, improve blood circulation in the capillaries, strengthen the walls of blood vessels, reduce oxidative damage [14,15] and are used as natural pigments in the food industry [16]. ...
Elderberries of wild-growing shrubs are most often used; however, various cultivated varieties of this shrub appear more and more often. The aim of this research was to compare the fruit composition of specific varieties with those grown wild in urban and ecologically clean conditions. Six varieties of elderberry grown on one experimental farm and two wild-growing samples from the city center and the landscape park were assessed. The content of vitamin C, antioxidant activity, sugar and organic acid content, triterpenes and carotenoids was marked in the tested fruits. The analyses show that there were significant differences in the content of the tested ingredients between the varieties tested, while the place of cultivation was of less importance. Apart from organic acids and triterpenes, fruits from wild-growing shrubs were more abundant in other compounds determined. The white variety of ‘Albida’ turned out to be the poorest in bioactive compounds.
... The in-vitro antioxidant activity of EP was measured by the inhibition of the free radical DPPH Å obtaining a value of DPPH radical scavenging activity of S. nigra similar to that reported by Barros et al. [45]. Based on these results, it is concluded that EP has selectivity for peroxyl radical inhibition [46,47]. Although these tests demonstrate a high antioxidant power of EP, it was then determined if these properties were maintained in fish cells. ...
Background
In fish farming, the plant extracts containing antioxidant compounds have been added to the diet for enhancing pathogen resistance. In vitro studies evaluating the antioxidant effect of herbal extracts on fish cell models have been focused on ROS production and the respiratory burst mechanism. However, the effects on enzymatic antioxidant defense on salmon leukocytes have not been evaluated. This study aims to evaluate the enzymatic antioxidant defense and ROS-induced cell damage in Salmon Head Kidney-1 (SHK-1) cell line exposed to polyphenol-enriched extract from Sambucus nigra flowers.
Results
Firstly, the Total Reactive Antioxidant Power (TRAP) assay of elderflower polyphenol (EP) was evaluated, showing 459 and 489 times more active than gallic acid and butyl hydroxy toluene (BHT), respectively. The toxic effect of EP on salmon cells was not significant at concentrations below 120 µg/mL and no hemolysis activity was observed between 20-400 µg/mL. The treatment of SHK-1 cell line with EP decreased both the lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation induced by H2O2, which could be associated with decreasing oxidative stress in the SHK -1 cells since the GSH/GSSG ratio increased when only EP was added.
Conclusions
These results suggest that plant extracts enriched with polyphenols could improve the enzymatic antioxidant defense of salmon leukocytes and to protect the cells against ROS-induced cell damage.
... En todos los casos, la equinácea inhibió esta inducción. Además, se observó una potente actividad virucida (41). En el año 2009, ante la pandemia de la gripe H1N1, se realizó un estudio con extracto de Echinacea purpurea comparado con Tamiflu ® en diferentes líneas celulares. ...
The objective of the research was to carry out a bibliographic review in online databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Medline and Elsevier of medicinal plants with antiviral potential mainly related to respiratory tract infections and that may be useful against COVID-19 infections. The studies found refer to the great potential that certain medicinal plants have against the influenza virus and others that could serve as a basis in this pandemic. © 2021, Sociedad Europea De Medicina Naturista Clasica. Seccion Espanola. All rights reserved.
... En todos los casos, la equinácea inhibió esta inducción. Además, se observó una potente actividad virucida (41). En el año 2009, ante la pandemia de la gripe H1N1, se realizó un estudio con extracto de Echinacea purpurea comparado con Tamiflu ® en diferentes líneas celulares. ...
El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica en base de datos en línea como Pubmed, Scopus, Medline y Elsevier, de las plantas medicinales con potencial antiviral relacionadas principalmente con las infecciones de las vías respiratorias y que puedan servir contra las infecciones COVID-19. Los estudios encontrados
refieren al gran potencial que tienen ciertas plantas medicinales contra el virus de la influenza y otros que podrían servir de base en esta pandemia.
... Wu et al. (2004) investigated ability of elderberry extract to scavenge the peroxyl radical (ROO•) in the ORAC assay and reported upto 5783 µmol TE/g extract which was higher than the activity of other extract of berries in the respective assay (Wu, Gu, Prior, & McKay,2004). In vivo studies showed that an enhanced plasma and serum antioxidant activity was observed after consumption of elderberry (Netzel et al. (2005). ...
Epidemiological studies have provided the evidence that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables reduce the risk of pathological condition such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, and aging. Among fruits, berries are considered as superfruits due to their highly packed phytochemicals comprising phenolic acids, flavonoids viz. flavonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins. These bioactive compounds are associated with significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiinflammation, and anticancer properties. This review highlights the basic information and interesting findings of some selected commercial berries with their phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, and potential health benefits to human.
... Apart from anthocyanins, the fruit also contain numerous other bioactive compounds, the health benefits of which have been reported by many authors (Netzel et al., 2005;Knudsen and Kaack, 2015;Mlynarczyk et al., 2018). The berries have significant vitamin C content (26-36 mg 100 g -1 ), and among the minerals the quantity of potassium, calcium and magnesium is considerable (Vulic et al., 2008). ...
