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The impact of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma on semen parameters in men
Abstract
To investigate the impact of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma on semen parameters, 107 fertile and 103 subfertile males provided a standardized blood and semen specimen. Total calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined with colorimetric end point assay procedures. Zinc and copper were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Semen analysis was performed according to World Health Organization guidelines (1992). The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma were not different between the subfertile and fertile group. Weak correlations were demonstrated between blood plasma zinc concentrations and sperm count (rs = 0.18), sperm motility (rs = 0.15), and abnormal sperm morphology (rs = 0.13). Zinc and magnesium concentrations in seminal plasma correlated weakly with sperm count (rs = 0.17 and rs = 0.16, respectively), and copper concentrations in blood plasma with motility (rs = 0.25). Strong correlations were found between calcium, magnesium, and zinc in seminal plasma. Although calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper play an essential role in spermatogenesis and fertility, the determination of these elements in blood and seminal plasma does not discriminate on the basis of fertility in this group of men.
... In an in vitro study, the white N. nucifera petal extract was found to have phytochemical contents and an antioxidant potential higher than those of the red petals [32]. Moreover, it has been reported that N. nucifera seeds contain iron, manganese, zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, potassium, chromium, and sodium [34], of which magnesium, zinc, and calcium play essential roles in sperm motility [38]. However, the minerals of the N. nucifera flower have received little scientific attention. ...
... Phenolics and flavonoids are common chemical substances in plants and have strong natural antioxidant activity, which is reported to increase the potential of free radical scavenging, the number of rapid progressive sperm, and the ability to preserve sperm [50]. Moreover, WNPE consists of essential minerals, especially Mg, Zn, and Ca, which have been reported to serve an essential function in spermatogenesis regarding sperm production, maturation, motility, and fertility [38]. In addition, in regard to NMR metabolomics, there is now a tool for the rapid and reproducible acquisition of metabolite profiles [23], allowing for the detailed examination of phytochemicals. ...
... Additionally, progressive motility was positively correlated with viable sperm with intact acrosomes and normal sperm morphology. The normal sperm morphology and viability of sperm cause progressive sperm motility, resulting in the increased rate of success in male fertility [38]. Therefore, the secondary metabolites of WNPE, especially in low doses which have a spectrum of bioactive compounds, affect sperm quality. ...
Mancozeb (MZ), an EBDC fungicide, has been found to contaminate agricultural products and cause male reproductive toxicity. The phytochemical compounds of white N. nucifera petal extract (WNPE) and its effects on metabolomic profiles and reproductive function in male rats poisoned with MZ were investigated. Seventy-two mature male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups (n = 8) and, for 30 days, were gavaged with WNPE at doses of 0.55, 1.10, and 2.20 mg/kg; were given distilled water; or were co-gavaged with MZ and WNPE. By evaluating the 1H-NMR of WNPE, myricetin, apigenin, luteolin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ascorbic acid, genistein, chlorogenic acid, naringenin, and ellagic acid were found, and the essential minerals were evaluated by AAS. The NMR spectra demonstrated that creatine, carnitine, ACh, and choline in WNPE were significantly higher than that in MZ. The gavaging of the rats with WNPE before poisoning them with MZ improved creatine, carnitine, acetylcholine, progressive sperm motility, sperm viability, and normal sperm morphology compared to rats who only received MZ. It was concluded that MZ had a toxicity effect on the male reproductive system via decreased metabolomic profiles, affecting sperm motility, sperm viability, and normal sperm morphology. Nevertheless, WNPE had plenty of bioactive compounds that could enhance creatine, carnitine, and acetylcholine, which are related to sperm quality in male rats. WNPE should be considered as an alternative dietary supplement that can protect against MZ toxicity and enhance sperm quality in the male rat reproductive system.
... Owing to a de ciency in vital minerals, the quality of human sperm has decreased in recent years [3,4]. Ca2 + is required for sperm motility, metabolism, and acrosomal responses [5]. Although the prostate and seminal vesicles contain substantial levels of this element [5], Ca has been linked to male infertility in several studies. ...
... Although the prostate and seminal vesicles contain substantial levels of this element [5], Ca has been linked to male infertility in several studies. Ca catalyzes the acrosome reaction in mammalian spermatozoa, and there is convincing evidence that depending on the stage of sperm maturation, it affects sperm motility [5]. ...
... In addition to affecting sperm development and motility, Mg is also an intracellular Ca antagonist [5]. In seminal plasma and prostate secretions, Mg-and Cadependent ATPase is associated with a pellet containing a few tiny granules and vesicles [5]. ...
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT) is a condition characterized by low sperm count, poor motility, and abnormal morphology, which poses a significant challenge to male reproductive health. The objective of this study was to investigate the levels of essential trace and electrolyte elements, such as calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium, and zinc, in biological samples from individuals diagnosed with OAT. This study utilized correlational analysis to determine the po-tential associations between these elements and male fertility. Imbalances in these elements have been linked to various pathological conditions and male reproductive issues. One hundred eighty referent male adults and three hundred forty-eight patients diagnosed with subtypes of infertility were included in the study, divided into four age groups. Acid digestion was controlled using a microwave oven, and the essential trace and electrolyte elements in the oxidized biological samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Certified reference materials of blood and serum were used to validate the accuracy of the methodology. The results showed that the con-centrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn in the blood, serum, and seminal plasma of male adults in all age groups were higher than those in patients with different infertility phenotypes. Essential element deficiency in all biological fluid samples may significantly negatively affect human re-productive health and lead to male infertility. Through a multidimensional approach, our study sought to unravel the intricate biochemical signatures associated with OAT, providing insights that may shape the landscape of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for male reproductive health.
... Colagar et al. [46] found no significant differences in seminal plasma magnesium and calcium levels between infertile and fertile smoking and non-smoking groups. While Wong et al. [47] found no significant differences between seminal plasma magnesium and calcium concentrations between fertile and infertile men (semen analysis was performed according to WHO guidelines from 1992), the study revealed strong positive correlations between the seminal plasma concentrations of these elements [47], as does our present research. Sørensen et al. [48] investigated whether seminal plasma magnesium and calcium levels, among others, have an impact on time to pregnancy in healthy couples. ...
... Colagar et al. [46] found no significant differences in seminal plasma magnesium and calcium levels between infertile and fertile smoking and non-smoking groups. While Wong et al. [47] found no significant differences between seminal plasma magnesium and calcium concentrations between fertile and infertile men (semen analysis was performed according to WHO guidelines from 1992), the study revealed strong positive correlations between the seminal plasma concentrations of these elements [47], as does our present research. Sørensen et al. [48] investigated whether seminal plasma magnesium and calcium levels, among others, have an impact on time to pregnancy in healthy couples. ...
... Our study revealed a very strong positive correlation between seminal plasma calcium and magnesium concentrations (Table 2, Figure 2A), which is consistent with the results of Wong et al. [47] but may be surprising, given the fact that magnesium is a calcium antagonist [49]. It is worth underlining that calcium plays a crucial role in the initiation of acrosomal reaction; moreover, during the capacitation process, sperm cells are modified, and the level of calcium ions physiologically increases [50]. ...
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the reasons for male infertility. Seminal plasma contains a multitude of enzymes and ions which influence OS and thus may affect male fertility. The aim of the study was to check for associations between seminal plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) concentrations and levels of selected biochemical parameters (total protein, iron, uric acid, magnesium, calcium) in infertile men, and establish whether they are associated with sperm disorders. Seminal plasma AOPP, as well as total protein, iron, uric acid, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, were determined for the following patient groups: normozoospermic (N; n = 33), teratozoospermic (T; n = 30), asthenoteratozoospermic (AT; n = 18), and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT; n = 28). AOPP concentrations were significantly higher in N and T groups in comparison to AT and OAT groups. Total protein concentrations were significantly lower in the T group in comparison to the AT and OAT groups, whereas iron concentrations significantly decreased in the OAT group in comparison to the T and N patients. AOPP differentiates AT patients from men with other sperm disorders. Our results suggest that asthenozoospermia may be connected with total protein levels. Insufficient iron levels may reflect a decrease in sperm count.
... The Ca 2þ cation participates together with bicarbonate in sperm capacitation, stimulating the soluble enzyme adenylate cyclase, which when activated generates an increase in the synthesis of cyclic AMP that activates protein kinase A, triggering the phosphorylation of tyrosines of various proteins sperm cells (Visconti et al., 1995;Litvin et al., 2003). Ca 2þ is also the trigger for the acrosomal reaction, a process that allows sperm to penetrate the outer coatings of the oocyte (Visconti et al., 1995;Wong et al., 2001;Flesch et al., 2001;Chávez et al., 2011). The Mg 2þ cation acts as a cofactor of many enzyme systems and has been related to the modulation of sperm motility (Wong et al., 2001). ...
... Ca 2þ is also the trigger for the acrosomal reaction, a process that allows sperm to penetrate the outer coatings of the oocyte (Visconti et al., 1995;Wong et al., 2001;Flesch et al., 2001;Chávez et al., 2011). The Mg 2þ cation acts as a cofactor of many enzyme systems and has been related to the modulation of sperm motility (Wong et al., 2001). Similarly, the Zn 2þ cation acts as a cofactor for many metalloenzymes, and has been associated with different processes related to DNA, such as stabilization and decondensation of sperm chromatin (Kvist, 1980;Kvist et al., 1990), and expression of genes that encode for steroid receptors, whose transcription factors include those that contain zinc fingers (Mackeh et al., 2018). ...
... However, the molecular mechanisms through which this protein contributes to the sperm binding to the zona pellucida have not yet been elucidated (Yudin et al., 2002;Caballero et al., 2012). Sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction Visconti et al., 1995;Flesch et al., 2001;Wong et al., 2001;Litvin et al., 2003;Chávez et al., 2011 Mg 2þ Cofactor of enzyme systems and modulator of sperm motility Wong et al., 2001 Zn 2þ Cofactor of metalloenzymes, DNA-related processes, acrosin activity Kvist, 1980;Steven et al., 1982;Kvist et al., 1990;Mackeh et In cattle (and humans; Frenette et al., 2006), epididymosomes have been seen to contain two enzymes involved in the synthesis of fructose via the polyol pathway: aldose reductase 1 B5 (AKR1B5) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) (Frenette et al., 2004). AKR1B5 reduces glucose generating sorbitol, a polyol that is not very permeable to the plasma membrane, through a reaction is optimal at pH 6.5, which can be found throughout the caput and corpus of the epididymis (Burg, 1995;Frenette et al., 2004). ...
Over the last decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to be implicated in a complex universal mechanism of communication between different cell types. EVs are nanostructures of lipid nature that have an exosomal or ectosomal biogenesis, responsible for the intercellular transport of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, ions, among other molecules. The content of EVs can vary due to various factors such as hormonal stimuli, non-physiological conditions, metabolic state, etc. Once EVs reach their target cell, they can modulate processes such as gene expression, metabolism, response to external factors, and can even be associated with the delivery of molecules involved in epigenetic inheritance processes in germ cells. In mammalian reproduction, EVs have been shown to play an important role, either in vivo or in vitro , modulating a variety of processes in sperm, oocytes and embryos, and in their respective environments. Moreover, EVs represent a biodegradable, harmless and specific vehicle, which makes them attractive allies to consider when improving assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Therefore, the present review aims to describe the content of the main EVs involved in mammalian reproduction and how they can vary due to different factors, as well as to detail how EVs modulate, directly or indirectly, different molecular processes in gametes and embryos. In addition, we will highlight the mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. We will also propose new perspectives according to the characteristics of each particular EV to improve the different ARTs.
... Inorganic ions (Na + , K + , Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Cl -) in the seminal plasma maintain the osmotic balance and helps in buffering action, utilization of energy, and sperm motility (Gür and Demirci, 2000;Massanyi et al., 2003;Wong et al., 2001;Tvrdá et al., 2013b;Purohit et al., 1999;Machal et al., (2002;Çevik, et al., 2007). Inorganic ions are essential for the fertilization capacity of spermatozoa. ...
... According to Wong et al. (2001), Mg is regarded as a marker of seminal vesicle secretions. Magnesium plays a vital role in the utilization of ATP, which is important for sperm transport as well as fertilization. ...
In the present study, frozen semen straw were collected from the bull semen bank and performed routine semen analysis. We also studied different biochemical parameters of seminal fluid, including ROS generation and DNA fragmentation. Average viability and motility of sperm showed within 77% and 27%, respectively, which is not satisfactory. Biochemical constituents like glucose, fructose, total protein, cholesterol, and others varied among the different breeds, and there was no superiority among the breeds. The results of different electrolyte concentrations were closely associated among the different breeds that protected the sperm from osmotic lysis. Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase activity were mostly better in exotic and crossbred breeds than in pure indigenous breeds. Antioxidant profile and oxidative stress (OS) were also studied. The results indicated that antioxidant enzyme (catalase, GPx) activity and reduced glutathione content were high in the crossbred variety. However, lipid peroxidation rate was high in the Gir breed. Flowcytometry study revealed that the ROS generation level was very high, and the rate of DNA fragmentation was around 50%, which indicated the loss of 50% of sperm due to ROS. In conclusion, it could be said that cryopreservation decreases sperm viability, motility, and increases ROS that is detrimental to sperm survival.
... They were reassessed at the end of the treatment period and their results were compared with baseline values. The authors reported a significant improvement in sperm count in infertile men, while sperm count was also higher in fertile men but without statistical significance [78] [91]. In the same study, Wong et al. (2002) enrolled 103 subfertile and 108 fertile men and conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of the same dose of Zn for the same duration, but with the addition of folic acid (FA) (5 mg/day). ...
... In the same study, Wong et al. (2002) enrolled 103 subfertile and 108 fertile men and conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of the same dose of Zn for the same duration, but with the addition of folic acid (FA) (5 mg/day). The authors' results are almost in line with the previous findings: sperm count elevated from about 7.5 × 10 6 /mL before to 12 × 10 6 /mL after treatment (almost 74% increase) for both subfertile and fertile men, while significant differences in other semen parameters were not found [78] [91]. Ebisch et al. (2003) conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study in which they enrolled 113 fertile and 77 subfertile men from the Netherlands. ...
Background: Zinc (Zn) is an essential metal that plays a critical role in normal testicular development, spermatogenesis, prevention of sperm degradation, and overall male fertility. This review aims to offer a comprehensive and current overview of seminal plasma Zn levels in fertile men worldwide. It also aims to compare Zn levels in seminal plasma and blood (serum/plasma) between infertile men (cases) and fertile men (con-trols), examine the impact of Zn on sperm quality and the reproductive hormone, and highlight the effects of Zn supplementation therapy in male infertility. Methods: To achieve these goals, peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2024 were interrogated with regard to strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and were then thoroughly reviewed and analyzed. Results: Our findings indicate that maintaining optimal seminal plasma Zn levels is crucial, as low Zn levels are linked to impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility, while high Zn levels can cause oxidative stress and other changes that contribute to infertility. Seminal plasma Zn levels from 100 to 200 mg/L among fertile men worldwide can be roughly considered safe. Comparative analysis showed that a greater number of studies reported lower levels of seminal Zn in cases than in controls. Research into the impact of Zn levels in seminal plasma has shown that, although the results are not yet conclusive, altered (non-normal) Zn levels could influence semen parameters particularly motility, morphology, and sperm count-and the level of the reproductive hormone, testosterone. Zinc-deficient infertile men could benefit from supplement therapy. Conclusions: Assessment of seminal plasma Zn levels in infertile men could provide valuable information and aid in diagnosis and treatment planning.
... Extracellular Ca provides calcium ion to maintain intracellular Ca, bone mineralization, blood clotting and plasma membrane potential. Further, calcium stabilizes the plasma membrane and affects its permeability [13,14]. In this way, while the calcium in the head of spermatozoa could be involved in the modulation of progesterone-induced acrosomal exocytosis, the calcium in the midpiece could be more related to mitochondria-modulated processes such as sperm motility, mitochondria-based energy production and early capacitation steps [15]. ...
... The prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis. Have been shown to be also very rich in calcium, which is why several studies have investigated the association between calcium and male fertility [14]. The role of calcium is also in the maintenance of spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, DNA metabolism and gene expression in germ cells [20]. ...
This study was aimed to determine the effect of CaCl2 on the motility and viability of stallion spermatozoa during different incubation temperatures. Experimental samples were prepared by diluting the ejaculates (n = 10) from three uniformly housed and fed breeding stallions with six different concentrations of CaCl2 (A: 0.1125, B: 0.225, C: 0.45, D: 0.938, E: 1.25, and F: 1.875 mg/mL). The control samples (CON) were prepared by diluting ejaculate only with physiological solution. Samples were divided into two aliquots for analyses at different storage temperatures (5 °C and 37 °C). The motility parameters were analysed by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis system at several time intervals (0, 1, 2 and 3 h) and the viability was assessed using a mitochondrial toxicity test (MTT) realized at the end of incubation at both temperatures. Addition of CaCl2 to stallion semen showed significant effect on motility parameters, especially in the highest concentrations at 5 °C. Significant objectionable effect of CaCl2 on both total and progressive motility was observed at temperature 37 °C compared to control sample. However, results of velocity curved line in samples C, D and F at time 1 h and also at time 2 h in sample F showed significant positive effect of CaCl2. Sperm viability in experimental samples did not show a significant difference compared to the control at either 5 °C or 37 °C. The results of this study did not confirm essential effect of calcium on reproductive parameters of stallion. To conclude, our study demonstrated that the effect of CaCl2 on stallion sperm motility differs in a dose-dependent manner; however, the overall impact on motility parameters does not seem to be beneficial.
... Calcium is detected at the highest concentration in seminal plasma analyses, followed by magnesium and zinc. (13) Although the seminal plasma concentration of calcium, magnesium and zinc is higher than the blood plasma concentration, the blood plasma concentration of copper is higher than the seminal plasma concentration. (13) The presence of chronic prostatitis causes decrease in the prostatic uid zinc levels, also frequent ejaculation may also decrease seminal vesicle zinc levels. ...
... (13) Although the seminal plasma concentration of calcium, magnesium and zinc is higher than the blood plasma concentration, the blood plasma concentration of copper is higher than the seminal plasma concentration. (13) The presence of chronic prostatitis causes decrease in the prostatic uid zinc levels, also frequent ejaculation may also decrease seminal vesicle zinc levels. (14) This situation may lead to lower antioxidant capacity and the adverse effect of heavy metals and also semen quality would be affected. ...
Infertility is recently a common health problem among the populations. Our study aims to reveal the clinical outcomes of infertile male patients that were evaluated comparatively according to spermiogram results. Male infertility patients between the ages of 18–50 with regular health records were included in the study. Men under the age of 18, over the age of 50 and who did not seek children were excluded from the study. Demographic data, questionnaire scores, hormonal parameters and spermiogram results were examined and comparatively analyzed. 133 patients were included. Patietns with abnormal spermiogram results had higher mean FSH(mIU/mL) and LH(mIU/mL) values. Patients with normal spermiogram results had higher sperm concentration(mil/mL) and sperm motility(%a + b).(p < 0.05) Azoospermia patients had highest mean FSH(mIU/mL) and WBC(*10^3cells/uL) values and teratozoospermia patients had the lowest.(p < 0.05) Patients with normal results had lowest mean LH(mIU/mL) values while azoospermia patients had the highest.(p < 0.05) Asthenoteratozoospermia patients had highest mean LYM(*10^3cells/uL) values while patients with normal results had the lowest.(p < 0.05) Although statistically significant differences were not observed in terms of trace element analysis and many laboratory results, our study is important due to limited number of studies for especially trace element analysis in infertile male patients.
... The authors observed [6] a slowdown in the development of testes, appendages, prostate, and pituitary gland. The presence of abnormal Zn concentrations in human seminal plasma may affect spermatogenesis in terms of sperm production, maturation, motility, and fertilization ability [7]. Zinc deficiency has also been found to affect not only spermatogenesis and the development of primary and secondary genital organs in males, but also all stages of the reproductive process in females, from estrus to oviposition [5]. ...
... There are many data on the determination of Zn in biological fluids such as blood, serum, semen, or seminal plasma described in the literature both for humans [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and animals (stallion, bull, cow, buffalo, rabbit, wild boar, ram) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
A new anodic stripping voltammetry technique has been proposed for direct determination of zinc in seminal plasma of bulls. Two types of electrodes were used as working electrodes—a stationary glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and a thick-film-modified graphite electrode (TMGE) for comparison. The method is rapid, simple, and highly accurate, has high selectivity and low limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs), and no sample pretreatment steps are also required. The data obtained in both cases agree well with each other and with the data obtained by the independent method of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The relative error of the zinc determination by anodic stripping voltammetry does not exceed 10%. The LOD and LOQ values obtained under optimized conditions were 3.0 and 8.0 µg L⁻¹ for GCE and 2.0 and 5.0 µg L⁻¹ for TMGE, respectively. In contrast to the GCE application, the TMGE application did not include the addition of toxic soluble mercury salts (II) in the electrolyte solution. The zinc content in seminal plasma of bulls is 6.1 ÷ 13.0 mg L⁻¹. The mean values of zinc concentrations in the samples were 8.4, 11.9, and 9.0 mg L⁻¹ for Red, Simmental, and Black-motley animals, respectively. All of these values are within physiological limits and agree well with literature data.
Graphical abstract
... Спермоплазма человека содержит множество макро-и микроэлементов, которые, несомненно, играют важную роль в нормальном функционировании сперматозоидов и формировании их оплодотворяющих свойств [1][2][3]. Но среди них особое место занимает микроэлемент цинк (Zn): не случайно его концентрация в спермоплазме значительно выше, чем в любой другой биологической жидкости организма человека [4]. ...
... о достоверной корреляции уровня цинка в спермоплазме с подвижностью, морфологией и количеством сперматозоидов [16,21]. В ряде исследований установлена достоверная корреляция уровня цинка в спермоплазме только с количеством сперматозоидов [1,19,24] (рис. 1), в то время как в работах других авторов показаны корреляции спермоплазменного уровня цинка с морфологией и подвижностью сперматозоидов, но не с количеством сперматозоидов [25] или только с подвижностью [26] (рис. ...
Background: Zinc is essential for the normal functioning of the male reproductive system. The data on the diagnostic value of the zinc level in the human spermoplasm and its relationship with the main parameters of the sperm fertility are contradictory.
Aim: study of the correlations between the zinc level in the spermoplasm and the spermogram characteristics.
Methods: The sperm of men of the reproductive age (n=486, average age 33.073.03 years) was studied. In addition to the standard spermogram, MAR tests (IgA, IgG and IgM) were performed in the sperm samples, the degree of fragmentation of the sperm DNA, the sperm interaction with hyaluronic acid, the acrosine activity, and the neutral alpha-glucosidase activity were assessed, the citric acid, fructose and glycodelin levels were determined, and the level of reactive oxygen species was studied. The zinc level determination in the spermoplasm was carried out by a standard spectrophotometric method with 5-Br-PAPS chromogen. The Pearson's formula was used for the correlation analysis. The study was conducted from 2018 to May 2022, once.
Results: A significant negative correlation of the zinc level in the spermoplasm with the age of men was revealed (r=-0.16; p 0.001). The level of zinc in the spermoplasm weakly negatively correlated with the dilution time and with the viscosity of the sperm. The positive correlation was found with the number of spermatozoa (r=0.13; p 0.01) and their mobility (r=0.38; p 0.00001). The level of zinc in the spermoplasm negatively correlated with the degree of the sperm DNA fragmentation and with the amount of reactive oxygen species, and positively correlated with the results of the test for binding to hyaluronic acid.
Conclusions: The level of zinc in the spermoplasm significantly correlates with a number of physiological and biochemical characteristics of the sperm. The data obtained allow us to recommend determination of the zinc level in the sperm plasma to not only assess the functional activity of the prostate gland, but also to diagnose the fertility of the ejaculate, as well as to optimize the therapy with zinc-containing drugs and improve the control over the effectiveness of the treatment.
... Copper in seminal plasma is important for numerous enzymes and proteins that are involved in antioxidant metabolism [10,17]. However, high levels of ionic Cu were toxic to spermatozoa [17,18]. Abnormal levels of Zn [19,20,21] and Cu [21,22] in seminal plasma correlated with human infertility [10]. ...
... In the present study, the concentrations of Zn and Cu in stallion seminal plasma were higher in fertile groups III (50-70% fertility) and IV (>70% fertility) than in-group I (infertile). Other studies found is a significant correlation between fertility and the concentrations of Zn and Cu in stallion seminal plasma [4,9,17,18,49]. Seminal plasma concentrations of Zn have an influence on stability of sperm membranes and chromatin [50,51]. In humans, fertile males had higher seminal plasma Zn levels than infertile males [52,53,54]. ...
Background
Seminal plasma contains several microelements like Zn, Fe, Se, and Cu that affect sperm motility and male fertility. Biochemical evaluation of seminal plasma trace elements is important for assessing fertility and diagnosing male infertility.
Aims
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of seminal fluid trace elements on sperm parameters and fertility in Arabian horses.
Methods
Ninety-four ejaculates from 25 Arabian stallions (4–27 years old) were used to investigate the effect of seminal fluid trace elements on semen parameters and fertility. Data divided according to season, stallion age, and fertility of stallions. The concentrations of Zn, Fe, Se, Cu, Cr and Mo were determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Percentage stallion fertility estimated by mares that conceived on their first cycle. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS statistical software program (2013), version 22.0.
Results
There was a significant effect of season on semen volume, pH, Fe, Se, Cu, Cr, and Mo. Stallion age had a significant effect on pH, sperm motility, concentration, total motile sperm count, sperm abnormalities, Zn, and Fe. Sperm motility was higher (P < 0.05) and sperm abnormalities were lower (P < 0.05) in group IV (>70% fertility) than in group I (infertile) and group II (<50% fertility). Sperm abnormalities were low in group IV and high in groups I and II. Seminal plasma Zn and Cu levels were higher (P < 0.05) in groups III (50_70% fertility) and IV than in group I. Fe levels were lower (P < 0.05) in group IV than in groups I, II, and III. Seminal plasma Mo concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in group III than in group I.
Conclusions
High seminal plasma concentrations of Zn, Se, Cu, and Mo and low Fe concentrations are associated with improved stallions' semen parameters and fertility.
... The composition of the capsule includes Velvet antler (Cornu cervi parvum), purchased in Huong Son, Ha Tinh, and Cordyceps militaris (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), cultured at the Military Medical Academy, with a ratio of 5:3. Variables such as age (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40), and 41-56), infertility classification (primary and secondary) were used to characterize the surveyed patients. The history of a patient whose wife has never been pregnant was considered primary infertility. ...