Due to their outstanding anthocyanin content, elderberries are mainly used in the food industry to produce pigment concentrations. Thanks to the increase in demand, elderberry is grown on ever greater areas in Hungary and in neighbouring countries. Cultivar use, however, is very one-sided, being practically restricted to ‘Haschberg’. As this cultivar has many negative properties, growers have begun to plant and test new cultivars. When determining the commodity value of cultivars, it is important to examine not only the physical traits of the fruit, but also their main chemical parameters. In the present experiment the chemical properties (soluble solids and titratable acid content, total polyphenol and anthocyanin content, antioxidant capacity) of the fruit of 11 elderberry cultivars (‘Haidegg 13’, ‘Haidegg 17’, ‘Haschberg’, K3, ‘Korsör’, ‘Samdal’, ‘Samidan’, ‘Samocco’, ‘Sampo’, ‘Samyl’, ‘Weihenstephan’) were analysed in three consecutive years. In addition to the comparative evaluation of the cultivars, this work also aimed to discover correlations between the components and to study the effect of the year on the chemical composition of the fruit. Significant differences were found between the cultivars for the soluble solids content (F(10;8.74)=9.71; p=0.001), the titratable acid content (F(10;22)=7.91; p<0.001), the polyphenol content (F(10;22)=9.77; p<0.001), the anthocyanin content (F(10;8.52)=36.18; p<0.001) and the antioxidant capacity (F(10;22)=3.61; p=0.006). A year effect was proved for the water-soluble solids content (F(2;30)=4.02; p=0.028) and the antioxidant capacity (F(2;30)=5.21; p=0.011). Among the chemical properties, a significant positive linear correlation was only detected between the polyphenol and anthocyanin contents (r=0.91; p<0.001). Among the cultivars, ‘Sampo’, ‘Samidan’ and ‘Weihenstephan’ exhibited outstanding polyphenol and anthocyanin contents. The soluble solids content and antioxidant capacity of ‘Haidegg 17’ were also promising.
... Increase of total antioxidant status (antioxidant activity) Human plasma, healthy subject, elderberry juice (200, 300, or 400 ml, containing 361, 541, and 722 mg anthocyanins, respectively) daily for 2 weeks ( Netzel et al., 2005) No changes in total antioxidant status (antioxidant/prooxidative properties -?) Human plasma, healthy subjects, elderberry juice (400 mg, containing 10% anthocyanins) daily for 2 weeks ( Murkovic et al., 2004) ...
Antioxidants present in the diet may have a significant effect on the prophylaxis and progression of various diseases associated with oxidative stress. Berries contain a range of chemical compounds with antioxidant properties, including phenolic compounds. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge of such phenolic antioxidants, and to discuss whether these compounds may always be natural gifts for human health, based on both in vitro and in vivo studies. It describes the antioxidant properties of fresh berries (including aronia berries, grapes, blueberries, sea buckthorn berries, strawberries and other berries) and their various products, especially juices and wines. Some papers report that these phenolic compounds may sometimes behave like prooxidants, and sometimes demonstrate both antioxidant and prooxidant activity, while others note they do not behave the same way in vitro and in vivo. However, no unwanted or toxic effects (i.e., chemical, hematological or urinary effect) have been associated with the consumption of berries or berry juices or other extracts, especially aronia berries and aronia products in vivo, and in vitro, which may suggest that the phenolic antioxidants found in berries are natural gifts for human health. However, the phenolic compound content of berries and berry products is not always well described, and further studies are required to determine the therapeutic doses of different berry products for use in future clinical studies. Moreover, further experiments are needed to understand the beneficial effects reported so far from the mechanistic point of view. Therefore, greater attention should be paid to the development of well-controlled and high-quality clinical studies in this area.
... Both the content and the antioxidant activity of total phenolics and anthocyanins increased after juice ingestion, reaching the highest level 1 h after the intake, whereas the values of these parameters did not change in the control group. At the same time, the concentrations of ascorbic and uric acid were unaffected by the elderberry juice or water intake (Netzel et al., 2005). Czank et al. found that the bioavailability of anthocyanins was higher and the diversity of their metabolites was greater than previously thought. ...
European black elderberry naturally occurs in most of Europe and has been introduced into various parts of the world for fruit and flower production. Elderberry is rich in nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fatty acids, organic acids, minerals, vitamins and essential oils. Elderberry also contains cyanogenic glycosides which are potentially toxic. Polyphenols, known for their free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity, are the most important group of bioactive compounds present in elderberry in relatively high concentration. The high antioxidant activity of elderberry fruit and flowers is associated with their therapeutic properties. Elderberry has for a long time been used in folk medicine as a diaphoretic, antipyretic and diuretic agent. In recent years it was also found to have antibacterial, antiviral antidepressant and antitumour and hypoglycemic properties, and to reduce body fat and lipid concentration. Due to its health-promoting and sensory properties, elderberry is used primarily in food and pharmaceutical industry.
... Both the content and the antioxidant activity of total phenolics and anthocyanins increased after juice ingestion, reaching the highest level 1 h after the intake, whereas the values of these parameters did not change in the control group. At the same time, the concentrations of ascorbic and uric acid were unaffected by the elderberry juice or water intake (Netzel et al., 2005). Czank et al. found that the bioavailability of anthocyanins was higher and the diversity of their metabolites was greater than previously thought. ...
European black elderberry naturally occurs in most of Europe and has been introduced into various parts of the world for fruit and flower production. Elderberry is rich in nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fatty acids, organic acids, minerals, vitamins and essential oils. Elderberry also contains cyanogenic glycosides which are potentially toxic. Polyphenols, known for their free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity, are the most important group of bioactive compounds present in elderberry in relatively high concentration. The high antioxidant activity of elderberry fruit and flowers is associated with their therapeutic properties. Elderberry has for a long time been used in folk medicine as a diaphoretic, antipyretic and diuretic agent. In recent years it was also found to have antibacterial, antiviral antidepressant and antitumour and hypoglycemic properties, and to reduce body fat and lipid concentration. Due to its health-promoting and sensory properties, elderberry is used primarily in food and pharmaceutical industry.
... We report the use of 8 medicinal plants encompassing 8 known botanical families to treat PD-related symptoms (Table 1) (Jakobek et al., 2007;Roy et al., 2002;Youdim et al., 2000). Elderberries are highly enriched in anthocyanins (Milbury et al., 2002;Veberic et al., 2009), and anthocyanin-rich extracts prepared from elderberries or other botanicals, in addition to individual anthocyanins, exhibit an array of antioxidant activities (Netzel et al., 2005;Strathearn et al., 2014;Zafra-Stone et al., 2007). The flower portion of the elderberry plant (referred to here as 'elderflower') also contains high levels of polyphenolic constituents, including quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, the most abundant component in the methanolic extract (Celik et al., 2014;Rieger et al., 2008). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder affecting 5% of the population over the age of 85 years. Current treatments primarily involve dopamine replacement therapy, which leads to temporary relief of motor symptoms but fails to slow the underlying neurodegeneration. Thus, there is a need for safe PD therapies with neuroprotective activity. In this study, we analyzed contemporary herbal medicinal practices used by members of the Pikuni-Blackfeet tribe from Western Montana to treat PD-related symptoms, in an effort to identify medicinal plants that are affordable to traditional communities and accessible to larger populations.