... 30,31 In addition, the trace elements (Ca, P, Fe, Zn) of Velvet antler and Cordyceps militaris were shown to promote enzymes that increase protein synthesis, especially zinc, which increases the number and quality of sperm. 32,33,34 After taking Y10 capsules, the serum AST and ALT in the study patients did not change statistically and were always within the normal physiological limits. This proves that Y10 does not affect liver function. ...
Traditional medicine has been effectively used in treating male infertility and other diseases of men. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Y10 capsules used in improving spermatogenesis in male patients with semen quality impairment. The composition of the capsule includes Velvet antler (Cornu cervi parvum) and Cordyceps militaris (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) in a ratio of 5: 3. Thirty patients with impaired semen quality were recruited for this study from the Embryology Research and Training Center, Military Medical Academy, Vietnam, from October 2017 to December 2017. Each patient participating in the study used four Y10 capsules/day, two hours after meals, continuously for two months. The study results reveal that Y10 capsules effectively regulated LH and FSH secretion, increased serum testosterone levels, sperm count and quality in patients with semen quality impairment. Also, Y10 capsules did not cause unwanted effects nor changes in the biochemical and haematological parameters of the patients surveyed. This study concluded that treatment with Y10 capsules improved semen quality in the study group and could therefore be used to manage patients with semen quality impairment in Vietnam.
... As also shown in this study, Cd exposure resulted in a significant decline in testicular concentrations of Mg, Ca and Zn ions with a concomitant significant increase in Cd ion concentration. Magnesium plays a crucial role in cellular physiology and is essential for sperm motility; reduced levels of Mg in the seminal fluid are associated with infertility across different populations and species (Wong et al., 2001;Emojevwe et al., 2022). Moreover, during the process of spermatogenesis, Calcium ion is one of the essential elements that help to regulate the division, growth, and apoptosis of spermatogonia and spermatocytes (Golpour et al., 2017). ...
Cadmium (Cd) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and adversely affecting reproductive organs and functions. Conversely, palmitic acid (PA) is a free radical scavenger naturally found in palm oil and consumed in diets. This study investigated the protective role of PA against cadmium-induced adverse alteration of male Wistar rats’ reproductive parameters. Twenty mature male Wistar rats were grouped into four (n=5/group): 0.2 mL of 10% Tween 80 (Control); 2 mg/kg bw-Cd; 2 mg/kg bw - Cd+200 mg/kg bw PA; and 200 mg/kg bw PA. PA was given via oral route daily for thirty days, while a single dose of Cd was intraperitoneally given. Serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); testicular concentrations of magnesium, calcium, zinc, and cadmium; epididymal sperm parameters (morphology, motility, viability, and counts) were evaluated, and the testicular histoarchitecture was assessed using standard techniques. Data obtained were statistically analysed and compared using ANOVA at p < 0.05. In comparison to the control group, Cd exposure significantly decreased serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels; testicular magnesium, calcium and zinc; sperm motility, viability and counts. In addition, cadmium exposure resulted in abnormal sperm morphology and distorted testicular histoarchitecture. The co-administration of Cd and PA in group 3 showed significant reversal of the adverse effect of Cd on reproductive hormones, electrolytes, sperm parameters and testicular histomorphology. Hence, palmitic acid exhibits a protective effect against cadmium-induced adverse alterations of reproductive parameters and testicular histoarchitecture in Wistar rats.
... These levels were significantly (p < 0.05) reversed following incubation with African walnut oil. Ca and Mg have been reported for their roles in spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and motility (54). The spermatogenic roles of Na and K include semen production, sperm capacitation, motility, fertilization capacity, and membrane potential but toxic at higher concentrations (53). ...
Background
African walnut (Plukenetia conophora) oil (AWO) has been reported for its nutritional and medicinal properties and has been employed for the management of metabolic diseases including hyperglycemia-mediated ailments.
Objective
In the present study, AWO was investigated for its ability to stimulate glucose uptake and its effect on energy metabolism, steroidogenesis, and tissue morphology in isolated testes of Wistar rats.
Methods
Isolated testes were incubated with AWO (30–240 μg/mL) in the presence of 11.1 mMol glucose at 37°C for 2 h. Control consisted of testes incubated with glucose only, while normal control consisted of testes not incubated with AWO and/or glucose. The standard antidiabetic drug was metformin.
Results and conclusion
Incubation with AWO led to significant increase in glucose uptake, hexokinase, glyoxalase 1, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities, GLUT4, glutathione, and ATP levels while concomitantly suppressing glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase, glycogen phosphorylase, aldose reductase, polyol dehydrogenase, E-NTPDase, and ATPase activities. Furthermore, incubation with AWO led to improved testicular morphology while elevating testicular levels of magnesium, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and iron. Fatty acid profiling with GC-MS revealed linoleic acid and linolenic acid as the predominant essential fatty acids in AWO. Molecular docking analysis revealed potent molecular interactions of linoleic acid and linolenic acid with GLUT4. These results suggest the ability of AWO to improve testicular glucose metabolism and steroidogenesis and can be explored in the management of male infertility.
... Zinc in men has unique properties, including improving fertility by supporting sexual and prostate health, and the levels of testosterone, increasing sperm quality, and fertilization. Zinc has been shown to play an important role in reproductive function [7][8][9]. For example, zinc deficiency is associated with decreased testicular volume, decreased testis weightiness and hypogonadism, sexual disfunction, insufficient increase of secondary sexual characteristics in humans, contraction of the sperm ducts, malfunction of spermatogenesis, the development of male sex organ, and hypogonadism [10]. ...
KEYWORDS High-intensity exercise; aqueous extract of Ajwain seeds; Zinc transporter; Testicular tissue ABSTRACT: Zinc and iron as two important essential minerals for testis functions are controlled by Zinc transporters. It has been reported that zinc and its transporters are affected by nutrition and training. The main goals of the current experimentation were to the influences of training in combination with extraction of Ajwain seeds on rat testicular zinc and zinc transporters. Forty male rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Rats were orally received an aqueous Ajwain seed extraction (200 mg kg-1) and the saline groups were treated in the same manner. Results showed that gene expression of Znt5 had meaningfully changed in the ST group in comparison with SC (p = 0.004) and AT (p = 0.001) groups. Expression of this gene had meaningfully alteration in the AT group in comparison with ST (p = 0.036) and AC (p = 0.001) groups. Gene expression of Znt8 was also significantly increased in AT group compared to AC group (P = 0.010). Expression of Znt9 was also significantly increased in AT group in comparison with AC (P = 0.008) and ST (P = 0.026) groups. Expression of the other genes (Znt6, Zip7, Zip8, and Zip14) and also the content of Zn, Fe and glycogen did not show significant differences. The concurrent implementation of training and supplementation with the extract of Ajwain seed significantly modulated the expression levels of certain zinc transporters. These discoveries can offer new understandings into the underlying mechanisms of the effects of exercise and nutrition on testicular tissue.
... Assessment of mineral profile in serum of hypofertile dogs help to rule out nutrient deficiency. Nutrient deficiencies of these mineral and vitamins can result in serious impairment of sperm potential [11] . Determination of testosterone concentration in blood serum help to know the reproductive status of animal. ...
... In its ionic form, copper is toxic to a variety of cells, including human spermatozoa [10]. According to Wong et al. [11], a positive correlation between blood Cu concentration and sperm motility dysfunction was found. However, cytosolic Cu is mainly bound to metallothioneins that may reduce its toxicity to some extent. ...
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial use of common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna aqueous extract at 1.5g/Kg bw/day against chronic copper sulfate intoxication (100mg/Kg bw) in Wistar rats. Material and Method: Animals were divided into 6 groups; the untreated control (C), 2 positive controls treated respectively with hawthorn fruits (F) and leaves (L), 1 group treated with copper (Cu) and 2 combined treatment groups treated with Cu and hawthorn-fruits (CuF) and Cu and hawthorn-leaves (CuL). After 30 days of oral administration, testis weight and plasma testosterone levels were evaluated, in addition to the epididymal sperm concentration, motility, vitality, velocity (VCL, VSL and VAP), the amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and the beat cross frequency (BCF). Testicular glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also evaluated. Result and Discussion: Cu exposure reduced testosterone, sperm concentration, live sperm, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, GSH, and GPx levels compared to control groups. Dead sperm and MDA levels were increased in rats of Cu group compared to the untreated control. When compared to the Cu group, levels of testosterone, sperm concentration, sperm motility, live sperm, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, GSH, and GPx were much higher in the CuF and CuL groups, along with a significantly lower MDA concentration. In conclusion, hawthorn, when co-administered as an aqueous extract with Cu, protected most biological markers against copper toxicit, while positive control (s) boosted sperm concentration and velocity (VCL and VAP). Remita et al. 453 ÖZ Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Wistar sıçanlarında, kronik bakır sülfat zehirlenmesine (100mg / Kg bw) karşı yaygın alıç Crataegus monogyna sulu ekstraktının (1.5g / Kg bw/ gün) olası faydalı kullanımını araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Hayvanlar, tedavi edilmemiş kontrol (C), sırasıyla alıç meyveleri (F) ve yaprakları (L) ile muamele edilmiş 2 pozitif kontrol, bakır (Cu) ile muamele edilmiş grup ve Cu ve alıç meyveleri (CuF) ve Cu ve alıç yaprakları (CuL) ile muamele edilmiş 2 kombine tedavi grubu olmak üzere 6 gruba ayrılmıştır. 30 günlük oral uygulamadan sonra, epididimal sperm konsantrasyonu, motilite, canlılık, hız (VCL, VSL ve VAP), dış yana baş deplasmanının amplitüdü (ALH) ve sperm kuyruğu vuruş sıklığının (BCF) yanısıra testis ağırlığı ve plazma testosteron seviyeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, testis glutatyonu (GSH), malondialdehid (MDA) ve glutatyonperoksidaz (GPx) da değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Cu maruziyeti, kontrol gruplarına kıyasla testosteron, sperm konsantrasyonu, canlı sperm, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, GSH ve GPx seviyelerini azaltmıştır. Cu grubunun sıçanlarında ölü sperm ve MDA seviyeleri, tedavi edilmeyen kontrole kıyasla artmıştır. Cu grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında, testosteron seviyeleri, sperm konsantrasyonu, sperm motilitesi, canlı sperm, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, BCF, GSH ve GPx seviyeleri CuF ve CuL gruplarında çok daha yüksek ve MDA konsantrasyonları ise anlamlı olarak düşüktür. Sonuç olarak, alıç, Cu ile sulu bir özüt olarak uygulandığında, bakır toksisitesine karşı çoğu biyolojik belirteci korumuş ve sperm konsantrasyonunu ve hızını (VCL ve VAP) artırmıştır.
... However, several studies have reported that high zinc levels may decrease sperm motility. Additionally, there have been reports indicating that elevated levels of zinc in the seminal plasma or sperm tails harm the movement and mobility of sperm [68,69]. Several studies have used zinc as a component of nanoparticles to assess its role in sperm characterization [70][71][72][73]. ...
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials with unique characteristics that make them well-suited for drug delivery and gene therapy applications. Among the MOFs, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) has emerged as a promising candidate for delivering exogenous DNA into cells. However, the potential of ZIF-8 as a vector for sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) has not yet been thoroughly explored.
This investigation aimed to explore the potential of ZIF-8 as a vector for enhancing genetic transfer and transgenesis rates by delivering exogenous DNA into sperm cells. To test this hypothesis, we employed ZIF-8 to deliver a plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) into mouse sperm cells and evaluated the efficiency of DNA uptake. Our findings demonstrate that ZIF-8 can efficiently load and deliver exogenous DNA into mouse sperm cells, increasing GFP expression in vitro. These results suggest that ZIF-8 is a valuable tool for enhancing genetic transfer in SMGT, with important implications for developing genetically modified animals for research and commercial purposes. Additionally, our study highlights the potential of ZIF-8 as a novel class of vectors for gene delivery in reproductive biology.
Overall, our study provides a foundation for further research into using ZIF-8 and other MOFs as gene delivery systems in reproductive biology and underscores the potential of these materials as promising vectors for gene therapy and drug delivery.
... Одним из важных химических элементов, влияющих на качественные характеристики спермы, является кальций, концентрация его в организме связана с емкостью, капацитацией [3], подвижностью и созреванием сперматозоидов, [4,5], криозащитным потенциалом [6], акросомной реакцией [7]. ...
Chemical elements, as structural components of the body, influence physiological processes and functions of the organism, growth, productive and reproductive traits, resistance and others.
In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different calcium concentrations in the wool of Holstein sires on the semen quality characteristics.
The studies were conducted in conditions of Leningrad and Vologda regions on Holstein sires, 3–5 years old (n = 40). Calcium concentration in wool was determined by atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES–ICP and MS–ICP). According to the results of this analysis and comparison with previously developed reference intervals, we formed four groups of sires: I – level of Ca concentration less than 25 th percentile, II and IV – within 25–75 th percentile (physiological norm: 1597–2926 mg/kg) and III – more than 75 th percentile. As a result of this distribution, the Ca concentration in the wool of animals of Group II was higher by 75.9 % compared to Group I; in turn, individuals of Group IV exceeded Group III – by 27.9 %. According to the results of semen quality characteristics evaluation, it was found that in the group of sires with Ca level within the previously developed reference intervals, the concentration of spermatozoa was higher by 15.3 % and their activity – by 0.17 points in fresh semen in comparison with the group with its reduced level (below the 25 th percentile). High Ca content (above the 75 th percentile) in wool contributed to a 9.0 % decrease in the concentration of spermatozoa compared to its average values. Thus, the calcium concentration, assessed by its level in the fur, affects the concentration and activity of sperm. It is necessary to evaluate it to improve the quality characteristics of sperm systematically.
... It has synergistic action with T. Estrogens too have been shown to affect the function of the seminal vesicles [73]. ...
... 18,19 Numerous factors, such as lifestyle, occupational, and socioeconomic status, generate free radicals, exacerbating the imbalance in sperm pathophysiology and resulting in sperm morphology and histological hindrance. [1][2][3] According to Thilagavathi et al., a recent study, cigarette smoking causes oxidative stress, which causes sperm mitochondria to malfunction during spermatogenesis, resulting in short telomere length and infertility. 4 The telomere length is critical for protein-mediated DNA repair mechanisms and apoptosis. ...
Background
Cigarette smoking is the leading source of oxidative species of free radicals, which causes an imbalance in the sperm's homeostatic state during spermatogenesis. Telomere length is influenced by a variety of factors, including oxidative stress, obesity, infection, telomere uncapping, and autoimmune disorders.
Materials and methods
The study participants were divided into two groups—fertile nonsmokers (n = 85), who served as the control group, and infertile smokers (n = 85). The subjects chosen ranged in age from 26 to 39 years. After 48–72 hours of sexual abstinence by masturbation, semen samples were collected from each subject and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes for liquefaction. Following liquefaction, the samples were subjected to automated computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) to assess the quality of the sperm in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines from 2010. The morphological characteristics and velocity parameters were evaluated using CASA, just like the major semen characteristics.
Results
The relative and absolute telomere length of sperm telomere loss was significantly affected by smoke toxicants in infertile subjects. Meanwhile, elevated 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG)/dG and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in infertile smokers were negatively correlated with absolute telomere length, and sperm morphology was directly related to damaged or telomere-shortened sperm. Furthermore, halo sperm acrosome status with reduced live sperm cells was discovered in infertile smokers.
Conclusion
Finally, our findings show that smoke toxicants directly or indirectly affect sperm cells by increasing oxidative species (ROS) and that sperm maturation, spermatogenesis, and sperm telomere shortening are all significant issues when sperm cells are subjected to oxidative stress, which causes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity to be compromised.
Clinical significance
Male infertility, increased ROS, abortion, chromosomal abnormalities, defective sperm, and as a smoke toxicant apart from cancer, it also causes infertility in males.
How to cite this article
TB S, Rao K, Ranganathan P. The Effects of Cigarette Smoke-induced Biophysical ROS on Spermatozoa Heads and Telomere Shortening in Infertile Smokers: A Prospective Study. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 2023;14(3):109–116.
... Cu, an essential trace element, plays a key role in numerous enzymes and proteins, which are involved in the various biological processes, including antioxidant metabolism [34]. However, some studies indicated that high levels of Cu were harmful to spermatozoa [35,36]. An experimental study indicated that high levels of Cu could lead to testicular damage and spermatogenesis disorder by increasing the levels of oxidative stress [37]. ...
Epidemiological studies on the associations between the levels of oxidative stress (OS) indicators (MDA, SOD, and GSH) in seminal plasma and the risk of idiopathic oligo-asthenotera-tozoospermia (OAT) are still inconsistent. Additionally, whether the associations can be altered by the status of essential trace elements is still unknown. To investigate the relationship between MDA, SOD, and GSH levels in seminal plasma and the risk of idiopathic OAT, and further to examine whether levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) in seminal plasma can alter the associations. A total of 148 subjects (75 idiopathic OAT cases and 73 controls) were included in this study. Seminal plasma samples from all the participants were measured for levels of MDA, SOD, GSH, Fe, Cu, and Se. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between three oxidative stress indicators and the risk of idiopathic OAT. Bayesian kernel machine regression was performed to determine the joint effects of levels of three OS indicators on the risk of idiopathic OAT. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore whether the above associations can be different when Fe, Cu, and Se were in different levels. The level of MDA in seminal plasma was positively associated with the risk of idiopathic OAT, with adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.38 (1.17, 4.83), and SOD and GSH levels were not associated with the risk of idiopathic OAT. In BKMR analyses, we found a significant positive association between the mixture of MDA, SOD, and GSH levels and the risk of idiopathic OAT at concentrations below the 65th percentile, while a negative association at concentrations above it. In subgroup analysis, a positive association was observed between MDA levels in seminal plasma and the risk of idiopathic OAT in the high-Cu group (adjusted OR = 3.66, 95%CI = 1.16, 11.57), while no significant association was found in the low-Cu group (adjusted OR = 1.43, 95%CI = 0.44, 4.58). Additionally, a negative association was found between GSH levels in seminal plasma and the risk of idiopathic OAT in the high-Se group (adjusted OR = 0.34, 95%CI = 0.11, 0.99), while no significant association was observed in the low-Se group (adjusted OR = 1.96, 95%CI = 0.46, 8.27). The levels of MDA, SOD, and GSH in seminal plasma were associated with the risk of idiopathic OAT, and the levels of Cu and Se in seminal plasma may alter the associations.
... On the other hand, certain substances such as zinc, calcium, magnesium and copper play an essential role in spermatogenesis and fertility (5) . These elements called mineral elements which are frequently classed as either macronutrients or micronutrients (trace elements), depending on the amount of each that is needed in the diet (6) . ...
Objective: The aim of this study to detect the correlation between trace elements such as zinc, copper andspermatogenesis, sperm viability and motility.Methodology: Serum and semen samples were collected from one hundred twenty patients with age ranged (20-50 years) attending the high institute for Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment/ Baghdad University, inaddition to thirty fertile males their age comparable to that of patients. The period of this study was from June2004 until the end of October 2004.Results: The result of routine seminal fluid analysis of all infertile males was divided according to WHO, (1999) limitinto four groups: Asthenospermia(A), Asthenoteratospermia(AT), Oligoasthenoteratospermia OAT andAzoospermia(Azoo), each group includes thirty patient. Results showed highly significant decrease in serum zincconcentration in different infertile groups compared to control group, and a slight increase in serum copperconcentration in different infertile group. With advancing age, all the infertile groups, as well as the control group,had a slight decrease in serum concentration of zinc, and a slight increase in serum copper concentration.Recommendations: Further studies are needed to evaluate the levels of different biochemical parameters inseminal plasma of different infertile groups.
... Human keratinocytes are susceptible to peroxidative damage because they contain high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and also possess a significant ability to generate a reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide dismutase (Cu-metalloenzyme) protects human skin cell from this peroxidative damage [22]. Although, this study showed that there was no significant difference in serum copper level between patient and control groups; Further studies are needed to show the beneficial effect of Cu compounds in prevention and treatment of acne vulgaris. ...
... Moringa leaves are also a great source of magnesium, with a high content of 448 mg per 100 g (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). It has been reported that magnesium positively correlates with sperm concentration (Wong et al., 2001). Moreover, moringa leaves contain significant selenium (363 mg kg − 1 ) (Moyo et al., 2011). ...
Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL), a superfood rich in protein and vitamins, is native to the Indian subcontinent. Moringa were added to the broodstock trout diet to examine their influence on the reproductive performance of male broodstock rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Females were fed with a commercial broodstock trout diet without any inclusion of moringa leaves. In 12 circular fiberglass tanks, 36 male rainbow trout aged 3+ (1786.36 ± 35.36 g; 56.08 ± 0.94 cm) were divided into four groups (n = 9) (control, MOL-1, MOL-2, and MOL-3) with three parallels each. Fourteen weeks of feeding trials were performed where powdered moringa leaf was used in the diets at various levels: 0% (control), 4% (MOL-1), 8% (MOL-2), and 16% (MOL-3). Sperm quality parameters and fertilization success were investigated. Sperm motility parameters were examined at 10.5 °C using a computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) system, and all samples were analyzed on the same day. Sperm volume and seminal plasma osmolality did not differ significantly across groups (p > 0.05). Spermatozoa concentration (6.71 ± 0.25, 7.54 ± 0.31, 8.44 ± 0.55, and 7.66 ± 0.35 × 109 cells ml−1 in control, MOL-1, MOL-2, and MOL-3 groups, respectively), spermatocrit ratio (18 ± 2.55%, 25 ± 3.16%, 38 ± 6.44%, and 28 ± 5.15%), and motility duration differed significantly (p < 0.05) among groups. Total motility percentage did not change, but progressive motility (74.72 ± 5.94%, 88.52 ± 4.35%, 89.36 ± 1.76%, and 90.47 ± 2.67%) was considerably higher in all three moringa groups than in control one (p < 0.05). Average Path Velocity (VAP), Straight Line Velocity (VSL), and Curvilinear Velocity (VCL) significantly differ between control and treatment groups (p < 0.05). The fertilization rate in the MOL-2 group was similar to the control and MOL-3 groups, while significant differences were observed from the eyeing stage, with the highest result observed in the MOL-2 group (p < 0.05). Hatching rates were also highest in the MOL-2 group (81.65 ± 0.49%), followed by MOL-3 (79.08 ± 1.27%) and MOL-1 (74.40 ± 2.32%), with the control group having the lowest hatching rate (74.24 ± 0.98%) (p < 0.05). Progressive motility, VAP, VSL, and VCL have significantly enhanced in the moringa-treated groups than the control one, hence boosting the fertilization success. The present study revealed that moringa leaves in the diet improve the sperm quality parameters and enhance the reproductive performance in broodstock male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Therefore, 8% moringa leaf can be recommended as a supplement diet for male rainbow trout broodstock.
... Testosterone secretion and steroidogenesis are stimulated by action of certain minerals like zinc,copper and iodine on the hypophyseal-pituitary-gonadal axis by means of regulation of the adenyl cyclase system [5]. Moreover, zinc directly stimulates Leydig cells, which secrete testosterone [34]. Trace minerals in combination potentiate testicular activity by regulating the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands in a dose-dependent manner [8]. ...
Background: Micronutrients have a well-established role in the productive and reproductive health of animals, and there are many proven benefits of supplementing them in the diet of bulls or semen extender per se. Trace minerals have a key role in regulating male fertility and sperm function. Methodology: Twelve crossbred bulls were divided into two groups (n = 6): T 1 (control) and T 2, (BullTraMin) and given diets with or without supranutritional supplementation of the novel trace mineral (BullTraMin), respectively. The experiment was conducted for 120 days and the effects on nutrient utilization, immuno-endocrine status, sexual behaviour and semen characteristics were investigated. Results and conclusion: Results showed that body weight, dry matter intake, and nutrient digestibility were not affected by dietary supplementation with BullTraMin. Testosterone levels were increased (p < 0.05), while thyroxine hormone concentrations were unaffected (p < 0.05) in control (T 1) and supplemented (T 2) groups. Levels of trace minerals (Zn, Cu, and I) were improved in the blood and seminal plasma (p < 0.05) of the T 2 group, while levels of Cr and Mn were increased only in the blood plasma. Sperm functions viz., viability, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, motility, and mitochondrial membrane potential were improved (p < 0.05) due to BullTraMin supplementation. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation and membrane scrambling which impair the cryopreservilibity of spermatozoa, were reduced (p < 0.05) in T 2 group. Blood antioxidant status (total antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels) was improved (p < 0.05) in T 2 group. Sexual behaviour was also improved (p < 0.05) in BullTraMin-supplemented group. Hence, it can be concluded that BullTraMin supplementation at a dose rate of 889 mg/kg diet (dry matter intake) is beneficial in improving hormonal status, antioxidant status, sexual behaviour and semen quality.
... Higher K + concentrations in the seminal plasma will reduce sperm metabolism, thereby reducing sperm motility (Massanyi et al., 2003). Mg 2+ ion exists in almost all enzymatic systems, which is considered a marker of seminal vesicle secretion (Wong et al., 2001) and may play an important role in sperm motility (Jobim et al., 2004). The results of this study were consistent with those of previous studies, indicating that the sperm metabolism of male rabbits was enhanced and osmotic pressure was changed under thermal stress. ...
Heat stress causes infertility in male rabbits in summer. This study was conducted to determine the effects of heat stress on semen quality and seminal plasma metabolites of male rabbits. To achieve these objectives, the temperature and humidity index (THI) was used to determine the stress state of male rabbits during different months, thereby the rabbits were divided into heat stress and no heat stress groups. The quality of the semen and the biochemical indices of seminal plasma were then analyzed. Next the plasma metabolites of rabbits in both groups were evaluated using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS)/MS technique. Our results showed that the THI value of the rabbit housing in May was 20.94 (no heat stress). The THI value of the housing in August was 29.10 (heat stress group, n = 10). Compared with the non-heat stress group, the sperm motility, density, and pH in the heat stress group ( n = 10) were significantly decreased ( P < 0.01); the semen volume decreased significantly ( P < 0.05); and the sperm malformation rate increased significantly ( P < 0.01). The number of grade A sperm significantly decreased, while the numbers of B and C grade sperm significantly increased ( P < 0.01). The total sperm output (TSO), total motile sperm (TMS), and total functional sperm fraction (TFSF) decreased significantly ( P < 0.01). Heat stress protein 70 (HSP70) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the seminal plasma of rabbits in the heat stress group ( n = 20) were significantly increased ( P < 0.01). Seminal plasma testosterone (T), α-glucosidase (α-Glu), and fructose decreased significantly ( P < 0.01). The concentrations of Mg ²⁺ ( P < 0.05), Na ⁺ ( P < 0.01), and K ⁺ ( P < 0.01) in metal ions were significantly decreased. These findings indicated that heat stress severely affected the quality of the male rabbit semen. Furthermore, UPLC-MS/MS technology was used to analyze the seminal plasma samples of rabbits in the heat stress group and non-heat stress group ( n = 9 for each group). In total, 346 metabolites were identified, with variable importance in project (VIP) > 1.0, fold change (FC) > 1.5 or < 0.667, and P < 0.05 as the threshold. A total of 71 differential metabolites were matched, including stearic acid, betaine, arachidonic acid, L-malic acid, and indole. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of differential metabolites revealed 51 metabolic pathways, including synthesis and degradation of ketones, serine and threonine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and the citric acid cycle. Our study has shown that the sperm motility, sperm pH value, and sperm density of male rabbits decreased significantly under heat stress, and the sperm malformation rate increased significantly. Furthermore, the quality of semen was shown to deteriorate and the energy metabolism pathway was disturbed. These findings provide a theoretical reference for alleviating the adaptive heat stress in male rabbits.