Aim of the study:
The aims of this study were to (i) identify medicinal plants used by the Pikuni-Blackfeet tribe to treat individuals with symptoms related to PD or other CNS disorders, and (ii) characterize a subset of the identified plants in terms of antioxidant and neuroprotective activities in cellular models of PD.
Materials and methods:
Interviews of healers and local people were carried out on the Blackfeet Indian reservation. Plant samples were collected, and water extracts were produced for subsequent analysis. A subset of botanical extracts was tested for the ability to induce activation of the Nrf2-mediated transcriptional response and to protect against neurotoxicity elicited by the PD-related toxins rotenone and paraquat.
Results:
The ethnopharmacological interviews resulted in the documentation of 26 medicinal plants used to treat various ailments and diseases, including symptoms related to PD. Seven botanical extracts (out of a total of 10 extracts tested) showed activation of Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity in primary cortical astrocytes. Extracts prepared from Allium sativum cloves, Trifolium pratense flowers, and Amelanchier arborea berries exhibited neuroprotective activity against toxicity elicited by rotenone, whereas only the extracts prepared from Allium sativum and Amelanchier arborea alleviated PQ-induced dopaminergic cell death.
Conclusions:
Our findings highlight the potential clinical utility of plants used for medicinal purposes over generations by the Pikuni-Blackfeet people, and they shed light on mechanisms by which the plant extracts could slow neurodegeneration in PD.
... Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) is a widespread genus that is native or naturalized in many parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. Elderberry products are consumed as dietary supplements for their potential health benefits (Netzel et al., 2005). Researchers have linked elderberry products to anti-influenza (Roschek et al., 2009), antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-viral, and antibacterial activities (Werlein et al., 2005;Milbury et al., 2002;Tarascou et al., 2011). ...
Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) juice contains a variety of polyphenols, mostly anthocyanins. In order to understand the variation of polyphenol levels by genotype, various elderberry juice samples were analyzed for total phenolics (TP), total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) and individual anthocyanin content. The Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolic method and pH differential method were used to measure the TP and TMA content, respectively. The TP and TMA concentrations of elderberry were found to vary greatly among different genotypes. TMA content varied from 2.1% for 'Sperandio' to 60.6% for the 'Bob Gordon' cultivar. In addition, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to separate and detect individual anthocyanins from samples prepared by solid phase extraction. Multiple-reaction-monitoring was used to process data for the reduction of false positives, maximizing selectivity, and reliable quantification. The quantitative performance of the method was validated, and a detection limit of 0.3 ng-ml-1 for cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was determined. This newly developed method may serve to characterize and profile various anthocyanins in elderberry juices for quality control, assessment of dietary intake, and anthocyanin-based biomedical studies.
... A statistically significant increase in the antioxidant potential was observed for plasma in the FRAP assay, and for serum in FRAP and TRAP assays. In another study Netzel et al. (2005) pointed at the antioxidant effect of elderberry juice supply in vivo. The antioxidant potential measured by ABTS •+ and TRAP assays an hour after consuming 400 mL of juice reached the maximum values, corresponding to an increase of 17 and 28% respectively, although after 4 hours the antioxidant potential returned to the initial level. ...
Elderberry plant (Sambucus nigra) is a good source of protein, free and conjugated forms of amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fibre fractions, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals. Analysis of elderberry showed that it contains high biological activity components, primarily polyphenols, mostly anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins, as well as terpenes and lectins. In folk medicine, elderberry has been used in the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Elderberry has medicinal properties associated with the presence of polyphenols, which are compounds with potential antioxidant properties. They can greatly affect the course of disease processes by counteracting oxidative stress, exerting beneficial effects on blood pressure, glycaemia reduction, immune system stimulation, antitumour potential, increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma, including also glutathione, and the reduction of uric acid levels.
... Raw elderberry fruits are not suitable for the consumption, but are suitable for industrial production of jam, jelly, sweets, cakes, candy, soft drinks and other products. Due to high presence of phenolic compounds, elderberry fruit is gaining importance in food industry, mainly as natural colorant in beverages and as antioxidant (Netzel et al., 2005 ). Industrial processing of elderberry is mostly represented in the countries of northern Europe. ...
... The elderberry nalewka has a characteristic aroma and an intense dark red-purple color. A high anthocyanin content (especially high amounts of cyanidin-3sambubioside and cyanidin-3-glucoside glucoside, and smaller amounts of cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside) are responsible for its dark color and its strong antioxidant properties (Fiorini, 1995;Netzel et al., 2005), along with other phenol compounds: hydroxycinnamic acids (20 mg/ 100 g fresh mass), flavonols-quercetin derivatives (33 mg/100 g fresh mass) (Vatai et al., 2009), flavan-3-ol-catechin and (À)epicatechin (up 2.58 mg/g dry mass), resveratrol (1.9-21.0 mg/g dry mass) (Vatai et al., 2009;Veberic et al., 2009). ...
... Juices are suitable food products in terms of ingestion of health protective phytochemicals. Bioactive components may even be better absorbed from juices than from plant tissues, as it was demonstrated for ascorbic acid (Netzel et al., 2005;. Epidemiological studies and associated meta-analyses strongly suggest that long term consumption of diets rich in plant polyphenols offer protection against development of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases (Pandey and Rizvi, 2009). ...
Cited By (since 1996):2, Export Date: 18 October 2014
... Elderberry juices have been to vary with cultivar and growing regions and conditions [14,15]. Till date, no peptide profiling of elderberry has been reported [16][17][18][19][20]. In this paper, we describe a method to remove the anthocyanin from the peptides in elderberry juice by solid phase extraction and use LC-MS/MS to profile and de novo sequence the peptides. ...