... Observational research has revealed that seminal B6 is 77% lower in asthenozoospermic men vs controls [250], iodine deficiency being associated with 58% and 52% lower sperm concentration and total count [251]. The other micronutrients are either not well studied individually or lack consistent effects in intervention or observational studies [252][253][254][255]. Other research has noted that infertile vs fertile men have 61% and 40% lower blood vitamin C and E, 13% lower hair zinc, and 12% higher hair selenium (suggesting pre-deficiency) [256]. ...
Over the twentieth century, male reproductive health has suffered a substantial decline, as evidenced by decreases in sperm counts and testosterone levels and increases in reproductive pathologies. At the same time, the prevalence of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome has risen dramatically. Metabolic and reproductive health are highly interconnected, suggesting that their respective trends are intertwined and, given the timeframe of such trends, environmental and not genetic factors are most likely to be the primary causes. Industrialization, which began in Europe in the mid-eighteenth century, has resulted in profound changes to our diet, lifestyle, and environment, many of which are causal factors in the rise in chronic diseases. Industrialization results in a nutrition transition from an agricultural unprocessed to a modern processed diet, incorporating increases in sugar, vegetable oils, ultra-processed foods, linoleic acid, trans-fats, and total energy. This dietary shift has incurred numerous adverse effects on metabolic and reproductive health, characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. Moreover, these effects appear to multiply across subsequent generations via epigenetic inheritance. Men’s fertility is markedly affected by obesity and diabetes, with an increase in total energy via processed food intake arguably being the key factor driving the diabesity pandemic. In contrast, wholefoods rich in micronutrients and phytonutrients support male fertility and a healthy body weight. Therefore, men wanting to maximize their fertility should consider making positive dietary changes, such as replacing processed foods with unprocessed foods that support metabolic and reproductive health.
... The last two are higher concentrated in the semen than in other fluids or tissues (Valsa et al. 2012;Zhao et al. 2016). They play roles in a range of sperm events, including sperm protection against oxidative stress and regulation of sperm motility, capacitation and acrosome reaction (Gavella and Lipovac 1998;Wong et al. 2001) (Fig. 3c). ...
After their production in the testis, spermatozoa do not have the capacity to move progressively and are unable to fertilise an oocyte. They sequentially acquire these abilities following their maturation in the epididymis and their capacitation/hyperactivation in the female reproductive system. As gene transcription is silenced in spermatozoa, extracellular factors released from the epididymal epithelium and from secretory glands allow spermatozoa to acquire bioactive molecules and to undergo intrinsic modifications. These modifications include epigenetic changes and post-translational modifications of endogenous proteins, which are important processes in sperm maturation. This article emphasises the roles played by extracellular factors secreted by the epididymis and accessory glands in the control of sperm intercellular signallings and fertilising abilities.
... Minerals such as calcium and magnesium are appropriate examples of essential seminal chemical elements. Calcium regulates numerous physiological processes in spermatozoa such as spermatozoa maturation, acrosome reaction and motility [8,9]. Magnesium is engaged in enzymatic reactions in several pathways of energy metabolism and biosynthesis of nucleic acids. ...
This study monitored the chemical and biochemical composition of bovine seminal plasma (SP). Freshly ejaculated semen (n = 20) was aliquoted into two parts. The first aliquot was immediately assessed to determine the sperm motion parameters. Another motility measurement was performed following an hour-long co-incubation of spermatozoa with SP at 6 °C. The other aliquot was processed to obtain the SP. Seminal plasma underwent the analyses of chemical composition and quantification of selected proteins, lipids and RedOx markers. Determined concentrations of observed parameters served as input data to correlation analyses where associations between micro and macro elements and RedOx markers were observed. Significant correlations of total oxidant status were found with the content of Cu and Mg. Further significant correlations of glutathione peroxidase were detected in relation to Fe and Hg. Furthermore, associations of chemical elements and RedOx markers and spermatozoa quality parameters were monitored. The most notable correlations indicate beneficial effects of seminal Fe on motility and Mg on velocity and viability of spermatozoa. On the contrary, negative correlations were registered between Zn and sperm velocity and seminal cholesterol content and motility. Our findings imply that seminal plasma has a prospective to be developed as the potential biomarker of bull reproductive health.
... It has synergistic action with T. Estrogens too have been shown to affect the function of the seminal vesicles [73]. ...
... Word wide it has affectedalmost (8% to 12%) and mostly in men half of the cases arethe only causeor contribute to infertility couples (1,2). Semen various parameters, trace elements magnesium, calcium, selenium, zinc,and copper had an important role (3).Among these elements, zinc was available in the seminal parameter. The function of zinc inseminal plasma controls the "cell membrane and nuclear chromatin of spermatozoa", and antibacterial function andprotectsdegenerative changes in the testis (4)(5)(6). ...
Objective: To evaluate the concentration of zinc inthe blood and seminal plasma with semen parameters between fertile and infertile males Methodology: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Hayatabad medical complex, Peshawar. Fifty (50)infertile males, not receiving any treatment and had regularintercourse for 1 yearaged 25-45 years were selected from HMC. They were divided into 35oligospermia and 15 azoospermic. 35 fertile males were nominatedamongthe overallresidents and were taken as the control group after their semen analysis was taken as normozoospermic. According to WHO criteria semen is analyzed. With the help of 5br Serum and seminal plasma zinc were estimated. Result: There was a significant difference found in serum and seminal levels of zinc in normozoospermic, oligospermia (p less than 0.05), and azoospermic (p-value less than 0.05) individuals. The correlation of seminal plasma zinc with sperm counts showed a positive association with the count of sperm and a negative association with motility of sperm in normozoospermic/oligospermia and a negative association of concentration with pH, and volume, WBC in all groups. No association was found with the morphology of sperm. Conclusion: It has been concluded that zinc interfered with fertility by having a considerable impact on many semen parameters. It suggests that measuring seminal plasma zinc could be useful for diagnosing and treating male infertility.
... It has synergistic action with T. Estrogens too have been shown to affect the function of the seminal vesicles [73]. ...
Infertility is an important medical and social problem in the world and male factor is responsible for about 8% to 15% of couples. A couple is said to be infertile if a female does not conceive after having unprotected sexual intercourse for one year. Variation have been observed in rates and etiology of infertility in terms of gender, sexual history, lifestyle, society, and cultural background this review summarizes current evidence regarding diagnosis and treatment of infertility
... The concentration of magnesium in SP was lower in ejaculates with higher motility, besides, both Mg and glucose levels correlated negatively with sperm quality and foaling rate. In general, Mg is also known as a marker for seminal secretions (Wong et al. 2001) and the motility of spermatozoa (Jobim et al. 2004). In stallions, both pre--secretions and the sperm-rich fraction have low levels of Mg (Kareskoski et al. 2011). ...
The identification of various substances in seminal plasma has opened the way to study their functionality. It was aimed to identify the electrophoretic protein profile (EPP) and biochemical parameters (BP) of seminal plasma (SP) as predictors of semen quality and fertility in stallion. Forty-six ejaculates from 7 fertile stallions, aged between 6-26 years, were collected from May to July and 117 mares were used to obtain fertility data. For each ejaculate, volume, sperm motility, concentration were determined and seminal plasma samples were collected to perform one- -dimensional electrophoresis and biochemical profiling. Following the estrus detection, mares were inseminated with fresh sperm. Pregnancy rates and foal rates were recorded. The concentration of 15-18 kDa molecular weight (MW) proteins has shown a positive correlation with sperm concentration and foal rate. Besides, a strong positive correlation was found between sperm concentration and 23-28 kDa MW proteins (r=0.77). The volume of 19-22 kDa MW proteins was negatively correlated with pregnancy and foal rate. Similarly, the volume of high MW proteins (173-385 kDa) correlated negatively with sperm motility and foal rate. Apart from the protein profile, while Magnesium and Glucose levels were negatively correlated with sperm quality and foal rate, Cholesterol level was a positive indicator of the quality of semen as well as the foaling rate. Moreover, the total protein level was correlated negatively with the sperm concentration whereas triglyceride was correlated positively. In conclusion, EPP and BP of seminal plasma are valuable clinical tools as predictors of fertility and semen quality in the stallion.
... Intriguingly, TdfJ was found to be 4.86-fold more highly expressed in Gc in the female genital tract than in the male urethra (29). This finding may be connected to the observation that male seminal fluid contains approximately 1,000-fold more zinc than the 0.9-1.5 mM zinc reported in female cervical secretions (59)(60)(61)(62)(63). The concentrations of calprotectin and psoriasin used in this study to sequester the low mM zinc concentrations in KSFM are in keeping with the estimates of these S100 proteins in female genital secretions. ...
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gc) must overcome limitation of metals such as zinc to colonize mucosal surfaces in its obligate human host. While the zinc-binding nutritional immunity proteins calprotectin (S100A8/A9) and psoriasin (S100A7) are abundant in human cervicovaginal lavage fluid, Gc possesses TonB-dependent transporters TdfH and TdfJ that bind and extract zinc from the human version of these proteins, respectively. Here we investigated the contribution of zinc acquisition to Gc infection of epithelial cells of the female genital tract. We found that TdfH and TdfJ were dispensable for survival of strain FA1090 Gc that were associated with Ect1 human immortalized epithelial cells, when zinc was limited by calprotectin and psoriasin. In contrast, suspension-grown bacteria declined in viability under the same conditions. Exposure to murine calprotectin, which Gc cannot use as a zinc source, similarly reduced survival of suspension-grown Gc, but not Ect1-associated Gc. We ruled out epithelial cells as a contributor to the enhanced growth of cell-associated Gc under zinc limitation. Instead, we found that attachment to glass was sufficient to enhance bacterial growth when zinc was sequestered. We compared the transcriptional profiles of WT Gc adherent to glass coverslips or in suspension, when zinc was sequestered with murine calprotectin or provided in excess, from which we identified open reading frames that were increased by zinc sequestration in adherent Gc. One of these, ZnuA, was necessary but not sufficient for survival of Gc under zinc-limiting conditions. These results show that adherence protects Gc from zinc-dependent growth restriction by host nutritional immunity proteins.
... Moreover, zinc plays a pivotal role in spermatogenesis, testicular development, sperm concentration (Wong et al., 2001) and sperm motility (Wong et al., 2002). ...
This study was aimed to investigate the combined effect of zinc sulfate and folic acid (ZnF) dietary supplementation on testicular hemodynamics (TH), testicular volume (TV), serum testosterone levels (T) and semen quality of rams under heat stress conditions. Fifteen Ossimi rams were allocated to three groups: (1) G0 (n=5) received only basic diet; (2) G1 (n=5) received basic diet + ZnF (Zn, 0.4 mg/kg bw; F, 0.02 mg/kg bw) and (3) G2 (n=5) received basic diet + ZnF (Zn, 0.8 mg/kg bw; F, 0.04 mg/kg bw) daily for 60 days. TH was evaluated using color (testicular coloration, TC) and spectral modes [resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI)] Doppler of the supra testicular arteries (proximal and distal parts, STA). Semen traits including progressive motility (PM), alive sperm % (AS), sperm viability (SV), sperm abnormalities (SA) and acrosome integrity (AI) were also assessed. The examinations were carried out one month before (D -30), the beginning of ZnF inclusion in the diet (D 0), and continued for the successive two months (D 30 and D 60). TH was significantly (P < 0.05) improved at D 30 and D 60, evidenced by lowering both RI and PI and increasing of TC in G1 compared to G0 and G2. In addition, both TV and serum T levels were elevated (P < 0.05) at D 30 and D 60 in G1 compared to other groups. Semen quality parameters (PM, AS, SV and AI) were significantly (P < 0.05) augmented in the same trend as TH, TV and T in G1 versus G0 and G2. A marked decrease (P < 0.05) in SA % was noticed at Days 30 and 60 after ZnF inclusion in G1 compared to G0 and G2. In conclusion, supplementation of the summer diet with ZnF improved the whole reproductive functions such as testicular hemodynamics and semen quality of rams housed in heat stress conditions.