Biologically active peptides play a role in plant signaling and defense. Elderberry juice is known to contain a variety of anthocyanin compounds, a sub-set of polyphenols, which are responsible for the deep purple color of the juice. In this paper, we describe a method utilizing solid phase extraction (SPE) to remove anthocyanins from peptides. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to separate and identify the peptides. The results showed that the use of SPE was an effective method to separate peptides from anthocyanins and other background compounds including high polyphenol content in the juice samples. More than 1000 peptides present in elderberry juice were successfully identified.
... Some studies correlate serum anthocyanin concentration after anthocyanin-rich food ingestion with antioxidant capacity [55][56][57][58]. The qualitative and quantitative changes in anthocyanins during gastrointestinal digestion of both food matrices tested caused decrease in free radical scavenging capacity and reducing properties (Table 4). ...
Red cabbage is, among different vegetables, one of the major sources of anthocyanins. In the present study an in vitro digestion method has been used to assay the influence of the physiological conditions in the stomach and small intestine, as well as faecal microflora on anthocyanins stability in red cabbage and anthocyanin-rich extract. The recovery of anthocyanins during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion was strongly influenced by food matrix. The results showed that other constituents present in cabbage enhanced the stability of anthocyanins during the digestion. The amount of anthocyanins (HPLC method) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP assays) strongly decreased after pancreatic-bile digestion in both matrices but total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) in these digestions was higher than in initial samples. Incubation with human faecal microflora caused further decline in anthocyanins content. The results obtained suggest that intact anthocyanins in gastric and products of their decomposition in small and large intestine may be mainly responsible for the antioxidant activity and other physiological effects after consumption of red cabbage.
Caffeinated energy drinks are commonly taken to improve exercise performance, but there are few studies on the influence of different doses on an athlete’s performance. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, counter-balanced, and crossover research study to examine the effects of low caffeinated energy drink (Low ED) or high caffeinated energy drink (High ED) supplement on the performance, haematological response, and oxidative stress in triathletes. Twelve male participants underwent three testing sessions separated by weekly intervals, consisting of sprint triathlon training (0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle, and 5 km run). Before and during the trials, participants were randomly provided with either placebo (PLA) group, Low ED group, or High ED group. Exercise performance in the High ED group decreased significantly compared with the PLA and Low ED groups (p < 0.05). However, participants in the Low ED group also experienced an improved performance (p = 0.054). Analysis of variance revealed no differences among the three groups in cortisol and testosterone levels, or the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion score (p > 0.5). Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was reduced with exercise and were lowest in the High ED group. However, compared with PLA, a significant decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in Low ED and High ED groups (p < 0.05). This indicates that caffeinated energy drink consumption may improve performance and reduce oxidative stress in sprint triathlon athletes. However, individual differences should be considered when supplementing with caffeinated energy drinks to decrease side effects.
Kara mürver (Sambucus nigra) Adoxaceae familyasında, Avrupa, Asya, Kuzey Afrika ve ABD’ye özgü bir bitki türüdür. Kara mürver bitkisi; yuvarlak şekilli, mor-siyah renkli, 3-5 çekirdekli, küçük meyvelere sahiptir. Sambucus türlerinin kimyasal yapısını; majör bileşikler, flavonoidler, fenolik asitler, antosiyanidoller, triterpenler, lektinler, siyanojenik heterozitler ve uçucu yağlar oluşturmaktadır. Mürver türleri önemli miktarda lektin içermektedirler. Mürver meyveleri zengin antosiyanin içerikleri ile yüksek antioksidan aktivite göstermektedir. Antioksidan aktivitesi sayesinde insan sağlığında soğuk algınlığı, grip, kanser, diyabet gibi birçok hastalığa karşı terapötik etkiye sahiptir. Antioksidan özelliğinin yanı sıra; antiviral, antidepresan, antienflamatuvar ve antikarsinojenik gibi çeşitli aktiviteler de göstermektedir. Kara mürver, tüm bu özellikleri ile modern gıda ve tıbbi ürünlerin zenginleştirilmesi ve/veya geliştirilmesinde önemli katkı sağlayabilme potansiyeline sahip bir bitkidir. Bu makale kara mürver meyvesinin besinsel içeriği ve fonksiyonel özellikleri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaları derlemektedir ve gelecekte yapılabilecek çalışmalara ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır.
The aim of this study was to determine the basic morphological characteristics (weight, length) and antioxidant activity (using DPPH method) of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) inflorescences as well as some elderberry-derived food products prepared from fresh (honey, alcoholic extract, tea infusions) and dried inflorescences (syrup). For the study of problematic, it was used 113 wild-growing genotypes of elderberry from 56 locations in Slovakia growing at an altitude of 98.15-712.32 m. The weight of fresh inflorescences ranged from 0.45 to 57.59 g (75.65% coefficient of variation value), the total length of inflorescences ranged from 19.0 to 282.0 mm (22.42%), the length of inflorescence´s stems from 9.0 to 197.0 mm (31.51%), a number of petals predominated pentanumerous petals. Variability in primary and secondary branching reported a low to high degree of variability among as well as within the genotypes. Results showed significant differences in the shape of inflorescences and the colour of flowers among each genotype. Antioxidant activity by DPPH method in elderberry inflorescence water extract was between 85.12 and 89.29%. Activation of tea infusions and beverages was ensured using a mechanism Kalyxx based on galvanic effect. In beverages made from 10% diluted honey prepared from fresh inflorescences in the carbohydrate-based extract, anti-radical activity was determined in the range of 16.81-24.16%. In an alcoholic extract from fresh inflorescences, anti-radical activity was between 90.99 and 93.16%. In beverages acquired from the syrup of flowers, we identified antioxidant activity ranging from 37.92 (10%) to 62.82% (40%). Results indicated that elderberry inflorescences and elderberry-derived food products can be attractive to consumers and in future can increase the assortments of healthy products.
Botanical preparations present a widespread and secular history of use. In fact, natural matrices possess a rich pool of phytochemicals, with promising biological effects. Among them, phenolic compounds have revealed to confer very important attributes to improve the well-being and longevity of worldwide population. Numerous in vitro studies have been carried out evaluating the wide spectrum of bioactivities of phenolic compounds, including its health effects, but through in vivo experiments some of these previous results cannot be properly confirmed, and considerable variations are observed.
Over the past two decades, biotechnologies have provided a motor for innovation and sustainability in many economies all around the world by developing new processes and products in a bio-economy approach. Besides food and feed, increasing interest on biomass derived fuels, chemicals and materials, sustainably sourced and produced, has raised, providing an alternative to heavy reliance on finite fossil fuel resources. One of the most innovative and promising sectors of the bio-economy is related to bio-based products, obtained in part or entirely from organic biomass, which account for about 16% of world production of bio-economy’s products. Plant biomass is rich in high added value compounds; mainly antioxidants and fibres, which once extracted can serve as green fine chemicals or can be used in food supplements and/or nutraceutical sector.
A great deal of evidence has established that the secondary compounds of higher plants (i.e. polyphenols) inhibit and/or quench free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) thus protecting against oxidative damage. These compounds can therefore be exploited as additives in a large number of different commodities, such as plastics and nanomaterials.
This chapter gives an insight into the relevant research results regarding the valorization of polyphenol fractions extracted from agricultural wastes, focusing on those derived from fruit production and transformation. Structure-activity relationships will be discussed in view of their use in the field of innovative materials.
This chapter focuses on the activities of blackcurrants, blackcurrant extracts and anthocyanins (either extracted and purified from blackcurrants or synthetically derived) that are present in significant quantities in blackcurrants. Numerous other berry species have been explored for their health effects, including blueberries, blackberries, elderberries, chokeberries, strawberries and raspberries, to name a few. The chapter highlights a few commonly consumed species. The anthocyanins found in abundance in blackcurrants are the main focus of the chapter (delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside). First, the chapter talks about occurrence of anthocyanins in the diet. Second, it explains classification, structural property, stability, metabolism and bioavailability of anthocyanins. Finally, the chapter talks about bioactivity of anthocyanins and metabolites.
The aim of this study was to investigate a detailed composition and content of phenolic compounds in fruits of 4 elderberry species (Sambucus nigra, S. cerulea, S. ebulus, and S racemosa) and 8 interspecific hybrids. Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) represented the major share of phenolics in analyzed elderberries; caffeoylquinic and p-coumaroylquinic acids were most abundant. Flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, and different procyanidins) were the second major phenolic group detected in range from 2% to 30% of total analyzed phenolics. From the group of flavonols, 13 different quercetin glycosides, 7 kaempferol glycosides, and 8 isorhamnetin glycosides have been quantified. Rutin was the major flavonol in all studied genotypes. S. ebulus was characterized by the highest level of total HCAs, catechin, epicatechin, and most flavonols. Some elderberry hybrids, for example JA × RAC, CER × NI, and JA × (JA × NI), are perspective for further studies because they have high content of phenolic compounds. The results of research could contribute to breed cultivars, which may prove interesting for food-processing industries.
Flavonoids, also referred to as bioflavonoids, are polyphenol antioxidants found naturally in plants. They are secondary metabolites, meaning they are organic compounds that have no direct involvement with the growth or development of plants. Flavonoids are plant nutrients that when consumed in the form of fruits and vegetables are non-toxic as well as potentially beneficial to the human body. Flavonoids are widely disbursed throughout plants and are what give the flowers and fruits of many plants their vibrant colors. They also play a role in protecting the plants from microbe and insect attacks. More importantly, the consumption of foods containing flavonoids has been linked to numerous health benefits. Though research shows flavonoids alone provide minimal antioxidant benefit due to slow absorption by the body, there is indication that they biologically trigger the production of natural enzymes that fight disease.
Recent research indicates that flavonoids can be nutritionally helpful by triggering enzymes that reduce the risk of certain cancers, heart disease, and age-related degenerative diseases. Some research also indicates flavonoids may help prevent tooth decay and reduce the occurrence of common ailments such as the flu. These potential health benefits, many of which have been proven, have become of particular interest to consumers and food manufacturers.
Foods that contain high amounts of flavonoids include blueberries, red beans, cranberries, and blackberries. Many other foods, including red and yellow fruits and vegetables and some nuts, also contain flavonoids. Red wine and certain teas also are rich in flavonoids.
https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=10080
There are many edible fruits and berries in Latvia, which are still underutilized for commercial growing and processing in food products. Some of them are known for their medical value (e.g., Rosa rugosa and Aronia melanocarpa) or are cultivated in home gardens, but there is little information about nutritional value and suitability of minor fruits for developing products of high nutritional quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the biochemical composition of minor berries and small fruits grown in Latvia and compare it with antiradical activity of the sample. The experiments were done at the Latvia University of Agriculture and at the Latvia State Institute of Fruit-Growing. Contents of titrable acids, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins, carotenoids, tannins, and antiradical activity (DPPH) of fresh and frozen fruits of saskatoon (Amelanchier spicata), honeysuckle (Lonicera ssp.), golden currant (Ribes aureum) 'Laila', rosehips (Rosa rugosa), hawthorn (Crataegus submollis), chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa), black elder (Sambucus nigra), wild rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia), and red bilberry (Vaccinium vitis-idae) 'Coralle' were analysed. Fresh honeysuckle and frozen chokeberries had the highest anthocyanin content, and red bilberry cultivar 'Coralle' and chokeberry had the highest total phenol content. Rosehips had the highest contents of carotenoids and ascorbic acid. Chokeberry, rosehips, and saskatoon berry had the highest antiradical activity, and the high antiradical activity correlated with high contents of total phenols (r=0.81). Several of the tested fruits had very high nutritional value (rosehips - high contents of ascorbic acid, phenols, caroteoids, and high antiradical activity; chokeberry - high contents of phenols, anthocyanins and high antiradical activity; saskatoon berry - high contents of anthocyanins and high antiradical activity; honeysuckle - high contents of anthocyanins and phenols). Most of these berries have to be evaluated for stability of nutritional value in different products and, finally, new products developed for enlargement of a healthy food assortment.