Infertility affects a significant proportion of the reproductive‐aged population, with male‐associated factors contributing to over half of the cases. However, current diagnostic tools have limitations, leading to an underestimation of the true prevalence of male infertility. While traditional semen parameters provide some insights, they fail to determine the true fertility potential in a substantial number of instances. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate additional molecular targets responsible for male infertility to improve understanding and identification of such cases. Seminal plasma, the main carrier of molecules derived from male reproductive glands, plays a crucial role in reproduction. Amongst its multifarious functions, it regulates processes such as sperm capacitation, sperm protection and maturation, and even interaction with the egg's zona pellucida. Seminal plasma offers a non‐invasive sample for urogenital diagnostics and has shown promise in identifying biomarkers associated with male reproductive disorders. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of seminal plasma in the diagnosis of male infertility, exploring its composition, function, methods used for analysis, and the application of emerging markers. Apart from the application, the potential challenges of seminal plasma analysis such as standardisation, marker interpretation and confounding factors have also been addressed. Moreover, we have also explored future avenues for enhancing its utility and its role in improving diagnostic strategies. Through comprehensive exploration of seminal plasma's diagnostic potential, the present analysis seeks to advance the understanding of male infertility and its effective management.
This gold standard text has kept its readers abreast of rapid advancements in reproductive medicine and surgery since 1983. Continuing this tradition, this fifth edition has been fully updated and revised to provide clear, didactic advice on best practice for a variety of clinical situations faced by practitioners across many specialties - including urologists, gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, medical endocrinologists and many in internal medicine and family practice who see men with suboptimal fertility and reproductive problems. Completely restructured to include pedagogical features such as easily accessible key concepts that cement understanding and real-world use. Covering everything from foundations of anatomy and embryology, through clinical evaluation, diagnostic approaches, treatment and fertility care in context within the healthcare system and society, thrilling advances and future directions are also included. This new edition is an essential reference for all who are working in this young and rapidly evolving field.
Abstract
This study was conducted at Azadi Teaching Hospital in the city of Kirkuk
from (November 2019 to February 2020) for people suffering from infertility
and low fertility diagnosed by doctors, as 75 samples were collected at ages
ranging between (50-25) years, including (60) Sample suffers from infertility
and lack of fertility. The samples were distributed into five groups, each
the group contained (15) samples and agencies: Azoospermia group,
Teratozospermia group, Oligozoospermia group, Asthenozoospermia group
and the fifth group which includes fifteen 15 healthy individuals able to give birth
are considered as a control group.
The study included measuring some biochemical parameters in the serum and
plasma samples, represented by measuring the levels of vitamin D, Zinc,
Magnesium and some sex hormones such as Testosterone, Follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), and the Luteinizing hormone (LH), in addition to
measuring some of the oxidant-antioxidant parameters, which included
Mallon dialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase
(GPx) and Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD)
The results of the current study, which are analyzed statistically according to
an Anova One Way program by SPSS application at a significant level P< 0.05
indicated a significant decrease in Vitamin D levels in the experimental
groups: The Azoospermia group, Teratozospermia group, Oligozoospermia
group and Asthenozoospermia group compared to the control group, The
results also showed a significant decrease in testosterone levels In
Oligozoospermia group, and Asthenozoospermia Compared to a control
group. while there were no significant differences in Testosterone hormone
levels for the Azoospermia and Teratozospermia group as compared to
control group. The results also showed a significant increase in the levels of
B
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the experimental groups: Azoospermia
group, Oligozoospermia group and Asthenozoospermia group as compared to
control group. Compared to the control group, there was a significant
decrease in FSH levels in the experimental group Teratozospermia group as
compared to the control group. The results showed a significant decrease in
the LH levels in experimental groups: Teratozospermia group,
Oligozoospermia group and Asthenozoospermia group, while there is no
significant difference in Azoospermia group as compared with the control
group.
The study determined a positive correlation (direct) between Vitamin D level
and Testosterone hormone where was the correlation coefficient (r=0.4434),
also there was a negative correlation (indirect) between Vitamin D levels and
FSH levels where was the correlation coefficient (r=0.6894). In addition
positive correlation (direct) determined between Vitamin levels and LH levels
where was the correlation coefficient between them (r=0.3331).
The study reported a significant increase in MDA levels as an antioxidant
indicator in the Asthenozoospermia group, Teratozospermia group,
Oligozoospermia group and Azoospermia group with a significant decrease in
the SOD levels, GPx and GSH in the experimental groups as compared to the
control group.
The study results showed a negative correlation between Vitamin D levels
and MDA levels where was the correlation coefficient between them (r=-
0.5863), also a positive direct correlation between Vitamin levels and
antioxidant enzymes GSH The correlation coefficients were (r=0.5154), GPx
(r=0.8507) and SOD (r=0.7254) respectively.
The study results revealed a significant decrease in trace elements levels Zn
and Mg in the experimental groups: Azoospermia group, Teratozospermia
C
group, Oligozoospermia group and Asthenozoospermia group compared to
the control group. The results also showed a positive direct correlation
between Vitamin D levels with Zn levels The correlation coefficients were
(r=0.7049) and Mg (r=0.5548).
By presenting the results, we conclude that the level of vitamin D has a vital
and essential role in the case of infertility and decreased fertility and is
directly related to the state of oxidative stress and the lack of micronutrients
necessary for the work of many effective enzymes such as Zinc and
Magnesium in addition to its direct effect on sex hormones such as
Testosterone and FSH and LH.
Background
The influence of essential nutrients such as calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) on male fertility has been extensively studied. For reproductive health, adequate spermatogenesis, sperm maturation and motility, as well as optimal sperm function, these essential elements are required. Several pathologic and male infertility disorders have been linked to an imbalance of these elements.
Methods
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between essential and toxic elements, such as Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg Se, and Zn, as well as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in human biological samples, such as blood, serum, and seminal plasma, from 96 referent male adults aged 21 to 49 years, who were further divided into three age groups. The biological samples of Eunuch people (n= 37), ranging in age from 21 to 42 years, were also analysed for comparison. The method of acid digestion was controlled by a microwave oven. The essential and toxic elements in the oxidised biological samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Certified reference material of blood and serum was being used to validate the methodology's accuracy.
Result
The Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn concentrations in blood and serum samples of Eunuch people were found to be lower, whereas Cd, Pb, and Hg levels were significantly higher than those found in data from normal adult male subjects (p 0.001). The results reveal that the concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Se, and Zn in the seminal plasma of adult male participants in the younger age group (21-29) were higher than those in the older age groups (30-39) and (40-49). Although essential trace element levels in Eunuch people's biological samples were significantly lower than those observed in adult male subjects.
Conclusion
Essential elemental deficiency and elevated levels of toxic heavy metals in all biological fluid samples may have significant negative effects on human reproductive health (sperm quality and function), leading to male infertility.
Many factors can influence the reproductive or developmental outcomes of human exposure to metallic elements, including metallic element speciation, dose, timing, route and duration of exposure, dose-response relationship, bioavailability, and the distribution and accumulation of metallic elements in various organs.
Experimental and epidemiological studies have reported the adverse effects of many metallic elements on male and female reproductive function, for example, infertility or subfertility, malformations, abortion, and developmental alterations. Different mechanisms of action have been suggested: increased reactive oxygen species or decreased activity of the cellular antioxidant defense system; direct damage on the testes or ovaries; interaction with the embryonic structure; disruption of reproductive hormones; and, finally, immune suppression and neurotransmitter alterations. The targets and effects can be different and specific to each metallic element (e.g., neurotoxicity of Pb and methylmercury in the developing brain or the action of Cd on the testicle) or similar for large groups of metallic elements (reduced sperm motility caused by As, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb).
Knowledge of these mechanisms may be useful to occupational physicians by providing a better understanding of the dose-response relationship, as well as the choice of current indicators of dose and their effects. Use of the diagnostic approach in occupational medicine is necessary to achieve adequate evidence for a causal relationship between exposure and clinical findings.
Analysis of trace elements in blood serum can be an important tool for monitoring micronutrient supply in stallions in order to maintain reproductive health. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the concentrations of macro- and microelements in the blood serum of stud stallions with the qualitative characteristics of fresh sperm and sperm after cryopreservation and thawing. The studies were carried out on purebred Arabian stallions (n=50). As a biomaterial for studies, we used blood serum, fresh and thawed sperm after cryopreservation. The elemental composition of seminal plasma was determined by 25 chemical elements Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, Se, Zn Ca, K, Mg, P, B, Li, Si, V Na, Ni, Sn, Hg, Sr, Al, As, Cd, Pb) by ICP-DRC-MS methods. It was found that the concentrations of Mg and Co in the blood serum positively correlate with the qualitative characteristics of the sperm of Arabian purebred stallions. Wherein, the optimal range of concentrations of Mg in the blood serum, typical for stallions with relatively high indicators of sperm quality, is 22.64 to 27.05 μg/g; Co – 0.001 to 0.0015 μg/g.
Magnesium has an established role in obstetrics and an evolving role in other clinical areas, in particular cardiology. Many
of the effects involving magnesium are still a matter of controversy. Over the next decade, it is likely that improvements
in the measurement of magnesium, a clearer understanding of the mechanisms of its actions and further results of clinical
studies will help to elucidate its role, both in terms of treating deficiency and as a pharmacological agent.
Total seminal zinc concentration, seminal zinc fraction bound to high molecular weight proteins (HMW-Zn%) and zinc content in spermatozoa were assayed in the ejaculates of 90 asthenozoospermic patients subdivided into two study groups: normoasthenozoospermics (group I: n = 50) and oligoasthenozoospermics (group II: n = 40). The zinc concentrations of patients were compared with those of a control group of donors showing normal semen parameters. All samples were also investigated for their sperm membrane functional integrity by the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS). The results showed normal total zinc concentrations but very low HMW-Zn% values (P < 0.001) in seminal plasma of the two groups of asthenozoospermic patients compared to the controls. Furthermore higher zinc amounts (P < 0.001) were measured in spermatozoa of oligoasthenozoospermic patients compared to group I and to the control group. Oligoasthenozoospermics also displayed a lower HOS score (P < 0.001) compared to the other two groups. These data suggest that the increased unbound seminal zinc could contribute to the decrease of sperm motility in normoasthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic patients. A further impairment in sperm motility could occur in the oligoasthenozoospermic patients where the increase of seminal free zinc was followed by a major zinc uptake by spermatozoa. The higher intrasperm zinc content in these patients could be a reflection of their low sperm membrane functionality.
The concentrations of lead, magnesium, selenium and zinc in seminal fluid from men with variable semen quality (sperm morphology, density and motility) and fertility were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer without or with Zeeman background correction. The mean (+/- SD) concentration of selenium in the samples (n = 142) was 28.8 +/- 9.5 micrograms/l, which was about a third of the corresponding serum value (77.8 +/- 13.3 micrograms/l, n = 140). The serum selenium level was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in infertile than in fertile men, but the seminal fluid did not show such a difference. No correlation was obtained between selenium values in seminal plasma and sperm density or motility. The levels of lead in seminal fluid were very low with no correlation to the levels of magnesium, selenium and zinc or the semen qualities. The seminal fluid lead concentration was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in infertile (3.6 +/- 3.2 micrograms/l, n = 79) than in fertile men (1.7 +/- 1.0 micrograms/l, n = 39). Magnesium (103.5 +/- 49.2 mg/l, n = 90) and zinc (141.1 +/- 71.7 mg/l, n = 157) concentrations in seminal fluid were comparable with previous reports. Both minerals showed a positive correlation to the seminal fluid selenium, while only zinc displayed a borderline correlation with sperm density. The present findings indicate that the determination of seminal fluid selenium may not offer any advantages over zinc and magnesium measurement in the fertility assessment and its role in human semen remains obscure. The low lead concentrations in the present material is a clear indication of low industrial exposure.
Because of their roles in motility regulation and energy transport, calcium and creatine phosphate were examined for their effects on sperm motility and velocity in specimens of normal donors. Semen or migrated sperm fractions were incubated with of 1 mmol of calcium, 5 mmol magnesium, and 10 mmol of creatine phosphate (n = 28) or in the presence of 4 mumol of Verapamil, calcium, and creatine phosphate (n = 10). The samples were subjected to multiple exposure photography (four picture frames of two different drops) at 0, 1, 4, or 5 and at 10 hours and sperm motility and velocity were analyzed. In both calcium and calcium-creatine phosphate conditions, sperm motility and velocity were significantly increased, compared with control values (P = between less than 0.001 and 0.05). Sperm motility declined following Verapamil exposure, but the motility values remained at the level of the control in the presence of additional calcium or creatine phosphate. The effects of calcium and creatine phosphate take place rapidly; within 1 minute all improvements in sperm velocity and motility are fully achieved. There is no loading effect of calcium, and when the sperm is transferred into media without the additional calcium, the velocity decreased to that of the initial control value. Magnesium alone had no effect on motility or velocity. These experiments indicate that calcium or creatine phosphate can support sperm motility and velocity at a significantly increased level. Thus the addition of calcium or creatine phosphate to the insemination media may enhance the fertilizing capacity of sperm during in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer procedures.
1) Zinc deficiency in the human may result in growth retardation and hypogonadism. The patients resemble those with idiopathic hypopituitarism.
2) Treatment with zinc is followed by increased growth and sexual maturation which exceeds the changes resulting from an adequate diet or iron therapy.
3) It appears that zinc is a limiting essential nutrient in this syndrome and may, therefore, be one of the etiobogic factors which contributes to the retarded growth and sexual maturation seen in children from the tropics and subtropics.
⁴) Iron deficiency frequently is also present in these patients but does not appear to be an essential factor in the pathogenesis of the illness.