A method is described for determining and quantitating organic acids (oxalic, malic, citric, and fumaric) and vitamin C by liquid chromatography with a UV-visible detector that allows simultaneous monitoring at 2 wavelengths. The method was applied to samples of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Recoveries were 97.8% for oxalic acid, 98.9% for malic acid, 98.7% for citric acid, 99.2% for fumaric acid, and 98.5% for vitamin C. Method precisions (coefficients of variation) were 1.7% for oxalic acid, 0.8% for malic acid, 0.9% for citric acid, 1.5% for fumaric acid, and 1.2% for vitamin C. Measurement precisions (coefficients of variation) were 1.32% for oxalic acid, 0.33% for malic acid, 0.62% for citric acid, 1.01% for fumaric acid, and 0.39% for vitamin C. Limits of detection were 0.025 mg/mL for oxalic acid, 0.022 mg/mL for malic acid, 0.024 mg/mL for citric acid, 1.0 x 10(-4) mg/mL for fumaric acid, and 2.7 x 10(-4) mg/mL for vitamin C.
Moderate wine consumption is reputed to exert a protective effect against coronary heart disease (CHD). The nature of the protective compounds is unclear and the mechanisms are incompletely understood. We studied whether the nonalcoholic component of wine increases plasma antioxidant capacity measured as total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), and whether such an effect is associated with the presence of phenolic compounds in plasma. The TRAP and plasma levels of phenolic compounds were measured in 10 healthy subjects after the ingestion of 113 mL of tap water (control) and alcohol-free red and white wine at 1-wk intervals. Both alcohol-free wines possessed an in vitro dose-dependent peroxyl-radical activity, but red wine, with a polyphenol concentration of 363 +/- 48.0 mg/L quercetin equivalent (QE), was 20 times more active (40.0 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) than white wine (1.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L), which has a polyphenol concentration of 31 +/- 1 mg QE/L. The ingestion of alcohol-free red wine caused significant increases in plasma TRAP values and polyphenol concentrations 50 min after ingestion. Alcohol-free white wine and water had no effects on either of the plasma values. The parallel and prompt increase of antioxidant status and of circulating levels of polyphenols in fasting subjects after bolus ingestion of a moderate amount of alcohol-free red wine suggests that polyphenols are absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and might be directly involved in the in vivo antioxidant defenses.
To assess whether consumption of 100 ml of whisky or red wine by healthy male subjects increased plasma total phenol content and antioxidant capacity.
A Latin square arrangement to eliminate ordering effects whereby, after an overnight fast, nine volunteers consumed 100 ml of red wine, malt whisky or unmatured 'new make' spirit. Each volunteer participated on three occasions one week apart, consuming one of the beverages each time. Blood samples were obtained from the anticubital vein at intervals up to 4h after consumption of the beverages when a urine sample was also obtained.
Within 30 min of consumption of the wine and whisky, there was a similar and significant increase in plasma total phenol content and antioxidant capacity as determined by the ferric reducing capacity of plasma (FRAP). No changes were observed following consumption of 'new make' spirit.
Consumption of phenolic-containing alcoholic beverages transiently raises total phenol concentration and enhances the antioxidant capacity of plasma. This is compatible with suggestions that moderate alcohol usage and increased antioxidant intake decrease the risk of coronary heart disease.
Anthocyanins are a group of very efficient bioactive compounds that are widely distributed in plant food. Several fruits (blackcurrant, blackberry, red grape) and some vegetables (eggplant, onion, red radish) are rich sources of these natural pigments. Extracts of some of them are used as food colorants as well as components of pharmaceutical preparations and functional foods. Anthocyanins, through their ability to inhibit radical reactions, are considered to exert several protective effects in the human body. Until now there has been only a small amount of data available on their capability, in intact or metabolized form, to reach the systemic circulation of humans. The present study was designed to determine the potential bioavailability in humans of the most important anthocyanins of blackcurrants: delphinidine-3-glucoside, delphinidine-3-rutinoside, cyanidine-3-glucoside, and cyanidine-3-rutinoside. Urinary samples from 4 healthy volunteers (2 women and 2 men) were collected before (baseline) and over a period of 5 hours with intervals of 30 minutes after the ingestion of 200 mL of blackcurrant juice (containing 153 mg of anthocyanins). Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), it was possible to quantify the 4 main anthocyanins of blackcurrants, excreted unchanged in the urine (0.020-0.050% of the oral doses). We present data on the bioavailability in humans of blackcurrant anthocyanins, which are dietary antioxidants with possible biological effects.
In this study, six common tests for measuring antioxidant activity were evaluated by comparing four antioxidants and applying them to beverages (tea and juices): Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC I-III assay), Total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter assay (TRAP assay), 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine assay (DMPD assay), Photochemiluminescence assay (PCL assay) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma assay (FRAP assay). The antioxidants included gallic acid representing the group of polyphenols, uric acid as the main antioxidant in human plasma, ascorbic acid as a vitamin widely spread in fruits and Trolox as water soluble vitamin E analogue. The six methods presented can be divided into two groups depending on the oxidising reagent. Five methods use organic radical producers (TEAC I-III, TRAP, DPPH, DMPD, PCL) and one method works with metal ions for oxidation (FRAP). Another difference between these tests is the reaction procedure. Three assays use the delay in oxidation and determine the lag phase as parameter for the antioxidant activity (TEAC I, TRAP, PCL). They determine the delay of radical generation as well as the ability to scavenge the radical. In contrast, the assays TEAC II and III, DPPH, DMPD and FRAP analyse the ability to reduce the radical cation (TEAC II and III, DPPH, DMPD) or the ferric ion (FRAP). The three tests acting by radical reduction use preformed radicals and determine the decrease in absorbance while the FRAP assay measures the formed ferrous ions by increased absorbance. Gallic acid was the strongest antioxidant in all tests with exception of the DMPD assay. In contrast, uric acid and ascorbic acid showed low activity in some assays. Most of the assays determine the antioxidant activity in the micromolar range needing minutes to hours. Only one assay (PCL) is able to analyse the antioxidant activity in the nanomolar range. Black currant juice showed highest antioxidant activity in all tests compared to tea, apple juice and tomato juice. Despite these differences, results of these in vitro assays give an idea of the protective efficacy of secondary plant products. It is strongly recommended to use at least two methods due to the differences between the test systems investigated.
Pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability of several dietary anthocyanins following consumption of red wine and red grape juice were compared in nine healthy volunteers. They were given a single oral dose of either 400 mL of red wine (279.6 mg total anthocyanins) or 400 mL of red grape juice (283.5 mg total anthocyanins). Within 7 h, the urinary excretion of total anthocyanins was 0.23 and 0.18% of the administered dose following red grape juice and red wine ingestion, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from plasma and urine concentrations exhibited higher variability after ingestion of red grape juice. Compared to red grape juice anthocyanins, the relative bioavailability of red wine anthocyanins was calculated to be 65.7, 61.3, 61.9, 291.5, 57.1, and 76.3% for the glucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, and its sum (referred to as total anthocyanins), respectively. Bioequivalence was established for none of the anthocyanins. On a low level, urinary excretion of anthocyanins was fast, and the excretion rates seem to exhibit monoexponential characteristics over time after ingestion of both red grape juice and red wine. Due to low bioavailability, any significant contribution of anthocyanins to health protecting properties of red wine or red grape juice seems questionable, but the clinical relevance of these findings awaits further investigation.
In the present study we investigated the metabolic conversion of cyanidin glycosides in human subjects using solid-phase extraction,HPLC-diode array detector, MS, GC, and enzymic techniques. Volunteers consumed approximately 20 g chokeberry extract containing 1.3 g cyanidin 3-glycosides (899 mg cyanidin 3-galactoside, 321 mg cyanidin 3-arabinoside, 51 mg cyanidin 3-xyloside and 50 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside). Blood samples were drawn at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 h post-consumption of the extract. Urine samples were also collected at 0, 4-5,and 22-24h. We have confirmed that human subjects have the capacity to metabolise cyanidin 3-glycosides, as we observed at least ten individual anthocyanin metabolites in the urine and serum. Average concentrations of anthocyanins and anthocyanin metabolites in the urine reached levels of 17.9 (range 14.9-20.9) l.mol/l within 5 h post-consumption and persisted in 24h urine samples at levels of 12.1 (range 11.1-13.0) nmol/l. In addition, average total levels of anthocyanins and anthocyanin metabolites detected in the serum were observed at 5917 (range 197.3-986.1) nmol/ within 2h post-consumption. Cyanidin 3-galactoside accounted for 55.4% (9.9(range 7-2-12-6) l.mol/) and 66.0% (390.6 (range 119.4-661-9) nmol V) of the detected anthocyanins in the urine and serum samples,respectively. The metabolites were identified as glucuronide conjugates, as well as methylated and oxidised derivatives of cyanidin 3-galactoside and cyanidin glucuronide. Conjugation probably affects the biological activity of anthocyanins and these metabolic products are likely in part responsible for the reported health benefits associated with the consumption of anthocyanins.
Anthocyanins, which are natural plant pigments from the flavonoid family, represent substantiated constituents of the human diet. Many foods but especially red grapes and wines contain large amounts of flavonoids, which are mostly anthocyanins. The aim of our study was to determine the potential bioavailability, in human, of several anthocyanins from red wine. Six healthy, fasting volunteers, having a polyphenols-free diet, drank 300 mL of water every hour for 12 h and collected urine. Several weeks later, the same volunteers repeated the same procedure but replaced the water of the fourth drinking dose with white wine. Two weeks later, they repeated the procedure with red instead of white wine. In the 300 mL dose of red wine, the subjects received 218 mg of anthocyanins, which were detected in their urine by HPLC analysis with a photodiode array detector. Two of the compounds found among the wine anthocyanins were found unchanged in the urine. Other anthocyanin compounds, which seemed to have undergone molecular modifications, were detected in the urine after incubation with HCl. The anthocyanin level in the urine reached a peak within 6 h of the wine drinking. Within 12 h of the wine drinking, we found 1.5−5.1% of the ingested anthocyanins, in the urine. Keywords: Red wine; anthocyanins; antioxidants; absorption; urine; human
The Total Radical-Trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP) of 10 freshly prepared human plasmas was measured by a new fluorometric assay. In this method, the rate of peroxidation induced by 2,2′-diazobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) was monitored through the loss of fluorescence of the protein R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE). The lag-phase induced by plasma was compared to that induced by 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, a water-soluble analogue of vitamin E). Proteins (but not their sulphydryl groups) interfere with the analysis, partially protecting R-PE when all plasma antioxidants are exhausted. A Trolox-induced lag-phase must therefore be measured on each plasma sample. We found that ascorbate (2.5–5.3%), α-tocopherol (2.9–8.5%), urate (19.6–61.0%), and thiol groups (17.3–42.3%) jointly explain up to 70% of TRAP. Thus, either other compounds present in plasma are likely to exert antioxidant action, or a marked synergistic action between antioxidants should be postulated to exist. This latter hypothesis is supported by the finding that the simultaneous inactivation of ascorbate and thiol groups produces a loss in antioxidant capacity of plasma greater (26%) than the sum of the decreases produced by the separate inactivation of each of the two compounds. The proposed method appears simple, reliable, and allows the rapid handling of a reasonable number of freshly prepared plasma samples. Given the rapid loss of TRAP upon storage, the latter characteristic is crucial in studies on humans, involving a large number of subjects.
A simple method with excellent reproducibility has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the plasma concentration of ascorbic acid and uric acid by reversed-phase HPLC using an ion-pairing reagent with UV detection. Coefficients of variation for the concentrations of ascorbic acid and uric acid in plasma are < 2.1% and < 3.5% respectively.
1. A new method has been developed for measuring the total antioxidant capacity of body fluids and drug solutions, based on the absorbance of the ABTS*+ radical cation.
2. An automated method for use on a centrifugal analyser, as well as a manual method, is described.
3. The procedure has been applied to physiological antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging drugs, and an antioxidant ranking was established based on their reactivity relative to a 1.0 mmol/l Trolox standard.
4. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of plasma from an adult reference population has been measured, and the method optimized and validated.
5. The method has been applied to investigate the total plasma antioxidant capacity of neonates and how this may be compromised in prematurity.