In this review, our basic and most recent understanding of copper biochemistry and molecular biology for mammals (including humans) is described. Information is provided on the nutritional biochemistry of copper, including food sources, intestinal absorption, transport, tissue distribution, and excretion, along with descriptions of copper binding proteins and other factors involved and their roles in these processes. The metabolism of copper and its importance for the functions of a roster of vital enzymes is detailed. Its potential toxicology is also addressed. Alterations in copper metabolism associated with genetic and nongenetic diseases are summarized, including potential connections to inflammation, cancer, atherosclerosis, and anemia, and the effects of genetic copper deficiency (Menkes syndrome) and copper overload (Wilson disease). Understanding these diseases suggests new ways of viewing the normal functions of copper and provides new insights into the details of copper transport and distribution in mammals.
The seminal fluid has the important function as a vehicle for the transportation of the spermatozoa through the epididymis, the vas deferens, and urethra and into the vagina. Major changes in the level of trace elements like zinc, magnesium, and cadmium in semen appear to be related to abnormal spermatozoal function and fertilizing capacity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pattern of trace elements in semen of subfertile men compared to levels in the blood. The relationship of the trace elements with spermatozoal parameters was also evaluated. As part of the infertility evaluation, semen and blood samples were collected from 50 males attending the combined infertility clinic at a maternity hospital after 3 days' abstinence. Semen analysis and hypo-osmotic swelling tests were done on fresh semen samples. The serum and remaining semen sample were stored at -20 degrees C until they were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrometry. No significant differences occurred in the levels of trace elements in normozoospermic, oligospermic, and azoospermic semen. However, significantly high levels of cadmium were detected in semen of men who were smokers and had asthenozoospermia (p < 0.001) compared with those who had normal motility. We conclude that the high level of cadmium in smokers with asthenozoospermia is evidence of the possible toxic effect of this trace element and this may be one of the causes of asthenozoospermia.
The objective of this study is to provide additional information on the effect of copper ion (Cu2+) in preventing pregnancy. Human spermatozoa, selected by the swim-up method, were incubated for 0, 5 or 24 h in the presence of 10 ng, 1 microgram, 10 micrograms or 100 micrograms of Cu2+ mL-1 in BWW culture medium, and then evaluated in terms of their motility, viability, acrosome reaction (AR) and the capacity to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs. AR and penetration in zona-free hamster eggs were assessed at 5 h of incubation. Motility, viability and AR in sperm incubated for 5 h were significantly affected by Cu2+ at a concentration of 100 micrograms mL-1, but not at the lower concentrations. Incubation for 24 h did not affect motility and viability of sperm incubated in the presence of concentrations of Cu2+ ranging from 10 ng mL-1 to 10 micrograms mL-1, but a concentration of 100 micrograms mL-1 caused a significant decrease in both parameters. In contrast, the penetration rate of zona-free hamster oocytes significantly decreased compared with that of controls, when only sperm were incubated in the presence of concentrations of Cu2+ ranging from 10 ng mL-1 to 10 micrograms mL-1, and no penetration was observed in the presence of 100 micrograms mL-1 of Cu2+ . When only oocytes were exposed to Cu2+, the penetration rate dropped to 50% of that of the controls. Finally, when both gametes were exposed to Cu2+ before co-incubation, the penetration rate fell to zero for every concentration tested. Results showed that copper, at concentrations similar to those released from intrauterine devices (IUD), affects the fertilizing capacity of human gametes in vitro and interferes with the sperm-oocyte interaction leading to fertilization. These effects suggest that the principle action of Cu2+ released from Cu-IUD is to act as a preconception contraceptive agent when delivered in endometrial and oviducal fluids.
Attempts to correlate zinc and fructose concentrations in seminal plasma with andrological parameters have produced inconsistent
results. To assess further this relationship, a prospective study was performed measuring zinc and fructose concentrations
in seminal plasma in 1178 patients referred for fertility treatment Seminal analysis was performed with biochemical measurements
of seminal zinc and fructose. The main outcome measures were the correlation between motile sperm concentration and seminal
zinc and fructose concentrations. Zinc concentrations were not influenced by the motile sperm concentration (r = 0.039). Fructose concentrations were found to be negatively correlated with motile sperm concentration (r = 0.062). We conclude that seminal plasma zinc is an unreliable marker of spermatogenic activity. While there does appear
to be a negative correlation between seminal plasma fructose concentrations and motile sperm concentration this relationship
is far from linear. Due to the biochemical complexity of seminal fluid attempts to perform such simple correlations between
seminal plasma components and andrological parameters are likely to produce inconsistent results and their role in the assessment
of sperm function must therefore be called into question.
The effects of zinc, magnesium and calcium in seminal plasma on time-to-pregnancy (TTP) in healthy couples, on conventional semen parameters and computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) parameters were evaluated. The localization of chelatable zinc ions in seminal plasma and spermatozoa were assessed by autometallography (AMG). Differences in chelatable zinc localization in samples with high and low total zinc were evaluated. Semen samples from 25 couples with short TTP and 25 couples with long TTP were subjected to conventional semen analysis, CASA, zinc and magnesium measurements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and calcium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The cations were strongly inter-correlated, but no correlation with TTP or conventional semen parameters was found. Semen samples with high zinc concentrations exhibited statistically significant poorer motility assessed by the CASA parameters straight line velocity and linearity than samples with low zinc content. Calcium concentration also showed statistically significant differences for the same parameters, but the effect was removed by entering zinc concentration into a multiple regression model. Semen samples with high total zinc exhibited stronger staining of the seminal plasma at AMG. It is suggested that high seminal zinc concentrations have a suppressing effect on progressive motility of the spermatozoa ('quality of movement'), but not on percentage of motile spermatozoa ('quantity of movement').
Magnesium has an established role in obstetrics and an evolving role in other clinical areas, in particular cardiology. Many of the effects involving magnesium are still a matter of controversy. Over the next decade, it is likely that improvements in the measurement of magnesium, a clearer understanding of the mechanisms of its actions and further results of clinical studies will help to elucidate its role, both in terms of treating deficiency and as a pharmacological agent.
The material consisted of ejaculates from 152 men who were consulting the laboratory for infertility control. The zinc content of ejaculates was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fertility was measured by conventional methods (morphology, motility and the concentration of spermatozoa). It was found that depressed sperm motility was correlated with a high zinc concentration.
Total seminal zinc concentration, seminal zinc fraction bound to high molecular weight proteins (HMW-Zn%) and zinc content in spermatozoa were assayed in the ejaculates of 90 asthenozoospermic patients subdivided into two study groups: normoasthenozoospermics (group I: n = 50) and oligoasthenozoospermics (group II: n = 40), The zinc concentrations of patients were compared with those of a control group of donors showing normal semen parameters. All samples were also investigated for their sperm membrane functional integrity by the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS), The results showed normal total zinc concentrations but very low HMW-Zn% values (P < 0.001) in seminal plasma of the two groups of asthenozoospermic patients compared to the controls, Furthermore higher zinc amounts (P < 0.001) were measured in spermatozoa of oligoasthenozoospermic patients compared to group I and to the control group. Oligoasthenozoospermics also displayed a lower HOS score (P < 0.001) compared to the other two groups, These data suggest that the increased unbound seminal zinc could contribute to the decrease of sperm motility in normoasthenozoospermic and oligoasthenozoospermic patients, A further impairment in sperm motility could occur in the oligoasthenozoospermic patients where the increase of seminal free zinc was followed by a major zinc uptake by spermatozoa. The higher intrasperm zinc content in these patients could be a reflection of their low sperm membrane functionality.
The region within the epididymis where spontaneous sperm motility first appeared and the extent of later motility within that organ, as shown by microscopic observation of undiluted samples, varied with the species. In the rat, mouse, and hamster, little sperm motility was present. In other species, spontaneously motile sperm were obtained from the caput (rabbit) and corpus (bull and man) regions of the epididymis. Samples from the cauda region of the epididymis were found to contain many motile sperm in the rabbit, bull, and especially man, where most of the sperm were intensely motile. There was a correlation between the amount of free calcium surrounding the sperm within the cauda epididymidis of a given species and the level of sperm motility therein. An inverse relationship was also found between the free calcium concentration in the cauda epididymal plasma of a species and the later inducibility of motility in diluted sperm from that species by calcium ion.
This study has assessed the effect of zinc on human sperm motility and the acrosome reaction in vitro. Progressively motile human sperm were selected by swim-up and by glass bead columns and then incubated in a medium in which capacitation happened in an asynchronous way. Different doses of zinc (1, 10, 100 and 1000 microM) were added for periods of 2, 4 or 6 h. Other samples were incubated with zinc (1000 microM), and after 1 h incubation, the zinc was removed. Aliquots of each culture were used to evaluate progressive motility and the acrosome reaction using a triple-stain technique. Sperm motility was reduced when the amount of zinc added was greater than or equal to 100 microM, and these doses also caused a significant reduction in the % of sperm undergoing the acrosome reaction. After removal of zinc and further incubation in zinc-free medium for 1 h, an increase in the percentage of motile and acrosome-reacted sperm was observed. However, the increase in acrosome reaction did not reach the values observed in controls. Results suggest that extracellular zinc acts as an inhibitor of human sperm motility and the acrosome reaction (and/or capacitation and the acrosome reaction). This inhibitory effect is reversible and occurs in a dose-dependent fashion. The probable mechanisms involved are discussed.
The effect of copper on spermatozoa was studied as early as 1956 by Quatrefages, and has given rise to numerous studies and the assay findings have recurred in all the tissues of the male reproductive system, with considerable individual differences, the cause of which is not understood. Its role in the sperm is unclear, but it appears to be involved in spermatozoan mobility and it may also act at the pituitary receptors which control the release of LH. In the seminal fluid, the level of copper appears to fall in cases of azoospermia and to increase in oligo- and asthenozoospermia, but the findings of different authors are somewhat contradictory and some authors do not report any correlation between the seminal level of copper and the number of mobility of the gametes. It is true that the concentrations in the ejaculate vary considerably from one day to the next and that they also vary in different fractions from a single ejaculate. The toxic effects of copper on spermatozoa, which was demonstrated in 1850 by Quatrefages, has often been confirmed. Copper reduces the oxidative processes and glucose consumption, which reduces or abolishes mobility: this property is exploited in intrauterine devices. The use of copper for male contraception has given rise to experimental implantations at various sites within the male system: lumen of the deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle scrotum and the mobility of the spermatozoa was abolished in all cases. Tissue toxicity makes it impossible to use this method in human practice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Identification of the andrological variables most sensitive to zinc depletion would expedite the diagnosis of male reproductive pathology induced by zinc deficiency. Eleven volunteers living on a metabolic ward were fed a diet composed of a mixture of a semisynthetic formula and conventional foods supplemented with ZnSO4 to supply a total of 1.4, 2.5, 3.4, 4.4, or 10.4 mg Zn/d. After an equilibration period of 28 d (10.4 mg Zn/d), all treatments were presented for 35 d each, the first four in random order and the fifth last. Compared with when they were consuming 10.4 mg Zn/d, volunteers consuming 1.4 mg Zn/d exhibited decreased semen volumes (3.30 vs 2.24 mL) and serum testosterone concentrations (26.9 vs 21.9 nmol/L), and no change in seminal zinc concentrations. Compared with 10.4 mg Zn/d, treatments of 1.4, 2.5, and 3.4 mg Zn/d decreased the total semen zinc loss per ejaculate (6.29 vs 3.81, 4.68, and 5.03 mumols/ejaculate). Seminal loss accounted for 9% of total body zinc loss when 1.4 mg Zn/d was consumed. Seminal phosphorus concentrations were elevated during all four phases of zinc depletion (28.4 vs 32.9, 31.0, 34.2, and 33.6 mmol/L). The findings suggest that serum testosterone concentrations, seminal volume, and total seminal zinc loss per ejaculate are sensitive to short-term zinc depletion in young men.
The importance of zinc for human health was first documented in 1963. During the past 25 y, deficiency of zinc in humans due to nutritional factors and several disease states has now been recognized.
The high phytate content of cereal proteins is known to decrease the availability of zinc, thus the prevalence of zinc deficiency is likely to be high in a population consuming large quantities of cereal proteins. Alcoholism, malabsorption, sickle cell anemia, chronic renal disease, and chronically debilitating diseases are now known to be predisposing factors for zinc deficiency. A spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild to severe degree have now been recognized in human zinc-deficiency states. Zinc is required for many biological functions including DNA synthesis, cell division, and gene expression. It is required for the activity of many enzymes in biological systems. Recent studies indicate that zinc is needed for cell-mediated immunity.
Lead and copper concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in semen from 18 fertile and 172 infertile men. Significant correlations between copper concentrations in semen and sperm concentration (r = 0.32, P less than 0.001), percentage progressive motility (r = 0.23, P less than 0.005) and normal morphology (r = 0.22, P less than 0.005) were observed, while no such correlation existed for lead. However, semen copper concentrations of infertile men (194.99 +/- 5.70 micrograms l-1) and fertile men (183.39 +/- 14.37 micrograms l-1) did not differ significantly. Mean lead concentration in semen of fertile men was 11.18 +/- 0.62 micrograms l-1 and significantly higher than lead concentration in semen of fertile men (5.61 +/- 0.53 micrograms l-1, P less than 0.006). Reinvestigation of 18 infertile men after 2 years showed a significant drop of lead concentrations in semen from 17.31 +/- 1.41 to 6.94 +/- 1.32 micrograms l-1 (P less than 0.0002), which might be related to the decreasing use of leaded petrol in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Summary Zinc levels were measured in seminal plasma from 78 men classified on the basis of spermogram analyses into five groups: normo-, oligo-, astheno-, oligoastheno- and azoospermia. Higher zinc levels were found in seminal plasma from the group of asthenozoospermia men in comparison to normo-, oligoastheno- (p < 0.001), oligo- and azoospermia men (p < 0.01), while no significant differences appeared when other group pairs were compared. Seminal plasma zinc levels were positively correlated with sperm density (r = 0.6358, p < 0.01) in asthenozoospermia men, whereas a significant negative correlation was seen in all groups between percentage forms showing normal progressive motility and zinc concentration in seminal plasma. Although zinc is required in seminal plasma for normal spermatozoon functionality, excessively high levels of this ion may be related with defective motility in asthenozoospermia samples.