It is often assumed that antioxidant nutrients contribute to the protection afforded by fruits, vegetables, and red wine against diseases of aging. However, the effect of fruit, vegetable and red wine consumption on the overall antioxidant status in human is unclear. In this study we investigated the responses in serum total antioxidant capacity following comsumption of strawberries (240 g), spinach (294 g), red wine (300 ml) or vitamin C (1250 mg) in eight elderly women. Total antioxidant capacity was determined using different methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the total antioxidant capacity of serum determined as ORAC, TEAC and FRAP, using the area under the curve, increased significantly by 7-25% during the 4-h period following consumption of red wine, strawberries, vitamin C or spinach. The total antioxidant capacity of urine determined as ORAC increased (P < 0.05) by 9.6, 27.5, and 44.9% for strawberries, spinach, and vitamin C, respectively, during the 24-h period following these treatments. The plasma vitamin C level after the strawberry drink, and the serum urate level after the strawberry and spinach treatments, also increased significantly. However, the increased vitamin C and urate levels could not fully account for the increased total antioxidant capacity in serum following the consumption of strawberries, spinach or red wine. We conclude that the consumption of strawberries, spinach or red wine, which are rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds, can increase the serum antioxidant capacity in humans. J. Nutr. 2383-2390, 1998
Mounting evidence shows that phenol-rich beverages exert strong antioxidant activity. However, in vivo evidence has produced conflicting results. In the present study, we studied the impact of the ingestion of 300 mL of black and green tea, alcohol-free red wine, alcohol-free white wine, or water on plasma total antioxidant capacity in five healthy volunteers. Red wine has the highest content of phenolics (3.63 +/- 0.48 g QE/L), followed by green tea (2.82 +/- 0.07 g QE/L), black tea (1.37 +/- 0.15 g QE/L), and white wine (0.31 +/- 0.01 g QE/L). Plasma total antioxidant capacity values of subjects who drank green tea rose at 30 min (P < 0.05). After black tea and red wine ingestion, the peaks were at 50 min (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). No changes were observed in the control and white wine groups. Red wine and green tea were the most efficient in protecting low density lipoprotein from oxidation driven by peroxyl and ferril radicals, respectively. Phenol-rich beverages are a natural source of antioxidants; however, the phenolic content alone cannot be considered an index of their in vivo antioxidant activity.
Berry extracts rich in anthocyanins have been linked to protective effects including the modulation of age-related neurological dysfunction and the improvement of the resistance of red blood cells against oxidative stress in vitro. In this study the bioavailability, metabolism and elimination of polyphenols from blackcurrant juice, rich in anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamates, were investigated. The four major native anthocyanidin glycosides of blackcurrant juice, delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside, were detected and identified in low amounts by HPLC and LC-MS in plasma and urine post-ingestion. Elimination of the anthocyanins was fast (maximum excretion after 1 h) and plasma levels (0-128.6 nmol/l) and total urinary exretion (0.07-1.35 mg; 0.007-0.133% of the dose ingested) were low. Most significantly, of the hydroxycinnamates, conjugated and free ferulic, isoferulic, p-coumaric, sinapic and vanillic acids were identified in plasma and urine, using GC-MS techniques. Quercetin and kaempferol (as glucuronides) and the proposed colonic metabolite of quercetin, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, were detectable in a minority of subjects. Increased daily urinary hippuric, 4-hydroxyhippuric and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid levels were also observed post-ingestion in all volunteers.
Numerous studies have demonstrated in vitro effects of flavonoid components from fruits and vegetables on various measures of oxidative cellular damage. However, the questions that have not been answered satisfactorily deal with the absorption/metabolism of antioxidant components in fruits and vegetables and whether they are absorbed in sufficient quantities and in a form in which effects on in vivo measures of oxidative cellular damage could be observed. The focus of this review is on clinical studies that provide information about possible in vivo changes in antioxidant status with fruit and vegetable consumption. Two classes of flavonoids as antioxidants are considered in detail (anthocyanins and flavonols). Absorption of anthocyanins appears to be much less than that of the flavonol quercetin, perhaps as little as one tenth. Relatively high dietary levels of anthocyanins appear to be necessary to observe antioxidant effects in vivo. Metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside and quercetin by methylation or conjugation with glucuronide or sulfate will decrease antioxidant activity. However, quercetin metabolites seem to maintain at least part of their antioxidant activity in vivo. A potential role for food flavonoids and polyphenolics as antioxidants is discussed.
Pharmacokinetic parameters and the bioavailability of several dietary anthocyanins following consumption of blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract were compared exploratorily in 6 healthy volunteers. They were given a single oral dose of either 137 ml of blackcurrant juice (144.8 mg total anthocyanins) or 30 ml of elderberry extract (147.3 mg total anthocyanins). Within 7 hours, the urinary excretion of total anthocyanins (i.e. the sum of all assayed anthocyanidin glycosides) was 0.04% and 0.37% of the administered dose following blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract ingestion, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameters based on non-compartmental methods for plasma and urine concentrations exhibited higher variability in urinary excretion after ingestion of elderberry extract. Anthocyanin absorption was significantly greater following the intake of elderberry extract than after the intake of blackcurrant juice as shown by the 5.3- and 6.2-fold higher estimates of dose-normalized Cmax and AUC(0-tZ) of total anthocyanins, respectively. The geometric means of t(1/2) were not significantly different following elderberry extract (1.74 h) and blackcurrant juice ingestion (1.73 h, p > 0.05). The urinary excretion rate of intact anthocyanins was fast, appeared to be monoexponential for both blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract. However, in order to evaluate the contribution of anthocyanins to the health-protecting effects of blackcurrant juice and elderberry extract it will be necessary to perform further studies on the unchanged glycosides and their in vivo metabolites in human plasma and urine.
Parameters for compartment-free pharmacokinetics
- W Cawello
Cawello, W. (1999). Parameters for compartment-free pharmacokinetics. Aachen, Germany: Shaker-Verlag.
A fluorescence-based method for measuring total plasma antioxidant capability
- Ghiselli