Zusammenfassung Im Spermaplasma von 78 Männern, die in die Gruppen Normo-, Oligo-, Astheno-, Oligoastheno- und Azoospermie eingeteilt waren, wurden die Zink-Werte bestimmt mittels der Atomabsorptions-Spektrophotometrie. Es ergaben sich höhere Zink-Werte bei der Asthenozoospermie im Vergleich zur Normo- und Oligoasthenozoospermie (p < 0,001) bzw. zur Oligo- und Azoospermie (p < 0,01), während zu den anderen Gruppenpaaren keine signülkanten Korrelationen herzustellen waren. Die Spermalplasmawerte für Zink korrelierten positiv mit der Spermatozoendichte (r = 0,6358, p < 0,01) bei der Asthenozoospermie, wohingegen eine signifikante negative Korrelation in alien Gruppen gesehen wurde zwischen dem Anteil normal-progressiver Motilität und der Zinkkonzentration im Spermaplasma. Obwohl Zink im Spermaplasma für eine normale Funktion des Spermatozoons erforderlich ist, könnten die exzessiv hohen Zink-Werte in Verbindung gebracht werden mit der gestörten Motilität bei den Asthenozoospermie-Ejakulaten.
In this study, sperm motility, velocity, and progression were compared with the total and Ca++ concentrations in the SF from men with normal and decreased motility (less than 60%). No significant difference in SF total calcium content was observed in men with normal and hypomotility. However, a statistically significant decrease in seminal Ca++ was observed in those men with decreased motility, when compared with that of men with normal motility.
Zinc-binding properties were studied in 'prostatic fluid', i.e. in seminal plasma from patients with agenesis of the Wolffian ducts, and in split-ejaculate fractions dominated by seminal vesicular fluid. The effect of seminal fluid, with different zinc-binding properties, on the stability of zinc-dependent sperm chromatin was assessed by exposing sperm to 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) for 60 min. Citrate was the only zinc ligand in 'prostatic fluid', as revealed by gel chromatography. Zinc in this fluid enhanced the stability of sperm chromatin. In contrast, the stability of sperm chromatin was decreased in seminal plasma dominated by vesicular fluid. These results are in accordance with the concept that prostatic fluid ensures the appropriate zinc content and stability of sperm chromatin, whereas abundance of vesicular fluid may jeopardize chromatin stability by reducing chromatin zinc content.
The elemental status of seminal plasma collected from four populations subdivided on the basis of sperm counts is presented. Elemental analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, rubidium, selenium, vanadium, and zinc. The majority of elements reflected no statistically significant differences among the four groups. The role of trace elements in infertility may be more directly related to sperm and whole semen than seminal plasma levels.
Fourteen kinds of trace elements were analyzed in the semen of 22 fertile men and 69 infertile men by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Ca had the highest concentration, and the second and third highest concentrations were Zn and Mg, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Cr, Mg, Pb, Sr, and Zn were almost the same between fertile and infertile men. Ni had a lower concentration in infertile than in fertile men. Many trace elements, such as Al, Cd, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Sn, and Zn, had significantly higher concentrations in infertile men with normozoospermia than in fertile men. There was a significantly positive correlation between Zn and Mg levels in fertile and infertile men.
Zinc is necessary for growth, sexual maturation and reproduction. Because high concentrations of zinc are found in the male reproductive system, a relationship between zinc and male infertility has been suggested. We studied 11 unselected men who presented to a Reproductive Endocrinology Clinic with histories of infertility and low sperm counts. Reproductive hormones and semen and serum zinc levels were measured. All men had semen analyses performed on at least three separate occasions. A similar set of laboratory evaluations were performed on 11 other men who had normal semen analyses and no history of infertility. No abnormalities of reproductive hormones were found in either group. Mean serum zinc levels were significantly lower in the infertile men (p less than 0.05). Mean semen zinc levels were not significantly different. There was no correlation between serum and semen zinc levels in either group. A significant correlation was found between sperm count and semen zinc (r = 0.66, p less than 0.05) in the volunteers with normal counts, but not in the oligozoospermic men. The results obtained in this study suggest that lowered serum zinc is more common than formerly appreciated in unselected patients with infertility. The high level of zinc found in semen is due primarily to the secretions of the prostate gland and reflects prostatic stores. Serum zinc is thought to be a reasonable indicator of zinc status. The lack of correlation between serum zinc and semen zinc found in our study suggests that mild zinc deficiency may lower serum zinc while the larger prostatic zinc stores remain unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Incubation of washed human spermatozoa in the presence of 6 mM concentrations of EDTA, histidine and cysteine induces a release of about 75% of the zinc bound to the cells. No zinc is released by human spermatozoa when incubation is done in the absence of the mentioned reagents. No detectable amounts of calcium or magnesium were found to be released by the sperm cells under any of the experimental conditions tested. Zinc release induced by the presence of EDTA, histidine and cysteine is accompanied: 1) by a significant increase in oxygen uptake, both under basal conditions and in the presence of some substrates (glucose, pyrubate and succinate) and 2) by a significant increase in motility. This increase was greater with cysteine than with histidine, and greater with the latter than with EDTA. This behavior of human spermatozoa resembles that previously described for invertebrate spermatozoa and is related to the regulation of energy metabolism and probably to sperm capacitation.
Guinea pig spermatozoa fail to fertilize eggs in Ca2+-free media primarily because of specific inhibition of the acrosome reaction and activation of the spermatozoa. In Ca2+-free media the spermatozoa undergo capacitation at the same rate as in Ca2+-containing media, but are arrested in the capacitated state. If Ca2+ is made available after the spermatozoa have reached the capacitated state, the spermatozoa immediately undergo the acrosome reaction and activation. The minimum concentration of Ca2+ necessary for the initiation of the acrosome reaction and activation is about 0.2 mM. Mg2+ cannot substitute for Ca2+ in initiating these processes. Possible mechanisms by which Ca2+ triggers the acrosome reaction and activation of guinea pig spermatozoa are discussed.
Calcium ions have an apparently paradoxical effect on sperm motility. In the epididymis, calcium ions stimulate immature sperm, whereas, in ejaculated semen, calcium ions inhibit sperm motility. Maturation processes change the response of sperm to calcium ions. Calcium binding substances and calcium transport inhibitors are secreted by male accessory sexual organs and mixed with sperm during ejaculation. In the female genital tract sperm acquire full capacity of fertilise the ovum. Calcium binding substances and calcium transport inhibitors are removed during the process known as capacitation. Finally, calcium ions trigger the acrosome reaction and facilitate sperm penetration into the ovum.
Dietary zinc intake was restricted (2.7 to 5.0 mg daily) for 24 to 40 weeks in five male volunteers. Their mean age was 57 years. Oligospermia (total sperm count less than 40 million per ejaculate) was induced in four out of five subjects. A decrease in the sperm count occurred during zinc restricion and the early phase of zinc repletion before body stores of zinc were restored to normal. The duration of oligospermia in the four subjects ranged from 6 to 14 months. Oligospermia was reversed after zinc supplementation in physiologic amounts. The baseline sperm concentration and total sperm count per ejaculate in all five subjects dropped significantly (p < 0.05) after zinc restriction and returned to normal 6 to 12 months after zinc supplementation. The decrease in sperm count coincided with decline in Leydig cell function and was reversed after zinc supplementation in low doses. Our study has demonstrated that dietary restriction of zinc can affect testicular function adversely. This effect of zinc deficiency, however, is a reversible process and can be corrected by proper supplementation with zinc.
Human and bovine spermatozoa have been collected and washed repeatedly with isotonic saline to remove seminal plasma inhibitors and activate the acrosin. Then the acrosin activity of the cells was assayed with alpha-N-Benzoyl-DL-Arg-beta-naphthylamide (BANA). It was found that the surface-bound enzyme was not inhibited by high molecular weight inhibitors of trypsin but was markedly inhibited by low molecular weight trypsin inhibitors. Divalent metals (Zn++, Cu++, Hg++, Co++, Cd++) were all efficient inhibitors of acrosin on the washed cells. It was shown that the removal of zinc or copper from acrosin completely restored activity. It is proposed that the different levels of zinc in the male and female genital tract regulate acrosin activity. Aged cells released a soluble acrosin which was inhibited by serum and seminal plasma inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes as well as by zinc ions in an identical manner to the surface-bound enzyme.
Semen from infertile men (n = 23) has been compared with that of control subjects (n = 25). Whereas the concentrations of morphologically normal, motile sperms, Mg, Ca and Zn fell within the acceptable limits for all the control subjects, only two infertile men qualified by all five parameters. Of the patient group, seven were abnormal on all counts; sperm motility, Mg and Zn were low in 16, Ca in 19 and abnormal morphology was encountered in 12. Since there was no linear correlation between any two parameters, it is possible that each factor may singly or jointly influence the physiological integrity of the spermatozoa. The results are discussed from a consideration of pathological manifestations known to occur in deficiency of these trace elements à propos their role in determining the fertility index of the semen.
This investigation was conducted to evaluate whether exposure of human sperm to low calcium enhances the fertilizing ability. When sperm from normal semen samples were preincubated in low-calcium mBWW medium for 1 h, the percentages of live acrosome-reacted sperm after 4 and 6 h of culture were significantly higher than control (5.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.3% and 6.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.3%, p < .05). The penetration rate (%P) and fertility index (FI) in zona-free hamster egg sperm penetration assay significantly increased, compared to control (%P: 66.4 +/- 9.0 vs. 42.7 +/- 8.1%; FI: 1.69 +/- 0.19 vs. 1.34 +/- 0.11; p < .01). When low-calcium treatment was used for human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) for male infertility, the fertilization and pregnancy rates were significantly higher than those in control. The results indicate that preincubation of human sperm in low-calcium medium enhances their fertilizing ability. This method is a simple and useful for preparing sperm from subfertile men for human IVF-ET.
We analyzed two databases comprising repeated semen analyses of male patients visiting a fertility clinic in the Netherlands to assess intra- and interindividual variability for several semen parameters. We calculated reliability coefficients to estimate the attenuation of the slope if semen parameters are used to predict the probability of conception in regression models. Reliability was lowest for morphology (Population A: R = 0.48, Population B: R = 0.54), but somewhat better for motility (Population A: R = 0.66, Population B: R = 0.71) and count (Population A: R = 0.79, Population B: R = 0.81). Semen concentration had the largest reliability coefficients (Population A: R = 0.84, Population B: R = 0.84). Stimulations using empirical variance components indicated that using semen parameters as endpoints in case-referent studies might substantially underestimate measures of association. The results showed that most semen parameters were just moderately redundant (range: Kappa = 0.28 to Kappa = 0.45); only agreement between concentration and count was substantial (Population A: Kappa = 0.84, Population B: Kappa = 0.80). Hence, epidemiologic studies focusing on male infertility should take into account a variety of parameters.
The morphology of spermatozoa may be affected by very low concentrations of pollutants in the environment, and sublethal effects of toxic substances can be detected by studying the sperm of an animal. Sperm were collected from 50 impala (Aepyceros melampus) from a conservation area in South Africa and studied ultramicroscopically. Thirty-two samples were obtained from animals close to a copper mine, while 18 represented animals from an unpolluted area and held in captivity. Liver samples from all these animals were analyzed for their copper content. The findings from 12 animals kept in captivity and fed on a diet to which copper was added correlated with the findings from the field study. The general condition of the animals as expressed by the fat content of the bone marrow from the area exposed to copper contamination was affected detrimentally in comparison to the animals from the uncontaminated area. High percentages of sperm with neck vacuoles were found in all animals with high liver copper levels. A statistically significant correlation is demonstrated between the percentage of impala sperm with vacuoles in the neck region and the copper concentrations in this group of animals.
Sperm abnormalities associated with high copper levels in impala
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Correlation between Ca and Mg concentrations in seminal plasma of fertile and subfertile males malian epididymis: species variation and correlation with free cal-cium levels in epididymal plasma
- W Y Wong
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Categories of zinc metalloenzymes Metal ions in biological systems
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Galdes A, Vallee BL. Categories of zinc metalloenzymes. In: Sigel H, editor. Metal ions in biological systems. New York: Dekker, 1983. p. 1.
Sperm motility within the mam-Fig
- Morton Be R Sagadraca
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Morton BE, Sagadraca R, Fraser C. Sperm motility within the mam-Fig.
Sperm motility within the mammalian epididymis
- Morton
Seminal fluid from men with agenesis of the Wolffian ducts
- Kvist
Zinc, magnesium and calcium in human seminal fluid
- Sørensen
Enhancement of human sperm motility and velocity in vitro
- Fakih
Sperm abnormalities associated with high copper levels in impala
- Ackerman